Soil quality — Sampling — Part 201: Physical pretreatment in the field

ISO 18400-201:2017 specifies methods for the pretreatment of samples that can be applied "in the field" directly after sampling. Pretreatment methods in this document are limited to: - sample division methods aimed at reducing the size/volume of the sample; - the production of composite samples; - the selection of a specific fraction of the sampled material. ISO 18400-201:2017 - does not apply to samples required for biological or microbiological examination, - does not apply to soil materials sampled for the content of volatile components, and NOTE 1 These soil materials are intended to be sampled according to ISO 22155. -? does not give instructions for particle size reduction. NOTE 2 Guidance for particle size reduction is given in ISO 11464, ISO 14507 and ISO 23909.

Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 201: Prétraitement physique sur le terrain

ISO 18400-201:2017 spécifie des méthodes pour le prétraitement d'échantillons pouvant être appliqué «sur le terrain» directement après l'échantillonnage. Les méthodes de prétraitement décrites dans le présent document se limitent: - aux méthodes de division des échantillons dans le but d'en réduire la taille/le volume; - à la production d'échantillons composites; - au choix d'une fraction spécifique du matériau échantillonné. ISO 18400-201:2017 - ne s'applique pas aux échantillons requis pour les examens biologiques et microbiologique, - ne s'applique pas aux matériaux de sol prélevés pour déterminer la teneur en composés volatils, et NOTE 1 Ces matériaux de sol sont destinés à être prélevés conformément à l'ISO 22155. - ne donne pas d'instructions concernant la réduction granulométrique. NOTE 2 Des lignes directrices sont données dans l'ISO 11464, l'ISO 14507 et l'ISO 23909.

Kakovost tal - Vzorčenje - 201. del: Fizikalna priprava vzorca na terenu

Ta dokument določa metode za predobdelavo vzorcev, ki se lahko opravi »na terenu«
takoj po vzorčenju. Metode za predobdelavo so v tem dokumentu omejene na:
– metode za razdelitev vzorcev, namenjene zmanjšanju velikosti/prostornine vzorca;
– pridobivanje kompozitnih vzorcev;
– izbiranje določene frakcije vzorčenega materiala.
Ta dokument:
– se ne uporablja za vzorce, potrebne za biološke ali mikrobiološke preiskave,
– se ne uporablja za zemeljske materiale, katerih vzorec je bil pridobljen zaradi ugotavljanja vsebnosti hlapljivih sestavin, in
OPOMBA 1: za vzorčenje navedenih zemeljskih materialov se uporablja standard ISO 22155.
– ne podaja navodil za zmanjševanje velikosti delcev.
OPOMBA 2: navodila za zmanjševanje velikosti delcev so podana v standardih ISO 11464, ISO 14507 in ISO 23909.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
24-Jan-2017
Current Stage
9093 - International Standard confirmed
Completion Date
17-Oct-2022

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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18400-201
First edition
2017-01
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 201:
Physical pretreatment in the field
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 201: Prétraitement physique sur le terrain
Reference number
ISO 18400-201:2017(E)
ISO 2017
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 18400-201:2017(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form

or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior

written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of

the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 18400-201:2017(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

4 Preliminary considerations ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3

5 Incorporation in the sampling plan .................................................................................................................................................. 5

6 General requirements ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

7 Safety ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6

8 Homogenization .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

9 Subsampling .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

9.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

9.2 Equipment for subsampling ........................................................................................................................................................ 7

9.3 Minimum size of the subsample .............................................................................................................................................. 8

9.4 Procedure for macro-aggregate reduction by hand ................................................................................................ 9

9.5 Subsampling methods ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9

9.5.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

9.5.2 Long pile and alternate shovel method .....................................................................................................10

9.5.3 Coning and quartering .............................................................................................................................................11

9.5.4 Riffling ....................................................................................................................................................................................12

9.5.5 Application of Tyler divider ................................................................................................................................12

9.5.6 Application of mechanized turntable (rotating divider) ............................................................13

9.6 Selective subsampling based on the particle size ..................................................................................................13

9.6.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................13

9.6.2 Sieving ....................................................................................................................................................................................14

9.6.3 Hand picking .....................................................................................................................................................................14

10 Forming composite samples ..................................................................................................................................................................15

10.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................15

10.2 Minimum size of increments or subsamples .............................................................................................................16

10.3 Production of composite samples .......................................................................................................................................16

10.3.1 Composite sample based on incremental sampling .......................................................................16

10.3.2 Composite sample based on parts of individual samples ..........................................................16

11 Packaging and storage .................................................................................................................................................................................16

12 Reporting ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................16

Annex A (informative) Illustrations of apparatus ................................................................................................................................18

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................21

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 18400-201:2017(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,

as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the

Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www . i so .org/ iso/ foreword .html

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil Quality, Subcommittee SC 2,

Sampling.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18400 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 18400-201:2017(E)
Introduction

Pretreatment of samples is usually required before they are tested to determine chemical or other

properties, although there are some situations when any pretreatment would be unacceptable because

it would affect the results.

Sample pretreatment is to preferably take place in the laboratory, as sample integrity can be best

controlled under laboratory conditions. However, under some circumstances, pretreatment may be

started in the field directly after sampling, to obtain a representative laboratory sample from the

material extracted from the ground, or to prepare a composite laboratory sample.

The representativeness of a sample depends on factors like sample size, particle size, particle

shape, contaminant type and concentration, consistence of soil materials and sampling strategy

(see ISO 18400-104 ).

When volatiles are present, the procedures described in ISO 22155 are to be used as appropriate if

possible. No further pretreatment is allowed. Other specified pretreatment methods will result in a

significant loss of volatiles.
Pretreatment comprises one or a combination of the following:
— homogenization;

— sample division: obtaining subsamples of smaller size than the original sample without reducing

the particle size of the individual particles;

— particle size reduction: grinding and crushing the sample in order to reduce the particle size of the

sample without reducing the sample size (mass);

— separation of fractions on the basis of particle sizes (sieving or screening) if only a separate size

fraction of soil is of interest for investigation or on the basis of the physical nature of the materials

(e.g. appearance);
— preparation of composite sample(s).

Several cycles of a number of these activities could be required to derive the test sample (e.g. analytical

sample) from the material extracted from the ground. Except as noted above when pretreatment would

affect the results of subsequent testing or analysis, subsampling is normally required in the laboratory

because the amount of material in the laboratory sample (i.e. that sent from the field to the laboratory)

is almost always larger than the amount of material necessary for the test or analysis.

There might be occasions when it is considered desirable to combine soil material in the field from, for

example different locations into a composite sample. A suitable procedure for doing this is described in

this document.

For reasons explained in Clause 4, only some of the pretreatment measures listed above can be carried

out in the field.

This document is part of a series of sampling standards for soil. The role/position of the International

Standards within the total investigation programme is shown in Figure 1.
NOTE This document is intended to complement ISO 23909 and ISO 22155.
1) Under preparation.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved v
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ISO 18400-201:2017(E)
Figure 1 — Links between the essential elements of an investigation programme

NOTE 1 Numbers in circles define the key elements and steps of the investigation programme.

