ISO 10381-1:2002
(Main)Soil quality — Sampling — Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
Soil quality — Sampling — Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
ISO 10381-1:2002 sets out the general principles to be applied in the design of sampling programmes for the purpose of characterizing and controlling soil quality and identifying sources and effects of contamination of soil and related material, with emphasis on procedures required to locate points from which samples may be taken for examination or at which instruments may be installed for in situ measurement including statistical implications, procedures for determining how much sample to collect and whether to combine samples, methods of collecting samples, methods for containing, storing and transporting samples to prevent deterioration/contamination.
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour l'établissement des programmes d'échantillonnage
L'ISO 10381-1:2002 définit les principes généraux à appliquer à la conception des programmes d'échantillonnage qui visent à caractériser et contrôler la qualité du sol et à identifier les sources et les effets de la contamination du sol et du matériau associé, en mettant l'accent sur : les modes opératoires nécessaires à déterminer l'emplacement des points où des échantillons peuvent être prélevés en vue d'un examen ou sur lesquels des instruments peuvent être installés pour le mesurage in situ, y compris du point de vue statistique ; les modes opératoires de détermination des quantités d'échantillons à prélever et des éventuelles combinaisons de ces derniers ; les méthodes de collecte des échantillons ; les méthodes de conservation, de stockage et de transport des échantillons afin d'éviter toute détérioration ou contamination.
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10381-1
First edition
2002-12-15
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 1:
Guidance on the design of sampling
programmes
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour l'établissement des programmes
d'échantillonnage
Reference number
ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
©
ISO 2002
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2002
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Planning the sampling programme. 2
4.1 General. 2
4.2 Defining the objective. 2
4.3 Preliminary information. 3
4.4 Strategy. 3
4.5 Sampling . 3
4.6 Safety. 3
4.7 Sampling report. 4
5 Objectives of sampling. 4
5.1 General. 4
5.2 Specific objectives. 5
5.3 Sampling of other material in connection with soil investigation . 7
6 Special considerations for the sampling of soils . 7
6.1 General. 7
6.2 Preliminary survey. 8
7 Requirements for sampling personnel . 9
7.1 General. 9
7.2 Experience . 9
7.3 Coordination of sampling and analysis. 10
8 Safety precautions . 10
9 Samples and sampling points . 10
9.1 General. 10
9.2 Sampling patterns. 10
9.3 Identifying the sampling location. 12
9.4 Preparation of the sampling site . 13
9.5 Barriers to sampling . 13
9.6 Choice of appropriate equipment to obtain samples. 14
9.7 Depth of sampling. 14
9.8 Timing of investigation. 15
9.9 Sample quantity . 15
9.10 Single samples vs. composite samples . 15
9.11 Laboratory preservation, handling and containerization, labelling and transport of soil
samples. 15
10 Sampling report. 19
10.1 General. 19
10.2 Title data. 19
10.3 Site data . 19
10.4 Sampling procedure . 19
10.5 Transportation and storage . 20
10.6 Sample, profile and site description . 20
10.7 Sample and profile description . 20
10.8 Site description . 20
© ISO 2002 — All rights reserved iii
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ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
11 Quality control, quality assurance and operation and testing of laboratories .20
Annex A (informative) Sources of additional information .21
Annex B (informative) Determination of a sampling plan.23
Annex C (informative) Examples of different sampling patterns used in soil sampling
programmes.24
Bibliography.33
iv © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved
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ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10381-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 2, Sampling.
ISO 10381 consists of the following parts, under the general title Soil quality — Sampling:
Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques
Part 3: Guidance on safety
Part 4: Guidance on the procedure for investigation of natural, near-natural and cultivated sites
Part 5: Guidance on investigation of soil contamination of urban and industrial sites
Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for the assessment of aerobic microbial
processes in the laboratory
© ISO 2002 — All rights reserved v
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ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 10381 is one of a set of International Standards intended to be used in conjunction with each
other as appropriate and necessary. ISO 10381 (all parts) deals with sampling procedures for the various
purposes of soil investigation.
vi © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 1:
Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10381 sets out the general principles to be applied in the design of sampling programmes for
the purpose of characterizing and controlling soil quality and identifying sources and effects of contamination
of soil and related material, with emphasis on
procedures required to locate points from which samples may be taken for examination or at which
instruments may be installed for in situ measurement including statistical implications,
procedures for determining how much sample to collect and whether to combine samples,
methods of collecting samples,
methods for containing, storing and transporting samples to prevent deterioration/contamination.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10381-3, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 3: Guidance on safety
ISO 10381-4, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 4: Guidance on the procedure for investigation of natural,
near-natural and cultivated sites
ISO 10381-5, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 5: Guidance on investigation of soil contamination of urban and
industrial sites
ISO 10381-6, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for
the assessment of aerobic microbial processes in the laboratory
ISO 11074-2, Soil quality — Vocabulary — Part 2: Terms and definitions relating to sampling
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074-2 apply.
© ISO 2002 — All rights reserved 1
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ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
4 Planning the sampling programme
4.1 General
Samples are collected and examined primarily to determine their physical, chemical, biological and radiological
properties. This clause outlines the more important factors which should be considered when devising a
sampling programme for soil and related material. More detailed information is given in subsequent clauses.
Whenever a volume of soil is to be characterized, it is generally not possible to examine the whole and it is
therefore necessary to take samples. The samples collected should be as representative as possible of the
whole to be characterized, and all precautions should be taken to ensure that, as far as possible, the samples
do not undergo any changes in the interval between sampling and examination. The sampling of multiphase
systems, such as soils containing water or other liquids, gases, biological material, radionuclides or other
solids not naturally belonging to soil (e.g. waste materials), can present special problems. In addition,
examination for some physical soil parameters may require so-called undisturbed soil samples for correct
execution of the relevant measurement.
Before any sampling programme is devised, it is important that the objectives be first established since they
are the major determining factors, e.g. the position and density of sampling points, time of sampling, sampling
procedures, subsequent treatment of samples and analytical requirements. The details of a sampling
programme depend on whether the information needed is the average value, the distribution or the variability
of given soil parameters.
Some consideration should also be given to the degree of detail and precision required and also to the manner
in which the results are to be expressed and presented, for example concentrations of chemical substances,
maximum and minimum values, arithmetic means, median values, etc. Additionally, a list of parameters of
interest should be compiled and the relevant analytical procedures consulted, since these will usually give
guidance on precautions to be observed during sampling and subsequent handling of soil samples.
