ISO 10381-1:2002

Soil quality - Sampling - Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes

ISO 10381-1:2002 sets out the general principles to be applied in the design of sampling programmes for the purpose of characterizing and controlling soil quality and identifying sources and effects of contamination of soil and related material, with emphasis on procedures required to locate points from which samples may be taken for examination or at which instruments may be installed for in situ measurement including statistical implications, procedures for determining how much sample to collect and whether to combine samples, methods of collecting samples, methods for containing, storing and transporting samples to prevent deterioration/contamination.

Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour l'établissement des programmes d'échantillonnage

L'ISO 10381-1:2002 définit les principes généraux à appliquer à la conception des programmes d'échantillonnage qui visent à caractériser et contrôler la qualité du sol et à identifier les sources et les effets de la contamination du sol et du matériau associé, en mettant l'accent sur : les modes opératoires nécessaires à déterminer l'emplacement des points où des échantillons peuvent être prélevés en vue d'un examen ou sur lesquels des instruments peuvent être installés pour le mesurage in situ, y compris du point de vue statistique ; les modes opératoires de détermination des quantités d'échantillons à prélever et des éventuelles combinaisons de ces derniers ; les méthodes de collecte des échantillons ; les méthodes de conservation, de stockage et de transport des échantillons afin d'éviter toute détérioration ou contamination.

Kakovost tal – Vzorčenje – 1. del: Navodilo za načrtovanje vzorčenja

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 28-Nov-2002
• Withdrawal Date: 28-Nov-2002
• ICS: 13.080.05 - Examination of soils in general
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 190/SC 7 - Impact assessment
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 190/SC 7 - Impact assessment
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Start Date: 16-Oct-2018
• Completion Date: 13-Dec-2025
• Directive: 2017-01-3098 - Pravilnik o obratovalnem monitoringu stanja tal
• Ref Project: SIST ISO 10381-1:2006 - Soil quality -- Sampling -- Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes

Relations

• Revised: ISO 18400-101:2017 - Soil quality - Sampling - Part 101: Framework for the preparation and application of a sampling plan
• Effective Date: 27-Feb-2016
• Revised: ISO 18400-107:2017 - Soil quality - Sampling - Part 107: Recording and reporting
• Effective Date: 27-Feb-2016
• Revised: ISO 18400-104:2018 - Soil quality - Sampling - Part 104: Strategies
• Effective Date: 27-Feb-2016

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10381-1
First edition
2002-12-15
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 1:
Guidance on the design of sampling
programmes
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour l'établissement des programmes
d'échantillonnage
Reference number
©
ISO 2002
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ii © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword. v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Planning the sampling programme. 2
4.1 General. 2
4.2 Defining the objective. 2
4.3 Preliminary information. 3
4.4 Strategy. 3
4.5 Sampling . 3
4.6 Safety. 3
4.7 Sampling report. 4
5 Objectives of sampling. 4
5.1 General. 4
5.2 Specific objectives. 5
5.3 Sampling of other material in connection with soil investigation . 7
6 Special considerations for the sampling of soils . 7
6.1 General. 7
6.2 Preliminary survey. 8
7 Requirements for sampling personnel . 9
7.1 General. 9
7.2 Experience . 9
7.3 Coordination of sampling and analysis. 10
8 Safety precautions . 10
9 Samples and sampling points . 10
9.1 General. 10
9.2 Sampling patterns. 10
9.3 Identifying the sampling location. 12
9.4 Preparation of the sampling site . 13
9.5 Barriers to sampling . 13
9.6 Choice of appropriate equipment to obtain samples. 14
9.7 Depth of sampling. 14
9.8 Timing of investigation. 15
9.9 Sample quantity . 15
9.10 Single samples vs. composite samples . 15
9.11 Laboratory preservation, handling and containerization, labelling and transport of soil
samples. 15
10 Sampling report. 19
10.1 General. 19
10.2 Title data. 19
10.3 Site data . 19
10.4 Sampling procedure . 19
10.5 Transportation and storage . 20
10.6 Sample, profile and site description . 20
10.7 Sample and profile description . 20
10.8 Site description . 20
11 Quality control, quality assurance and operation and testing of laboratories .20
Annex A (informative) Sources of additional information .21
Annex B (informative) Determination of a sampling plan.23
Annex C (informative) Examples of different sampling patterns used in soil sampling
programmes.24
Bibliography.33

iv © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10381-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 2, Sampling.
ISO 10381 consists of the following parts, under the general title Soil quality — Sampling:
 Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
 Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques
 Part 3: Guidance on safety
 Part 4: Guidance on the procedure for investigation of natural, near-natural and cultivated sites
 Part 5: Guidance on investigation of soil contamination of urban and industrial sites
 Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for the assessment of aerobic microbial
processes in the laboratory
Introduction
This part of ISO 10381 is one of a set of International Standards intended to be used in conjunction with each
other as appropriate and necessary. ISO 10381 (all parts) deals with sampling procedures for the various
purposes of soil investigation.

vi © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10381-1:2002(E)

Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 1:
Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10381 sets out the general principles to be applied in the design of sampling programmes for
the purpose of characterizing and controlling soil quality and identifying sources and effects of contamination
of soil and related material, with emphasis on
 procedures required to locate points from which samples may be taken for examination or at which
instruments may be installed for in situ measurement including statistical implications,
 procedures for determining how much sample to collect and whether to combine samples,
 methods of collecting samples,
 methods for containing, storing and transporting samples to prevent deterioration/contamination.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10381-3, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 3: Guidance on safety
ISO 10381-4, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 4: Guidance on the procedure for investigation of natural,
near-natural and cultivated sites
ISO 10381-5, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 5: Guidance on investigation of soil contamination of urban and
industrial sites
ISO 10381-6, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for
the assessment of aerobic microbial processes in the laboratory
ISO 11074-2, Soil quality — Vocabulary — Part 2: Terms and definitions relating to sampling
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074-2 apply.
4 Planning the sampling programme
4.1 General
Samples are collected and examined primarily to determine their physical, chemical, biological and radiological
properties. This clause outlines the more important factors which should be considered when devising a
sampling programme for soil and related material. More detailed information is given in subsequent clauses.
Whenever a volume of soil is to be characterized, it is generally not possible to examine the whole and it is
therefore necessary to take samples. The samples collected should be as representative as possible of the
whole to be characterized, and all precautions should be taken to ensure that, as far as possible, the samples
do not undergo any changes in the interval between sampling and examination. The sampling of multiphase
systems, such as soils containing water or other liquids, gases, biological material, radionuclides or other
solids not naturally belonging to soil (e.g. waste materials), can present special problems. In addition,
examination for some physical soil parameters may require so-called undisturbed soil samples for correct
execution of the relevant measurement.
Before any sampling programme is devised, it is important that the objectives be first established since they
are the major determining factors, e.g. the position and density of sampling points, time of sampling, sampling
procedures, subsequent treatment of samples and analytical requirements. The details of a sampling
programme depend on whether the information needed is the average value, the distribution or the variability
of given soil parameters.
Some consideration should also be given to the degree of detail and precision required and also to the manner
in which the results are to be expressed and presented, for example concentrations of chemical substances,
maximum and minimum values, arithmetic means, median values, etc. Additionally, a list of parameters of
interest should be compiled and the relevant analytical procedures consulted, since these will usually give
guidance on precautions to be observed during sampling and subsequent handling of soil samples.
It may often be necessary to carry out an exploratory sampling and analysis programme before the final
objectives can be defined. It is important to take into account all relevant data from previous programmes at
the same or similar locations and other information on local conditions. Previous personal experience can also
be very valuable. Time and money allocated to the design of a proper sampling programme is usually well
justified because it ensures that the required information is obtained efficiently and economically.
It is emphasized that whether soil investigations completely achieve their objectives depends mainly on the
design and execution of an appropriate sampling programme.
The main points about which decisions shall be made in the design of a sampling programme are listed below
in 4.2 to 4.7. The relevant references are indicated.
4.2 Defining the objective
The following should be considered when defining the objective:
a) delineation of area(s) to be investigated;
b) setting of objectives for the whole investigation;
c) listing of parameters to be determined;
d) listing of other information required to enable interpretation of results;
e) content of sample report;
f) decisions regarding contractual arrangements for sampling;
g) management arrangements;
h) estimation of costs.
2 © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved

4.3 Preliminary information
The following questions may help in the choice of preliminary information:
a) What is already known?
b) What can be made easily available?
c) Who is to be contacted for certain (historical) sources?
d) Are there any legal problems, e.g. entering the site?
e) What should be observed on first visit to the site?
For details see Clause 6 and ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.4 Strategy
Decisions regarding the following factors are usually involved in a sampling strategy:
a) sampling patterns;
b) sampling points;
c) depth of sampling;
d) type of samples to be obtained;
e) sampling methods to be employed, e.g. borings, drillings, trial pits, etc.
For details see Clause 10 and ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.5 Sampling
The following procedures are involved in planning the sampling:
a) coordination with personnel responsible for the sample preparation and analysis;
b) choice of suitable sampling tools;
c) choice of suitable storage;
d) choice of suitable preservation measures;
e) choice of suitable labelling and transportation;
f) field tests to be carried out, if specified.
For details see Clauses 7, 8, 10 and ISO 10381-2, ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.6 Safety
The following safety aspects need to be considered:
a) all necessary safety precautions at the site;
b) informing landowners, construction authorities, local authorities;
c) data protection efforts;
d) requirements for disposal of surplus soil or test material.
For details see Clause 9 and ISO 10381-2, ISO 10381-3, ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.7 Sampling report
The sampling report should meet the basic content as specified in this part of ISO 10381. Additional
information required should be clearly specified by the client and laid down in a written contract. Any later
deviation should be justified to avoid deficiencies with regard to evaluation of the investigation and to avoid
conflicts between business partners.
For details see Clauses 11, 12, 13 and ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
5 Objectives of sampling
5.1 General
5.1.1 Principal objectives
The four principal objectives of sampling of soil may be distinguished as follows:
 sampling for determination of general soil quality;
 sampling for characterization purposes in preparation of soil maps;
 sampling to support legal or regulatory action;
 sampling as part of a hazard or risk assessment.
These four principal objectives are discussed further below.
The utilization of the soil and site is of varying importance depending on the primary objective of an
investigation. For example, while consideration of past, present and future site use is particularly relevant to
sampling for risk assessment, it is less important to soil mapping where the focus is on description rather than
evaluation of a soil. Objectives such as soil quality assessment, land appraisal and soil monitoring take
utilization into account to varying degrees.
The results obtained from sampling campaigns to assess soil quality for mapping may indicate a need for
further investigation, for example if contamination is detected which indicates a need for identification and
assessment of potential hazards and risks.
5.1.2 Sampling for determination of general soil quality
Such sampling is typically carried out at (irregular) time intervals to determine the quality of the soil for a
particular purpose e.g. for agriculture. As such, it tends to concentrate on factors such as nutrient status, pH,
organic matter content, trace element concentrations and physical factors, which provide a measure of current
quality and which are amenable to manipulation. Such sampling is usually carried out within the main rooting
zone and also at greater depths but sometimes without exact distinction of horizons or layers.
The guidance given in ISO 10381-4 is particularly relevant.
4 © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved

