ISO/TC 213 - Dimensional and geometrical product specifications and verification

This document specifies terms, definitions and parameters for the determination of surface texture by profile methods. NOTE 1 The main changes to previous ISO profile documents are described in Annex I. NOTE 2 An overview of profile and areal standards in the GPS matrix model is given in Annex J. NOTE 3 The relation of this document to the GPS matrix model is given in Annex K.

This document specifies parameters for the determination of surface texture by areal methods.

This document specifies the complete specification operator for surface texture by profile methods.

This document specifies the calibration and adjustment of the metrological characteristics of contact (stylus) instruments for the measurement of surface texture by the profile method as defined in ISO 3274. The calibration and adjustment is intended to be carried out with the aid of measurement standards. Annex B specifies the calibration and adjustment of metrological characteristics of simplified operator contact (stylus) instruments which do not conform with ISO 3274.

This document specifies the rules for indication of surface texture by profile methods in technical product documentation by means of graphical symbols. This document does not cover population requirements. NOTE See ISO 18391 for population (batch) specifications.

This document specifies the acceptance tests for verifying the performance of an optical 3D coordinate measuring system (CMS) when measuring lengths as stated by the manufacturer. It also specifies the reverification tests that enable the user to periodically reverify the performance of the optical 3D CMS. This document is applicable to verification of the measuring performance of CMSs if the surface characteristics (e.g. glossiness, colour) of the object to be scanned are restricted and within a cooperative range. This document does not apply to other types of CMSs, including those covered by the other parts of the ISO 10360 series.

This document specifies the acceptance tests for verifying the performance of a laser tracker by measuring calibrated test lengths, according to the specifications of the manufacturer. It also specifies the reverification tests that enable the user to periodically reverify the performance of the laser tracker. The acceptance and reverification tests given in this document are applicable to laser trackers utilizing a retroreflector, or a retroreflector in combination with a stylus or optical distance sensor, as a probing system. Laser trackers that use interferometric measurement (IFM), absolute distance measurement (ADM) or both can be verified using this document. This document can also be used to specify and verify the relevant performance tests of other spherical coordinate measurement systems that use cooperative targets, such as “laser radar” systems. NOTE Systems which do not track the target, such as laser radar systems, will not be tested for probing performance. This document does not explicitly apply to measuring systems that do not use a spherical coordinate system. However, interested parties can apply this document to such systems by mutual agreement. This document specifies: — performance requirements that can be assigned by the manufacturer or the user of the laser tracker; — the manner of execution of the acceptance and reverification tests to demonstrate the stated requirements; — rules for proving comformity; — applications for which the acceptance and reverification tests can be used.

This document defines the maximum material requirement (MMR), the least material requirement (LMR) and the reciprocity requirement (RPR). These requirements can only be applied to linear features of size of cylindrical type or two parallel opposite planes type. These requirements are often used to control specific functions of workpieces where size and geometry are interdependent, for example to fulfil the functions “assembly of parts” (for MMR) or “minimum wall thickness” (for LMR). However, the MMR and LMR can also be used to fulfil other functional design requirements.

This document gives rules for definition and interpretation of general geometrical specifications and general size specifications defined according to ISO 8015:2011, 5.12. General specifications defined in other standards, and the link to these standards, are not covered by this document. The general geometrical specifications and general size (linear or angular) specifications defined in this document apply only to integral features (including features of size). These specifications do not apply to derived features or integral lines (see ISO 17450-1 for the definitions of integral features and derived features). Dimensions other than linear or angular sizes (see ISO 14405-2) are not covered by this document.

This document provides an unambiguous calculation of parameters PSm, RSm, WSm and Pc, Rc, Wc, as defined in ISO 4287, by means of a flowchart.

This document specifies the most important design and metrological characteristics of calliper depth gauges — with analogue indication: vernier scale or circular scale (dial); and — with digital indication: digital display.

This document specifies biorthogonal wavelets for profiles and contains the relevant concepts. It gives the basic terminology for biorthogonal wavelets of compact support, together with their usage.

This document specifies acceptance and periodic reverification tests of CMM performance with contacting probing systems and is only applicable to CMMs using: — any type of contacting probing system; and — spherical or hemispherical stylus tip(s). NOTE CMM probing performance tests are specified by the maximum permissible errors (MPEs), due to the impracticality of isolating the performance of the probing system from that of the CMM, even on a small artefact such as a test sphere. This document applies to CMMs supplied with any of the following: a) single-stylus probing systems; b) multi-stylus probing systems with fixed multiple styli attached to a single probe (e.g. "star" stylus); c) multiple probing systems such as those with a stylus for each of their probes; d) systems with articulating probing systems; e) stylus and probe changing systems; f) manual (non-driven) and automated CMMs; g) installations including a scanning probe, capable of being used in a scanning mode. This document is not applicable to non-contacting probing systems, which require different testing procedures. The term ?combined CMM and multi-stylus probing system size error' has been shortened to ?multi-stylus size error' for convenience. This applies in similar cases. If it is desirable to isolate the probing system performance as far as is practical, the influence of the CMM can be minimized but not eliminated. See Annex C for more information.

