ISO/DIS 10360-11

Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Acceptance and reverification tests for coordinate measuring systems (CMS)

Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) -- Essais de réception et de vérification périodique des machines à mesurer tridimensionnelles (MMTs)

Standards Content (sample)

DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 10360-11
ISO/TC 213 Secretariat: BSI
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2021-03-30 2021-06-22
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Acceptance
and reverification tests for coordinate measuring
systems (CMS) —
Part 11:
CMSs using the principle of X-ray computed tomography
(CT)

Spécification géométrique des produits (GPS) — Essais de réception et de vérification périodique des

machines à mesurer tridimensionnelles (MMTs) —
Partie 11: MMTs utilisant le principe de la tomographie informatisée (CT)
ICS: 17.040.30; 17.040.40
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ISO/DIS 10360-11:2021(E)
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ISO/DIS 10360-11:2021(E)
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ISO/DIS 10360-11:2021(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms ........................................................................................................................................................... 4

5 Requirements for metrological characteristics ................................................................................................................... 7

5.1 Specification requirements .......................................................................................................................................................... 7

5.2 Environmental conditions ............................................................................................................................................................. 9

5.3 Operating conditions ......................................................................................................................................................................... 9

5.4 Workpiece loading effects ..........................................................................................................................................................10

5.5 Measurement time ............................................................................................................................................................................10

5.6 Criteria for material choice and material properties of reference standards and

obstructive bodies .............................................................................................................................................................................11

5.6.1 Material class concept ..............................................................................................................................................11

5.6.2 Requirements for material classes ................................................................................................................12

5.6.3 Homogeneity of materials and consequences for testing..........................................................13

5.6.4 Thermal expansion of reference standards ...........................................................................................14

5.7 Criteria for roughness and form errors of reference standards ................................................................15

5.8 Metrological characteristics assessed with explicit use of pre-knowledge .....................................16

6 Acceptance and reverification tests ...............................................................................................................................................18

6.1 General testing principles ...........................................................................................................................................................18

6.1.1 Overview ..............................................................................................................................................................................18

6.1.2 Common testing criteria .........................................................................................................................................21

6.2 Probing errors ......................................................................................................................................................................................23

6.2.1 Principle ...............................................................................................................................................................................23

6.2.2 Measuring equipment ..............................................................................................................................................24

6.2.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................................................................................25

6.2.4 Derivation of test results ........................................................................................................................................26

6.3 Volumetric length measurement error ...........................................................................................................................26

6.3.1 Principle ...............................................................................................................................................................................26

6.3.2 Measuring equipment ..............................................................................................................................................27

6.3.3 Procedure ............................................................................................................................................................................28

6.3.4 Derivation of test results ........................................................................................................................................30

7 C onformity with the specifications ................................................................................................................................................31

7.1 Acceptance tests .................................................................................................................................................................................31

7.2 Reverification tests ...........................................................................................................................................................................31

7.3 Interim checks ......................................................................................................................................................................................31

7.3.1 Reference standards ..................................................................................................................................................32

7.3.2 Procedure ............................................................................................................................................................................32

7.3.3 Analysis and conformity with specifications ........................................................................................32

8 Application ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................32

8.1 Acceptance test ....................................................................................................................................................................................32

8.2 Reverification test .............................................................................................................................................................................32

8.3 Interim check .........................................................................................................................................................................................32

9 Indication in product documentation and data sheets .............................................................................................32

Annex A (informative) Hardware configurations of CT-based CMSs .................................................................................34

Annex B (informative) Description of CT scanning modes and guidance for testing ......................................35

Annex C (informative) Reference standards for length error measurements .......................................................39

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ISO/DIS 10360-11:2021(E)

Annex D (informative) Optional metrological characteristics ................................................................................................43

Annex E (informative) Resolution statements for dimensional measurements ..................................................53

Annex F (normative) Procedure and mathematical adjustments for metrological

characteristics assessed with non-normal CTE material reference standards ................................55

Annex G (normative) Guideline for evaluation of the test value uncertainty .........................................................58

Annex H (informative) Template for acceptance test or reverification test reporting ..................................65

Annex I (informative) Relation to the GPS matrix model .............................................................................................................69

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................70

iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/DIS 10360-11:2021(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see https:// www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/

iso/ foreword .html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 213, Dimensional and geometrical product

specifications and verification.
A list of all parts in the ISO 10360 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
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ISO/DIS 10360-11:2021(E)
Introduction

This document is a geometrical product specification (GPS) standard and is to be regarded as a general

GPS standard (see ISO/TR 14638). It influences link 5 of the chains of standards on size, distance,

radius, angle, form, orientation, location, run-out and datums.