NOTE 2 Figure 1 displays a generic process which can be amended when necessary.
vi © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18400-201:2017(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 201:
Physical pretreatment in the field
1 Scope

This document specifies methods for the pretreatment of samples that can be applied “in the field”

directly after sampling. Pretreatment methods in this document are limited to:
— sample division methods aimed at reducing the size/volume of the sample;
— the production of composite samples;
— the selection of a specific fraction of the sampled material.
This document

— does not apply to samples required for biological or microbiological examination,

— does not apply to soil materials sampled for the content of volatile components, and

NOTE 1 These soil materials are intended to be sampled according to ISO 22155.
— does not give instructions for particle size reduction.

NOTE 2 Guidance for particle size reduction is given in ISO 11464, ISO 14507 and ISO 23909.

2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 565, Test sieves — Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate and electroformed sheet — Nominal sizes

of openings
ISO 11074, Soil quality — Vocabulary

ISO 18400-101:2017, Soil quality — Sampling — Framework for the preparation and application of a

sampling plan
ISO 18400-104 , Soil quality — Sampling — Strategies

ISO 18400-105, Soil quality — Sampling — Packaging, transport, storage and preservation of samples

ISO 18400-107, Soil quality — Sampling — Recording and reporting

ISO 22155, Soil quality — Gas chromatographic determination of volatile aromatic and halogenated

hydrocarbons and selected ethers — Static headspace method

DIN 19747, Investigation of solids — Pre-treatment, preparation and processing of samples for chemical,

biological and physical investigations
2) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/DIS 18400-104:2016.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 18400-201:2017(E)
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074 apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1
analytical sample

portion of material, resulting from the original sample or composite sample by means of an appropriate

method of sample pretreatment and having the size (volume/mass) necessary for the desired testing or

analysis
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 4.1.3]
3.2
laboratory sample
sample intended for laboratory inspection or testing

Note 1 to entry: When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, mixing, grinding, or

by combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample. When no preparation of the laboratory sample

is required, the laboratory sample is the test sample. A test portion is removed from the test sample for the

performance of the test or for analysis.

Note 2 to entry: The laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sample collection but it is the

initial sample from the point of view of the laboratory.

Note 3 to entry: Several laboratory samples can be prepared and sent to different laboratories or to the same

laboratory for different purposes.
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 4.3.7]
3.3
sample division

(bulk material) activity in sample preparation whereby a sample of bulk material is divided by such

means as riffling, mechanical division, or quartering into separate parts, one or more of which is

retained
[SOURCE: ISO 3534-2:2006, 5.3.8]
3.4
subsample
selected part of a sample

Note 1 to entry: The subsample can be selected by the same method as was used in selecting the original sample,

but need not be so.
[SOURCE: ISO 3534-2:2006, 1.2.19]
3.5
selective subsampling

separation of part of a sample on the basis of grading (i.e. above or below a defined particle size),

appearance or some other attribute
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 18400-201:2017(E)
3.6
volatile organic compound
VOC

organic compound that is a gas under normal environmental/atmospheric conditions, although it can

be found in the ground in the solid, liquid and dissolved phase form as well as in the gaseous phase

Note 1 to entry: The US Environmental Protection Agency uses a variety of definitions for VOCs in different

contexts but the one most appropriate here is “an organic compound which has a boiling point below that of

water and which can easily vaporize or volatilize”.

Note 2 to entry: Examples include single-ring aromatic hydrocarbons and other low boiling halogenated

hydrocarbons, which are used as solvents or fuels, and some degradation products.

4 Preliminary considerations

The intention when sampling in the field is almost always to obtain a sufficiently representative sample

of the desired size that can be placed directly in a container for transport to the laboratory. However,

under some circumstances, as described in this document, some pretreatment can be done in the field

to reduce the size of a large field sample to a more manageable size for sending to the laboratory or to

select a particular fraction to form the laboratory sample.

The direct selection of the material to form the laboratory sample from the material extracted from the

ground when this forms an integral part of the sampling process is described in ISO 18400-102 on the

selection and application of sampling techniques.

When the laboratory sample is received, pretreatment is usually required before testing to determine

chemical or other properties, although there are some situations when any pretreatment would be

unacceptable because it would affect the results (e.g. when volatile organic compounds are present).

Pretreatment is normally required in the laboratory because the amount of material in the laboratory

sample (i.e. that sent from the field to the laboratory) is almost always larger than the amount of

material necessary for the test or analysis.
Pretreatment comprises one or a combination of the following:
— homogenization;
— preparation of a composite sample;

— sample division: obtaining subsamples of smaller size than the original sample without reducing

the particle size of the individual particles;

— particle size reduction: grinding and crushing the sample in order to reduce the particle size of the

sample without reducing the sample size (mass);

— selection of a fraction of a sample on the basis of particle sizes, appearance, or other physical

characteristic.

Several cycles of a number of these activities could be required to derive the test sample (e.g. analytical

sample) from the laboratory sample.

The International Standards on pretreatment (ISO 11464, ISO 14507 and ISO 16720) describe laboratory

procedures for mixing (homogenization), dividing and particle size reduction, in order to provide a

representative sample (e.g. analytical sample) assuming a laboratory sample (i.e. the material received

in the laboratory for inspection or testing) of approximately 1 kg. When the sample received at the

laboratory is larger than about 1 kg, the size of the sample can be reduced following the procedures

described in ISO 23909 (this assumes a sample of about 25 kg is to be reduced in size but the procedures

described are applicable to much larger samples).

ISO 11464, ISO 14507, ISO 16720 and ISO 23909 shall only be used for pretreatment of materials within

their respective scopes and having regard to the need to preserve sample integrity. Inappropriate use

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 18400-201:2017(E)

of these International Standards, including ISO 14507, will result in unacceptable loss of volatile organic

compounds (VOCs) (3.6) and other volatiles.

When volatiles are present, the procedures described in DIN 19747 and ISO 22155 shall be used as

appropriate.
NOTE DIN 19747 covers chemical, physical and biological investigations.

Uncertainty about whether a compound should be regarded as volatile or not should trigger a specific

quality scheme to ensure that sample preparation does not introduce bias, cross contamination or other

forms of unacceptable errors. Guidance on quality control is given in ISO 18400-106.

Sample pretreatment should preferably take place in the laboratory, as sample integrity can be best

controlled under laboratory conditions. Among other things, the laboratory should have a range of

equipment available that can be selected on the basis of the size and nature of the sample to be processed.

However, under some circumstances, pretreatment of the material extracted from the ground may be

started in the field directly after sampling. For example, the size of sampling equipment might be such

that more soil material is extracted from the ground than needed. Sample pretreatment “in the field” is

then necessary in order to limit the amount of material to be transported to the laboratory.

The procedures described can be used in the field to limit the amount of material to be transported to

the laboratory. They can be used to produce a laboratory sample of about 1 kg (or larger if required)

which can then be subjected as appropriate to the pretreatment procedures described in ISO 11464,

ISO 14507, ISO 16720 or DIN 19747 or produce a larger sample that can then be subjected in the

laboratory to the procedures described in ISO 23909 to further reduce the size of the sample.

