ISO/ASTM 51540:2002
(Main)Practice for use of a radiochromic liquid dosimetry system
Practice for use of a radiochromic liquid dosimetry system
ISO/ASTM 51540 covers the preparation, handling, testing and procedure for using radiochromic liquid dosimetry systems of radiochromic dye solutions held in sealed or capped containers (e.g., ampoules, vials). It also covers the use of spectrophotometric or photometric read-out equipment for measuring absorbed doses in materials irradiated by photons and electrons. This practice applies to radiochromic liquid dosimeter solutions that can be used within part or all of the specified ranges as follows: the absorbed dose range is from 0,5 Gy to 40 000 Gy for photons and electrons; the absorbed dose rate is from 10-3 Gy s -1to 1011 Gy s-1; the radiation energy range for photons is from 0,01 MeV to 20 MeV; the radiation energy range for electrons is from 0,01 MeV to 20 MeV; the irradiation temperature range is from - 40 °C to + 60 °C.
Pratique de l'utilisation d'un système dosimétrique radiochromique liquide
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
STANDARD 51540
First edition
2002-03-15
Practice for use of a radiochromic liquid
dosimetry system
Pratique de l’utilisation d’un système dosimétrique
radiochromique liquide
Reference number
ISO/ASTM 51540:2002(E)
© ISO/ASTM International 2002
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ISO/ASTM 51540:2002(E)
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ii © ISO/ASTM International 2002 – All rights reserved
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ISO/ASTM 51540:2002(E)
Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Referenced documents . 1
3 Terminology . 2
4 Significance and use . 2
5 Apparatus . 2
6 Performance check of instrumentation . 4
7 Preparation of dosimeters . 4
8 Calibration of the dosimetry system . 4
9 Measurement and analysis . 5
10 Use of dosimetry systems . 5
11 Minimum documentation requirements . 5
12 Measurement uncertainty . 5
13 Keywords . 6
Bibliography . 6
Figure 1 Calibration curve of a typical radiochromic liquid dosimeter . 5
Table 1 Three available radiochromic leuco dyes, their molecular structures, molecular weights,
and values of e and color index numbers of the parent dyes . 3
m
Table 2 Selected radiochromic solution formulations and the radiation chemical yields of dye
cations in solution . 3
© ISO/ASTM International 2002 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO/ASTM 51540:2002(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for
voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the member bodies
casting a vote.
ASTM International is one of the world’s largest voluntary standards development organizations with global
participation from affected stakeholders. ASTM technical committees follow rigorous due process balloting
procedures.
A pilot project between ISO and ASTM International has been formed to develop and maintain a group of
ISO/ASTM radiation processing dosimetry standards. Under this pilot project, ASTM Subcommittee E10.01,
Dosimetry for Radiation Processing, is responsible for the development and maintenance of these dosimetry
standards with unrestricted participation and input from appropriate ISO member bodies.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject
of patent rights. Neither ISO nor ASTM International shall be held responsible for identifying any or all such
patent rights.
International Standard ISO/ASTM 51540 was developed by ASTM Committee E10, Nuclear Technology and
Applications, through Subcommittee E10.01, and by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear Energy.
iv © ISO/ASTM International 2002 – All rights reserved
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ISO/ASTM 51540:2002(E)
Standard Practice for
1
Use of a Radiochromic Liquid Dosimetry System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51540; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
1. Scope E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
5
ASTM Test Methods
1.1 This practice covers the preparation, handling, testing,
5
E 178 Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations
and procedure for using radiochromic liquid dosimetry systems
E 275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance
of radiochromic dye solutions held in sealed or capped
of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near Infrared Spectrophotom-
containers (for example, ampoules, vials). It also covers the use
6
eters
of spectrophotometric or photometric readout equipment for
5
E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
measuring absorbed dose in materials irradiated by photons
E 666 Practice for Calculating Absorbed Dose from Gamma
and electrons.
4
or X Radiation
1.2 This practice applies to radiochromic liquid dosimeter
E 668 Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence-
solutions that can be used within part or all of the specified
Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determining Absorbed Dose
ranges as follows:
4
in Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronic Devices
1.2.1 The absorbed dose range is from 0.5 to 40 000 Gy for
E 925 Practice for the Calibration of Narrow Band-Pass
photons and electrons.
