ISO 17282:2004

Plastics — Guide to the acquisition and presentation of design data

ISO 17282:2004 gives guidelines for the acquisition and presentation of data that can be used for design with plastics. Emphasis is given to the acquisition of data needed by computerised methods for design. It includes data needed for the analysis of the flow of polymer melts during the manufacture of a component as well as data needed for the prediction of mechanical performance of the component in service. The data requirements cover design with unfilled plastics as well as filled, short-fibre reinforced and continuous-fibre reinforced materials.

Plastiques — Lignes directrices pour l'acquisition et la présentation de caractéristiques de conception

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 08-Jun-2004
• ICS: 83.080.01 - Plastics in general
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 61/SC 2 - Mechanical behavior
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 61/SC 2/WG 8 - Forms of data presentation
• Current Stage: 9093 - International Standard confirmed
• Completion Date: 19-Sep-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17282
First edition
2004-06-01
Corrected version
2007-02-01

Plastics — Guide to the acquisition and
presentation of design data —
Plastiques — Lignes directrices pour l'acquisition et la présentation de
caractéristiques de conception




Reference number
ISO 17282:2004(E)
©
ISO 2004

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ISO 17282:2004(E)

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©  ISO 2004
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...

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17282
First edition
2004-06-01
Corrected version
2007-02-01


Plastics — Guide to the acquisition and
presentation of design data
Plastiques — Lignes directrices pour l'acquisition et la présentation de
caractéristiques de conception




Reference number
ISO 17282:2004(E)
©
ISO 2004

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 17282:2004(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.


©  ISO 2004
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
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Published in Switzerland

ii © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved

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ISO 17282:2004(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Symbols . 3
3.1 Test variables . 3
3.2 Material properties for stress analysis (see Tables 2 and 3). 3
3.3 Failure properties (see Table 4) . 4
3.4 Material properties for processing simulation (see Tables 3, 4 and 5) . 5
4 Data needed for design . 6
4.1 General. 6
4.2 Design for thermomechanical performance . 6
4.2.1 The design process . 6
4.2.2 Design data for thermomechanical performance. 7
4.3 Design for processing analysis. 10
4.3.1 Processing simulation. 10
4.3.2 Data for simulation of injection moulding. 10
4.3.3 Data for simulation of extrusion. 12
4.3.4 Data for simulation of blow moulding, blown film extrusion and thermoforming. 12
5 Determination of design data . 13
5.1 General. 13
5.2 Data acquisition for design for mechanical performance . 13
5.3 Data acquisition for design for processing . 14
Annex A (informative) Illustrations of the application of finite element analyses to plastics
components. 19
Annex B (informative) Application of processing simulation analysis for plastics . 48


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ISO 17282:2004(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 17282 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 2, Mechanical
properties.
This corrected version of ISO 17282:2004 incorporates the following corrections:
 in paragraph 4 of the Introduction, the references to Tables 6 and 7 have been corrected;
 Clause 2 (normative references) has been updated, the only important change being the replacement of
ISO 6252 (which has been withdrawn) by ISO 22088-2;
 in the heading to 3.4, the references to the tables have been corrected;
 in Table 12, ISO 6252 has been replaced by ISO 22088-2 (twice);
 Equations (A.6) and (A.7), which were missing, have been inserted;
 throughout the document, a number of symbols and their subscripts have been corrected;
 a number of minor editorial improvements have been made.