Size reduction, other than the manual crushing of clods and/or macro-aggregates as described

in 9.4, is seldom practical in the field because it requires powered equipment and appropriate

laboratory conditions. Particle size reduction involves a substantial risk of (cross) contamination,

loss of components and loss of soil material. These risks can be properly controlled under laboratory

conditions. Particle size reduction should therefore only be carried out under laboratory conditions.

Effective homogenization can be difficult in the field because it often requires powered equipment

and appropriate laboratory conditions, but can be done provided proper care and equipment is used

(see Clause 8).

Depending on the objective of the investigation programme, it might be that there is only an interest

in part of the soil or soil-like material. For example when “non-soil materials” are present (e.g. bricks,

stones). This might imply that it is desirable to obtain only a specific size fraction of the material, either

through removing the large elements from the sample, or, the other way around, through specifically

selecting the larger parts that are of interest. Sometimes both fractions could be of interest.

Selective subsampling of materials of a particular grading (e.g. below a defined particle size) could be

possible in the field if the material sampled is suitably dry (see 9.6). Sieving or screening is regularly

practised in horticulture and when old mineral waste deposits are being processed on a small-scale to

recover previously discarded materials of value. However, it might not be desirable in a particular case

as it will usually be necessary to record the type and amount of both over-sized particles and under-

sized particles to provide a full characterization of the material being sampled, and it could be difficult

to avoid losses, especially fine materials, while processing the sample. Such processes are best carried

out under laboratory conditions where a range of manual and powered equipment should be available.

As described in this standard (see 9.6.3), a fraction of the field sample may also be formed in the field

(or the laboratory) by “hand-picking” of material from the bulk sample on the basis of particle size,

appearance (e.g. colour), or nature (e.g. wood fragments, coal, organic/vegetable material, asbestos

cement materials). As for sieving, the mass of the material removed should be weighed and recorded as

should the mass of the bulk sample from which it is removed.

The preparation of composite samples is usually an integral part of the sampling process (see

ISO 18400-102), e.g. in cluster sampling numerous small incremental samples roughly equal in size

taken from a small area are placed in the sample container to form the laboratory sample which is then

homogenized in the laboratory as part of the pretreatment process.
4 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 18400-201:2017(E)

In spatial (i.e. area-wide) composite sampling, incremental samples roughly equal in size taken on a

defined sampling pattern across the area of interest (e.g. a field) are placed in the (largish) sample

container to form the laboratory sample which is then homogenized and subsampled in the laboratory

as part of the pretreatment process.

However, there could be occasions when it is considered desirable to combine soil material in the field

from, for example, different locations, into a composite sample. A suitable procedure for doing this is

described in this standard (see Clause 8).
5 Incorporation in the sampling plan

The pretreatment method(s) to be used in the field (if pretreatment is necessary) and the necessary

equipment shall be prescribed in the sampling plan according to ISO 18400-101.

When the circumstances in the field deviate too much from the assumed situation in the sampling plan,

the requirements concerning pretreatment in the plan should be changed. In general, minor changes

that have no effects on the test results may be made in the field by the sampler. If effects on the test

results are to be expected or when in doubt, the sampler shall consult the project manager. This includes

seeking advice on how to proceed if circumstances in the field or weather conditions deviate too much

from the assumed situation in the sampling plan.
The project manager should always be consulted (see Note 1), when
— there is a change in the necessity for pretreatment,
— there is a change in the practicality of pretreatment.

Any changes made to the sampling plan should, like the original requirements in the plan, be in

conformance with this document. The guidance in ISO 18400-101:2017, Clause 6 on the procedure when

changes to the sampling plan are needed during sampling should be followed.

NOTE 1 ISO 18400-101:2017, Clause 6 distinguishes between changes that will not affect the achievement

of the objective of the investigation and those which might affect the achievement of the objective of the

investigation.

NOTE 2 The necessity of pretreatment might change for example when pretreatment was not planned, but

appears to be necessary in light of the coarse soil material to be sampled (the particle size distribution of the soil

material was not adequately identified by the project manager when defining the sampling plan).

NOTE 3 The practicality of pretreatment might change for example due the absence of a clean and unused

surface at the sampling site or due to weather conditions that do not allow sample pretreatment of sufficient

quality.

NOTE 4 As the potential effect of changes in the sample pretreatment will depend on the nature of the

necessary changes, the specific sampling situation and the test to be performed, no further guidance to these

changes is provided in this document.
6 General requirements

There are potential disadvantages in carrying out pretreatment in the field (see Note 1). Before deciding

to do this, the sampling plan should be reviewed to determine whether the necessity to do so can be

avoided by changing the sampling techniques to be employed, e.g. to select techniques that will provide

samples suitable in size for direct transport to the laboratory without pretreatment.

Whatever sample pretreatment is carried out, the defined objectives of the sampling exercise and the

need for samples to be “representative” to avoid bias (or to acknowledge unavoidable or designed bi

...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 18400-201:2018
01-julij-2018
.DNRYRVWWDO9]RUþHQMHGHO)L]LNDOQDSULSUDYDY]RUFDQDWHUHQX
Soil quality - Sampling - Part 201: Physical pretreatment in the field

Qualité du sol - Échantillonnage - Partie 201: Prétraitement physique sur le terrain

Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 18400-201:2017
ICS:
13.080.05 Preiskava tal na splošno Examination of soils in
general
SIST ISO 18400-201:2018 en

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 18400-201:2018
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST ISO 18400-201:2018
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18400-201
First edition
2017-01
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 201:
Physical pretreatment in the field
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 201: Prétraitement physique sur le terrain
Reference number
ISO 18400-201:2017(E)
ISO 2017
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 18400-201:2018
ISO 18400-201:2017(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form

or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior

written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of

the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 18400-201:2018
ISO 18400-201:2017(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

4 Preliminary considerations ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3

5 Incorporation in the sampling plan .................................................................................................................................................. 5

6 General requirements ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

7 Safety ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6

8 Homogenization .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

9 Subsampling .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

9.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

9.2 Equipment for subsampling ........................................................................................................................................................ 7

9.3 Minimum size of the subsample .............................................................................................................................................. 8

9.4 Procedure for macro-aggregate reduction by hand ................................................................................................ 9

9.5 Subsampling methods ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9

9.5.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

9.5.2 Long pile and alternate shovel method .....................................................................................................10

9.5.3 Coning and quartering .............................................................................................................................................11

9.5.4 Riffling ....................................................................................................................................................................................12

9.5.5 Application of Tyler divider ................................................................................................................................12

9.5.6 Application of mechanized turntable (rotating divider) ............................................................13

9.6 Selective subsampling based on the particle size ..................................................................................................13

9.6.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................13

9.6.2 Sieving ....................................................................................................................................................................................14

9.6.3 Hand picking .....................................................................................................................................................................14

10 Forming composite samples ..................................................................................................................................................................15

10.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................15

10.2 Minimum size of increments or subsamples .............................................................................................................16

10.3 Production of composite samples .......................................................................................................................................16

10.3.1 Composite sample based on incremental sampling .......................................................................16

10.3.2 Composite sample based on parts of individual samples ..........................................................16

11 Packaging and storage .................................................................................................................................................................................16

12 Reporting ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................16

Annex A (informative) Illustrations of apparatus ................................................................................................................................18

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................21

© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST ISO 18400-201:2018
ISO 18400-201:2017(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,

as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the

Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www . i so .org/ iso/ foreword .html

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil Quality, Subcommittee SC 2,

Sampling.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18400 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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Introduction

Pretreatment of samples is usually required before they are tested to determine chemical or other

properties, although there are some situations when any pretreatment would be unacceptable because

it would affect the results.