For more detailed information of the relation of this document to other standards and the GPS matrix

model see Annex I.

In close reliance on ISO 10360-2 and ISO 10360-5 for coordinate measuring systems (CMSs) equipped

with contact probing systems as well as ISO 10360-8 for CMSs with optical distance sensors, this

document specifies the acceptance and reverification tests for verifying the performance of CMSs

that use the principle of X-ray computed tomography (CT). Where technically possible, the testing

methodology of these parts of ISO 10360 is intended to be similar.

The metrological characteristics described in this document serve both for the specification of CMSs

that use the principle of CT and for comparison between various coordinate measurement systems.

This document is intentionally dedicated to CMSs that use CT where measurements are predominantly

based on the attenuation contrast visible when penetrating physical matter. This document may also be

applied to CMSs which use other tomographic measurement principles based on a mutual agreement.

vi © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 10360-11:2021(E)
Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Acceptance
and reverification tests for coordinate measuring
systems (CMS) —
Part 11:
CMSs using the principle of X-ray computed tomography
(CT)
1 Scope

The purpose of this document is to define metrological characteristics and methods for testing CMSs

that use the principle of CT (based on X-ray attenuation contrast) as a single sensor and which are

dedicated to dimensional measurements of technical workpieces. This excludes medical imaging,

medical dimensional measurements and native non-destructive (material) testing applications of CT

(e.g. defect analyses). The intention of this document is to achieve – where possible – comparability

with the metrological characteristics of CMSs employing tactile probes and/or optical sensors.

CMSs which use sensors other than CT are covered by this document if such sensors are used for setting

up and preparing measurements for which CT is used, only.

NOTE CMSs which use other sensors together with CT to perform measurements can be specified and tested

using ISO 10360-9.

This document covers CMSs which use CT as a measurement technology and which employ various

hardware configurations (Annex A) and different scanning modes (Annex B). This document defines

metrological characteristics and methods for testing maximum permissible errors (MPEs) that are

intended specifically for non-gradient, homogeneous mono-materials, i.e. measurements of reference

standards that consist of only one (relevant) material that has no relevant lateral or spatial gradient in

the attenuation of X-rays.

This document does not define metrological characteristics or related testing methods that are

dedicated to measuring the influence of surface roughness on CT-based CMS measurements or vice-

versa (measuring roughness with CT-based CMSs).

For measuring limits of lateral structures below a certain resolution limit, Annex E mentions two types

of resolution statements which the manufacturer provided as optional metrological characteristics.

This document establishes the following aspects necessary when using CT:
— Reference standards usable as alternatives to gauge blocks (Annex C)
— Definition of metrological characteristics for various operating conditions

— Notes on the impact on the measurement of, for example, environmental conditions, mathematical

data filters and the nature of the measurement standard’s surface
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes the requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

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ISO/DIS 10360-11:2021(E)

ISO 1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Standard reference temperature for the specification of

geometrical and dimensional properties

ISO 3650, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Length standards — Gauge blocks

ISO 10360-1, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Acceptance and reverification tests for coordinate

measuring machines (CMM) — Part 1: Vocabulary

ISO 10360-2, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Acceptance and reverification tests for coordinate

measuring machines (CMM) — Part 2: CMMs used for measuring linear dimensions

ISO 10360-5, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Acceptance and reverification tests for coordinate

measuring systems (CMS) — Part 5: Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) using single and multiple

stylus contacting probing systems using discrete point and/or scanning measuring mode

ISO 10360-8, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Acceptance and reverification tests for coordinate

measuring systems (CMS) — Part 8: CMMs with optical distance sensors

ISO 10360-9, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Acceptance and reverification tests for coordinate

measuring systems (CMS) — Part 9: CMMs with multiple probing systems

ISO 14253-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Inspection by measurement of workpieces and

measuring equipment — Part 1: Decision rules for verifying conformity or nonconformity with specifications