It may often be necessary to carry out an exploratory sampling and analysis programme before the final
objectives can be defined. It is important to take into account all relevant data from previous programmes at
the same or similar locations and other information on local conditions. Previous personal experience can also
be very valuable. Time and money allocated to the design of a proper sampling programme is usually well
justified because it ensures that the required information is obtained efficiently and economically.
It is emphasized that whether soil investigations completely achieve their objectives depends mainly on the
design and execution of an appropriate sampling programme.
The main points about which decisions shall be made in the design of a sampling programme are listed below
in 4.2 to 4.7. The relevant references are indicated.
4.2 Defining the objective
The following should be considered when defining the objective:
a) delineation of area(s) to be investigated;
b) setting of objectives for the whole investigation;
c) listing of parameters to be determined;
d) listing of other information required to enable interpretation of results;
e) content of sample report;
f) decisions regarding contractual arrangements for sampling;
g) management arrangements;
h) estimation of costs.
2 © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved
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ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
4.3 Preliminary information
The following questions may help in the choice of preliminary information:
a) What is already known?
b) What can be made easily available?
c) Who is to be contacted for certain (historical) sources?
d) Are there any legal problems, e.g. entering the site?
e) What should be observed on first visit to the site?
For details see Clause 6 and ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.4 Strategy
Decisions regarding the following factors are usually involved in a sampling strategy:
a) sampling patterns;
b) sampling points;
c) depth of sampling;
d) type of samples to be obtained;
e) sampling methods to be employed, e.g. borings, drillings, trial pits, etc.
For details see Clause 10 and ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.5 Sampling
The following procedures are involved in planning the sampling:
a) coordination with personnel responsible for the sample preparation and analysis;
b) choice of suitable sampling tools;
c) choice of suitable storage;
d) choice of suitable preservation measures;
e) choice of suitable labelling and transportation;
f) field tests to be carried out, if specified.
For details see Clauses 7, 8, 10 and ISO 10381-2, ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.6 Safety
The following safety aspects need to be considered:
a) all necessary safety precautions at the site;
b) informing landowners, construction authorities, local authorities;
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ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
c) data protection efforts;
d) requirements for disposal of surplus soil or test material.
For details see Clause 9 and ISO 10381-2, ISO 10381-3, ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.7 Sampling report
The sampling report should meet the basic content as specified in this part of ISO 10381. Additional
information required should be clearly specified by the client and laid down in a written contract. Any later
deviation should be justified to avoid deficiencies with regard to evaluation of the investigation and to avoid
conflicts between business partners.
For details see Clauses 11, 12, 13 and ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
5 Objectives of sampling
5.1 General
5.1.1 Principal objectives
The four principal objectives of sampling of soil may be distinguished as follows:
sampling for determination of general soil quality;
sampling for characterization purposes in preparation of soil maps;
sampling to support legal or regulatory action;
sampling as part of a hazard or risk assessment.
These four principal objectives are discussed further below.
The utilization of the soil and site is of varying importance depending on the primary objective of an
investigation. For example, while consideration of past, present and future site use is particularly relevant to
sampling for risk assessment, it is less important to soil mapping where the focus is on description rather than
evaluation of a soil. Objectives such as soil quality assessment, land appraisal and soil monitoring take
utilization into account to varying degrees.
The results obtained from sampling campaigns to assess soil quality for mapping may indicate a need for
further investigation, for example if contamination is detected which indicates a need for identification and
assessment of potential hazards and risks.
5.1.2 Sampling for determination of general soil quality
Such sampling is typically carried out at (irregular) time intervals to determine the quality of the soil for a
particular purpose e.g. for agriculture. As such, it tends to concentrate on factors such as nutrient status, pH,
organic matter content, trace element concentrations and physical factors, which provide a measure of current
quality and which are amenable to manipulation. Such sampling is usually carried out within the main rooting
zone and also at greater depths but sometimes without exact distinction of horizons or layers.
The guidance given in ISO 10381-4 is particularly relevant.
4 © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved
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ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
5.1.3 Sampling for preparation of soil maps
Soil maps may be used in soil description, land appraisal (taxation), and for soil monitoring sites to establish
the basic information on the genesis and distribution of naturally occurring or man-made soils, their chemical,
mineralogical, biological composition, and their physical properties at selected locations. The preparation of
soil maps involves installation of trial pits or core sampling with detailed consideration of soil layers and
horizons. Special strategies are required to preserve samples in their original physical and chemical condition.
Sampling is nearly always a one-off procedure.
The guidance given in ISO 10381-4 is particularly relevant.
5.1.4 Sampling to support legal or regulatory action
Sampling may be required to establish baseline conditions prior to an activity which might affect the
composition or quality of soil, or it may be required following an anthropogenic effect such as the input of an
undesirable material which may be from a point or a diffuse source.
Sampling strategies need to be developed on a site-specific basis.
To adequately support legal or regulatory action, particular attention should be paid to all aspects of quality
assurance including for example “chain-of-custody procedures”.
The guidance given in ISO 10381-5 is particularly relevant. That in ISO 10381-4 may also be relevant.
5.1.5 Sampling for hazard and risk assessment
When land is contaminated with chemicals and other substances that are potentially harmful to human health
and safety or to the environment, it may be necessary to carry out an investigation as a part of a hazard
and/or risk assessment, i.e. to determine the nature and extent of contamination, to identify hazards
associated with the contamination, to identify potential targets and routes of exposure, and to evaluate the
risks relating to current and future use of the site and neighbouring land. A sampling programme for risk
assessment (in this context: phase I, phase II, phase III and phase IV investigation) may have to comply with
legal or regulatory requirements (see 5.1.3), and careful attention to sample integrity is recommended.
Sampling strategies should be developed on a site-specific basis.
The guidance given in ISO 10381-5 is particularly relevant. That in ISO 10381-4 may also be relevant.
5.2 Specific objectives
5.2.1 General
Depending on the principal objective(s), it is usually necessary to determine, for the body of soil or part
thereof:
the nature, concentrations and distribution of naturally occurring substances,
the nature, concentrations and distribution of contaminants (extraneous substances),
the physical properties and variations,
the presence and distribution of biological species of interest.