Sample pretreatment is to preferably take place in the laboratory, as sample integrity can be best

controlled under laboratory conditions. However, under some circumstances, pretreatment may be

started in the field directly after sampling, to obtain a representative laboratory sample from the

material extracted from the ground, or to prepare a composite laboratory sample.

The representativeness of a sample depends on factors like sample size, particle size, particle

shape, contaminant type and concentration, consistence of soil materials and sampling strategy

(see ISO 18400-104 ).

When volatiles are present, the procedures described in ISO 22155 are to be used as appropriate if

possible. No further pretreatment is allowed. Other specified pretreatment methods will result in a

significant loss of volatiles.
Pretreatment comprises one or a combination of the following:
— homogenization;

— sample division: obtaining subsamples of smaller size than the original sample without reducing

the particle size of the individual particles;

— particle size reduction: grinding and crushing the sample in order to reduce the particle size of the

sample without reducing the sample size (mass);

— separation of fractions on the basis of particle sizes (sieving or screening) if only a separate size

fraction of soil is of interest for investigation or on the basis of the physical nature of the materials

(e.g. appearance);
— preparation of composite sample(s).

Several cycles of a number of these activities could be required to derive the test sample (e.g. analytical

sample) from the material extracted from the ground. Except as noted above when pretreatment would

affect the results of subsequent testing or analysis, subsampling is normally required in the laboratory

because the amount of material in the laboratory sample (i.e. that sent from the field to the laboratory)

is almost always larger than the amount of material necessary for the test or analysis.

There might be occasions when it is considered desirable to combine soil material in the field from, for

example different locations into a composite sample. A suitable procedure for doing this is described in

this document.

For reasons explained in Clause 4, only some of the pretreatment measures listed above can be carried

out in the field.

This document is part of a series of sampling standards for soil. The role/position of the International

Standards within the total investigation programme is shown in Figure 1.
NOTE This document is intended to complement ISO 23909 and ISO 22155.
1) Under preparation.
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Figure 1 — Links between the essential elements of an investigation programme

NOTE 1 Numbers in circles define the key elements and steps of the investigation programme.

NOTE 2 Figure 1 displays a generic process which can be amended when necessary.
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SIST ISO 18400-201:2018
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18400-201:2017(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 201:
Physical pretreatment in the field
1 Scope

This document specifies methods for the pretreatment of samples that can be applied “in the field”

directly after sampling. Pretreatment methods in this document are limited to:
— sample division methods aimed at reducing the size/volume of the sample;
— the production of composite samples;
— the selection of a specific fraction of the sampled material.
This document

— does not apply to samples required for biological or microbiological examination,

— does not apply to soil materials sampled for the content of volatile components, and

NOTE 1 These soil materials are intended to be sampled according to ISO 22155.
— does not give instructions for particle size reduction.

NOTE 2 Guidance for particle size reduction is given in ISO 11464, ISO 14507 and ISO 23909.

2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 565, Test sieves — Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate and electroformed sheet — Nominal sizes

of openings
ISO 11074, Soil quality — Vocabulary

ISO 18400-101:2017, Soil quality — Sampling — Framework for the preparation and application of a

sampling plan
ISO 18400-104 , Soil quality — Sampling — Strategies

ISO 18400-105, Soil quality — Sampling — Packaging, transport, storage and preservation of samples

ISO 18400-107, Soil quality — Sampling — Recording and reporting

ISO 22155, Soil quality — Gas chromatographic determination of volatile aromatic and halogenated

hydrocarbons and selected ethers — Static headspace method

DIN 19747, Investigation of solids — Pre-treatment, preparation and processing of samples for chemical,

biological and physical investigations
2) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/DIS 18400-104:2016.
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3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074 apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1
analytical sample

portion of material, resulting from the original sample or composite sample by means of an appropriate

method of sample pretreatment and having the size (volume/mass) necessary for the desired testing or

analysis
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 4.1.3]
3.2
laboratory sample
sample intended for laboratory inspection or testing

Note 1 to entry: When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, mixing, grinding, or

by combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample. When no preparation of the laboratory sample

is required, the laboratory sample is the test sample. A test portion is removed from the test sample for the

performance of the test or for analysis.

Note 2 to entry: The laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sample collection but it is the

initial sample from the point of view of the laboratory.

Note 3 to entry: Several laboratory samples can be prepared and sent to different laboratories or to the same

laboratory for different purposes.
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 4.3.7]
3.3
sample division

(bulk material) activity in sample preparation whereby a sample of bulk material is divided by such

means as riffling, mechanical division, or quartering into separate parts, one or more of which is

retained
[SOURCE: ISO 3534-2:2006, 5.3.8]
3.4
subsample
selected part of a sample

Note 1 to entry: The subsample can be selected by the same method as was used in selecting the original sample,

but need not be so.
[SOURCE: ISO 3534-2:2006, 1.2.19]
3.5
selective subsampling

separation of part of a sample on the basis of grading (i.e. above or below a defined particle size),

appearance or some other attribute
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3.6
volatile organic compound
VOC

organic compound that is a gas under normal environmental/atmospheric conditions, although it can

be found in the ground in the solid, liquid and dissolved phase form as well as in the gaseous phase

Note 1 to entry: The US Environmental Protection Agency uses a variety of definitions for VOCs in different

contexts but the one most appropriate here is “an organic compound which has a boiling point below that of

water and which can easily vaporize or volatilize”.

Note 2 to entry: Examples include single-ring aromatic hydrocarbons and other low boiling halogenated

hydrocarbons, which are used as solvents or fuels, and some degradation products.

4 Preliminary considerations

The intention when sampling in the field is almost always to obtain a sufficiently representative sample

of the desired size that can be placed directly in a container for transport to the laboratory. However,

under some circumstances, as described in this document, some pretreatment can be done in the field

to reduce the size of a large field sample to a more manageable size for sending to the laboratory or to

select a particular fraction to form the laboratory sample.

The direct selection of the material to form the laboratory sample from the material extracted from the

ground when this forms an integral part of the sampling process is described in ISO 18400-102 on the

selection and application of sampling techniques.

When the laboratory sample is received, pretreatment is usually required before testing to determine

chemical or other properties, although there are some situations when any pretreatment would be

unacceptable because it would affect the results (e.g. when volatile organic compounds are present).