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ISO 17282:2004(E)
Introduction
Plastics and composites are increasingly being used in load-bearing applications where they compete with
traditional materials such as steels and aluminium. In these applications, it is important to achieve a confident
knowledge of the safe operating limits of the component through competent design. Computer methods for
design are available, and are continually being improved, that enable predictions to be made of the
performance of plastics under a variety of situations. These situations include mechanical performance under
service loads and environments as well as a flow of the polymer melt during the manufacture of a component.
In order to design effectively with plastics in load-bearing applications, comprehensive data are generally
needed which take into account the effects of time, temperature, rate and environment on properties. A
number of International Standards have been developed that specify how certain data for plastics should be
measured and presented. These are ISO 10350-1 and ISO 10350-2, and ISO 11403-1, ISO 11403-2 and
ISO 11403-3.
The purpose of these standards is to enable comparable data to be measured on different materials from
different sources to aid the process of materials selection. A substantial quantity of data is specified by these
standards and, although not the primary purpose of the standards, some of these data are suitable for design.
However, additional or alternative data will also be needed for many applications.
The purpose of this guide is to augment existing data presentation standards by identifying data that are
needed specifically for design with plastics. The selection of these data is guided by the requirements of
available computer methods for design. Preferred test methods, test specimens and test conditions are
recommended in section 5 for determining these data. For some properties, ISO test methods or specimens
are not yet available. Reference is then made in the Notes to Tables 12 and 13 to suitable procedures for data
acquisition that may become standardised at a later stage.
It is intended that this guide assist the development of databases that will interface with computer methods for
design so that the property data required by these methods can be readily accessed. For certain properties,
some analysis and interpretation of data is needed in order to present information in the form required by the
design analysis. Some procedures for data analysis are described in the annexes.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17282:2004(E)

Plastics — Guide to the acquisition and presentation of design
data
1 Scope
This International Standard gives guidelines for the acquisition and presentation of data that can be used for
design with plastics. Emphasis is given to the acquisition of data needed by computerised methods for design.
It includes data needed for the analysis of the flow of polymer melts during the manufacture of a component
as well as data needed for the prediction of mechanical performance of the component in service. The data
requirements cover design with unfilled plastics as well as filled, short-fibre reinforced and continuous-fibre
reinforced materials.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 294-3, Plastics — Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastics materials — Part 3: Small plates
ISO 294-5, Plastics — Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastics materials — Part 5: Preparation
of standard specimens for investigating anisotropy
ISO 527-2, Plastics — Determination of tensile properties — Part 2: Test conditions for moulding and
extrusion plastics
ISO 527-4, Plastics — Determination of tensile properties — Part 4: Test conditions for isotropic and
orthotropic fibre-reinforced plastic composites
ISO 527-5, Plastics — Determination of tensile properties — Part 5: Test conditions for unidirectional fibre-
reinforced plastic composites
ISO 899-1, Plastics — Determination of creep behaviour — Part 1: Tensile creep
ISO 1183, Plastics — Methods for determining the density and relative density of non-cellular plastics
ISO 2577, Plastics — Thermosetting moulding materials — Determination of shrinkage
ISO 3167, Plastics — Multipurpose test specimens
ISO 6603-2, Plastics — Determination of puncture impact behaviour of rigid plastics — Part 2: Instrumented
impact test
ISO 6721-2, Plastics — Determination of dynamic mechanical properties — Part 2: Torsion-pendulum method
ISO 6721-3, Plastics — Determination of dynamic mechanical properties — Part 3: Flexural vibration —
Resonance-curve method
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ISO 17282:2004(E)
ISO 6721-4, Plastics — Determination of dynamic mechanical properties — Part 4: Tensile vibration — Non-
resonance method
ISO 6721-5, Plastics — Determination of dynamic mechanical properties — Part 5: Flexural vibration — Non-
resonance method
ISO 6721-7, Plastics — Determination of dynamic mechanical properties — Part 7: Torsional vibration — Non-
resonance method
ISO 6721-8, Plastics — Determination of dynamic mechanical properties — Part 8: Longitudinal and shear
vibration — Wave propagation method
ISO 6721-10, Plastics — Determination of dynamic mechanical properties — Part 10: Complex shear viscosity
using a parallel-plate oscillatory rheometer
ISO 10350-1, Plastics — Acquisition and presentation of comparable single-point data — Part 1: Moulding
materials
ISO 11357-2, Plastics — Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) — Part 2: Determination of glass transition
temperature
ISO 11357-3, Plastics — Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) — Part 3: Determination of temperature and
enthalpy of melting and crystallization
ISO 11357-4, Plastics — Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) — Part 4: Determination of specific heat
capacity
ISO 11357-5, Plastics — Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) — Part 5: Determination of characteristic
reaction-curve temperatures and times, enthalpy of reaction and degrees of conversion
ISO 11357-7, Plastics — Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) — Part 7: Determination of crystallization
kinetics
ISO 11359-2, Plastics — Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) — Part 2: Determination of coefficient of linear
thermal expansion and glass transition temperature
ISO 11403-1, Plastics — Acquisition and presentation of comparable multipoint data — Part 1: Mechanical
properties
ISO 11403-2, Plastics — Acquisition and presentation of comparable multipoint data — Part 2: Thermal and
processing properties
ISO 11443, Plastics — Determination of the fluidity of plastics using capillary and slit-die rheometers
ISO 15310, Fibre-reinforced plastic composites — Determination of the in-plane shear modulus by the plate
twist method
ISO 17744, Plastics — Determination of specific volume as a function of temperature and pressure (pvT
diagram) — Piston apparatus method
ISO 22088-2, Plastics — Determination of resistance to environmental stress cracking (ESC) — Part 2:
Constant tensile load method
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ISO 17282:2004(E)
3 Symbols
3.1 Test variables
ε tensile strain
NOTE Use of the true strain log (1 + ε) in place of the engineering strain is necessary when engineering strain
e
values exceed about 0,1. Below a strain of 0,1, there is no significant difference between these quantities.