It is often necessary to take into account changes in the above parameters with time, caused by migration,
atmospheric conditions and land/soil use.
Some detailed objectives are suggested in the subclauses below. The list is not exhaustive.
© ISO 2002 — All rights reserved 5
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ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
5.2.2 Sampling for the determination of soil chemical parameters
There are many reasons for chemical investigation of soil and related material and only a few are mentioned
here. It is important that each sampling routine be tailored to fit the soil and the situation.
Chemical investigations are carried out
a) to identify immediate hazards to human health and safety and to the environment,
b) to determine the suitability of a soil for an intended use, e.g. agricultural production, residential
development,
c) to study the effects of atmospheric pollutants including radioactive fallout on the quality of soil. This may
also provide information on water quality and also indicate if problems are likely to arise in near-surface
aquifers,
d) to assess the effects of direct inputs to soil; there may be contributions from
naturally occurring substances which exceed local background values, e.g. certain mineral phases in
metal deposits,
(un)expected contamination by application of agrochemicals
(un)expected contamination due to industrial processes,
e) to assess the effect of the accumulation and release of substances by soils on other soil horizons or on
other environmental compartments, e.g. the transfer of substances from a soil into a plant,
f) to study the effect of waste disposal, including the disposal of sewage sludge on a soil (apart from
contributing to the pollution load, such disposals may produce other chemical reactions such as the
formation of persistant compounds, metabolites or the evolution of gases, such as methane),
g) to identify and quantify products released by industrial processes and by accident (this is usually done by
investigation of suspect sites or contaminated sites),
h) to evaluate soil derived from construction works, with a view to possible or further utilization of such soils
(see ISO 15176) or disposal as waste.
Commonly, sampling strategies are employed which require samples to be taken either from identifiable soil
horizons, or from specified depths (below ground surface). It is best to avoid mixing the two approaches,
particularly when sampling natural strata, as this can make it difficult to compare results. However, a coherent
combination of the two approaches can sometimes be useful on old industrial sites where there is variation
both in the nature of fill and of the depth of penetration of mobile contaminants into the ground, i.e. there are
two independent reasons for changes in soil/fill properties.
Knowledge of the way in which particular chemical substances tend to be distributed between different
environmental categories (air, soil, water, sediment and living organisms) is of advantage for the design of
some sampling programmes. Similarly, knowledge of the behaviour of those living organisms affected by
chemical substances or which affect the availability of substances due to microbiological procedures, is of
advantage, too.
5.2.3 Sampling for the determination of soil physical parameters
The sampling of soil for the determination of certain physical properties requires special consideration, since
the accuracy and extrapolation of measured data relies on obtaining a sample which retains its in situ
structural characteristics.
In many circumstances it may be preferable to conduct measurements in the field, since the removal of even
an undisturbed sample can change the continuity and characteristics of soil physical properties and lead to
erroneous results.
6 © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved
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ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
However, certain measurements are not possible in the field. Others require specific field conditions, but the
field situation can only be controlled to a very limited extent, e.g. it may be possible to modify the hydrological
situation temporarily for measurement purposes by irrigation. The time and expense necessary for field
measurements may not be affordable. Laboratory measurements of physical properties are therefore
frequently necessary.
Differences and changes in soil structure affect the choice of sample size. Hence, a representative volume or
minimum number of replicates shall be determined for each soil type to be studied.
The moisture status of the soil at sampling can influence physical measurements, e.g. hysteresis on rewetting
can occur.
Many physical properties have vertical and horizontal components; this should be considered prior to
sampling.
Where small undisturbed soil samples are required, manual excavation of cores, clods or soil aggregates can
be applied. Sampling equi
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 10381-1:2006
01-september-2006
.DNRYRVWWDO±9]RUþHQMH±GHO 1DYRGLOR]DQDþUWRYDQMHY]RUþHQMD
Soil quality -- Sampling -- Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
Qualité du sol -- Échantillonnage -- Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour l'établissement des
programmes d'échantillonnage
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 10381-1:2002
ICS:
13.080.05 Preiskava tal na splošno Examination of soils in
general
SIST ISO 10381-1:2006 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 10381-1:2006
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST ISO 10381-1:2006
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10381-1
First edition
2002-12-15
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 1:
Guidance on the design of sampling
programmes
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour l'établissement des programmes
d'échantillonnage
Reference number
ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
©
ISO 2002
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 10381-1:2006
ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2002
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 10381-1:2006
ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Planning the sampling programme. 2
4.1 General. 2
4.2 Defining the objective. 2
4.3 Preliminary information. 3
4.4 Strategy. 3
4.5 Sampling . 3
4.6 Safety. 3
4.7 Sampling report. 4
5 Objectives of sampling. 4
5.1 General. 4
5.2 Specific objectives. 5
5.3 Sampling of other material in connection with soil investigation . 7
6 Special considerations for the sampling of soils . 7
6.1 General. 7
6.2 Preliminary survey. 8
7 Requirements for sampling personnel . 9
7.1 General. 9
7.2 Experience . 9
7.3 Coordination of sampling and analysis. 10
8 Safety precautions . 10
9 Samples and sampling points . 10
9.1 General. 10
9.2 Sampling patterns. 10
9.3 Identifying the sampling location. 12
9.4 Preparation of the sampling site . 13
9.5 Barriers to sampling . 13
9.6 Choice of appropriate equipment to obtain samples. 14
9.7 Depth of sampling. 14
9.8 Timing of investigation. 15
9.9 Sample quantity . 15
9.10 Single samples vs. composite samples . 15
9.11 Laboratory preservation, handling and containerization, labelling and transport of soil
samples. 15
10 Sampling report. 19
10.1 General. 19
10.2 Title data. 19
10.3 Site data . 19
10.4 Sampling procedure . 19
10.5 Transportation and storage . 20
10.6 Sample, profile and site description . 20
10.7 Sample and profile description . 20
10.8 Site description . 20
© ISO 2002 — All rights reserved iii
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SIST ISO 10381-1:2006
ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
11 Quality control, quality assurance and operation and testing of laboratories .20
Annex A (informative) Sources of additional information .21
Annex B (informative) Determination of a sampling plan.23
Annex C (informative) Examples of different sampling patterns used in soil sampling
programmes.24
Bibliography.33
iv © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 10381-1:2006
ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10381-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 2, Sampling.