Pretreatment is normally required in the laboratory because the amount of material in the laboratory

sample (i.e. that sent from the field to the laboratory) is almost always larger than the amount of

material necessary for the test or analysis.
Pretreatment comprises one or a combination of the following:
— homogenization;
— preparation of a composite sample;

— sample division: obtaining subsamples of smaller size than the original sample without reducing

the particle size of the individual particles;

— particle size reduction: grinding and crushing the sample in order to reduce the particle size of the

sample without reducing the sample size (mass);

— selection of a fraction of a sample on the basis of particle sizes, appearance, or other physical

characteristic.

Several cycles of a number of these activities could be required to derive the test sample (e.g. analytical

sample) from the laboratory sample.

The International Standards on pretreatment (ISO 11464, ISO 14507 and ISO 16720) describe laboratory

procedures for mixing (homogenization), dividing and particle size reduction, in order to provide a

representative sample (e.g. analytical sample) assuming a laboratory sample (i.e. the material received

in the laboratory for inspection or testing) of approximately 1 kg. When the sample received at the

laboratory is larger than about 1 kg, the size of the sample can be reduced following the procedures

described in ISO 23909 (this assumes a sample of about 25 kg is to be reduced in size but the procedures

described are applicable to much larger samples).

ISO 11464, ISO 14507, ISO 16720 and ISO 23909 shall only be used for pretreatment of materials within

their respective scopes and having regard to the need to preserve sample integrity. Inappropriate use

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of these International Standards, including ISO 14507, will result in unacceptable loss of volatile organic

compounds (VOCs) (3.6) and other volatiles.

When volatiles are present, the procedures described in DIN 19747 and ISO 22155 shall be used as

appropriate.
NOTE DIN 19747 covers chemical, physical and biological investigations.

Uncertainty about whether a compound should be regarded as volatile or not should trigger a specific

quality scheme to ensure that sample preparation does not introduce bias, cross contamination or other

forms of unacceptable errors. Guidance on quality control is given in ISO 18400-106.

Sample pretreatment should preferably take place in the laboratory, as sample integrity can be best

controlled under laboratory conditions. Among other things, the laboratory should have a range of

equipment available that can be selected on the basis of the size and nature of the sample to be processed.

However, under some circumstances, pretreatment of the material extracted from the ground may be

started in the field directly after sampling. For example, the size of sampling equipment might be such

that more soil material is extracted from the ground than needed. Sample pretreatment “in the field” is

then necessary in order to limit the amount of material to be transported to the laboratory.

The procedures described can be used in the field to limit the amount of material to be transported to

the laboratory. They can be used to produce a laboratory sample of about 1 kg (or larger if required)

which can then be subjected as appropriate to the pretreatment procedures described in ISO 11464,

ISO 14507, ISO 16720 or DIN 19747 or produce a larger sample that can then be subjected in the

laboratory to the procedures described in ISO 23909 to further reduce the size of the sample.

Size reduction, other than the manual crushing of clods and/or macro-aggregates as described

in 9.4, is seldom practical in the field because it requires powered equipment and appropriate

laboratory conditions. Particle size reduction involves a substantial risk of (cross) contamination,

loss of components and loss of soil material. These risks can be properly controlled under laboratory

conditions. Particle size reduction should therefore only be carried out under laboratory conditions.

Effective homogenization can be difficult in the field because it often requires powered equipment

and appropriate laboratory conditions, but can be done provided proper care and equipment is used

(see Clause 8).

Depending on the objective of the investigation programme, it might be that there is only an interest

in part of the soil or soil-like material. For example when “non-soil materials” are present (e.g. bricks,

stones). This might imply that it is desirable to obtain only a specific size fraction of the material, either

through removing the large elements from the sample, or, the other way around, through specifically

selecting the larger parts that are of interest. Sometimes both fractions could be of interest.

Selective subsampling of materials of a particular grading (e.g. below a defined particle size) could be

possible in the field if the material sampled is suitably dry (see 9.6). Sieving or screening is regularly

practised in horticulture and when old mineral waste deposits are being processed on a small-scale to

recover previously discarded materials of value. However, it might not be desirable in a particular case

as it will usually be necessary to record the type and amount of both over-sized particles and under-

sized particles to provide a full characterization of the material being sampled, and it could be difficult

to avoid losses, especially fine materials, while processing the sample. Such processes are best carried

out under laboratory conditions where a range of manual and powered equipment should be available.

As described in this standard (see 9.6.3), a fraction of the field sample may also be formed in the field

(or the laboratory) by “hand-picking” of material from the bulk sample on the basis of particle size,

appearance (e.g. colour), or nature (e.g. wood fragments, coal, organic/vegetable material, asbestos

cement materials). As for sieving, the mass of the material removed should be weighed and recorded as

should the mass of the bulk sample from which it is removed.

The preparation of composite samples is usually an integral part of the sampling process (see

ISO 18400-102), e.g. in cluster sampling numerous small incremental samples roughly equal in size

taken from a small area are placed in the sample container to form the laboratory sample which is then

homogenized in the laboratory as part of the pretreatment process.
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ISO 18400-201:2017(E)

In spatial (i.e. area-wide) composite sampling, incremental samples roughly equal in size taken on a

defined sampling pattern across the area of interest (e.g. a field) are placed in the (largish) sample

container to form the laboratory sample which is then homogenized and subsampled in the laboratory

as part of the pretreatment process.

However, there could be occasions when it is considered desirable to combine soil material in the field

from, for example, different locations, into a composite sample. A suitable procedure for doing this is

described in this standard (see Clause 8).
5 Incorporation in the sampling plan

The pretreatment method(s) to be used in the field (if pretreatment is necessary) and the necessary

equipment shall be prescribed in the sampling plan according to ISO 18400-101.

When the circumstances in the field deviate too much from the assumed situation in the sampling plan,

the requirements concerning pretreatment in the plan should be changed. In general, minor changes

that have no effects on the test results may be made in the field by the sampler. If effects on the test

results are to be expected or when in doubt, the sampler shall consult the project manager. This includes

seeking advice on how to proceed if circumstances in the field or weather conditions deviate too much

from the assumed situation in the sampling plan.
The project manager should always be consulted (see Note 1), when
— there is a change in the necessity for pretreatment,
— there is a change in the practicality of pretreatment.

Any changes made to the sampling plan should, like the original requirements in the plan, be in

conformance with this document. The guidance in ISO 18400-101:2017, Clause 6 on the procedure when

changes to the sampling plan are needed during sampling should be followed.

NOTE 1 ISO 18400-101:2017, Clause 6 distinguishes between changes that will not affect the achievement

of the objective of the investigation and those which might affect the achievement of the objective of the

investigation.

NOTE 2 The necessity of pretreatment might change for example when pretreatment was not planned, but

appears to be necessary in light of the coarse soil material to be sampled (the particle size distribution of the soil

material was not adequately identified by the project manager when defining the sampling plan).

NOTE 3 The practicality of pretreatment might change for example due the absence of a clean and unused

surface at the
...

NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 18400-201
Première édition
2017-01
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 201:
Prétraitement physique sur le terrain
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 201: Physical pretreatment in the field
Numéro de référence
ISO 18400-201:2017(F)
ISO 2017
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ISO 18400-201:2017(F)
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ii © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 18400-201:2017(F)
Sommaire Page

Avant-propos ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Domaine d’application ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

2 Références normatives ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Termes et définitions ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

4 Considérations préliminaires ................................................................................................................................................................. 3

5 Incorporation au plan d’échantillonnage ................................................................................................................................... 5

6 Exigences générales .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

7 Sécurité ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

8 Homogénéisation ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

9 Sous-échantillonnage ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

9.1 Généralités .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

9.2 Matériel de sous-échantillonnage .......................................................................................................................................... 8

9.3 Taille minimale du sous-échantillon .................................................................................................................................... 8

9.4 Procédure de réduction manuelle des macro-agrégats ....................................................................................10

9.5 Méthodes de sous-échantillonnage ....................................................................................................................................10

9.5.1 Généralités .........................................................................................................................................................................10

9.5.2 Méthode par tas longitudinal et pelletées alternées ......................................................................11

9.5.3 Quartage ...............................................................................................................................................................................12

9.5.4 Division d’un échantillon .......................................................................................................................................13

9.5.5 Utilisation d’un diviseur Tyler...........................................................................................................................14

9.5.6 Utilisation d’un plateau tournant mécanique (diviseur rotatif) ..........................................14

9.6 Sous-échantillonnage sélectif basé sur la granulométrie................................................................................15

9.6.1 Généralités .........................................................................................................................................................................15

9.6.2 Tamisage ..............................................................................................................................................................................15

9.6.3 Prélèvement manuel ..................................................................................................................................................16

10 Préparation d’échantillons composites .....................................................................................................................................16

10.1 Généralités ...............................................................................................................................................................................................16

10.2 Taille minimale des prélèvements élémentaires ou des sous-échantillons ....................................18

10.3 Production des échantillons composites .......................................................................................................................18

10.3.1 Échantillon composite basé sur un échantillonnage incrémentiel ....................................18

10.3.2 Échantillon composite basé sur des parties d’échantillons individuels .......................18

11 Emballage et stockage ..................................................................................................................................................................................18

12 Notification ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................18

Annexe A (informative) Illustrations des appareillages ...............................................................................................................19

Bibliographie ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................22

© ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés iii
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ISO 18400-201:2017(F)
Avant-propos

L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes

nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est

en général confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude

a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,

gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux.

L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui

concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.

Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont

décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents

critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été

rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www

.iso .org/ directives).

L’attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de

droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable

de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant

les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de

l’élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l’Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de

brevets reçues par l’ISO (voir www .iso .org/ brevets).

Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données

pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un

engagement.

Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions

spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion

de l’ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles

techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien suivant: w w w . i s o .org/ avant -propos.

Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 190, Qualité du sol, sous-comité SC 2,

Échantillonnage.

Une liste de toutes les parties de la série ISO 18400 se trouve sur le site Web de l’ISO.

iv © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 18400-201:2017(F)
Introduction

Le prétraitement des échantillons est habituellement requis avant qu’ils ne soient soumis à analyse

pour déterminer leurs propriétés chimiques et autres, bien qu’il existe certaines situations où le

prétraitement serait inacceptable parce qu’il pourrait affecter les résultats.

Il est préférable que le prétraitement de l’échantillon soit effectué en laboratoire, car l’intégrité de

l’échantillon est idéalement garantie dans les conditions qui y règnent. Toutefois, dans certaines

circonstances, il est possible que le prétraitement commence sur le terrain, directement après

l’échantillonnage, afin d’obtenir, à partir du matériau extrait du sol, un échantillon représentatif pour

laboratoire, ou pour préparer un échantillon composite pour le laboratoire.

La représentativité d’un échantillon dépend de facteurs tels que la taille de l’échantillon, la granulométrie,

la forme des particules, le type de polluants et la concentration en polluants, la cohérence des matériaux

du sol et la stratégie d’échantillonnage (voir l’ISO 18400-104 .

Lorsque des composés volatils sont présents, il est nécessaire d’appliquer, si possible selon le cas, les

procédures décrites dans l’ISO 22155. Aucun autre prétraitement n’est autorisé. D’autres méthodes de

prétraitement spécifiées donneront lieu à une perte significative de composés volatils.

Le prétraitement comprend une des activités suivantes ou une combinaison de celles-ci:

— homogénéisation;

— division d’un échantillon: obtention de sous-échantillons de taille inférieure à celle de l’échantillon

d’origine, sans réduction granulométrique des particules individuelles;

— réduction granulométrique: concassage ou broyage de l’échantillon afin de réduire la granulométrie

de l’ensemble de l’échantillon sans en réduire sa taille (masse);

— séparation de fractions sur la base de la granulométrie (tamisage ou tri) seulement si une fraction

granulométrique distincte de sol présente un intérêt pour l’investigation, ou sur la base de la nature

physique des matériaux (par exemple, l’aspect);
— préparation d’un ou de plusieurs échantillons composites.

Il est possible que plusieurs cycles des trois premières activités soient nécessaires pour obtenir

l’échantillon pour essai (par exemple, échantillon pour analyse) à partir de l’échantillon pour laboratoire.

Sauf si, comme mentionné ci-dessus, un prétraitement est susceptible d’affecter les résultats de

l’analyse ou des essais ultérieurs, un sous-échantillonnage est normalement requis au laboratoire parce

que la quantité de matériau dans l’échantillon pour le laboratoire (c’est-à-dire celui envoyé du terrain au

laboratoire) est presque toujours plus importante que la quantité de matériau nécessaire pour l’essai ou

l’analyse.

Il est possible que, dans certaines circonstances, on souhaite combiner, sur le terrain, un matériau de

sol, par exemple provenant de différents emplacements, pour constituer un échantillon composite. Le

présent document décrit une procédure appropriée pour réaliser cette opération.

Pour les raisons exposées à l’Article 4, seules certaines mesures de prétraitement énumérées ci-dessus

peuvent être effectuées sur le terrain.

Le présent document fait partie d’une série de normes d’échantillonnage des sols. Le rôle/la fonction

des Normes internationales au sein du programme d’investigation globale est illustré(e) à la Figure 1.

NOTE Le présent document est destiné à être complémentaire de l’ISO 23909 et de l’ISO 22155.

1) En cours d’élaboration.
© ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés v
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ISO 18400-201:2017(F)
Figure 1 — Liens entre les éléments essentiels d’un programme d’investigation

NOTE 1 Les chiffres figurant dans les cercles définissent les éléments clés du programme d’investigation.