ISO 14253-5, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Inspection by measurement of workpieces and

measuring equipment — Part 5: Uncertainty in verification testing of indicating measuring instruments

ISO/TS 17865, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Guidelines for the evaluation of coordinate

measuring machine (CMM) test uncertainty for CMMs using single and multiple stylus contacting

probing systems

ISO/TS 23165, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Guidelines for the evaluation of coordinate

measuring machine (CMM) test uncertainty

ISO/IEC Guide 99, International vocabulary of metrology — Basic and general concepts and associated

terms (VIM)

ISO/TR XXXXX, Resolution statements for dimensional measurements of CMSs using the principle of X-ray

computed tomography (CT) (see Annex E)
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in VIM and the following apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/

This document describes physical material measures used for the measurement of the metrological

characteristics. In this document, the physical material measures are denoted as “reference

measurement standards” or “reference standards” for short (see VIM). This document uses – in

contrast to other standards and guidelines – the expression “artefact” only for imaging errors of the

CMSs, as this meaning and expression is common in the field of CT. For probing error assessment, a

calibrated sphere is used; this reference standard will be denoted as the “test sphere”. For assessing

length measurement errors, various types, different reference standards may be used (Annex C). When

referring to a single length assessed with a standard, the expression “test length” is used. For the

readability of this document, the term “Gaussian” refers to an unweighted least-squares fit without any

constraint (position or diameter, if applicable).
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/DIS 10360-11:2021(E)
3.1
material class

Designation of material class j. The metrological characteristic associated with material class j shall be

measured with a reference standard and an obstructive body – if applicable – both made from a material

within the respective material class definition, j (j = Pl for class “plastic”, j = Al for class “aluminium”, j =

Fe for class “steel”; see 5.6)

Note 1 to entry: An obstructive body is an uncalibrated, separate piece of material placed next to a reference

standard to adjust the penetration length (see Table 2) of the material seen by X-rays in individual projections of

a CT scan. 5.6 describes criteria for the material of the obstructive body and, if required, the mounting material

(5.6.3).

Note 2 to entry: Occasionally, the acquisition of a complete set of X-ray projections of a single CT measurement is

called a CT scan.

Note 3 to entry: j = Fe is deduced from chemical symbol Fe for iron, the major component of steel.

3.2
probing form dispersion error
Form.Sph.D95%.j::CT

smallest possible width of a spherical shell which contains 95 % of all data points measured on a test

sphere of material class j (3.1)

Note 1 to entry: The “D” inside ‘D95%’ indicated that the characteristic feature of this metrological characteristic

is the “dispersion” of the population, while the “95%” inside ‘D95%’ refers to the coverage of 95 % of all points.

3.3
probing form error All
Form.Sph.All.j::CT

smallest possible width of a spherical shell which contains all data points measured on a test sphere of

material class j (3.1)
3.4
probing size error All
Size.Sph.All.j::CT

error of indication of the (signed) difference between the diameter of a least-squares fit of all points

measured on a test sphere of material class j (3.1)and its calibrated diameter
3.5
volumetric length measurement error
Vol.j::CT

error of indication when measuring a calibrated test length where the error is deduced from the

distance between two points each determined from multiple measurement points of two respective

geometrical elements on a reference standard of material class j (3.1)

Note 1 to entry: The absolute value of the volumetric length measurement error is in nearly all cases smaller than

the bidirectional length measurement error.
3.6
maximum permissible probing form dispersion error
Form.Sph.D95%.j::CT,MPE
MPE of P
Form.Sph.D95%.j::CT
3.7
maximum permissible probing form error All
Form.Sph.All.j::CT,MPE
MPE of P
Form.Sph.All.j::CT
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ISO/DIS 10360-11:2021(E)
3.8
maximum permissible probing size error All
Size.Sph.All.j::CT,MPE
MPE of P
Size.Sph.All.j::CT
3.9
maximum permissible volumetric length measurement error
Vol.j::CT,MPE
MPE of E
Vol.j::CT
3.10
pre-knowledge

prior knowledge according to 5.8 of the reference standard and/or the obstructive body being measured

in acceptance testing that is not directly acquired by the CMS under test but could affect the points

measured of the reference standard

Note 1 to entry: Examples of pre-knowledge include nominal chemical composition and CAD-related information

such as nominal geometry, nominal surface normal vectors, material information and nominal dimensions.