ISO 10381 consists of the following parts, under the general title Soil quality — Sampling:
Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques
Part 3: Guidance on safety
Part 4: Guidance on the procedure for investigation of natural, near-natural and cultivated sites
Part 5: Guidance on investigation of soil contamination of urban and industrial sites
Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for the assessment of aerobic microbial
processes in the laboratory
© ISO 2002 — All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST ISO 10381-1:2006
ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 10381 is one of a set of International Standards intended to be used in conjunction with each
other as appropriate and necessary. ISO 10381 (all parts) deals with sampling procedures for the various
purposes of soil investigation.
vi © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST ISO 10381-1:2006
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10381-1:2002(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 1:
Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10381 sets out the general principles to be applied in the design of sampling programmes for
the purpose of characterizing and controlling soil quality and identifying sources and effects of contamination
of soil and related material, with emphasis on
procedures required to locate points from which samples may be taken for examination or at which
instruments may be installed for in situ measurement including statistical implications,
procedures for determining how much sample to collect and whether to combine samples,
methods of collecting samples,
methods for containing, storing and transporting samples to prevent deterioration/contamination.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10381-3, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 3: Guidance on safety
ISO 10381-4, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 4: Guidance on the procedure for investigation of natural,
near-natural and cultivated sites
ISO 10381-5, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 5: Guidance on investigation of soil contamination of urban and
industrial sites
ISO 10381-6, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for
the assessment of aerobic microbial processes in the laboratory
ISO 11074-2, Soil quality — Vocabulary — Part 2: Terms and definitions relating to sampling
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074-2 apply.
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4 Planning the sampling programme
4.1 General
Samples are collected and examined primarily to determine their physical, chemical, biological and radiological
properties. This clause outlines the more important factors which should be considered when devising a
sampling programme for soil and related material. More detailed information is given in subsequent clauses.
Whenever a volume of soil is to be characterized, it is generally not possible to examine the whole and it is
therefore necessary to take samples. The samples collected should be as representative as possible of the
whole to be characterized, and all precautions should be taken to ensure that, as far as possible, the samples
do not undergo any changes in the interval between sampling and examination. The sampling of multiphase
systems, such as soils containing water or other liquids, gases, biological material, radionuclides or other
solids not naturally belonging to soil (e.g. waste materials), can present special problems. In addition,
examination for some physical soil parameters may require so-called undisturbed soil samples for correct
execution of the relevant measurement.
Before any sampling programme is devised, it is important that the objectives be first established since they
are the major determining factors, e.g. the position and density of sampling points, time of sampling, sampling
procedures, subsequent treatment of samples and analytical requirements. The details of a sampling
programme depend on whether the information needed is the average value, the distribution or the variability
of given soil parameters.
Some consideration should also be given to the degree of detail and precision required and also to the manner
in which the results are to be expressed and presented, for example concentrations of chemical substances,
maximum and minimum values, arithmetic means, median values, etc. Additionally, a list of parameters of
interest should be compiled and the relevant analytical procedures consulted, since these will usually give
guidance on precautions to be observed during sampling and subsequent handling of soil samples.
It may often be necessary to carry out an exploratory sampling and analysis programme before the final
objectives can be defined. It is important to take into account all relevant data from previous programmes at
the same or similar locations and other information on local conditions. Previous personal experience can also
be very valuable. Time and money allocated to the design of a proper sampling programme is usually well
justified because it ensures that the required information is obtained efficiently and economically.
It is emphasized that whether soil investigations completely achieve their objectives depends mainly on the
design and execution of an appropriate sampling programme.
The main points about which decisions shall be made in the design of a sampling programme are listed below
in 4.2 to 4.7. The relevant references are indicated.
4.2 Defining the objective
The following should be considered when defining the objective:
a) delineation of area(s) to be investigated;
b) setting of objectives for the whole investigation;
c) listing of parameters to be determined;
d) listing of other information required to enable interpretation of results;
e) content of sample report;
f) decisions regarding contractual arrangements for sampling;
g) management arrangements;
h) estimation of costs.
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4.3 Preliminary information
The following questions may help in the choice of preliminary information:
a) What is already known?
b) What can be made easily available?
c) Who is to be contacted for certain (historical) sources?
d) Are there any legal problems, e.g. entering the site?
e) What should be observed on first visit to the site?
For details see Clause 6 and ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.4 Strategy
Decisions regarding the following factors are usually involved in a sampling strategy:
a) sampling patterns;
b) sampling points;
c) depth of sampling;
d) type of samples to be obtained;
e) sampling methods to be employed, e.g. borings, drillings, trial pits, etc.
For details see Clause 10 and ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.5 Sampling
The following procedures are involved in planning the sampling:
a) coordination with personnel responsible for the sample preparation and analysis;
b) choice of suitable sampling tools;
c) choice of suitable storage;
d) choice of suitable preservation measures;
e) choice of suitable labelling and transportation;
f) field tests to be carried out, if specified.
For details see Clauses 7, 8, 10 and ISO 10381-2, ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.6 Safety
The following safety aspects need to be considered:
a) all necessary safety precautions at the site;
b) informing landowners, construction authorities, local authorities;
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c) data protection efforts;
d) requirements for disposal of surplus soil or test material.
For details see Clause 9 and ISO 10381-2, ISO 10381-3, ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.7 Sampling report
The sampling report should meet the basic content as specified in this part of ISO 10381. Additional
information required should be clearly specified by the client and laid down in a written contract. Any later
deviation should be justified to avoid deficiencies with regard to evaluation of the investigation and to avoid
conflicts between business partners.
For details see Clauses 11, 12, 13 and ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
5 Objectives of sampling
5.1 General
5.1.1 Principal objectives
The four principal objectives of sampling of soil may be distinguished as follows:
sampling for determination of general soil quality;
sampling for characterization purposes in preparation of soil maps;
sampling to support legal or regulatory action;
sampling as part of a hazard or risk assessment.
These four principal objectives are discussed further below.
The utilization of the soil and site is of varying importance depending on the primary objective of an
investigation. For example, while consideration of past, present and future site use is particularly relevant to
sampling for risk assessment, it is less important to soil mapping where the focus is on description rather than
evaluation of a soil. Objectives such as soil quality assessment, land appraisal and soil monitoring take
utilization into account to varying degrees.