NOTE 2 La Figure 1 présente un processus générique qui peut être modifié si nécessaire.

vi © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 18400-201:2017(F)
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 201:
Prétraitement physique sur le terrain
1 Domaine d’application

Le présent document spécifie des méthodes pour le prétraitement d’échantillons pouvant être appliqué

«sur le terrain» directement après l’échantillonnage. Les méthodes de prétraitement décrites dans le

présent document se limitent:

— aux méthodes de division des échantillons dans le but d’en réduire la taille/le volume;

— à la production d’échantillons composites;
— au choix d’une fraction spécifique du matériau échantillonné.
Le présent document

— ne s’applique pas aux échantillons requis pour les examens biologiques et microbiologique,

— ne s’applique pas aux matériaux de sol prélevés pour déterminer la teneur en composés volatils, et

NOTE 1 Ces matériaux de sol sont destinés à être prélevés conformément à l’ISO 22155.

— ne donne pas d’instructions concernant la réduction granulométrique.

NOTE 2 Des lignes directrices sont données dans l’ISO 11464, l’ISO 14507 et l’ISO 23909.

2 Références normatives

Les documents suivants cités dans le texte constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur contenu, des

exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l’édition citée s’applique. Pour les

références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s’applique (y compris les éventuels

amendements).

ISO 565, Tamis de contrôle — Tissus métalliques, tôles métalliques perforées et feuilles électroformées —

Dimensions nominales des ouvertures
ISO 11074, Qualité du sol — Vocabulaire

ISO 18400-101:2017, Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 101: Cadre pour la préparation et

l’application d’un plan d’échantillonnage
ISO 18400-104 , Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 104: Stratégies

ISO 18400-105, Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 105: Emballage, transport, stockage et

conservation des échantillons

ISO 18400-107, Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 107: Enregistrement et notification

ISO 22155, Qualité du sol — Dosage des hydrocarbures aromatiques et halogénés volatils et de certains

éthers par chromatographie en phase gazeuse — Méthode par espace de tête statique

2) En cours d’élaboration. Stade à la date de publication: ISO/DIS 18400-104:2016.

© ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés 1
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ISO 18400-201:2017(F)

DIN 19747, Étude des solides — Prétraitement d’échantillon, préparation d’échantillon et remise à neuf

d’échantillon pour des études chimiques, biologiques et physiques
3 Termes et définitions

Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions donnés dans l’ISO 11074 ainsi que les

suivants s’appliquent.

L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en

normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l’adresse http:// www .electropedia .org/ .

— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l’adresse http:// www .iso .org/ obp.

3.1
échantillon pour analyse

prise de matériau, issue de l’échantillon d’origine ou d’un échantillon composite, au moyen d’une

méthode appropriée de traitement préalable des échantillons, et ayant la taille (volume/masse)

nécessaire pour les essais ou l’analyse souhaités
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 4.1.3]
3.2
échantillon pour laboratoire

échantillon destiné à être utilisé pour un contrôle ou pour des essais en laboratoire

Note 1 à l’article: Quand l’échantillon pour laboratoire est préparé (réduit) par subdivision, mélange, broyage

ou par combinaison de ces opérations, on obtient un échantillon pour essai. En l’absence de toute préparation,

l’échantillon pour laboratoire constitue l’échantillon pour essai. Pour effectuer l’essai ou l’analyse, prélever une

prise d’essai dans cet échantillon.

Note 2 à l’article: L’échantillon pour laboratoire est l’échantillon final du point de vue de la collecte de l’échantillon

mais du point de vue du laboratoire, il est l’échantillon initial.

Note 3 à l’article: Plusieurs échantillons pour laboratoire peuvent être préparés et envoyés soit au même

laboratoire, soit à des laboratoires différents, selon les besoins.
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 4.3.7]
3.3
division d’un échantillon

(matériau en vrac) processus de préparation d’échantillon dans lequel un échantillon de matériau en

vrac est divisé en sous-échantillons, par exemple par diviseur à couloirs, division mécanique ou division

par quartage, dont une ou plusieurs sont conservées
[SOURCE: ISO 3534-2:2006, 5.3.8]
3.4
sous-échantillon
partie tirée d’un échantillon

Note 1 à l’article: Le sous-échantillon peut être choisi par la même méthode que celle utilisée pour la sélection de

l’échantillon d’origine, sans nécessairement que cela soit le cas.
[SOURCE: ISO 3534-2:2006, 1.2.19]
3.5
sous-échantillonnage sélectif

séparation d’une partie d’un échantillon sur la base de la granularité (c’est-à-dire au-dessus ou au-

dessous d’une granulométrie définie), de l’aspect ou de tout autre attribut
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ISO 18400-201:2017(F)
3.6
composé organique volatil
COV

composé organique sous forme de gaz dans des conditions environnementales/atmosphériques

normales, mais pouvant être présent dans le sol sous forme de phase solide, liquide et dissoute, ainsi

qu’en phase gazeuse

Note 1 à l’article: Bien que l’agence américaine de protection de l’environnement (US Environmental Protection

Agency) utilise diverses définitions des COV dans des contextes différents, la plus appropriée dans le présent

contexte est la suivante: « composé organique dont le point d’ébullition est inférieur à celui de l’eau et qui peut

facilement s’évaporer ou se volatiliser ».

Note 2 à l’article: On peut citer comme exemples les hydrocarbures aromatiques monocycliques et autres

hydrocarbures halogénés à bas point d’ébullition, utilisés comme solvants ou carburants, ainsi que certains

produits de dégradation.
4 Considérations préliminaires

Lors d’un échantillonnage sur le terrain, dans la plupart des cas, le but est d’obtenir un échantillon

suffisamment représentatif et de la taille requise pouvant être placé directement dans un conteneur

pour le transport au laboratoire. Toutefois, dans certaines circonstances, comme cela est décrit dans

le présent document, certains prétraitements peuvent être effectués sur le terrain afin de réduire la

taille d’un grand échantillon in situ à une taille plus facile à gérer pour l’envoyer au laboratoire ou pour

choisir une fraction particulière pour constituer l’échantillon pour laboratoire.

Le choix direct du matériau pour constituer l’échantillon pour laboratoire à partir du matériau extrait

du sol lorsque cela fait partie intégrante du processus d’échantillonnage est décrit dans l’ISO 18400-102,

qui traite du choix et de l’application des techniques d’échantillonnage.

Après réception de l’échantillon pour laboratoire, un prétraitement de l’échantillon est habituellement

requis avant que celui-ci ne soit soumis à essai pour déterminer ses propriétés chimiques et autres, bien

qu’il existe des situations dans lesquelles tout prétraitement serait inacceptable parce qu’il affecterait

les résultats (par exemple, lorsque des composés organiques volatils sont présents). Un prétraitement

est normalement requis au laboratoire parce que la quantité de matériau dans l’échantillon pour

laboratoire (c’est-à-dire celui envoyé du terrain au laboratoire) est presque toujours plus importante

que la quantité de matériau nécessaire pour l’essai ou l’analyse.

Le prétraitement comprend une des activités suivantes ou une combinaison de celles-ci:

— homogénéisation;
— préparation d’un échantillon composite;

— division d’un échantillon: obtention de sous-échantillons de taille inférieure à celle de l’échantillon

d’origine, sans réduction granulométrique des particules individuelles;

— réduction granulométrique: concassage ou broyage de l’échantillon afin de réduire la granulométrie

de l’ensemble de l’échantillon sans réduire sa taille (masse);

— choix d’une fraction d’échantillon basé sur la granulométrie, l’aspect ou autre caractéristique

physique.