ε tensile strain rate
p
ε plastic component of the tensile strain
NOTE This is used in elastic–plastic models for describing non-linear behaviour.
γ shear strain

γ shear strain rate
p
γ plastic component of the shear strain
t time
σ stress
T temperature
f frequency
ch chemical environment
N number of cycles to failure in a fatigue test
R ratio of minimum to maximum stresses in a fatigue test

T rate of change of temperature
p pressure
p cavity pressure at hold
CH
t hold time
H
h specimen thickness
v slip velocity
s
3.2 Material properties for stress analysis (see Tables 2 and 3)
E tensile modulus obtained from a test at constant strain rate
E E tensile moduli along and transverse to, respectively, the direction of preferred fibre or molecular
,
p n
orientation in a transversely isotropic material
G shear modulus of a transversely isotropic material for stress application in the direction of preferred
p
orientation
D tensile creep compliance
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ISO 17282:2004(E)
E tensile stress relaxation modulus
R
D , D tensile creep compliances along and transverse to, respectively, the direction of preferred orientation
p n
in a transversely isotropic material
E', E'' tensile storage and loss moduli, respectively
G', G'' shear storage and loss moduli, respectively
σ true tensile yield stress (see Note 4 to Table 12)
T
λ hydrostatic stress sensitivity parameter (see Note 6 to Table 12)
σ , σ tensile yield stresses for loading along and transverse to, respectively, the direction of preferred
Tp Tn
orientation in a transversely isotropic material (see Notes 4 and 9 to Table 12)
σ , σ shear yield stresses for loading along and transverse to, respectively, the direction of preferred
Sp Sn
orientation in a transversely isotropic material (see Note 9 to Table 12)
ν Poisson’s ratio
e
ν elastic component of the Poisson’s ratio
p
ν plastic component of the Poisson’s ratio equal to minus the ratio of the plastic component of the
lateral strain to the plastic component of the axial strain in a specimen under a tensile stress (see
Note 5 to Table 12)
ν Poisson’s ratio for an anisotropic material determined with the uniaxial stress applied along the
pn
direction of preferred orientation
ψ flow parameter
α coefficient of linear thermal expansion
α ,α coefficients of linear thermal expansion parallel and normal to the direction of preferred orientation in
p n
a transversely isotropic material
c specific heat
p
3.3 Failure properties (see Table 4)
σ tensile strength obtained from a test at constant specimen deformation rate
u
σ , σ tensile strengths for loading along and transverse to, respectively, the direction of preferred
up un
orientation in a transversely isotropic material
ε strain at break obtained from a tensile test at constant specimen deformation rate
u
ε , ε strains at break for loading along and transverse to, respectively, the direction of preferred
up un
orientation in a transversely isotropic material
σ tensile creep rupture strength
c
σ , σ creep rupture strengths for loading along and transverse to, respectively, the direction of preferred
cp cn
orientation in a transversely isotropic material
σ tensile fatigue strength
f
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ISO 17282:2004(E)
σ , σ tensile fatigue strengths for loading along and transverse to, respectively, the direction of preferred
fp fn
orientation in a transversely isotropic material
3.4 Material properties for processing simulation (see Tables 5 to 11)
η melt viscosity
η uniaxial extensional viscosity
eu
η biaxial extensional viscosity
eb
η viscosity of the reactive system
reactive
N first normal stress difference
1
ρ bulk density
B
ρ melt density
m
ρ density of the solid
s
ρ density of reacted system
reacted
k thermal conductivity
k thermal conductivity of the polymer melt
m
c specific heat
p
c specific heat of the polymer melt
pm
T solidification temperature, a reference temperature defined by the mould filling simulation software
s
T ejection temperature, a reference temperature defined by the mould filling simulation software
ej
v specific volume
∆H heat of reaction
r
t isothermal induction time
ind
α gelation conversion
gel