5.1.3 Sampling for preparation of soil maps
Soil maps may be used in soil description, land appraisal (taxation), and for soil monitoring sites to establish
the basic information on the genesis and distribution of naturally occurring or man-made soils, their chemical,
mineralogical, biological composition, and their physical properties at selected locations. The preparation of
soil maps involves installation of trial pits or core sampling with detailed consideration of soil layers and
horizons. Special strategies are required to preserve samples in their original physical and chemical condition.
Sampling is nearly always a one-off procedure.
The guidance given in ISO 10381-4 is particularly relevant.
5.1.4 Sampling to support legal or regulatory action
Sampling may be required to establish baseline conditions prior to an activity which might affect the
composition or quality of soil, or it may be required following an anthropogenic effect such as the input of an
undesirable material which may be from a point or a diffuse source.
Sampling strategies need to be developed on a site-specific basis.
To adequately support legal or regulatory action, particular attention should be paid to all aspects of quality
assurance including for example “chain-of-custody procedures”.
The guidance given in ISO 10381-5 is particularly relevant. That in ISO 10381-4 may also be relevant.
5.1.5 Sampling for hazard and risk assessment
When land is contaminated with chemicals and other substances that are potentially harmful to human health
and safety or to the environment, it may be necessary to carry out an investigation as a part of a hazard
and/or risk assessment, i.e. to determine the nature and extent of contamination, to identify hazards
associated with the contamination, to identify potential targets and routes of exposure, and to evaluate the
risks relating to current and future use of the site and neighbouring land. A sampling programme for risk
assessment (in this context: phase I, phase II, phase III and phase IV investigation) may have to comply with
legal or regulatory requirements (see 5.1.3), and careful attention to sample integrity is recommended.
Sampling strategies should be developed on a site-specific basis.
The guidance given in ISO 10381-5 is particularly relevant. That in ISO 10381-4 may also be relevant.
5.2 Specific objectives
5.2.1 General
Depending on the principal objective(s), it is usually necessary to determine, for the body of soil or part
thereof:
 the nature, concentrations and distribution of naturally occurring substances,
 the nature, concentrations and distribution of contaminants (extraneous substances),
 the physical properties and variations,
 the presence and distribution of biological species of interest.
It is often necessary to take into account changes in the above parameters with time, caused by migration,
atmospheric conditions and land/soil use.
Some detailed objectives are suggested in the subclauses below. The list is not exhaustive.
5.2.2 Sampling for the determination of soil chemical parameters
There are many reasons for chemical investigation of soil and related material and only a few are mentioned
here. It is important that each sampling routine be tailored to fit the soil and the situation.
Chemical investigations are carried out
a) to identify immediate hazards to human health and safety and to the environment,
b) to determine the suitability of a soil for an intended use, e.g. agricultural production, residential
development,
c) to study the effects of atmospheric pollutants including radioactive fallout on the quality of soil. This may
also provide information on water quality and also indicate if problems are likely to arise in near-surface
aquifers,
d) to assess the effects of direct inputs to soil; there may be contributions from
 naturally occurring substances which exceed local background values, e.g. certain mineral phases in
metal deposits,
 (un)expected contamination by application of agrochemicals
 (un)expected contamination due to industrial processes,
e) to assess the effect of the accumulation and release of substances by soils on other soil horizons or on
other environmental compartments, e.g. the transfer of substances from a soil into a plant,
f) to study the effect of waste disposal, including the disposal of sewage sludge on a soil (apart from
contributing to the pollution load, such disposals may produce other chemical reactions such as the
formation of persistant compounds, metabolites or the evolution of gases, such as methane),
g) to identify and quantify products released by industrial processes and by accident (this is usually done by
investigation of suspect sites or contaminated sites),
h) to evaluate soil derived from construction works, with a view to possible or further utilization of such soils
(see ISO 15176) or disposal as waste.
Commonly, sampling strategies are employed which require samples to be taken either from identifiable soil
horizons, or from specified depths (below ground surface). It is best to avoid mixing the two approaches,
particularly when sampling natural strata, as this can make it difficult to compare results. However, a coherent
combination of the two approaches can sometimes be useful on old industrial sites where there is variation
both in the nature of fill and of the depth of penetration of mobile contaminants into the ground, i.e. there are
two independent reasons for changes in soil/fill properties.
Knowledge of the way in which particular chemical substances tend to be distributed between different
environmental categories (air, soil, water, sediment and living organisms) is of advantage for the design of
some sampling programmes. Similarly, knowledge of the behaviour of those living organisms affected by
chemical substances or which affect the availability of substances due to microbiological procedures, is of
advantage, too.
5.2.3 Sampling for the determination of soil physical parameters
The sampling of soil for the determination of certain physical properties requires special consideration, since
the accuracy and extrapolation of measured data relies on obtaining a sample which retains its in situ
structural characteristics.
In many circumstances it may be preferable to conduct measurements in the field, since the removal of even
an undisturbed sample can change the continuity and characteristics of soil physical properties and lead to
erroneous results.
6 © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved

However, certain measurements are not possible in the field. Others require specific field conditions, but the
field situation can only be controlled to a very limited extent, e.g. it may be possible to modify the hydrological
situation temporarily for measurement purposes by irrigation. The time and expense necessary for field
measurements may not be affordable. Laboratory measurements of physical properties are therefore
frequently necessary.
Differences and changes in soil structure affect the choice of sample size. Hence, a representative volume or
minimum number of replicates shall be determined for each soil type to be studied.
The moisture status of the soil at sampling can influence physical measurements, e.g. hysteresis on rewetting
can occur.
Many physical properties have vertical and horizontal components; this should be considered prior to
sampling.
Where small undisturbed soil samples are required, manual excavation of cores, clods or soil aggregates can
be applied. Sampling equipment should be designed such that minimal physical disturbance is caused to the
soil. For larger samples, the use of hydraulic sampling equipment and cutting devices is preferable in order to
obtain a sample with minimal disturbance. Care should be taken both in equipment design and manufacture to
ensure that internal compression or compaction of the sample does not occur.
Where it is difficult to obtain an undisturbed sample for laboratory measurements, e.g. in stony or iron pan
soils then in situ measurements may be the most appropriate approach.
5.2.4 Sampling for the assessment of soil biological parameters
Biological soil investigations address a number of different questions related to what is happening to or
caused by life forms in and on the soil, including both fauna and flora in the micro and macro ranges.
Ecotoxicological questions are usually given first priority, for example tests to verify the effects of chemicals
added to the soil on life forms and also the possible effects of life forms in the soil on plants (e.g. high-value
crops) and on the environment, especially on human health.
In some cases biological soil test procedures operate with fully artificial soils, but normally the major task of
sampling is to choose a reliable soil or site to carry out the tests.
See ISO 10381-6 for information on sampling for the assessment of aerobic microbial processes.
5.3 Sampling of other material in connection with soil investigation
Soil investigation programmes, and particularly those carried out at contaminated sites, may also require
samples other than soil to be taken. Reference should be made to International Standards for technical details,
or to relevant national standards if no International Standards are available.
International Standards on the sampling of water, sludge and sediment which may be appropriate for use in
soil quality investigations are listed in Annex A together with a brief description of their scopes.
6 Special considerations for the sampling of soils
6.1 General
This clause deals with matters which may influence the design of a sampling programme (e.g. pre-existing
knowledge of the site) and a number of detailed aspects of the design and implementation (e.g. sampling
patterns, sample handling).
Attention is drawn to the requirements for sampling personnel in Clause 7 and to the safety precautions
necessary in various situations, briefly mentioned in Clause 8 but more fully described in ISO 10381-3.
6.2 Preliminary survey
6.2.1 General
A preliminary survey should be carried out prior to any sampling programme, although the effort devoted to it
depends on the objective of the investigation.
The preliminary survey should always comprise (phase I investigation)
 a desk-top study, and
 a site visit or reconnaissance.
In addition, a limited amount of sampling may be carried out (phase II investigation).
The principal objectives of the preliminary study are to gain knowledge about the present condition of the site,
and of past activities on the site and adjacent land which may have affected it, in order to:
 enable the sampling programme(s) to be designed to be both technically effective and cost effective,
 identify measures required to protect the health and safety of the investigating personnel,
 identify measures necessary to protect the environment during the sampling programme.
Other information relevant to the conduct of the sampling programme may also be gathered (e.g. means of
access for equipment, locations for site facilities (e.g. laboratories, stores, equipment decontamination),
availability of power).
Such preliminary surveys are of particular importance when investigations for risk assessment are to be
carried out.
The company and/or the personnel shall ensure they have all necessary permissions to carry out the
preliminary survey and to have access to the site during visit or reconnaissance.
6.2.2 Desk-top study
A desk-top study includes collection of relevant information on the site, e.g. references to the location,
infrastructure, utilization, historical information.
Possible sources of this information are publications, maps (check the accuracy of any map used), aerial
photographs and satellite imagery, e.g. from land surveyor's offices, geological surveys, water management
boards, industrial inspection boards, mining boards, mining companies, geotechnical institutions, regional and
local city archives, agricultural and forestry authorities and building supervisory boards. Particularly important
is information on the physical and chemical properties and the possible spatial distribution of the soil
parameter under investigation; special attention shall be paid to geological features such as stratigraphy and
hydrogeology.
6.2.3 Visiting the site
A visit of the site should be part of the preliminary survey, preferably in conjunction with the desk-top study,
but may be independent. Depending on the local variability of the site and the technical difficulty of the
planned investigation, an experienced person should be chosen for this task.
Such a visit gives a first impression about the correlation of existing maps and reality, and provides much
additional information in a comparatively short time.
In some cases, it may be necessary to draw a first or additional map at this stage.
8 © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved

Samples are not often taken during preliminary investigations; if they are, it is usually for getting an overview
about the kind of soil to choose the right equipment for later activities.
ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6 specify the range of preliminary investigations used within their
individual scopes.
6.2.4 Output from preliminary investigation
A report should be prepared summarizing the factual findings of the preliminary investigations, and stating the
conclusions (or hypotheses) drawn concerning the anticipated site conditions (e.g. geology, hydrology,
possible contamination) which are relevant to the design of the sampling programme.
This should enable the appropriateness of the adopted sampling strategy to be assessed at a later date.
7 Requirements for sampling personnel
7.1 General
The design of the sampling programme needs to take into account the following factors with respect to
available personnel:
 their sampling experience relative to the investigation needs;
 their ability to contribute to the design of the sampling programme relative to the investigation need.
7.2 Experience
There are good reasons for a sampler to have detailed knowledge of soil science, but in many regions the
soils have little horizon differentiation. Where this is the case, depth-related samples are usually obtained.
This approach becomes more difficult to apply when the soil profile is differentiated into distinct horizons, and
is essentially unusable where profound differences occur between contiguous horizons; then the profile should
be sampled by horizons.
In the latter case, detailed knowledge of for example pedology and to a lesser degree also of geology,
hydrogeology, geomorphology and agronomy is essential. In many situations only an experienced scientist
may be able to take soil samples properly. When the scientist does not take the sample, then those carrying
out the sampling shall be supervised by the scientist or other appropriately qualified and experienced persons.
The sampler should have knowledge of the commonly applied techniques and tools, their advantages and
disadvantages. He or she is responsible for the proper use of the tools, which also includes cleaning of the
equipment between sampling operations to avoid cross-contamination (see for information ISO 10381-2). The
sampler should be consulted regarding choice of sampling equipment. This should enable the
appropriateness of the sampling strategy adopted to be assessed at a later date.
Very often soils and soil samples are tested or analysed on-site. Experienced sampling staff should be able to
carry out some of these tests. If this it not the case, the design of the sampling programme should include the
necessary cooperation between the sampling staff and analytical/scientific staff at the sampling location.
On-site testing facilities may be required
a) for the investigation of physical soil properties (in situ methods, e.g. geophysical methods),
b) for the investigation of chemical soil parameters,
c) to provide an indication of the presence of substances or conditions (e.g. toxic vapours, flammable gases,
acidic liquids) hazardous to the safety of the investigating personnel.
All necessary on-site programmes should be set up before field work begins.
Staff working on site should have detailed knowledge about necessary safety precautions, particularly when
sampling contaminated sites and when applying machine-operated drilling equipment and when digging trial
pits (see for information ISO 10381-3).
Personnel employed to sample abandoned industrial sites or otherwise potentially hazardous sites should
always have received appropriate training.
7.3 Coordination of sampling and analysis
Sampling depends on teamwork. Responsibilities should be made clear at all stages of the sampling
campaign, both in the field and at the office.
The sampler should never have to obtain samples without having an idea what they are intended for.
Unless there is a mobile field laboratory, analysts are rarely present on the site. In some situations, this has
the disadvantage that samples reaching the laboratory may not reflect the original chemical state of the site,
especially if the heterogeneity of the material (e.g. embankments, fills) is great. Due to unexpected incidents,
decisions must be taken which should not be the responsibility of the sampler alone. The design of the
sampling programme should allow for such situations.
Finally, data is evaluated. Relevant observations of the sampler should be considered and what is learned
should be described in the sampling report.
8 Safety precautions
Guidance given in ISO 10381-3 should be observed.
9 Samples and sampling points
9.1 General
The selection, location and preparation of the sampling points depend on
 the objectives of the investigation,
 the preliminary information available,
 the on-site conditions.
The nature of samples to be obtained shall be appropriate to the aim of the investigation and shall be
specified in the programme before field work begins.
9.2 Sampling patterns
Sampling patterns are based on the probable distribution of soil constituents (in most cases chemical
substances) on an area or on a type-of-substance input.
Four major fixed sampling patterns can be identified:
 patterns based on no specific estimate of substance distribution;
 patterns based on local substance distribution and known as a “hot spot”;
10 © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved

 patterns based on distributions along a line;
 patterns based on strip-like distributions.
In addition to these, several other patterns exist (e.g. based on deposition of substances from the air, input
due to flooding).
All fixed patterns shall be adjusted to local conditions and are subject to modification.
In agricultural sampling, a small number of convenient sampling patterns are established in order to obtain
information on e.g. nutrient demand or pesticide residues of rather large areas. Some possible patterns are
given in Annex C (Figures C.1, C.2, C.3). For additional information refer to ISO 10381-4. However, it must be
emphasized that most grid sampling patterns are not very practical during the growing season, and are rarely
applicable.
The investigation of contaminated sites which can have profound health and economic consequences usually
requires much more detailed selection and application of sampling patterns, to give calculated, estimated or
randomly chosen sampling points on a 1-, 2- or 3-dimensional figure. The choice of pattern should be the
result of preliminary investigation of a site, rather than of an ad hoc decision taken in the field.
Some investigations are carried out without predetermined pattern plans. This should not be confused with the
application of random distribution of sampling points, because a person usually cannot distribute sampling
points randomly without preparation, i.e. he must ensure that at every point in the area, despite the position of
the other sampling points, a sample will be obtained with equal probability. Where sampling is to be carried
out without a predetermined pattern (ad hoc sampling), care shall be taken that sampling is carried out by an
appropriately experienced investigator. It also should not be confused with the application of sampling plans to
verify special hypotheses which, with regard to the problem, are developed and justified by the investigator
(judgemental sampling).
Annex C gives examples of a number of commonly applied sampling patterns which meet different statistical
requirements (Figures C.7 to C.10 and Figure 1). Experience (and theoretical considerations) shows that in
many cases systematic sampling on a regular grid both is practical and allows a sufficiently detailed picture of
variations in soil properties to be established. The number of sampling points can be easily increased (e.g. in
areas meriting more detailed investigation), the grid is easy to mark out on site, and sampling points are
usually easily relocated. Systematic sampling can be supplemented by judgemental sampling when
appropriate. ISO 10381-5 provides examples of pattern application for sampling contaminated sites.
For selection of sampling patterns, see Figure 1.
NOTE The modification of patterns depends on:
 special situation on the site, e.g. rapidly changing topography;
 objective/hypothesis;
 applicability and validity of preliminary information.
Figure 1 — Selection of sampling patterns
9.3 Identifying the sampling location
Identification of sampling points is not usually necessary when taking composite samples for agricultural
purposes. Where samples are taken at predefined points, their accurate location and identification is important
for three principal reasons:
 to enable actual sampling locations to be revisited if necessary;
 to enable accurate plotting of data in relation to site features so that any necessary treatment (e.g.
additions of nutrie
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2006
.DNRYRVWWDO±9]RUþHQMH±GHO1DYRGLOR]DQDþUWRYDQMHY]RUþHQMD
Soil quality -- Sampling -- Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
Qualité du sol -- Échantillonnage -- Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour l'établissement des
programmes d'échantillonnage
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 10381-1:2002
ICS:
13.080.05 Preiskava tal na splošno Examination of soils in
general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10381-1
First edition
2002-12-15
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 1:
Guidance on the design of sampling
programmes
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour l'établissement des programmes
d'échantillonnage
Reference number
©
ISO 2002
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ii © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword. v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Planning the sampling programme. 2
4.1 General. 2
4.2 Defining the objective. 2
4.3 Preliminary information. 3
4.4 Strategy. 3
4.5 Sampling . 3
4.6 Safety. 3
4.7 Sampling report. 4
5 Objectives of sampling. 4
5.1 General. 4
5.2 Specific objectives. 5
5.3 Sampling of other material in connection with soil investigation . 7
6 Special considerations for the sampling of soils . 7
6.1 General. 7
6.2 Preliminary survey. 8
7 Requirements for sampling personnel . 9
7.1 General. 9
7.2 Experience . 9
7.3 Coordination of sampling and analysis. 10
8 Safety precautions . 10
9 Samples and sampling points . 10
9.1 General. 10
9.2 Sampling patterns. 10
9.3 Identifying the sampling location. 12
9.4 Preparation of the sampling site . 13
9.5 Barriers to sampling . 13
9.6 Choice of appropriate equipment to obtain samples. 14
9.7 Depth of sampling. 14
9.8 Timing of investigation. 15
9.9 Sample quantity . 15
9.10 Single samples vs. composite samples . 15
9.11 Laboratory preservation, handling and containerization, labelling and transport of soil
samples. 15
10 Sampling report. 19
10.1 General. 19
10.2 Title data. 19
10.3 Site data . 19
10.4 Sampling procedure . 19
10.5 Transportation and storage . 20
10.6 Sample, profile and site description . 20
10.7 Sample and profile description . 20
10.8 Site description . 20
11 Quality control, quality assurance and operation and testing of laboratories .20
Annex A (informative) Sources of additional information .21
Annex B (informative) Determination of a sampling plan.23
Annex C (informative) Examples of different sampling patterns used in soil sampling
programmes.24
Bibliography.33

iv © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10381-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 2, Sampling.
ISO 10381 consists of the following parts, under the general title Soil quality — Sampling:
 Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
 Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques
 Part 3: Guidance on safety
 Part 4: Guidance on the procedure for investigation of natural, near-natural and cultivated sites
 Part 5: Guidance on investigation of soil contamination of urban and industrial sites
 Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for the assessment of aerobic microbial
processes in the laboratory
Introduction
This part of ISO 10381 is one of a set of International Standards intended to be used in conjunction with each
other as appropriate and necessary. ISO 10381 (all parts) deals with sampling procedures for the various
purposes of soil investigation.

vi © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10381-1:2002(E)

Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 1:
Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10381 sets out the general principles to be applied in the design of sampling programmes for
the purpose of characterizing and controlling soil quality and identifying sources and effects of contamination
of soil and related material, with emphasis on
 procedures required to locate points from which samples may be taken for examination or at which
instruments may be installed for in situ measurement including statistical implications,
 procedures for determining how much sample to collect and whether to combine samples,
 methods of collecting samples,
 methods for containing, storing and transporting samples to prevent deterioration/contamination.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10381-3, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 3: Guidance on safety
ISO 10381-4, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 4: Guidance on the procedure for investigation of natural,
near-natural and cultivated sites
ISO 10381-5, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 5: Guidance on investigation of soil contamination of urban and
industrial sites
ISO 10381-6, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for
the assessment of aerobic microbial processes in the laboratory
ISO 11074-2, Soil quality — Vocabulary — Part 2: Terms and definitions relating to sampling
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074-2 apply.
4 Planning the sampling programme
4.1 General
Samples are collected and examined primarily to determine their physical, chemical, biological and radiological
properties. This clause outlines the more important factors which should be considered when devising a
sampling programme for soil and related material. More detailed information is given in subsequent clauses.
Whenever a volume of soil is to be characterized, it is generally not possible to examine the whole and it is
therefore necessary to take samples. The samples collected should be as representative as possible of the
whole to be characterized, and all precautions should be taken to ensure that, as far as possible, the samples
do not undergo any changes in the interval between sampling and examination. The sampling of multiphase
systems, such as soils containing water or other liquids, gases, biological material, radionuclides or other
solids not naturally belonging to soil (e.g. waste materials), can present special problems. In addition,
examination for some physical soil parameters may require so-called undisturbed soil samples for correct
execution of the relevant measurement.
Before any sampling programme is devised, it is important that the objectives be first established since they
are the major determining factors, e.g. the position and density of sampling points, time of sampling, sampling
procedures, subsequent treatment of samples and analytical requirements. The details of a sampling
programme depend on whether the information needed is the average value, the distribution or the variability
of given soil parameters.
Some consideration should also be given to the degree of detail and precision required and also to the manner
in which the results are to be expressed and presented, for example concentrations of chemical substances,
maximum and minimum values, arithmetic means, median values, etc. Additionally, a list of parameters of
interest should be compiled and the relevant analytical procedures consulted, since these will usually give
guidance on precautions to be observed during sampling and subsequent handling of soil samples.
It may often be necessary to carry out an exploratory sampling and analysis programme before the final
objectives can be defined. It is important to take into account all relevant data from previous programmes at
the same or similar locations and other information on local conditions. Previous personal experience can also
be very valuable. Time and money allocated to the design of a proper sampling programme is usually well
justified because it ensures that the required information is obtained efficiently and economically.
It is emphasized that whether soil investigations completely achieve their objectives depends mainly on the
design and execution of an appropriate sampling programme.
The main points about which decisions shall be made in the design of a sampling programme are listed below
in 4.2 to 4.7. The relevant references are indicated.
4.2 Defining the objective
The following should be considered when defining the objective:
a) delineation of area(s) to be investigated;
b) setting of objectives for the whole investigation;
c) listing of parameters to be determined;
d) listing of other information required to enable interpretation of results;
e) content of sample report;
f) decisions regarding contractual arrangements for sampling;
g) management arrangements;
h) estimation of costs.
2 © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved

4.3 Preliminary information
The following questions may help in the choice of preliminary information:
a) What is already known?
b) What can be made easily available?
c) Who is to be contacted for certain (historical) sources?
d) Are there any legal problems, e.g. entering the site?
e) What should be observed on first visit to the site?
For details see Clause 6 and ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.4 Strategy
Decisions regarding the following factors are usually involved in a sampling strategy:
a) sampling patterns;
b) sampling points;
c) depth of sampling;
d) type of samples to be obtained;
e) sampling methods to be employed, e.g. borings, drillings, trial pits, etc.
For details see Clause 10 and ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.5 Sampling
The following procedures are involved in planning the sampling:
a) coordination with personnel responsible for the sample preparation and analysis;
b) choice of suitable sampling tools;
c) choice of suitable storage;
d) choice of suitable preservation measures;
e) choice of suitable labelling and transportation;
f) field tests to be carried out, if specified.
For details see Clauses 7, 8, 10 and ISO 10381-2, ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.6 Safety
The following safety aspects need to be considered:
a) all necessary safety precautions at the site;
b) informing landowners, construction authorities, local authorities;
c) data protection efforts;
d) requirements for disposal of surplus soil or test material.
For details see Clause 9 and ISO 10381-2, ISO 10381-3, ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
4.7 Sampling report
The sampling report should meet the basic content as specified in this part of ISO 10381. Additional
information required should be clearly specified by the client and laid down in a written contract. Any later
deviation should be justified to avoid deficiencies with regard to evaluation of the investigation and to avoid
conflicts between business partners.
For details see Clauses 11, 12, 13 and ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6.
5 Objectives of sampling
5.1 General
5.1.1 Principal objectives
The four principal objectives of sampling of soil may be distinguished as follows:
 sampling for determination of general soil quality;
 sampling for characterization purposes in preparation of soil maps;
 sampling to support legal or regulatory action;
 sampling as part of a hazard or risk assessment.
These four principal objectives are discussed further below.
The utilization of the soil and site is of varying importance depending on the primary objective of an
investigation. For example, while consideration of past, present and future site use is particularly relevant to
sampling for risk assessment, it is less important to soil mapping where the focus is on description rather than
evaluation of a soil. Objectives such as soil quality assessment, land appraisal and soil monitoring take
utilization into account to varying degrees.
The results obtained from sampling campaigns to assess soil quality for mapping may indicate a need for
further investigation, for example if contamination is detected which indicates a need for identification and
assessment of potential hazards and risks.
5.1.2 Sampling for determination of general soil quality
Such sampling is typically carried out at (irregular) time intervals to determine the quality of the soil for a
particular purpose e.g. for agriculture. As such, it tends to concentrate on factors such as nutrient status, pH,
organic matter content, trace element concentrations and physical factors, which provide a measure of current
quality and which are amenable to manipulation. Such sampling is usually carried out within the main rooting
zone and also at greater depths but sometimes without exact distinction of horizons or layers.
The guidance given in ISO 10381-4 is particularly relevant.
4 © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved

5.1.3 Sampling for preparation of soil maps
Soil maps may be used in soil description, land appraisal (taxation), and for soil monitoring sites to establish
the basic information on the genesis and distribution of naturally occurring or man-made soils, their chemical,
mineralogical, biological composition, and their physical properties at selected locations. The preparation of
soil maps involves installation of trial pits or core sampling with detailed consideration of soil layers and
horizons. Special strategies are required to preserve samples in their original physical and chemical condition.
Sampling is nearly always a one-off procedure.
The guidance given in ISO 10381-4 is particularly relevant.
5.1.4 Sampling to support legal or regulatory action
Sampling may be required to establish baseline conditions prior to an activity which might affect the
composition or quality of soil, or it may be required following an anthropogenic effect such as the input of an
undesirable material which may be from a point or a diffuse source.
Sampling strategies need to be developed on a site-specific basis.
To adequately support legal or regulatory action, particular attention should be paid to all aspects of quality
assurance including for example “chain-of-custody procedures”.
The guidance given in ISO 10381-5 is particularly relevant. That in ISO 10381-4 may also be relevant.
5.1.5 Sampling for hazard and risk assessment
When land is contaminated with chemicals and other substances that are potentially harmful to human health
and safety or to the environment, it may be necessary to carry out an investigation as a part of a hazard
and/or risk assessment, i.e. to determine the nature and extent of contamination, to identify hazards
associated with the contamination, to identify potential targets and routes of exposure, and to evaluate the
risks relating to current and future use of the site and neighbouring land. A sampling programme for risk
assessment (in this context: phase I, phase II, phase III and phase IV investigation) may have to comply with
legal or regulatory requirements (see 5.1.3), and careful attention to sample integrity is recommended.
Sampling strategies should be developed on a site-specific basis.
The guidance given in ISO 10381-5 is particularly relevant. That in ISO 10381-4 may also be relevant.
5.2 Specific objectives
5.2.1 General
Depending on the principal objective(s), it is usually necessary to determine, for the body of soil or part
thereof:
 the nature, concentrations and distribution of naturally occurring substances,
 the nature, concentrations and distribution of contaminants (extraneous substances),
 the physical properties and variations,
 the presence and distribution of biological species of interest.
It is often necessary to take into account changes in the above parameters with time, caused by migration,
atmospheric conditions and land/soil use.
Some detailed objectives are suggested in the subclauses below. The list is not exhaustive.
5.2.2 Sampling for the determination of soil chemical parameters
There are many reasons for chemical investigation of soil and related material and only a few are mentioned
here. It is important that each sampling routine be tailored to fit the soil and the situation.
Chemical investigations are carried out
a) to identify immediate hazards to human health and safety and to the environment,
b) to determine the suitability of a soil for an intended use, e.g. agricultural production, residential
development,
c) to study the effects of atmospheric pollutants including radioactive fallout on the quality of soil. This may
also provide information on water quality and also indicate if problems are likely to arise in near-surface
aquifers,
d) to assess the effects of direct inputs to soil; there may be contributions from
 naturally occurring substances which exceed local background values, e.g. certain mineral phases in
metal deposits,
 (un)expected contamination by application of agrochemicals
 (un)expected contamination due to industrial processes,
e) to assess the effect of the accumulation and release of substances by soils on other soil horizons or on
other environmental compartments, e.g. the transfer of substances from a soil into a plant,
f) to study the effect of waste disposal, including the disposal of sewage sludge on a soil (apart from
contributing to the pollution load, such disposals may produce other chemical reactions such as the
formation of persistant compounds, metabolites or the evolution of gases, such as methane),
g) to identify and quantify products released by industrial processes and by accident (this is usually done by
investigation of suspect sites or contaminated sites),
h) to evaluate soil derived from construction works, with a view to possible or further utilization of such soils
(see ISO 15176) or disposal as waste.
Commonly, sampling strategies are employed which require samples to be taken either from identifiable soil
horizons, or from specified depths (below ground surface). It is best to avoid mixing the two approaches,
particularly when sampling natural strata, as this can make it difficult to compare results. However, a coherent
combination of the two approaches can sometimes be useful on old industrial sites where there is variation
both in the nature of fill and of the depth of penetration of mobile contaminants into the ground, i.e. there are
two independent reasons for changes in soil/fill properties.
Knowledge of the way in which particular chemical substances tend to be distributed between different
environmental categories (air, soil, water, sediment and living organisms) is of advantage for the design of
some sampling programmes. Similarly, knowledge of the behaviour of those living organisms affected by
chemical substances or which affect the availability of substances due to microbiological procedures, is of
advantage, too.
5.2.3 Sampling for the determination of soil physical parameters
The sampling of soil for the determination of certain physical properties requires special consideration, since
the accuracy and extrapolation of measured data relies on obtaining a sample which retains its in situ
structural characteristics.
In many circumstances it may be preferable to conduct measurements in the field, since the removal of even
an undisturbed sample can change the continuity and characteristics of soil physical properties and lead to
erroneous results.
6 © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved

However, certain measurements are not possible in the field. Others require specific field conditions, but the
field situation can only be controlled to a very limited extent, e.g. it may be possible to modify the hydrological
situation temporarily for measurement purposes by irrigation. The time and expense necessary for field
measurements may not be affordable. Laboratory measurements of physical properties are therefore
frequently necessary.
Differences and changes in soil structure affect the choice of sample size. Hence, a representative volume or
minimum number of replicates shall be determined for each soil type to be studied.
The moisture status of the soil at sampling can influence physical measurements, e.g. hysteresis on rewetting
can occur.
Many physical properties have vertical and horizontal components; this should be considered prior to
sampling.
Where small undisturbed soil samples are required, manual excavation of cores, clods or soil aggregates can
be applied. Sampling equipment should be designed such that minimal physical disturbance is caused to the
soil. For larger samples, the use of hydraulic sampling equipment and cutting devices is preferable in order to
obtain a sample with minimal disturbance. Care should be taken both in equipment design and manufacture to
ensure that internal compression or compaction of the sample does not occur.
Where it is difficult to obtain an undisturbed sample for laboratory measurements, e.g. in stony or iron pan
soils then in situ measurements may be the most appropriate approach.
5.2.4 Sampling for the assessment of soil biological parameters
Biological soil investigations address a number of different questions related to what is happening to or
caused by life forms in and on the soil, including both fauna and flora in the micro and macro ranges.
Ecotoxicological questions are usually given first priority, for example tests to verify the effects of chemicals
added to the soil on life forms and also the possible effects of life forms in the soil on plants (e.g. high-value
crops) and on the environment, especially on human health.
In some cases biological soil test procedures operate with fully artificial soils, but normally the major task of
sampling is to choose a reliable soil or site to carry out the tests.
See ISO 10381-6 for information on sampling for the assessment of aerobic microbial processes.
5.3 Sampling of other material in connection with soil investigation
Soil investigation programmes, and particularly those carried out at contaminated sites, may also require
samples other than soil to be taken. Reference should be made to International Standards for technical details,
or to relevant national standards if no International Standards are available.
International Standards on the sampling of water, sludge and sediment which may be appropriate for use in
soil quality investigations are listed in Annex A together with a brief description of their scopes.
6 Special considerations for the sampling of soils
6.1 General
This clause deals with matters which may influence the design of a sampling programme (e.g. pre-existing
knowledge of the site) and a number of detailed aspects of the design and implementation (e.g. sampling
patterns, sample handling).
Attention is drawn to the requirements for sampling personnel in Clause 7 and to the safety precautions
necessary in various situations, briefly mentioned in Clause 8 but more fully described in ISO 10381-3.
6.2 Preliminary survey
6.2.1 General
A preliminary survey should be carried out prior to any sampling programme, although the effort devoted to it
depends on the objective of the investigation.
The preliminary survey should always comprise (phase I investigation)
 a desk-top study, and
 a site visit or reconnaissance.
In addition, a limited amount of sampling may be carried out (phase II investigation).
The principal objectives of the preliminary study are to gain knowledge about the present condition of the site,
and of past activities on the site and adjacent land which may have affected it, in order to:
 enable the sampling programme(s) to be designed to be both technically effective and cost effective,
 identify measures required to protect the health and safety of the investigating personnel,
 identify measures necessary to protect the environment during the sampling programme.
Other information relevant to the conduct of the sampling programme may also be gathered (e.g. means of
access for equipment, locations for site facilities (e.g. laboratories, stores, equipment decontamination),
availability of power).
Such preliminary surveys are of particular importance when investigations for risk assessment are to be
carried out.
The company and/or the personnel shall ensure they have all necessary permissions to carry out the
preliminary survey and to have access to the site during visit or reconnaissance.
6.2.2 Desk-top study
A desk-top study includes collection of relevant information on the site, e.g. references to the location,
infrastructure, utilization, historical information.
Possible sources of this information are publications, maps (check the accuracy of any map used), aerial
photographs and satellite imagery, e.g. from land surveyor's offices, geological surveys, water management
boards, industrial inspection boards, mining boards, mining companies, geotechnical institutions, regional and
local city archives, agricultural and forestry authorities and building supervisory boards. Particularly important
is information on the physical and chemical properties and the possible spatial distribution of the soil
parameter under investigation; special attention shall be paid to geological features such as stratigraphy and
hydrogeology.
6.2.3 Visiting the site
A visit of the site should be part of the preliminary survey, preferably in conjunction with the desk-top study,
but may be independent. Depending on the local variability of the site and the technical difficulty of the
planned investigation, an experienced person should be chosen for this task.
Such a visit gives a first impression about the correlation of existing maps and reality, and provides much
additional information in a comparatively short time.
In some cases, it may be necessary to draw a first or additional map at this stage.
8 © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved

Samples are not often taken during preliminary investigations; if they are, it is usually for getting an overview
about the kind of soil to choose the right equipment for later activities.
ISO 10381-4, ISO 10381-5 and ISO 10381-6 specify the range of preliminary investigations used within their
individual scopes.
6.2.4 Output from preliminary investigation
A report should be prepared summarizing the factual findings of the preliminary investigations, and stating the
conclusions (or hypotheses) drawn concerning the anticipated site conditions (e.g. geology, hydrology,
possible contamination) which are relevant to the design of the sampling programme.
This should enable the appropriateness of the adopted sampling strategy to be assessed at a later date.
7 Requirements for sampling personnel
7.1 General
The design of the sampling programme needs to take into account the following factors with respect to
available personnel:
 their sampling experience relative to the investigation needs;
 their ability to contribute to the design of the sampling programme relative to the investigation need.
7.2 Experience
There are good reasons for a sampler to have detailed knowledge of soil science, but in many regions the
soils have little horizon differentiation. Where this is the case, depth-related samples are usually obtained.
This approach becomes more difficult to apply when the soil profile is differentiated into distinct horizons, and
is essentially unusable where profound differences occur between contiguous horizons; then the profile should
be sampled by horizons.
In the latter case, detailed knowledge of for example pedology and to a lesser degree also of geology,
hydrogeology, geomorphology and agronomy is essential. In many situations only an experienced scientist
may be able to take soil samples properly. When the scientist does not take the sample, then those carrying
out the sampling shall be supervised by the scientist or other appropriately qualified and experienced persons.
The sampler should have knowledge of the commonly applied techniques and tools, their advantages and
disadvantages. He or she is responsible for the proper use of the tools, which also includes cleaning of the
equipment between sampling operations to avoid cross-contamination (see for information ISO 10381-2). The
sampler should be consulted regarding choice of sampling equipment. This should enable the
appropriateness of the sampling strategy adopted to be assessed at a later date.
Very often soils and soil samples are tested or analysed on-site. Experienced sampling staff should be able to
carry out some of these tests. If this it not the case, the design of the sampling programme should include the
necessary cooperation between the sampling staff and analytical/scientific staff at the sampling location.
On-site testing facilities may be required
a) for the investigation of physical soil properties (in situ methods, e.g. geophysical methods),
b) for the investigation of chemical soil parameters,
c) to provide an indication of the presence of substances or conditions (e.g. toxic vapours, flammable gases,
acidic liquids) hazardous to the safety of the investigating personnel.
All necessary on-site programmes should be set up before field work begins.
Staff working on site should have detailed knowledge about necessary safety precautions, particularly when
sampling contaminated sites and when applying machine-operated drilling equipment and when digging trial
pits (see for information ISO 10381-3).
Personnel employed to sample abandoned industrial sites or otherwise potentially hazardous sites should
always have received appropriate training.
7.3 Coordination of sampling and analysis
Sampling depends on teamwork. Responsibilities should be made clear at all stages of the sampling
campaign, both in the field and at the office.
The sampler should never have to obtain samples without having an idea what they are intended for.
Unless there is a mobile field laboratory, analysts are rarely present on the site. In some situations, this has
the disadvantage that samples reaching the laboratory may not reflect the original chemical state of the site,
especially if the heterogeneity of the material (e.g. embankments, fills) is great. Due to unexpected incidents,
decisions must be taken which should not be the responsibility of the sampler alone. The design of the
sampling programme should allow for such situations.
Finally, data is evaluated. Relevant observations of the sampler should be considered and what is learned
should be described in the sampling report.
8 Safety precautions
Guidance given in ISO 10381-3 should be observed.
9 Samples and sampling points
9.1 General
The selection, location and preparation of the sampling points depend on
 the objectives of the investigation,
 the preliminary information available,
 the on-site conditions.
The nature of samples to be obtained shall be appropriate to the aim of the investigation and shall be
specified in the programme before field work begins.
9.2 Sampling patterns
Sampling patterns are based on the probable distribution of soil constituents (in most cases chemical
substances) on an area or on a type-of-substance input.
Four major fixed sampling patterns can be identified:
 patterns based on no specific estimate of substance distribution;
 patterns based on local substance distribution and known as a “hot spot”;
10 © ISO 2002 — All rights reserved

 patterns based on distributions along a line;
 patterns based on strip-like distributions.
In addition to these, several other patterns exist (e.g. based on deposition of substances from the air, input
due to flooding).
All fixed patterns shall be adjusted to local conditions and are subject to modification.
In agricultural sampling, a small number of convenient sampling patterns are established in order to obtain
information on e.g. nutrient demand or pesticide residues of rather large areas. Some possible patterns are
given in Annex C (Figures C.1, C.2, C.3). For additional information refer to ISO 10381-4. However, it must be
emphasized that most grid sampling patterns are not very practical during the growing season, and are rarely
applicable.
The investigation of contaminated sites which can have profound health and economic consequences usually
requires much more detailed selection and application of sampling patterns, to give calculated, estimated or
randomly chosen sampling points on a 1-, 2- or 3-dimensional figure. The choice of pattern should be the
result of preliminary investigation of a site, rather than of an ad hoc decision taken in the field.
Some investigations are carried out without predetermined pattern plans. This should not be confused with the
application of random distribution of sampling points, because a person usually cannot distribute sampling
points randomly without preparation, i.e. he must ensure that at every point in the area, despite the position of
the other sampling points, a sample will be obtained with equal probability. Where sampling is to be carried
out without a predetermined pattern (ad hoc sampling), care shall be taken that sampling is carried out by an
appropriately experienced investigator. It also should not be confused with the application of sampling plans to
verify special hypotheses which, with regard to the problem, are developed and justified by the investigator
(judgemental sampling).
Annex C gives examples of a number of commonly applied sampling patterns which meet different statistical
requirements (Figures C.7 to C.10 and Figure 1). Experience (and theoretical considerations) shows that in
many cases systematic sampling on a regular grid both is practical and allows a sufficiently detailed picture of
variations in soil properties to be established. The number of sampling points can be easily increased (e.g. in
areas meriting more detailed investigation), the grid
...

NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 10381-1
Première édition
2002-12-15
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 1:
Lignes directrices pour l'établissement
des programmes d'échantillonnage
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes

Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2002
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©  ISO 2002
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ii © ISO 2002 — Tous droits réservés

Sommaire Page
Avant-propos. v
Introduction . vi
1 Domaine d'application. 1
2 Références normatives. 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Définition des objectifs des programmes d'échantillonnage. 2
4.1 Généralités. 2
4.2 Objectif. 2
4.3 Informations préliminaires. 3
4.4 Stratégie. 3
4.5 Échantillonnage . 3
4.6 Sécurité . 4
4.7 Rapport d'échantillonnage. 4
5 Objectifs de l'échantillonnage . 4
5.1 Généralités. 4
5.2 Objectifs spécifiques . 6
5.3 Échantillonnage d'un autre matériau en rapport avec l'étude du sol. 8
6 Considérations particulières relatives à l'échantillonnage des sols. 8
6.1 Généralités. 8
6.2 Enquête préliminaire. 8
7 Exigences relatives au personnel d'échantillonnage. 10
7.1 Généralités. 10
7.2 Expérience . 10
7.3 Coordination de l'échantillonnage et de l'analyse. 11
8 Précautions de sécurité. 11
9 Échantillons et points d'échantillonnage . 11
9.1 Généralités. 11
9.2 Modèles d'échantillonnage . 11
9.3 Identification des points d'échantillonnage .13
9.4 Préparation du site d'échantillonnage. 14
9.5 Obstacles à l'échantillonnage. 14
9.6 Choix du matériel adapté au prélèvement d'échantillons. 15
9.7 Profondeur d'échantillonnage . 15
9.8 Planification de l'étude . 16
9.9 Quantité échantillonnée . 16
9.10 Échantillons uniques / échantillons composites. 16
9.11 Conservation, manipulation et conditionnement en laboratoire, étiquetage et transport
des échantillons de sol. 17
10 Rapport d'échantillonnage. 20
10.1 Généralités. 20
10.2 Libellé. 21
10.3 Données relatives au site. 21
10.4 Mode opératoire d'échantillonnage. 21
10.5 Transport et stockage. 22
10.6 Description du sol, du profil et du site . 22
10.7 Description de l'échantillon et du profil. 22
10.8 Description du site. 22
11 Contrôle de la qualité, assurance qualité, exploitation et contrôle des laboratoires .22
Annexe A (informative) Sources d'informations complémentaires.23
Annexe B (informative) Détermination d'un plan d'échantillonnage.25
Annexe C (informative) Exemples de modèles d'échantillonnage utilisés dans les programmes
d'échantillonnage du sol .26
Bibliographie.35

iv © ISO 2002 — Tous droits réservés

Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 10381-1 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 190, Qualité du sol, sous-comité SC 2,
Échantillonnage.
L'ISO 10381 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Qualité du sol —
Échantillonnage:
 Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour l'établissement des programmes d'échantillonnage
 Partie 2: Lignes directrices pour les techniques d'échantillonnage
 Partie 3: Lignes directrices concernant la sécurité de l'échantillonnage
 Partie 4: Lignes directrices pour les procédures d'investigation des sites naturels, quasi naturels et
cultivés
 Partie 5: Lignes directrices concernant l'investigation relative à la contamination du sol des sites urbains
et industriels
 Partie 6: Lignes directrices pour la collecte, la manipulation et la conservation de sols destinés à une
étude en laboratoire des processus microbiens aérobies
Introduction
La présente Norme internationale fait partie d'une série de Normes internationales destinées à être utilisées
conjointement en fonction des besoins. L'ISO 10381 (toutes les parties) traite des modes opératoires
d'échantillonnage correspondant aux divers objectifs de l'étude du sol.
vi © ISO 2002 — Tous droits réservés

NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 10381-1:2002(F)

Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 1:
Lignes directrices pour l'établissement des programmes
d'échantillonnage
1 Domaine d'application
La présente partie de l'ISO 10381 définit les principes généraux à appliquer à la conception des programmes
d'échantillonnage qui visent à caractériser et contrôler la qualité du sol et à identifier les sources et les effets
de la contamination du sol et du matériau associé, en mettant l'accent sur
 les modes opératoires nécessaires à déterminer l'emplacement des points où des échantillons peuvent
être prélevés en vue d'un examen ou sur lesquels des instruments peuvent être installés pour le
mesurage in situ, y compris du point de vue statistique,
 les modes opératoires de détermination des quantités d'échantillons à prélever et des éventuelles
combinaisons de ces derniers,
 les méthodes de collecte des échantillons,
 les méthodes de conservation, de stockage et de transport des échantillons afin d'éviter toute
détérioration ou contamination.
2 Références normatives
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables pour l'application du présent document. Pour les
références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du
document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels amendements).
ISO 10381-3, Qualité du sol ― Échantillonnage ― Partie 3: Lignes directrices concernant la sécurité de
l'échantillonnage
ISO 10381-4, Qualité du sol ― Échantillonnage ― Partie 4: Lignes directrices sur les procédures
d'investigation des sites naturels, analogues à la nature et cultivés
ISO 10381-5, Qualité du sol ― Échantillonnage ― Partie 5: Lignes directrices concernant l'investigation
relative à la contamination du sol des sites
ISO 10381-6, Qualité du sol ― Échantillonnage ― Partie 6: Lignes directrices pour la collecte, la manipulation
et la conservation de sols destinés à une étude en laboratoire des processus microbiens aérobies
ISO 11074-2, Qualité du sol ― Vocabulaire ― Partie 2: Termes et définitions relatifs à l'échantillonnage
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions donnés dans l'ISO 11074-2 s'appliquent.
4 Définition des objectifs des programmes d'échantillonnage
4.1 Généralités
Les échantillons sont collectés et examinés principalement pour déterminer leurs propriétés physiques,
chimiques, biologiques et radiologiques. La présente section souligne les facteurs les plus importants qu'il
convient de prendre en compte lors de la conception d'un programme d'échantillonnage du sol et du matériau
associé. Des informations plus détaillées sont présentées dans les sections suivantes.
Il est généralement impossible, pour caractériser un volume de sol, d'en examiner la totalité. C'est la raison
pour laquelle il est nécessaire de prélever des échantillons. Il convient que les échantillons prélevés soient
aussi représentatifs que possible de la quantité totale à caractériser et que toutes les précautions soient
prises pour s'assurer, dans la mesure du possible, que les échantillons ne subissent pas de modifications
entre le moment de l'échantillonnage et celui de l'examen. L'échantillonnage de systèmes polyphasiques,
comme les sols contenant de l'eau ou d'autres liquides, des gaz, des matériels biologiques, des
radionucléides ou d'autres solides ne faisant pas naturellement partie du sol (par exemple des déchets) peut
poser des problèmes spécifiques. En outre, les examens visant à déterminer certains paramètres physiques
du sol peuvent nécessiter des sols qualifiés de «non perturbés» afin de pouvoir effectuer correctement le
mesurage adéquat.
Il est important, avant de concevoir un programme d'échantillonnage, de commencer par définir les objectifs à
atteindre puisque ce sont les principaux facteurs qui permettront de déterminer, par exemple, l'emplacement
et la densité des points d'échantillonnage, le moment d'échantillonner, les modes opératoires
d'échantillonnage, le traitement ultérieur des échantillons et les exigences d'analyse. Les détails d'un
programme d'échantillonnage varient selon que les informations requises correspondent à la valeur moyenne,
à la distribution ou à la variabilité des paramètres d'un sol donné.
Il convient également de prendre en compte le niveau de détail et de précision requis, ainsi que la manière
dont doivent être exprimés et présentés les résultats (par exemple, concentrations des substances chimiques,
valeurs minimales et maximales, moyennes arithmétiques, valeurs médianes, etc.). En outre, il convient de
dresser une liste des paramètres significatifs et de consulter les modes opératoires d'analyse applicables car
ces éléments donnent généralement des indications sur les précautions à observer pendant l'échantillonnage
et la manipulation ultérieure des échantillons de sol.
Il peut souvent être nécessaire d'effectuer un échantillonnage et un programme d'analyse préliminaires, avant
de pouvoir définir les objectifs finaux. Il est important de prendre en compte toutes les données pertinentes
provenant de programmes antérieurs effectués aux mêmes emplacements ou à des emplacements similaires,
ainsi que d'autres informations sur les conditions locales. L'expérience personnelle peut également être un
atout précieux. Les investissements financiers et en temps consacrés à la conception d'un programme
d'échantillonnage adapté sont généralement largement justifiés car ils garantissent que les informations
requises sont obtenues de façon efficace et économique.
Il est important de souligner que la réussite complète des études de sols dépend principalement de la
conception et de l'exécution d'un programme d'échantillonnage adapté.
Les principaux points à définir impérativement lors de la conception d'un programme d'échantillonnage sont
énumérés de 4.2 à 4.7. Les références pertinentes sont indiquées.
4.2 Objectif
Lors de la définition de l'objectif, il convient de prendre en considération les éléments suivants:
a) la délimitation de la (des) zone(s) à étudier;
b) la fixation des objectifs pour l'ensemble de l'étude;
c) l'énumération des paramètres à déterminer;
d) l'énumération des autres informations nécessaires à l'interprétation des résultats;
2 © ISO 2002 — Tous droits réservés