Il est possible que plusieurs cycles d’un certain nombre de ces activités soient nécessaires pour obtenir

l’échantillon pour essai (par exemple échantillon pour analyse) à partir de l’échantillon pour laboratoire.

Les Normes internationales sur le prétraitement (ISO 11464, ISO 14507 et ISO 16720) décrivent

des procédures de laboratoire pour le mélange (homogénéisation), la division et la réduction

granulométrique, afin de fournir un échantillon représentatif (par exemple échantillon pour analyse)

en supposant un échantillon pour laboratoire (c’est-à-dire le matériau reçu au laboratoire pour un

contrôle ou pour des essais) d’environ 1 kg. Lorsque l’échantillon reçu au laboratoire a une masse

supérieure à environ 1 kg, la taille de l’échantillon peut être réduite en suivant les procédures décrites

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ISO 18400-201:2017(F)

dans l’ISO 23909 (ceci suppose que la taille d’un échantillon d’environ 25 kg doit être réduite, mais les

procédures décrites s’appliquent à des échantillons de taille beaucoup plus importante).

L’ISO 11464, l’ISO 14507, l’ISO 16720 et l’ISO 23909 doivent uniquement être utilisées aux fins de

prétraitement des matériaux dans leurs domaines d’application respectifs et en tenant compte

de la nécessité de préserver l’intégrité de l’échantillon. L’utilisation inappropriée de ces Normes

internationales, y compris l’ISO 14507, donnera lieu à une perte inacceptable de composés organiques

volatils (COV) (3.6) et d’autres composés volatils.

Lorsque des composés volatils sont présents, les procédures décrites dans la DIN 19747 et l’ISO 22155

doivent être appliquées, selon le cas.
NOTE La DIN 19747 traite d’études chimiques, biologiques et physiques.

Pour lever toute incertitude quant à la nature volatile d’un composé, il convient de mettre en œuvre une

démarche qualité spécifique permettant de s’assurer que la préparation d’échantillon n’introduit pas de

biais, de contamination croisée ou autres formes d’erreurs inacceptables. L’ISO 18400-106 fournit des

lignes directrices pour le contrôle de la qualité.

Il est préférable que le prétraitement de l’échantillon soit effectué en laboratoire, car l’intégrité de

l’échantillon est idéalement garantie dans les conditions qui y règnent. Il convient que le laboratoire

dispose, entre autres, d’une variété de matériels pouvant être choisis selon la taille et la nature de

l’échantillon à traiter. Toutefois, dans certaines circonstances, il est possible que le prétraitement du

matériau extrait du sol commence sur le terrain, directement après l’échantillonnage. Par exemple, la

taille du matériel d’échantillonnage peut être telle que la quantité de matériau extraite du sol soit plus

importante que nécessaire. Le prétraitement «sur le terrain» des échantillons est alors nécessaire afin

de limiter la quantité de matériau à transporter au laboratoire.

Les procédures décrites peuvent être appliquées sur le terrain pour limiter la quantité de matériau à

transporter au laboratoire. Ces procédures peuvent être utilisées pour produire un échantillon pour

laboratoire d’environ 1 kg (ou plus si nécessaire), qui pourra ensuite être soumis, selon le cas, aux

procédures de prétraitement décrites dans l’ISO 11464, l’ISO 14507, l’ISO 16720 ou la DIN 19747, ou de

produire un échantillon de plus grande taille qui pourra ensuite être soumis, par le laboratoire, aux

procédures décrites dans l’ISO 23909 afin de réduire la taille de l’échantillon.

La réduction granulométrique, autre que le concassage manuel de mottes et/ou de macro-agrégats tel

que décrit en 9.4, est rarement pratiquée sur le terrain car elle nécessite un matériel mécanisé et des

conditions de laboratoire appropriées. La réduction granulométrique implique un risque important

de contamination (croisée), de perte de composés et de perte de matériau de sol. Ces risques peuvent

être contrôlés de façon adéquate dans des conditions de laboratoire. Par conséquent, il convient que la

réduction granulométrique soit uniquement effectuée dans des conditions de laboratoire.

L’homogénéisation effective peut s’avérer difficile à obtenir sur le terrain car elle nécessite souvent

un matériel mécanisé et des conditions de laboratoire appropriées, mais elle est réalisable à condition

d’être effectuée avec un soin particulier et un matériel adapté (voir Article 8).

Selon l’objectif du programme d’investigation, il se peut que l’intérêt porte uniquement sur une partie

du sol ou du matériau de type sol. Par exemple, lorsque des matériaux « autres que des matériaux de

sol » sont présent (par exemple briques, pierres). Cela peut signifier qu’il est souhaitable d’obtenir

uniquement une fraction granulométrique spécifique du matériau, soit en éliminant les éléments de

grande taille de l’échantillon, soit en choisissant spécifiquement les parties de grande taille présentant

un intérêt. Il arrive parfois que les deux fractions présentent un intérêt.

Le sous-échantillonnage sélectif de matériaux d’une granularité particulière (par exemple inférieure à

une granulométrie définie) peut être possible sur le terrain si le matériau prélevé est suffisamment sec

(voir 9.6). Le tamisage ou le tri sont régulièrement pratiqués en horticulture et lorsque de vieux dépôts

de déchets minéraux sont traités à petite échelle pour récupérer des matériaux d’intérêt préalablement

rejetés. Toutefois, il est possible que cela ne soit pas souhaité dans un cas particulier où il sera en

général nécessaire d’enregistrer le type et la quantité de particules de grande taille et de particules

de plus petite taille pour assurer une caractérisation du matériau échantillonné et où il serait difficile

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ISO 18400-201:2017(F)

d’éviter les pertes, notamment de matériaux fins, lors du traitement de l’échantillon. Les conditions

qui conviennent le mieux à ces processus sont les conditions de laboratoire où il convient que divers

matériels manuels et mécanisés soient disponibles.

Comme décrit dans la présente norme (voir 9.6.3), une fraction de l’échantillon in situ peut être

également constituée sur le terrain (ou au laboratoire) par «prélèvement manuel» de matériau dans

l’échantillon en vrac sur la base de la granulométrie, de l’aspect (par exemple la couleur), ou de la nature

(par exemple fragments de bois, charbon, matériau organique/végétal, matériau en ciment-amiante).

Comme pour le tamisage, il convient que la masse de matériau enlevée soit pesée et enregistrée ainsi

que la masse de l’échantillon en vrac dans lequel elle a été enlevée.

Habituellement, la préparation d’échantillons composites fait partie intégrante du processus

d’échantillonnage (voir l’ISO 18400-102), par exemple, dans un échantillonnage de zone, de nombreux

petits échantillons élémentaires, de taille approximativement égale et prélevés dans une petite zone,

sont placés dans le conteneur d’échantillon pour constituer l’échantillon pour laboratoire qui est ensuite

homogénéisé au laboratoire conformément au processus de prétraitement.
Lors d’un échantillonnage composite spatial (c’est-à-dire su
...

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