Note 2 to entry: Metrological characteristics and respective MPE values which are assessed or specified with the

use of pre-knowledge receive a test qualifier, ‘PreK’ or ‘CAD’, after the first colon.

Note 3 to entry: In case that there are other test qualifiers to be inserted, the test qualifiers ‘PreK’ or ‘CAD’ shall

be the first after the colon.

Note 4 to entry: The ‘CAD’ test qualifier indicates pre-knowledge restricted to only CAD-related information –

without any specific material designation or chemical composition knowledge. The qualifier PreK allows CAD-

related information and more, making CAD-related information a subset of PreK information.

Note 5 to entry: Examples of metrological characteristics where the explicit use of pre-knowledge is indicated by

a ‘PreK’ test qualifier are P and E , with respective MPE values P
Form.Sph.D95%.j:PreK:CT Bi.j:PreK:CT Form.Sph.D95%.j:PreK:
and E . The use of a ‘CAD’ qualifier is similar.
C T , M P E Bi.j:PreK: CT ,MPE

Note 6 to entry: The auxiliary quantity E may contain also a ‘PreK’ (or similarly ‘CAD’) test qualifier.

Bi.shrt.j:PreK:CT
However, there is no attributed MPE value for this quantity.
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms

For the purposes of the main part of this document, the symbols in Table 1 and Table 2 apply.

NOTE Table D.1 contains symbols of optional metrological characteristics and auxiliary quantities used in

the Annexes of this document.
Table 1 — Symbols of mandatory metrological characteristics
References in
Symbol Name
this document
P probing form dispersion error 3.2, 3.6, 5.1, 6.2,
Form.Sph.D95%.j::CT
7.1, 7.2, 7.3.3, 9,
Annex D.3.4.4.3,
Annex H
P probing form error All 3.3, 3.7, 5.1,
Form.Sph.All.j::CT
6.2.1, 6.2.3.1,
6.2.3.3, 7.1, 7.2,
7.3.3, Annex
D.3.3.3, Annex H
P probing size error All 3.4, 3.8, 5.1, 6.2,
Size.Sph.All.j::CT
7.1, 7.2, 7.3.3,
Annex D.3.4.4.3,
Annex H
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ISO/DIS 10360-11:2021(E)
Table 1 (continued)
References in
Symbol Name
this document
E volumetric length measurement error 3.5, 3.9, 5.1,
Vol.j::CT
6.3, 7.1, 7.2,
7.3.3, Annex
C, Annex D.1,
Annex D.3.4.1,
Annex D.3.4.4.2,
Annex F.1,
Annex F.2
P maximum permissible probing form dispersion error 3.6, 5.1, 6.2.4, 7.1,
Form.Sph.D95%.j::CT,MPE
7.2, 7.3.3, 9
P maximum permissible probing form error All 3.7, 5.1, 6.2.4, 7.1,
Form.Sph.All.j::CT,MPE
7.2, 7.3.3
P maximum permissible probing size error All 3.8, 5.1, 6.2.4, 7.1,
Size.Sph.All.j::CT,MPE
7.2, 7.3.3
E maximum permissible volumetric length measurement error 3.9, 6.3.4, 7.1, 7.2,
Vol.j::CT,MPE
7.3.3, Annex F.1
Table 2 — Symbols of auxiliary quantities
References in
Symbol Name (with annotation) & note(s)
this document
V measurement volume 5.1, 6.1.2
Note 1 to entry: The measurement volume is often a cylinder, but not
always. Often CMSs feature a cylindrical measurement volume where
height and diameter of the cylinder are equal, but there exist also
CMSs which use X-ray detectors with different height and width. For
these CMSs the height and diameter of the cylindrical measurement
volume is different.
V minimum measurement volume (specified with MPEs) 5.1, 6.1.2, Annex H
Note 1 to entry: Measurement volume V corresponds to geometrical
magnification M .
V maximum measurement volume (specified with MPEs) 5.1, 6.1.2, Annex H
Note 1 to entry: Measurement volume V corresponds to geometrical
magnification M
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ISO/DIS 10360-11:2021(E)
Table 2 (continued)
References in
Symbol Name (with annotation) & note(s)
this document

L Maximum penetration length through the reference standard, ob- 5.1, 5.6.3, 6.1.2,

structive body (if
...