The results obtained from sampling campaigns to assess soil quality for mapping may indicate a need for
further investigation, for example if contamination is detected which indicates a need for identification and
assessment of potential hazards and risks.
5.1.2 Sampling for determination of general soil quality
Such sampling is typically carried out at (irregular) time intervals to determine the quality of the soil for a
particular purpose e.g. for agriculture. As such, it tends to concentrate on factors such as nutrient status, pH,
organic matter content, trace element concentrations and physical factors, which provide a measure of current
quality and which are amenable to manipulation. Such sampling is usually carried out within the main rooting
zone and also at greater depths but sometimes without exact distinction of horizons or layers.
The guidance given in ISO 10381-4 is particularly relevant.
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5.1.3 Sampling for preparation of soil maps
Soil maps may be used in soil description, land appraisal (taxation), and for soil monitoring sites to establish
the basic information on the genesis and distribution of naturally occurring or man-made soils, their chemical,
mineralogical, biological composition, and their physical properties at selected locations. The preparation of
soil maps involves installation of trial pits or core sampling with detailed consideration of soil layers and
horizons. Special strategies are required to preserve samples in their original physical and chemical condition.
Sampling is nearly always a one-off procedure.
The guidance given in ISO 10381-4 is particularly relevant.
5.1.4 Sampling to support legal or regulatory action
Sampling may be required to establish baseline conditions prior to an activity which might affect the
composition or quality of soil, or it may be required following an anthropogenic effect such as the input of an
undesirable material which may be from a point or a diffuse source.
Sampling strategies need to be developed on a site-specific basis.
To adequately support legal or regulatory action, particular attention should be paid to all aspects of quality
assurance including for example “chain-of-custody procedures”.
The guidance given in ISO 10381-5 is particularly relevant. That in ISO 10381-4 may also be relevant.
5.1.5 Sampling for hazard and risk assessment
When land is contaminated with chemicals and other substances that are potentially harmful to human health
and safety or to the environment, it may be necessary to carry out an investigation as a part of a hazard
and/or risk assessment, i.e. to determine the nature and extent of contamination, to identify hazards
associated with the contamination, to identify potential targets and routes of exposure, and to evaluate the
risks relating to current and future use of the site and neighbouring land. A sampling programme for risk
assessment (in this context: phase I, phase II, phase III and phase IV investigation) may have to comply with
legal or regulatory requirements (see 5.1.3), and careful attention to sample integrity is recommended.
Sampling strategies should be developed on a site-specific basis.
The guidance given in ISO 10381-5 is particularly relevant. That in ISO 10381-4 may also be relevant.
5.2 Specific objectives
5.2.1 General
Depending on the principal objective(s), it is usually necessary to determine, for the body of soil or part
thereof:
the nature, concentrations and distribution of naturally occurring substances,
the nature, concentrations and distribution of contaminants (extraneous substances),
the physical properties and variations,
the presence and distribution of biological species of interest.
It is often necessary to take into account changes in the above parameters with time, caused by migration,
atmospheric conditions and land/soil use.
Some detailed objectives are suggested in the subclauses below. The list is not exhaustive.
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5.2.2 Sampling for the determination of soil chemical parameters
There are many reasons for chemical investigation of soil and related material and only a few are mentioned
here. It is important that each sampling routine be tailored to fit the soil and the situation.
Chemical investigations are carried out
a) to identify immediate hazards to human health and safety and to the environment,
b) to determine the suitability of a soil for an intended use, e.g. agricultural production, residential
development,
c) to study the effects of atmospheric pollutants including radioactive fallout on the quality of soil. This may
also provide information on water quality and also indicate if problems are likely to arise in near-surface
aquifers,
d) to assess the effects of direct inputs to soil; there may be contributions from
naturally occurring substances which exceed local background values, e.g. certain mineral phases in
metal deposits,
(un)expected contamination by application of agrochemicals
(un)expected contamination due to industrial processes,
e) to assess the effect of the accumulation and release of substances by soils on other soil horizons or on
other environmental compartments, e.g. the transfer of substances from a soil into a plant,
f) to study the effect of waste disposal, including the disposal of sewage sludge on a soil (apart from
contributing to the pollution load, such disposals may produce other chemical reactions such as the
formation of persistant compounds, metabolites or the evolution of gases, such as methane),
g) to identify and quantify products released by industrial processes and by accident (this is usually done by
investigation of suspect sites or contaminated sites),
h) to evaluate soil derived from construction works, with a view to possible or further utilization of such soils
(see ISO 15176) or disposal as waste.
Commonly, sampling strategies are employed which require samples to be taken either from identifiable soil
horizons, or from specified depths (below ground surface). It is best to avoid mixing the two approaches,
particularly when sampling natural strata, as this can make it difficult to compare results. However, a coherent
combination of the two approaches can sometimes be useful on old industrial sites where there is variation
both in the nature of fill and of the depth of penetration of mobile contaminants into the ground, i.e. there are
two independent reasons for changes in soil/fill properties.
Knowledge of the way in which particular chemical substances tend to be distributed between different
environmental categories (air, soil, water, sediment and living organisms) is of advantage for the design of
some sampling programmes. Similarly, knowledge of the behaviour of those living organisms affected by
chemical substances or which affect the availability of substances due to microbiological procedures, is of
advantage, too.
5.2.3 Sampling for the determination of soil physical parameters
The sampling of soil for the determination of certain physical properties requires special consideration, since
the accuracy and extrapolation of measured data relies on obtaining a sample which retains its in situ
structural characteristics.
In many circumstances it may be preferable to conduct measurements in the field, since the removal of even
an undisturbed sample can change the continuity and characteristics of soil physical properties and lead to
erroneous results.