e) le contenu du rapport d'échantillonnage;
f) les décisions à prendre concernant les dispositions contractuelles relatives à l'échantillonnage;
g) les dispositions de gestion;
h) l'estimation des coûts.
4.3 Informations préliminaires
Les questions suivantes peuvent apporter de l'aide lors du choix des informations préliminaires:
a) Quels sont les éléments déjà connus?
b) Quels sont ceux que l'on peut se procurer aisément?
c) Qui contacter à propos de certaines sources (historique)?
d) Existe-t-il des problèmes juridiques, par exemple en ce qui concerne l'accès au site?
e) Quel serait l'objet d'observation lors de la première visite sur le site?
Pour plus de détails, se reporter à l'Article 6 et à l'ISO 10381-4, l'ISO 10381-5 et l'ISO 10381-6.
4.4 Stratégie
Les décisions concernant les facteurs suivants sont normalement impliquées dans la stratégie de
l'échantillonnage:
a) les modèles d'échantillonnage;
b) les points d'échantillonnage;
c) la profondeur d'échantillonnage;
d) le type d'échantillons à obtenir;
e) les méthodes d'échantillonnage à utiliser, par exemple forages, sondages, fosses pour échantillonnage,
etc.
Pour plus de détails, se reporter à l'Article 10 et à l'ISO 10381-4, l'ISO 10381-5 et l'ISO 10381-6.
4.5 Échantillonnage
Les procédures suivantes sont impliquées lors de la planification de l'échantillonnage:
a) la coordination avec le personnel responsable de la préparation et de l'analyse des échantillons;
b) le choix d'outils d'échantillonnage adaptés;
c) le choix de stockage adapté;
d) le choix de mesures de conservation adaptées;
e) le choix d'étiquetage et de transport convenables;
f) les essais à effectuer sur le terrain, s'ils sont spécifiés.
Pour plus de détails, se reporter aux Articles 7, 8 et 10 et à l'ISO 10381-2, l'ISO 10381-4, l'ISO 10381-5 et
l'ISO 10381-6.
4.6 Sécurité
Il est nécessaire de prendre en considération les aspects de sécurité suivants :
a) toutes les mesures de sécurité nécessaires sur le site;
b) l'information des propriétaires du terrain, des autorités compétentes pour la construction et des autorités
locales;
c) les mesures de protection des données;
d) les exigences relatives à l'élimination des excédents de sols ou de matériau d'essai.
Pour plus de détails, se reporter à l'Article 9 et à l'ISO 10381-2, l'ISO 10381-3, l'ISO 10381-4, l'ISO 10381-5 et
l'ISO 10381-6.
4.7 Rapport d'échantillonnage
Le rapport d'échantillonnage doit respecter le contenu de base spécifié dans la présente partie de l'ISO 10831.
Il convient que les informations complémentaires requises soient clairement spécifiées par le client et fassent
l'objet d'un contrat écrit. Il convient de justifier tout écart ultérieur par rapport à ce contrat afin d'éviter des
erreurs dans l'évaluation de l'étude et des conflits entre les différents partenaires.
Pour plus de détails, se reporter aux Articles 11, 12 et 13 et à l'ISO 10381-4, l'ISO 10381-5 et l'ISO 10381-6.
5 Objectifs de l'échantillonnage
5.1 Généralités
5.1.1 Objectifs principaux
Les quatre objectifs principaux suivants peuvent être distingués pour l'échantillonnage du sol:
 échantillonnage pour déterminer la qualité globale du sol;
 échantillonnage à des fins de caractérisation pour l'élaboration de cartes du sol (cartographie);
 échantillonnage venant à l'appui d'une action légale ou réglementaire;
 échantillonnage dans le cadre d'une évaluation des dangers ou des risques.
Ces quatre objectifs principaux sont développés ci-après.
L'utilisation du sol et du site sera prise en compte de manière plus ou moins importante en fonction de
l'objectif principal de l'étude. Par exemple, alors que la prise en compte du passé, du présent et de l'avenir du
site sera particulièrement pertinente pour un échantillonnage visant à évaluer les risques, elle sera moins
importante pour l'établissement d'une carte du sol, où l'accent est davantage mis sur la description plutôt que
sur l'évaluation du sol. Des objectifs tels que la détermination de la qualité du sol, son évaluation et son suivi
prennent en compte à divers degrés l'utilisation du sol.
Les résultats fournis par des campagnes d'échantillonnage visant à évaluer la qualité du sol pour les besoins
de la cartographie peuvent révéler le besoin d'une étude supplémentaire. Par exemple, en cas de détection
d'une contamination, il est nécessaire d'identifier et d'évaluer les dangers et risques potentiels.
4 © ISO 2002 — Tous droits réservés

5.1.2 Échantillonnage pour la détermination de la qualité globale du sol
Ce type d'échantillonnage est généralement réalisé périodiquement (à intervalles de temps non réguliers)
pour déterminer la qualité du sol dans un but particulier, par exemple pour l'agriculture. En tant que tel, il tend
à se focaliser sur des facteurs tels que la teneur en éléments nutritifs, le pH, la teneur en matières organiques,
les concentrations en oligoéléments et les facteurs physiques qui fournissent une mesure de la qualité
actuelle du sol et sont aisés à manipuler. L'échantillonnage est généralement effectué dans la zone
d'enracinement principale et également à de plus grandes profondeurs, mais parfois sans faire précisément
de distinction entre les horizons ou les couches.
Les lignes directrices de l'ISO 10381-4 sont particulièrement pertinentes.
5.1.3 Échantillonnage pour la cartographie
Les cartes du sol peuvent être utilisées pour la description du sol et l'évaluation de sa valeur (taxation). Pour
les sites de surveillance des sols, elles servent aussi à établir des données de base sur la genèse, la
distribution des sols naturels ou artificiels, leur composition chimique, minéralogique, biologique, leurs
propriétés physiques à des endroits déterminés. La préparation de cartes du sol implique l'installation de
fosses pour échantillonnage ou des carottages avec prise en compte précise des couches et des horizons du
sol. Des mesures particulières sont nécessaires pour conserver les échantillons dans leur état physique et
chimique d'origine. L'échantillonnage est presque toujours une procédure effectuée en une seule fois.
Les lignes directrices de l'ISO 10381-4 sont particulièrement pertinentes.
5.1.4 Échantillonnage venant à l'appui d'une action légale ou réglementaire
Un échantillonnage peut être requis afin d'établir les conditions de base avant d'entreprendre une activité
susceptible d'affecter la composition ou la qualité du sol. Il peut aussi être nécessaire suite à un effet
anthropogénique, tel que l'apport d'un matériau indésirable, que ce soit à partir d'un point précis ou d'une
source diffuse.
Des stratégies d'échantillonnage adaptées au site doivent être mises au point.
Pour venir à l'appui d'une action légale ou réglementaire de façon adéquate, il convient de veiller
particulièrement à tous les aspects d'assurance qualité, notamment les «procédures de prises en charge
successives».
Les lignes directrices de l'ISO 10381-5 sont particulièrement pertinentes et celles de l'ISO 10381-4 peuvent
également l'être.
5.1.5 Échantillonnage dans le cadre d'une évaluation des dangers et des risques
Lorsque le sol est contaminé par des produits chimiques et d'autres substances potentiellement nocives pour
la santé humaine, la sécurité et l'environnement, il peut être nécessaire d'effectuer une étude dans le cadre
d'une évaluation des dangers et/ou des risques, afin de déterminer la nature et l'étendue de la contamination,
d'identifier les dangers associés à la contamination, les cibles potentielles et les voies d'exposition et d'évaluer
les risques liés à l'utilisation présente et future du site et des terrains avoisinants. Un programme
d'échantillonnage destiné à évaluer le risque (dans ce contexte, étude phase I, phase II, phase III et phase IV)
peut devoir se conformer à des exigences légales ou réglementaires (voir 5.1.3). Il est recommandé de veiller
à l'intégrité de l'échantillon. Il convient de mettre au point des stratégies d'échantillonnage adaptées au site.
Les lignes directrices de l'ISO 10381-5 sont particulièrement pertinentes et celles de l'ISO 10381-4 peuvent
également l'être.
5.2 Objectifs spécifiques
5.2.1 Généralités
En fonction du (des) principal(aux) objectif(s), il est généralement nécessaire de déterminer les éléments
suivants pour tout ou partie de la quantité de sol:
 la nature, les concentrations et la distribution des substances naturelles;
 la nature, les concentrations et la distribution des contaminants (substances étrangères);
 les propriétés et variations physiques;
 la présence et la distribution des espèces biologiques concernées.
Il est souvent nécessaire de prendre en compte les modifications dans le temps des paramètres ci-dessus,
occasionnées par la migration, les conditions atmosphériques et l'utilisation du terrain/du sol.
Les articles ci-après exposent en détail quelques objectifs, cette liste n'étant pas exhaustive.
5.2.2 Échantillonnage pour la détermination des paramètres chimiques du sol
De nombreux éléments peuvent justifier une étude chimique du sol et du matériau associé, et seuls quelques-
uns sont mentionnés ci-après. Il est important que chaque routine d'échantillonnage soit précisément adaptée
au sol et à la situation.
Des études chimiques sont effectuées dans les cas suivants:
a) pour identifier les dangers immédiats pour la santé humaine, la sécurité et l'environnement;
b) pour déterminer l'adéquation d'un sol à un usage prévu, par exemple la production agricole, le
développement résidentiel;
c) pour étudier les effets des polluants atmosphériques, y compris les retombées radioactives, sur la qualité
du sol; ceci peut aussi fournir des informations sur la qualité de l'eau et aussi indiquer si des problèmes
sont susceptibles de se poser, par exemple dans les aquifères proches de la surface;
d) pour évaluer les effets des apports directs dans le sol, qui peuvent avoir pour origine:
 des substances naturelles qui dépassent les valeurs locales de fond, par exemple certaines phases
minérales dans des gisements métalliques;
 une contamination (im)prévue suite à l'épandage de produits agrochimiques;
 une contamination (im)prévue résultant de procédés industriels;
e) pour évaluer l'effet de l'accumulation et du rejet de substances par les sols vers d'autres horizons ou
compartiments de l'environnement, par exemple le transfert de substances du sol vers une plante;
f) pour étudier l'effet du rejet des déchets sur un sol, y compris l'évacuation des boues de stations
d'épuration d'eaux résiduaires (outre leur contribution au niveau de pollution, ces rejets peuvent entraîner
d'autres réactions chimiques telles que la formation de composés persistants, de métabolites ou de gaz
comme le méthane);
g) pour identifier et quantifier les produits libérés par les procédés industriels et par les accidents (ceci se
fait généralement par une étude des sites suspects ou contaminés);
h) pour évaluer les sols provenant de chantiers de construction, en envisageant l'usage possible ou ultérieur
de ces sols (voir ISO 15176), ou leur élimination en tant que déchets.
6 © ISO 2002 — Tous droits réservés