6
−3 11
Spectrophotometers
1.2.2 The absorbed dose rate is from 10 to 10 Gy/s.
E 958 Practice for Measuring Practical Spectral Bandwidth
1.2.3 The radiation energy range for photons is from 0.01 to
6
of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers
20 MeV.
E 1026 Practice for Using the Fricke Reference Standard
1.2.4 The radiation energy range for electrons is from 0.01
4
Dosimetry System
to 20 MeV.
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
NOTE 1—Since electrons with energies less than 0.01 MeV may not
51204 Practice for Dosimetry in Gamma Irradiation Facili-
penetrate the container of the solution, the solutions may be stirred in an
4
ties for Food Processing
2
open beaker with the electrons entering the solutions directly (1).
51205 Practice for Use of a Ceric-Cerous Sulfate Dosimetry
4
1.2.5 The irradiation temperature range is from −40 to
System
+60°C.
51261 Guide for Selection and Calibration of Dosimetry
4
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Systems for Radiation Processing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
51275 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Film Dosimetry
4
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
System
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
51276 Practice for Use of a Polymethylmethacrylate Do-
4
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
simetry System
51310 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Optical
2. Referenced Documents
4
Waveguide Dosimetry System
2.1 ASTM Standards:
51400 Practice for Characterization and Performance of a
C 912 Practice for Designing a Process for Cleaning Tech-
High-Dose Gamma Radiation Dosimetry Calibration
3
4
nical Glasses
Laboratory
E 170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements 4
51401 Practice for Use of a Dichromate Dosimetry System
4
and Dosimetry
51431 Practice for Dosimetry in Electron and Bremsstrahl-
4
ung Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing
51607 Practice for Use of the Alanine-EPR Dosimetry
1
4
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear
System
Technology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
51707 Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for
E10.01 on Dosimetry for Radiation Processing, and is also under the jurisdiction of
4
Radiation Processing
ISO/TC 85/WG 3.
Current edition approved Jan. 22, 2002. Published March 15, 2002. Originally
2.3 International Commission on Radiation Units and
e1
published as E 1540 – 93. Last previous ASTM edition E 1540–98 . ASTM 7
Measurements (ICRU) Reports:
E 1540–93 was adopted by ISO in 1998 with the intermediate designation ISO
15565:1998(E). The present International Standard ISO/ASTM 51540:2002(E) is a
revision of ISO 15565.
2 5
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the bibliography at the end of this Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
6
practice. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.06.
3 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02. Available from the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measure-
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.02. ments, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A.
© ISO/ASTM International 2002 – All rights reserved
1
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ISO/ASTM 51540:2002(E)
ICRU Report 14 Radiation Dosimetry: X-Rays and Gamma pertain to radiation measurement and dosimetry may be found
Rays with Maximum Photon Energies Between 0.6 and 50 in ASTM Terminology E 170. Definitions in ASTM E 170 are
MeV compatible with ICRU 60; that document, therefore, may be
ICRU Report 17 Radiation Dosimetry: X-Rays Generated at used as an alternative reference.
Potentials of 5 to 150 kV
4. Significance and Use
ICRU Report 34 The Dosimetry of Pulsed Radiation
ICRU Report 35 Radiation Dosimetry: Electron Beams with
4.1 The radiochromic liquid dosimetry system provides a
Energies between 1 and 50 MeV
means of measuring absorbed dose in materials (5-7). Under
ICRU Report 37 Stopping Powers for Electrons and Pho-
the influence of ionizing radiation, chemical reactions take
tons
place in the radiochromic solution modifying the amplitudes of
ICRU Report 44 Tissue Substitutes in Radiation Dosimetry
optical absorption bands (8-10). Absorbance values are mea-
and Measurement
sured at the selected wavelength(s) within these affected
ICRU Report 60 Radiation Quantities and Units
absorption bands (see also ISO/ASTM Guide 51261, and
ISO/ASTM Practices 51205, 51275, 51276, 51310, 51400, and
3. Terminology
51401).