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SIST ISO 10381
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 10381-1
Première édition
2002-12-15
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 1:
Lignes directrices pour l'établissement
des programmes d'échantillonnage
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
Numéro de référence
ISO 10381-1:2002(F)
©
ISO 2002
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ISO 10381-1:2002(F)
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Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2002 — Tous droits réservés
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ISO 10381-1:2002(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos. v
Introduction . vi
1 Domaine d'application. 1
2 Références normatives. 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Définition des objectifs des programmes d'échantillonnage. 2
4.1 Généralités. 2
4.2 Objectif. 2
4.3 Informations préliminaires. 3
4.4 Stratégie. 3
4.5 Échantillonnage . 3
4.6 Sécurité . 4
4.7 Rapport d'échantillonnage. 4
5 Objectifs de l'échantillonnage . 4
5.1 Généralités. 4
5.2 Objectifs spécifiques . 6
5.3 Échantillonnage d'un autre matériau en rapport avec l'étude du sol. 8
6 Considérations particulières relatives à l'échantillonnage des sols. 8
6.1 Généralités. 8
6.2 Enquête préliminaire. 8
7 Exigences relatives au personnel d'échantillonnage. 10
7.1 Généralités. 10
7.2 Expérience . 10
7.3 Coordination de l'échantillonnage et de l'analyse. 11
8 Précautions de sécurité. 11
9 Échantillons et points d'échantillonnage . 11
9.1 Généralités. 11
9.2 Modèles d'échantillonnage . 11
9.3 Identification des points d'échantillonnage .13
9.4 Préparation du site d'échantillonnage. 14
9.5 Obstacles à l'échantillonnage. 14
9.6 Choix du matériel adapté au prélèvement d'échantillons. 15
9.7 Profondeur d'échantillonnage . 15
9.8 Planification de l'étude . 16
9.9 Quantité échantillonnée . 16
9.10 Échantillons uniques / échantillons composites. 16
9.11 Conservation, manipulation et conditionnement en laboratoire, étiquetage et transport
des échantillons de sol. 17
10 Rapport d'échantillonnage. 20
10.1 Généralités. 20
10.2 Libellé. 21
10.3 Données relatives au site. 21
10.4 Mode opératoire d'échantillonnage. 21
10.5 Transport et stockage. 22
10.6 Description du sol, du profil et du site . 22
10.7 Description de l'échantillon et du profil. 22
10.8 Description du site. 22
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ISO 10381-1:2002(F)
11 Contrôle de la qualité, assurance qualité, exploitation et contrôle des laboratoires .22
Annexe A (informative) Sources d'informations complémentaires.23
Annexe B (informative) Détermination d'un plan d'échantillonnage.25
Annexe C (informative) Exemples de modèles d'échantillonnage utilisés dans les programmes
d'échantillonnage du sol .26
Bibliographie.35
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ISO 10381-1:2002(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 10381-1 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 190, Qualité du sol, sous-comité SC 2,
Échantillonnage.
L'ISO 10381 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Qualité du sol —
Échantillonnage:
Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour l'établissement des programmes d'échantillonnage
Partie 2: Lignes directrices pour les techniques d'échantillonnage
Partie 3: Lignes directrices concernant la sécurité de l'échantillonnage
Partie 4: Lignes directrices pour les procédures d'investigation des sites naturels, quasi naturels et
cultivés
Partie 5: Lignes directrices concernant l'investigation relative à la contamination du sol des sites urbains
et industriels
Partie 6: Lignes directrices pour la collecte, la manipulation et la conservation de sols destinés à une
étude en laboratoire des processus microbiens aérobies
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ISO 10381-1:2002(F)
Introduction
La présente Norme internationale fait partie d'une série de Normes internationales destinées à être utilisées
conjointement en fonction des besoins. L'ISO 10381 (toutes les parties) traite des modes opératoires
d'échantillonnage correspondant aux divers objectifs de l'étude du sol.
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 10381-1:2002(F)
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 1:
Lignes directrices pour l'établissement des programmes
d'échantillonnage
1 Domaine d'application
La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 définit les principes généraux à appliquer à la conception des programmes
d'échantillonnage qui visent à caractériser et contrôler la qualité du sol et à identifier les sources et les effets
de la contamination du sol et du matériau associé, en mettant l'accent sur
les modes opératoires nécessaires à déterminer l'emplacement des points où des échantillons peuvent
être prélevés en vue d'un examen ou sur lesquels des instruments peuvent être installés pour le
mesurage in situ, y compris du point de vue statistique,
les modes opératoires de détermination des quantités d'échantillons à prélever et des éventuelles
combinaisons de ces derniers,
les méthodes de collecte des échantillons,
les méthodes de conservation, de stockage et de transport des échantillons afin d'éviter toute
détérioration ou contamination.
2 Références normatives
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables pour l'application du présent document. Pour les
références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du
document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels amendements).
ISO 10381-3, Qualité du sol ― Échantillonnage ― Partie 3: Lignes directrices concernant la sécurité de
l'échantillonnage
ISO 10381-4, Qualité du sol ― Échantillonnage ― Partie 4: Lignes directrices sur les procédures
d'investigation des sites naturels, analogues à la nature et cultivés
ISO 10381-5, Qualité du sol ― Échantillonnage ― Partie 5: Lignes directrices concernant l'investigation
relative à la contamination du sol des sites
ISO 10381-6, Qualité du sol ― Échantillonnage ― Partie 6: Lignes directrices pour la collecte, la manipulation
et la conservation de sols destinés à une étude en laboratoire des processus microbiens aérobies
ISO 11074-2, Qualité du sol ― Vocabulaire ― Partie 2: Termes et définitions relatifs à l'échantillonnage
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions donnés dans l'ISO 11074-2 s'appliquent.
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4 Définition des objectifs des programmes d'échantillonnage
4.1 Généralités
Les échantillons sont collectés et examinés principalement pour déterminer leurs propriétés physiques,
chimiques, biologiques et radiologiques. La présente section souligne les facteurs les plus importants qu'il
convient de prendre en compte lors de la conception d'un programme d'échantillonnage du sol et du matériau
associé. Des informations plus détaillées sont présentées dans les sections suivantes.
Il est généralement impossible, pour caractériser un volume de sol, d'en examiner la totalité. C'est la raison
pour laquelle il est nécessaire de prélever des échantillons. Il convient que les échantillons prélevés soient
aussi représentatifs que possible de la quantité totale à caractériser et que toutes les précautions soient
prises pour s'assurer, dans la mesure du possible, que les échantillons ne subissent pas de modifications
entre le moment de l'échantillonnage et celui de l'examen. L'échantillonnage de systèmes polyphasiques,
comme les sols contenant de l'eau ou d'autres liquides, des gaz, des matériels biologiques, des
radionucléides ou d'autres solides ne faisant pas naturellement partie du sol (par exemple des déchets) peut
poser des problèmes spécifiques. En outre, les examens visant à déterminer certains paramètres physiques
du sol peuvent nécessiter des sols qualifiés de «non perturbés» afin de pouvoir effectuer correctement le
mesurage adéquat.