R reaction rate
µ , µ dynamic coefficients of friction between plastic and metal used for the barrel or screw respectively
b s
T melting temperature
m
T glass transition temperature
g
T crystallisation temperature
c
∆H enthalpy of melting
f
∆H enthalpy of crystallization
c
X degree of crystallinity
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ISO 17282:2004(E)

X rate of crystallization
S moulding shrinkage parallel to the direction of preferred orientation
Mp
S moulding shrinkage normal to the direction of preferred orientation
Mn
ν Poisson’s ratio for a transversely isotropic material determined with the uniaxial stress applied along
pn
the direction of preferred orientation
ν Poisson’s ratio for a transversely isotropic material determined with the applied stress along a
np
direction normal to the direction of preferred orientation and the lateral strain measured in the
preferred orientation direction
G shear modulus of a transversely isotropic material for stress application in the direction of preferred
p
orientation
α coefficient of linear thermal expansion parallel to the direction of preferred orientation in an
p
anisotropic material
α coefficient of linear thermal expansion normal to the direction of preferred orientation in an
n
anisotropic material
4 Data needed for design
4.1 General
The design data identified here are grouped under two headings:
 Data for analysis of thermomechanical performance (section 4.2)
 Data for processing analysis (section 4.3)
4.2 Design for thermomechanical performance
4.2.1 The design process
The process of design for the mechanical performance of a component involves two operations. The first is an
analysis of the stress and strain distributions in the component under service load. The second is a
comparison of the maximum levels of stress, strain or displacement predicted by the analysis with maximum
allowable values based on failure criteria for the material or operating conditions of the component. These
operations are then repeated in order to select component dimensions and geometry whilst ensuring that safe
limits are not exceeded. The data requirements for these two operations are different.
The data requirements for stress analysis are determined by the constitutive law that relates stress and strain
under the appropriate service loading conditions. Choice of a valid constitutive relationship will depend upon
the following factors.
 Mechanical behaviour, whether the material is isotropic or anisotropic or shows glassy or rubber-like
behaviour.
 The level of induced strain. If this is small, then linear viscoelastic or linear elastic behaviour may be
considered but, at higher strains, relationships between stress and strain will be non-linear.
 The history of the applied load or displacement and the temperature. Since plastics are viscoelastic,
properties depend on time, frequency and strain rate and so their response to short-term loads such as
impact will be very different from that under sustained load.
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ISO 17282:2004(E)
A finite element analysis (FEA) is a versatile method for calculating stress, strain and temperature distributions
in a component of complex geometry. For this reason, the data requirements identified here for performing a
stress analysis have been guided by available materials models that are suitable for plastics. An accurate
calculation relies on the use of a materials model for the analysis which employs a realistic constitutive
relationship.
The satisfactory operating limits of a component may be specific to the component or the plastics material
from which it is made. Safe operating limits for the material are generally expressed in terms of ultimate
values of stress or strain and will depend on many factors such as the temperature, the humidity, processing
conditions, the presence of an aggressive environment and the history of the applied load. Where failure is
caused by crack growth, additional property data may be needed.
4.2.2 Design data for thermomechanical performance
Data required for design for thermomechanical performance consist of data for carrying out a stress analysis
and data for estimating material failure. In principle, these data requirements depend on the detailed materials
characteristics exhibited by the material, and on the service conditions relevant to the application. However, in
practice, the designer may adopt various simplifications by approximating materials behaviour or service
conditions in order to make the design analysis technically tractable and financially viable. This influences
data requirements and the practical use of data.
From the designer’s point of view, the simplest form of materials behaviour is that of an isotropic, linear,