Les stratégies d'échantillonnage couramment employées nécessitent le prélèvement d'échantillons dans des
horizons identifiables ou à des profondeurs spécifiées (en dessous du niveau du sol). Il est préférable de ne
pas combiner les deux approches, en particulier pour échantillonner les strates naturelles, car cela peut
compliquer la comparaison des résultats. La combinaison cohérente des deux approches peut toutefois se
révéler utile sur les sites industriels anciens où il existe des variations à la fois de la nature du remblai et de la
profondeur de pénétration dans le sol des contaminants mobiles. En effet, dans ce cas, la modification des
propriétés du sol/du remblai résulte de deux facteurs indépendants.
Lors de la conception de certains programmes d'échantillonnage, il est utile de connaître la façon dont
certaines substances chimiques ont tendance à se répartir dans l'air, le sol, l'eau, les sédiments et les
organismes vivants des différents compartiments. De même, il est intéressant de connaître le comportement
des organismes vivants qui sont affectés par les substances chimiques ou qui influent sur la disponibilité des
substances par le biais de processus microbiologiques.
5.2.3 Échantillonnage pour la détermination des paramètres physiques du sol
L'échantillonnage du sol dans le but de déterminer certaines de ses propriétés physiques nécessite un soin
particulier puisque la précision et l'extrapolation des données mesurées dépendent de l'obtention d'un
échantillon qui conserve ses caractéristiques structurelles in situ.
Il peut être préférable, dans de nombreux cas, de procéder aux mesurages sur le terrain car le prélèvement
d'un échantillon, même non perturbé, peut modifier la continuité et les caractéristiques des propriétés
physiques du sol et conduire à des résultats erronés.
Toutefois, certains mesurages ne peuvent pas être effectués sur le terrain. D'autres requièrent certaines
conditions spécifiques, la situation sur le terrain ne pouvant être contrôlée que très partiellement. Il est par
exemple possible, pour les besoins du mesurage, de modifier temporairement la situation hydrologique au
moyen d'une irrigation. Les investissements et le temps nécessaires pour les mesurages sur le terrain
peuvent ne pas être envisageables d'un point de vue économique. Dans ce cas, il est souvent nécessaire
d'effectuer les mesurages des propriétés physiques en laboratoire.
Les différences et les modifications de la structure du sol influent sur le choix de la taille de l'échantillon. En
conséquence, un volume représentatif ou un nombre minimum de réplicats doit être déterminé pour chaque
type de sol à étudier.
La teneur en eau du sol lors de l'échantillonnage peut influer sur les mesurages physiques, par exemple en
cas d'hystérésis à la réhumidification.
De nombreuses propriétés physiques ont des composantes verticales et latérales qu'il convient de prendre en
considération avant de procéder à l'échantillonnage.
Lorsque de petits échantillons de sol non perturbés sont requis, il est possible de procéder à une extraction
manuelle des carottes, des mottes ou des agrégats de sol. Il convient de concevoir le matériel
d'échantillonnage de façon à ce que le sol subisse un minimum de perturbations physiques. Pour des
échantillons plus volumineux, il est préférable d'utiliser un matériel d'échantillonnage hydraulique et des
dispositifs de coupe afin d'obtenir un échantillon ayant subi un minimum de perturbations. Il est recommandé
de concevoir et fabriquer un matériel permettant d'empêcher tout phénomène de compression interne ou de
compactage de l'échantillon.
Lorsqu'il est difficile d'obtenir un échantillon non perturbé pour des mesurages en laboratoire, par exemple
dans des sols pierreux ou des sols à alios, les mesurages in situ peuvent constituer la méthode la mieux
adaptée.
5.2.4 Échantillonnage pour l'évaluation des paramètres biologiques du sol
Les études biologiques du sol permettent d'expliquer de nombreux phénomènes liés ou provoqués par les
formes de vie présentes dans le sol et à sa surface, y compris la faune et la flore au niveau microscopique ou
macroscospique. Les problèmes d'ordre écotoxicologique sont généralement prioritaires. Par exemple, les
essais permettant de vérifier les effets, sur les formes de vie, des produits chimiques ajoutés au sol, et aussi
les effets possibles des formes de vie présentes dans le sol sur la végétation (par exemple sur les récoltes de
grande valeur) et sur l'environnement, en particulier sur la santé humaine.
Dans certains cas, les modes opératoires d'essais biologiques sur les sols sont réalisables sur des sols
entièrement artificiels. Toutefois, la principale tâche d'échantillonnage consiste en principe à choisir un sol ou
un site fiables pour y effectuer les essais.
L'échantillonnage utilisé pour l'évaluation des processus microbiens aérobies est traité dans l'ISO 10381-6.
5.3 Échantillonnage d'un autre matériau en rapport avec l'étude du sol
Les programmes d'étude du sol, en particulier ceux qui sont mis en œuvre sur des sites contaminés, peuvent
également nécessiter le prélèvement d'échantillons autres que des échantillons de sol. Il convient de se
référer aux Normes internationales pour les détails techniques, ou aux normes nationales pertinentes en
l'absence de Normes internationales.
Les Normes internationales sur l'échantillonnage de l'eau, des boues et des sédiments pouvant être
appropriées pour les études de la qualité du sol sont mentionnées à l'Annexe A, avec une brève description
de leurs domaines d'application.
6 Considérations particulières relatives à l'échantillonnage des sols
6.1 Généralités
Le présent article traite des sujets susceptibles d'influer sur la conception d'un programme d'échantillonnage
(par exemple la connaissance préalable du site) et d'un certain nombre d'aspects détaillés de leur conception
et de leur mise en œuvre (par exemple les modèles d'échantillonnage ou la manipulation des échantillons).
L'attention est attirée sur les exigences relatives au personnel d'échantillonnage mentionnées à l'Article 7,
ainsi que sur les précautions à prendre dans diverses situations, mentionnées brièvement à l'Article 8 mais
décrites de manière plus détaillée dans l'ISO 10381-3.
6.2 Enquête préliminaire
6.2.1 Généralités
Il convient d'effectuer une enquête préliminaire avant tout programme d'échantillonnage, bien que l'effort à y
consacrer dépende de l'objectif de l'étude.
Il convient que l'enquête préliminaire comprenne toujours (étude de phase I):
 une étude sur dossier, et
 une visite ou une reconnaissance sur site.
Un échantillonnage limité peut en outre être effectué (étude de phase II).
Les principaux objectifs de l'enquête préliminaire sont de prendre connaissance de l'état actuel du site et des
activités antérieures ayant eu lieu sur le site et les terrains avoisinants et qui ont pu les affecter, afin:
 de permettre la conception d'un ou plusieurs programmes d'échantillonnage efficaces à la fois
techniquement et du point de vue des coûts;
 d'identifier les mesures nécessaires à la protection de la santé et à la sécurité du personnel chargé de
l'étude;
 d'identifier les mesures nécessaires à la protection de l'environnement pendant le programme
d'échantillonnage.
8 © ISO 2002 — Tous droits réservés

Il est également possible de rassembler d'autres informations utiles pour la mise en œuvre du programme
d'échantillonnage (par exemple les moyens d'accès pour le matériel, la mise en place des installations sur site,
telles que laboratoires, magasins, décontamination du matériel, et les installations électriques disponibles).
De telles enquêtes préliminaires sont particulièrement importantes lorsque des études d'évaluation des
risques doivent être effectuées.
L'entreprise et/ou le personnel doivent s'assurer de disposer de toutes les autorisations nécessaires pour
réaliser l'enquête préliminaire et accéder au site lors des visites ou des reconnaissances.
6.2.2 Étude sur dossier
Cette étude comprend la collecte de toutes les informations pertinentes concernant le site, telles que les
références à l'emplacement, l'infrastructure, l'utilisation et l'historique.
Les sources possibles d'informations comprennent les publications, les cartes (s'assurer de la précision de la
carte utilisée), les photographies aériennes et les images par satellite provenant par exemple de cabinets de
géomètres, études géologiques, bureaux chargés de la gestion de l'eau, organismes de contrôle industriel,
bureaux miniers, compagnies minières, institutions géotechniques, archives régionales et municipales,
organismes agricoles et forestiers, et bureaux de contrôle du secteur du bâtiment. Sont particulièrement
importantes les informations sur les propriétés physiques et chimiques et l'éventuelle distribution spatiale du
paramètre du sol étudié. Une attention particulière doit être accordée aux caractéristiques géologiques, telles
que la stratigraphie et l'hydrogéologie.
6.2.3 Visite du site
Il est recommandé que l'enquête préliminaire comprenne une visite du site, de préférence conjointement à
l'étude du dossier, bien qu'elles puissent être indépendantes. En fonction de la variabilité des conditions
locales du site et des difficultés techniques de l'étude prévue, il convient de confier cette tâche à une
personne expérimentée.
Cette visite permet de se faire une première impression de la corrélation entre les cartes existantes et la
réalité, et apporte de nombreuses informations complémentaires en relativement peu de temps.
Dans certains cas, il peut être nécessaire à ce stade de tracer une carte initiale ou complémentaire.
Il est rare que des échantillons soient prélevés pendant les enquêtes préliminaires. Le cas échéant, ils servent
généralement à obtenir une vision globale du type de sol afin de pouvoir choisir le matériel adapté aux
activités entreprises par la suite.
L'ISO 10381-4, l'ISO 10381-5 et l'ISO 10381-6 spécifient les types d'enquêtes préliminaires entrant dans leur
domaine d'application.
6.2.4 Résultat de l'étude préliminaire
Il convient d'élaborer un rapport résumant les découvertes factuelles des études préliminaires et indiquant les
conclusions (ou hypothèses) dégagées sur les conditions prévisibles du site (par exemple en matière de
géologie, d'hydrologie, de contamination possible) pertinentes pour l'établissement du programme
d'échantillonnage.
Ceci devrait permettre de pouvoir évaluer ultérieurement l'adéquation de la stratégie d'échantillonnage choisie.
7 Exigences relatives au personnel d'échantillonnage
7.1 Généralités
Lors de la conception du programme d'échantillonnage, il convient de tenir compte des facteurs suivants en
ce qui concerne le personnel mis à disposition:
 expérience dans le domaine de l'échantillonnage au regard des besoins de l'étude;
 compétence en matière de conception des programmes d'échantillonnage au regard des besoins de
l'étude.
7.2 Expérience
Il est certes important pour un échantillonneur de posséder des connaissances approfondies en pédologie
mais, dans de nombreuses régions, il existe peu de différentiation entre les horizons du sol et, dans ce cas,
les échantillons sont généralement prélevés en fonction de la profondeur. Cette approche devient plus
délicate à mettre en œuvre quand le profil du sol est différencié suivant des horizons distincts. Elle est
pratiquement impossible lorsqu'il existe des différences profondes entre des horizons contigus. Il convient
alors d'échantillonner le profil par horizons.
Dans ce dernier cas, des connaissances approfondies en pédologie et, à un moindre degré, en géologie,
hydrogéologie, géomorphologie et agronomie, sont indispensables. Dans de nombreuses situations, seul un
scientifique expérimenté est en mesure de prélever correctement des échantillons de sol. Lorsque le
scientifique ne prélève pas lui-même les échantillons, les personnes qui en sont chargées doivent être
placées sous sa supervision ou celle d'une autre personne qualifiée et expérimentée en la matière.
Il convient que l'échantillonneur connaisse les techniques et les outils couramment employés, ainsi que leurs
avantages et inconvénients. L'échantillonneur est responsable de l'utilisation correcte des outils, qui inclut leur
nettoyage avant les opérations d'échantillonnage afin d'éviter une contamination croisée (voir l'ISO 10381-2).
Il est recommandé de consulter l'échantillonneur pour le choix du matériel d'échantillonnage. Ceci devrait
permettre de pouvoir évaluer ultérieurement l'adéquation de la stratégie d'échantillonnage choisie.
Les sols et les échantillons de sol sont très souvent soumis à essai ou analysés sur site. Il convient que des
personnes expérimentées en échantillonnage puissent effectuer certains de ces essais. Si cela n'est pas le
cas, il convient que la conception du programme d'échantillonnage comprenne la coopération nécessaire
entre le personnel chargé de l'échantillonnage et le personnel scientifique/d'analyse au point
d'échantillonnage.
Des installations d'essai sur site peuvent être requises:
a) pour l'étude des propriétés physiques du sol (méthodes in situ, géophysiques par exemple);
b) pour l'étude des paramètres chimiques du sol;
c) pour obtenir une indication sur la présence de substances ou de conditions dangereuses pour la sécurité
du personnel d'étude (par exemple vapeurs toxiques, gaz inflammables, liquides acides).
Il convient de mettre au point tou
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