Il est important, avant de concevoir un programme d'échantillonnage, de commencer par définir les objectifs à
atteindre puisque ce sont les principaux facteurs qui permettront de déterminer, par exemple, l'emplacement
et la densité des points d'échantillonnage, le moment d'échantillonner, les modes opératoires
d'échantillonnage, le traitement ultérieur des échantillons et les exigences d'analyse. Les détails d'un
programme d'échantillonnage varient selon que les informations requises correspondent à la valeur moyenne,
à la distribution ou à la variabilité des paramètres d'un sol donné.
Il convient également de prendre en compte le niveau de détail et de précision requis, ainsi que la manière
dont doivent être exprimés et présentés les résultats (par exemple, concentrations des substances chimiques,
valeurs minimales et maximales, moyennes arithmétiques, valeurs médianes, etc.). En outre, il convient de
dresser une liste des paramètres significatifs et de consulter les modes opératoires d'analyse applicables car
ces éléments donnent généralement des indications sur les précautions à observer pendant l'échantillonnage
et la manipulation ultérieure des échantillons de sol.
Il peut souvent être nécessaire d'effectuer un échantillonnage et un programme d'analyse préliminaires, avant
de pouvoir définir les objectifs finaux. Il est important de prendre en compte toutes les données pertinentes
provenant de programmes antérieurs effectués aux mêmes emplacements ou à des emplacements similaires,
ainsi que d'autres informations sur les conditions locales. L'expérience personnelle peut également être un
atout précieux. Les investissements financiers et en temps consacrés à la conception d'un programme
d'échantillonnage adapté sont généralement largement justifiés car ils garantissent que les informations
requises sont obtenues de façon efficace et économique.
Il est important de souligner que la réussite complète des études de sols dépend principalement de la
conception et de l'exécution d'un programme d'échantillonnage adapté.
Les principaux points à définir impérativement lors de la conception d'un programme d'échantillonnage sont
énumérés de 4.2 à 4.7. Les références pertinentes sont indiquées.
4.2 Objectif
Lors de la définition de l'objectif, il convient de prendre en considération les éléments suivants:
a) la délimitation de la (des) zone(s) à étudier;
b) la fixation des objectifs pour l'ensemble de l'étude;
c) l'énumération des paramètres à déterminer;
d) l'énumération des autres informations nécessaires à l'interprétation des résultats;
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ISO 10381-1:2002(F)
e) le contenu du rapport d'échantillonnage;
f) les décisions à prendre concernant les dispositions contractuelles relatives à l'échantillonnage;
g) les dispositions de gestion;
h) l'estimation des coûts.
4.3 Informations préliminaires
Les questions suivantes peuvent apporter de l'aide lors du choix des informations préliminaires:
a) Quels sont les éléments déjà connus?
b) Quels sont ceux que l'on peut se procurer aisément?
c) Qui contacter à propos de certaines sources (historique)?
d) Existe-t-il des problèmes juridiques, par exemple en ce qui concerne l'accès au site?
e) Quel serait l'objet d'observation lors de la première visite sur le site?
Pour plus de détails, se reporter à l'Article 6 et à l'ISO 10381-4, l'ISO 10381-5 et l'ISO 10381-6.
4.4 Stratégie
Les décisions concernant les facteurs suivants sont normalement impliquées dans la stratégie de
l'échantillonnage:
a) les modèles d'échantillonnage;
b) les points d'échantillonnage;
c) la profondeur d'échantillonnage;
d) le type d'échantillons à obtenir;
e) les méthodes d'échantillonnage à utiliser, par exemple forages, sondages, fosses pour échantillonnage,
etc.
Pour plus de détails, se reporter à l'Article 10 et à l'ISO 10381-4, l'ISO 10381-5 et l'ISO 10381-6.
4.5 Échantillonnage
Les procédures suivantes sont impliquées lors de la planification de l'échantillonnage:
a) la coordination avec le personnel responsable de la préparation et de l'analyse des échantillons;
b) le choix d'outils d'échantillonnage adaptés;
c) le choix de stockage adapté;
d) le choix de mesures de conservation adaptées;
e) le choix d'étiquetage et de transport convenables;
f) les essais à effectuer sur le terrain, s'ils sont spécifiés.
Pour plus de détails, se reporter aux Articles 7, 8 et 10 et à l'ISO 10381-2, l'ISO 10381-4, l'ISO 10381-5 et
l'ISO 10381-6.
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4.6 Sécurité
Il est nécessaire de prendre en considération les aspects de sécurité suivants :
a) toutes les mesures de sécurité nécessaires sur le site;
b) l'information des propriétaires du terrain, des autorités compétentes pour la construction et des autorités
locales;
c) les mesures de protection des données;
d) les exigences relatives à l'élimination des excédents de sols ou de matériau d'essai.
Pour plus de détails, se reporter à l'Article 9 et à l'ISO 10381-2, l'ISO 10381-3, l'ISO 10381-4, l'ISO 10381-5 et
l'ISO 10381-6.
4.7 Rapport d'échantillonnage
Le rapport d'échantillonnage doit respecter le contenu de base spécifié dans la présente partie de l'ISO 10831.
Il convient que les informations complémentaires requises soient clairement spécifiées par le client et fassent
l'objet d'un contrat écrit. Il convient de justifier tout écart ultérieur par rapport à ce contrat afin d'éviter des
erreurs dans l'évaluation de l'étude et des conflits entre les différents partenaires.
Pour plus de détails, se reporter aux Articles 11, 12 et 13 et à l'ISO 10381-4, l'ISO 10381-5 et l'ISO 10381-6.
5 Objectifs de l'échantillonnage
5.1 Généralités
5.1.1 Objectifs principaux
Les quatre objectifs principaux suivants peuvent être distingués pour l'échantillonnage du sol:
échantillonnage pour déterminer la qualité globale du sol;
échantillonnage à des fins de caractérisation pour l'élaboration de cartes du sol (cartographie);
échantillonnage venant à l'appui d'une action légale ou réglementaire;
échantillonnage dans le cadre d'une évaluation des dangers ou des risques.
Ces quatre objectifs principaux sont développés ci-après.