3.1 Definitions:
4.2 In the use of a specific dosimetry system, a calibration
3.1.1 absorbance bandwidth—spectral band used in a pho-
curve or response function relates the dosimeter’s response to
tometric instrument, such as a densitometer, for the measure-
an absorbed dose traceable to a nationally or internationally
ment of optical absorbance or reflectance.
recognized standard (11, 12).
3.1.2 analysis wavelength—wavelength used in a spectro-
4.3 The absorbed dose that is measured is usually specified
photometric instrument for the measurement of optical absor-
in water. Absorbed dose in other materials may be evaluated by
bance.
applying the conversion factors discussed in ISO/ASTM Guide
3.1.3 calibration curve—graphical representation of the
51261.
dosimetry system’s response function.
NOTE 2—For a comprehensive discussion of various dosimetry meth-
3.1.4 dosimeter batch—quantity of dosimeters made from a
ods applicable to the radiation types and energies discussed in this
specific mass of material with uniform composition, fabricated
practice, see ICRU Reports 14, 17, 34, 35, and 37.
in a single production run under controlled, consistent condi-
4.4 These dosimetry systems may be used in the industrial
tions and having a unique identification code.
radiation processing of a variety of products, for example the
3.1.5 dosimetry system—a system used for determining
sterilization of medical devices and radiation processing of
absorbed dose, consisting of dosimeters, measurement instru-
foods (5, 7, 13).
ments and their associated reference standards, and procedures
4.5 The available dynamic range indicated in 1.2.1 is
for the system’s use.
achieved by using a variety of radiochromic leuco dyes (Table
3.1.6 measurement quality assurance plan—a documented
1) in a variety of solutions (Table 2).
program for the measurement process that ensures on a
4.6 The ingredients of the solutions, in particular the sol-
continuing basis that the overall uncertainty meets the require-
vents, can be varied so as to simulate a number of materials in
ments of the specific application. This plan requires traceability
terms of the photon mass energy-absorption coefficients, (μ /
to, and consistency with, nationally or internationally recog- en
r), for X-rays and gamma-rays and electron mass collision
nized standards.
stopping powers, [(1/r) dE/dx], over a broad spectral energy
3.1.7 molar linear absorption coeffıcient (e )—a constant
m
range from 0.01 to 100 MeV (14). For special applications
relating the spectrophotometric absorbance, A , of an optically
l
certain tissue-equivalent radiochromic solutions have been
absorbing molecular species at a given wavelength, l, per unit
designed to simulate various materials and anatomical tissues,
pathlength, d, to the molar concentration, c, of that species in
2 −1
in terms of values of (μ /r) for photons and [(1/r) dE/dx] for
solution (2-4): e =A (d 3 c). SI Unit: m mol .
en
m l
electrons (14) (see also ICRU Report 44). Tabulations of the
3.1.8 net absorbance, DA—change in measured optical
values of (μ /r) for water (15), the anatomical tissues (15, 16),
absorbance at a selected wavelength determined as the absolute
en
and three specially designed radiochromic solutions, for pho-
difference between the pre-irradiation absorbance, A , and the
0
tons over the energy range from 0.01 to 20 MeV, and
post-irradiation absorbance, A, as follows (2, 3): DA=|A−A |.
0
tabulations of the values of [(1/r) dE/dx] (16) for water, the
3.1.9 radiochromic liquid dosimeter—specially prepared
tissues and the radiochromic solutions for electrons over the
solution containing ingredients that undergo change in optical
energy range from 0.01 to 20 MeV are given in Refs (12-14).
absorbance under ionizing radiation. This change in optical
For additional information see ISO/ASTM Guide 51261,
absorbance can be related to absorbed dose in water.
ASTM Practice E 666, and ICRU Reports 14, 17, 35, 37, and
3.1.10 response function—mathematical representation of
44.
the relationship between dosimeter response and absorbed dose
for a given dosimetry system.