temperature-insensitive, elastic material. However, as stated in section 4.2.1, plastics may exhibit aspects of
anisotropy, nonlinearly, temperature-dependence, viscoelasticity or plasticity. Where a particular aspect is
relevant to a design problem, the designer may decide to avoid a more complex analysis by assuming a
simpler form of behaviour and compensate for this by use of “effective” material properties. Examples include
use of a secant or tangent modulus to represent nonlinearity in a linear analysis, use of a long-time creep
modulus to represent viscoelasticity in an elastic analysis, and use of “average” or “representative” property
values to replace anisotropy and temperature-sensitivity. However, although a simpler (approximate) form of
representation may be used, data for the more complex form of behaviour will generally be required in order to
select appropriate “effective” properties.
Definition of the design problem involves specification of component geometry (shape, size, etc.) and service
conditions (e.g. loads and other constraints). Although FEA packages can handle complex circumstances, the
designer may idealise component geometry and may approximate service conditions in order to simplify the
design calculations (e.g. by creating a “statically determinate” situation for which stresses and strains can be
calculated separately, only the latter calculation requiring material properties). Similarly, the designer may use
an approximate design calculation (e.g. assuming “pseudo-elasticity”). These idealisations and assumptions
introduce inaccuracies into the design predictions which are not attributable to the quality of the design data,
although appropriate data selection is required.
A crucial aspect of design analysis is the selection of suitable materials models. This selection determines
consequent requirements for materials design data, and depends, in particular, on the nature of the service
loads, for example:
 sustained loading, involving effects such as creep or stress relaxation, for which time under load is the
important parameter;
 cyclic loading, for example in damped vibrations, for which frequency is the important parameter;
 high-rate loading, for example due to impact, for which strain rate is the important parameter.
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ISO 17282:2004(E)
Table 1 — Typical service conditions, materials behaviour and model types
Service conditions Crucial parameter Relevant types of materials Model type(s)
behaviour (see below)
Simpler conditions Elastic A, B
—
Elastic–plastic C
Sustained loading Time Viscoelastic C1, D1, E1
or
Cyclic loading Frequency C2, D2, E2
viscoplastic
High-rate loading Strain rate C3, D3, E3
Model type:
a) Linear elasticity is the simplest and most commonly used materials model, at least for a first analysis.
b) A hypoelastic model enables approximate solutions to be obtained under strain levels where behaviour is non-
linear. Hyperelastic models are available for elastomeric materials and are not considered in this International
Standard.
c) Elastic–plastic models for metals are available in most FEA packages and are able to handle non-linear and three-
dimensional stress conditions. Those based on von Mises yielding may have restricted suitability for plastics, and a
more general form of the yield criterion with sensitivity to hydrostatic stress (the linear Drucker–Prager model) is
considered here. Some versions of elastic–plastic models combine the effects of elasticity, plasticity and also time,
frequency or rate. These latter types of model (C1, C2 and C3) are indicated in this table, but only C3 is considered
in this International Standard.
d) Linear viscoelasticity is limited to small-strain behaviour, but data can be used in the three different forms (D1, D2,
D3) depending on whether time, frequency or rate is the crucial service parameter.
e) Non-linear viscoelasticity models for general service conditions are not available in a useable form, but models
exist for use under special conditions. These include a creep form (E1) based on isochronous curves, a finite-linear
form (E2) for large amplitude vibrations and a rate-dependent form (E3): the last two are not discussed further in
this International Standard.
As already noted, the stress analysis will also need to consider isotropic or anisotropic properties, linear or
non-linear behaviour and the effects of temperature. It is therefore evident that there are many sets of
conditions under which materials properties may be needed in principle, and it is necessary to focus on the
most important cases. This is discussed now with reference to the model types indicated in Table 1.
Further consideration of these types le
...