L'utilisation du sol et du site sera prise en compte de manière plus ou moins importante en fonction de
l'objectif principal de l'étude. Par exemple, alors que la prise en compte du passé, du présent et de l'avenir du
site sera particulièrement pertinente pour un échantillonnage visant à évaluer les risques, elle sera moins
importante pour l'établissement d'une carte du sol, où l'accent est davantage mis sur la description plutôt que
sur l'évaluation du sol. Des objectifs tels que la détermination de la qualité du sol, son évaluation et son suivi
prennent en compte à divers degrés l'utilisation du sol.
Les résultats fournis par des campagnes d'échantillonnage visant à évaluer la qualité du sol pour les besoins
de la cartographie peuvent révéler le besoin d'une étude supplémentaire. Par exemple, en cas de détection
d'une contamination, il est nécessaire d'identifier et d'évaluer les dangers et risques potentiels.
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5.1.2 Échantillonnage pour la détermination de la qualité globale du sol
Ce type d'échantillonnage est généralement réalisé périodiquement (à intervalles de temps non réguliers)
pour déterminer la qualité du sol dans un but particulier, par exemple pour l'agriculture. En tant que tel, il tend
à se focaliser sur des facteurs tels que la teneur en éléments nutritifs, le pH, la teneur en matières organiques,
les concentrations en oligoéléments et les facteurs physiques qui fournissent une mesure de la qualité
actuelle du sol et sont aisés à manipuler. L'échantillonnage est généralement effectué dans la zone
d'enracinement principale et également à de plus grandes profondeurs, mais parfois sans faire précisément
de distinction entre les horizons ou les couches.
Les lignes directrices de l'ISO 10381-4 sont particulièrement pertinentes.
5.1.3 Échantillonnage pour la cartographie
Les cartes du sol peuvent être utilisées pour la description du sol et l'évaluation de sa valeur (taxation). Pour
les sites de surveillance des sols, elles servent aussi à établir des données de base sur la genèse, la
distribution des sols naturels ou artificiels, leur composition chimique, minéralogique, biologique, leurs
propriétés physiques à des endroits déterminés. La préparation de cartes du sol implique l'installation de
fosses pour échantillonnage ou des carottages avec prise en compte précise des couches et des horizons du
sol. Des mesures particulières sont nécessaires pour conserver les échantillons dans leur état physique et
chimique d'origine. L'échantillonnage est presque toujours une procédure effectuée en une seule fois.
Les lignes directrices de l'ISO 10381-4 sont particulièrement pertinentes.
5.1.4 Échantillonnage venant à l'appui d'une action légale ou réglementaire
Un échantillonnage peut être requis afin d'établir les conditions de base avant d'entreprendre une activité
susceptible d'affecter la composition ou la qualité du sol. Il peut aussi être nécessaire suite à un effet
anthropogénique, tel que l'apport d'un matériau indésirable, que ce soit à partir d'un point précis ou d'une
source diffuse.
Des stratégies d'échantillonnage adaptées au site doivent être mises au point.
Pour venir à l'appui d'une action légale ou réglementaire de façon adéquate, il convient de veiller
particulièrement à tous les aspects d'assurance qualité, notamment les «procédures de prises en charge
successives».
Les lignes directrices de l'ISO 10381-5 sont particulièrement pertinentes et celles de l'ISO 10381-4 peuvent
également l'être.
5.1.5 Échantillonnage dans le cadre d'une évaluation des dangers et des risques
Lorsque le sol est contaminé par des produits chimiques et d'autres substances potentiellement nocives pour
la santé humaine, la sécurité et l'environnement, il peut être nécessaire d'effectuer une étude dans le cadre
d'une évaluation des dangers et/ou des risques, afin de déterminer la nature et l'étendue de la contamination,
d'identifier les dangers associés à la contamination, les cibles potentielles et les voies d'exposition et d'évaluer
les risques liés à l'utilisation présente et future du site et des terrains avoisinants. Un programme
d'échantillonnage destiné à évaluer le risque (dans ce contexte, étude phase I, phase II, phase III et phase IV)
peut devoir se conformer à des exigences légales ou réglementaires (voir 5.1.3). Il est recommandé de veiller
à l'intégrité de l'échantillon. Il convient de mettre au point des stratégies d'échantillonnage adaptées au site.
Les lignes directrices de l'ISO 10381-5 sont particulièrement pertinentes et celles de l'ISO 10381-4 peuvent
également l'être.
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ISO 10381-1:2002(F)
5.2 Objectifs spécifiques
5.2.1 Généralités
En fonction du (des) principal(aux) objectif(s), il est généralement nécessaire de déterminer les éléments
suivants pour tout ou partie de la quantité de sol:
la nature, les concentrations et la distribution des substances naturelles;
la nature, les concentrations et la distribution des contaminants (substances étrangères);
les propriétés et variations physiques;
la présence et la distribution des espèces biologiques concernées.
Il est souvent nécessaire de prendre en compte les modifications dans le temps des paramètres ci-dessus,
occasionnées par la migration, les conditions atmosphériques et l'utilisation du terrain/du sol.
Les articles ci-après exposent en détail quelques objectifs, cette liste n'étant pas exhaustive.
5.2.2 Échantillonnage pour la détermination des paramètres chimiques du sol
De nombreux éléments peuvent justifier une étude chimique du sol et du matériau associé, et seuls quelques-
uns sont mentionnés ci-après. Il est important que chaque routine d'échantillonnage soit précisément adaptée
au sol et à la situation.
Des études chimiques sont effectuées dans les cas suivants:
a) pour identifier les dangers immédiats pour la santé humaine, la sécurité et l'environnement;
b) pour déterminer l'adéquation d'un sol à un usage prévu, par exemple la production agricole, le
développement résidentiel;
c) pour étudier les effets des polluants atmosphériques, y compris les retombées radioactives, sur la qualité
du sol; ceci peut aussi fournir des informations sur la qualité de l'eau et aussi indiquer si des problèmes
sont susceptibles de se poser, par exemple dans les aquifères proches de la surface;
d) pour évaluer les effets des apports directs dans le sol, qui peuvent avoir pour origine:
des substances naturelles qui dépassent les valeurs locales de fond, par exemple certaines phases
minérales dans des gisements métalliques;
une contamination (im)prévue suite à l'épandage de produits agrochimiqu
...
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