5. Apparatus
3.1.11 specific net absorbance (Dk)—Net absorbance,D A,
5.1 The following shall be used to determine absorbed dose
at a selected wavelength divided by the optical pathlength, d,
through the dosimeter material as follows:D k= DA/d. with radiochromic liquid dosimetry systems:
5.1.1 Batch or Portion of a Batch of Radiochromic Liquid.
3.2 Definitions of other terms used in this standard that
© ISO/ASTM International 2002 – All rights reserved
2
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ISO/ASTM 51540:2002(E)
TABLE 1 Three Available Radiochromic Leuco Dyes, Their Molecular Structures, Molecular Weights, and Values of e and Color Index
m
Numbers of the Parent Dyes (17, 19)
Molar Linear Absorption
Radiochromic Leuco Dye (code) Molecular Structure Molecular Weight Color Index No.
A −1 −1
Coefficient (L mol cm )
Pararosaniline cyanide (PRC) (See diagram below left) 314.376 140 000 (l = 550 nm) 42 500
Hexa(hydroxyethyl)pararosaniline (See diagram below center) 578.715 100 000 (l = 600 nm) (none given)
cyanide (HHEVC)
New fuchsin cyanide (NFC) (See diagram below right) 356.455 130 000 (l = 560 nm) 42 500
A
These values of molar linear absorption coefficients are given in Ref () for 2-methoxyethanol solutions containing 17 mM acetic acid. The values may vary somewhat
in other solvents and with other additives.
TABLE 2 Selected Radiochromic Solution Formulations and the Radiation Chemical Yields of Dye Cations in Solution
Radiochromic Radiochromic Leuco Wavelength for
Radiation Chemical Nominal Dose
Leuco Dye Solution Formulation Dye Concentration Spectrophotometer, References
−1
Yield, μmol J Range, Gy
−1
(See Table 1) (mmol L ) nm
HHEVC Dissolve in 2-methoxy ethanol containing 17 mmol 5 599 0.025 10–1000 (5)
−1
L acetic acid
PRC Dissolve in 2-methoxy ethanol containing 51 mmol 5 549 0.033 10–3000 (1)
−1
L acetic acid
NFC Dissolve in dimethyl sulfoxide containing 17 mmol 0.1 554 0.0031 100–30 000 (17)
−1
L acetic acid
PRC Dissolve in dimethyl sulfoxide containing 17 mmol 5 554 0.0040 3–40 000 (11)
−1 −1
L acetic acid and 30 mmol L nitrobenzene
HHEVC Dissolve in mixture of 85 % n-propanol and 15 % 2 605 0.0051 50–5000 (19)
triethylphosphate (by volume), containing 34
−1
mmol L acetic acid, 500 parts-per-million
nitrobenzoic acid and 10 % polyvinyl butyral (by
weight)
NFC Dissolve in mixture of 85 % triethylphosphate and 2 557 0.0055 100–10 000 (12)
15 % dimethyl sulfoxide (by volume), containing
68 mM acetic acid, 500 parts-per-million
nitrobenzoic acid and 10 % polyvinyl butyral (by
weight)
HHEVC Dissolve in mixture of 85 % triethylphosphate and 100 608 0.28 0.5–10 (16)
15 % dimethyl sulfoxide (by volume), containing
68 mM acetic acid, 500 parts-per-million
nitrobenzoic acid and 10 % polyvinyl butyral (by
weight)
5.1.2 Spectrophotometer or Photometer, having documen- 5.1.4.2 Use glass ampoules which are flame sealed for
tation covering analysis wavelengths, accuracy of wavelength containing the solution during irradiation, or alternatively,
selection, absorbance determination, analysis bandwidth, and
glass vials with lids having aluminum or polyethylene liners, or
stray light rejection. The spectrophotometer should be able to
disposable plastic vials, using only polymeric materials known
read visible spectrum absorbance values of up to 2 with an
to be resistant to any chemical effects by the solvents that are
uncertainty of no more than6 1%.
used. Another type of container for irradiation may be a cuvette
5.1.3 Glass Cuvettes, having optical windows and path
equipped with a tightly closed cap. The solution should be
lengths of 5 to 100 mm, depending on the dose range of interest
stored at <30°C in the dark.
and on the size of the dosimeter ampoule used for irradiation.
NOTE 3—Any glass container should be cleaned with laboratory dis-
Glass flow cells with parallel optical windows may be an
tilled water and detergent, rinsed with doubly distilled water and then with
alternative means of holding the solutions for spectrophotom-
ethanol, dr
...
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