This document defines a number of specification operators for the specification of extended edge transition features between features. An edge transition feature is an integral feature connecting two adjacent integral features. The extended edge transition feature includes portions of the adjacent features. All these specifications apply to any line in a defined direction in the extended edge transition feature. This document also defines the specification modifiers and the drawing indications for such transition specifications. The proportions and dimensions of the graphical symbols to be used are also specified. The specifications defined in this document are suitable for relatively simple edge transition functions, for example ensuring assembly without interference. For more complex functions, geometrical tolerancing offers more precise tools. This document is by intention limited to only edge transition features between two planes and between a cylinder and a plane nominally perpendicular to it. Annex A gives the first approach for an algorithm to identify toleranced features and adjacent reference sections. This algorithm is subject to change as more experience is gathered. This document provides a set of tools to express several transition specifications. It does not present any information on the relationship between a function or a use and a transition specification. NOTE 1 Corners (the transition between three or more features) are not edge transition features and are consequently not covered by this document. NOTE 2 An edge transition feature exists between two single features. A defined edge transition feature has a defined nominal shape and is not sharp (r = 0).

This document provides the most important design and metrological characteristics of callipers — with analogue indication: vernier scale or circular scale (dial), and — with digital indication: digital display.

This document defines classes of geometrical defects that might be present on the surfaces of material measures and calibration specimens conforming to ISO 5436-1 and ISO 25178-70, and defines terms for ways of responding to these defects. This document is applicable as follows: a) to help customers and users of material measures for surface metrology specify their nominal features (ideal geometrical properties) when obtaining them from manufacturers and suppliers; b) to enable users of material measures to formulate their own rules and policies for responding to the occurrence of defects in such a way as to minimize the uncertainty of their own measurements; NOTE Such policies are required in ISO/IEC 17025:2017, 7.2.1.1, 7.2.1.3, 7.3.1 and 7.8.5 c) and d), for example. c) to enable calibration laboratories and their customers to agree on a common policy on how to treat defects on a material measure that has been sent for calibration; d) to educate users of material measures about the different significance and importance of different kinds of defect; e) for other GPS standards which make reference to the issue of selection of measuring locations, or selection of areas to be measured or avoided in measurement.

This document describes principles and tools to control a manufacturing process in accordance with a GPS specification. For this purpose a set of one or more complementary, independent characteristics (size, form, orientation, and location characteristics independent to each other) that correlate to the manufacturing process parameters and to the manufacturing process coordinate system established from the manufacturing datum system are used. This document describes the concept of decomposition of the macro-geometrical part of the GPS specification. It does not cover the micro-geometry, i.e. surface texture. The objective of the decomposition presented in this document is to define correction values for manufacturing control or to perform a statistical analysis of the process.

This document describes the influence quantities and instrument characteristics of confocal microscopy systems for areal measurement of surface topography. Because surface profiles can be extracted from surface topography images, the methods described in this document can be applied to profiling measurements as well.

This document specifies the metrological characteristics of areal instruments for measuring surface topography. Because surface profiles can be extracted from surface topography images, most of the terms defined in this document can also be applied to profiling measurements.

This document illustrates the ambiguity caused by the use of dimensional specifications to control properties other than linear or angular size and the benefit of using geometrical specifications instead. Dimensional tolerancing can be indicated by ± tolerancing or geometrical specifications. The ambiguity caused by using ± tolerances for dimensions other than linear or angular sizes (for individual tolerances and general tolerances according to, e.g. ISO 2768-1 and ISO 8062-3) is explained in Annex A. NOTE 1 The figures, as shown in this document, merely illustrate the text and are not intended to reflect actual usage. The figures are consequently simplified to indicate only the relevant principles. NOTE 2 For indications of dimensional specifications, see the following: — ISO 14405-1 for linear size; — ISO 14405-3 for angular size; — ISO 2538-1 and ISO 2538-2 for wedges; — ISO 3040 for cones. NOTE 3 The rules for geometrical specifications are given in ISO 1101.

This document specifies the general requirements, calibration, terms and definitions of characteristics of GPS measuring equipment, for example micrometers, callipers, gauge blocks and rotary axis form measuring instruments. This document forms the basis for standards defining and describing the design characteristics and metrological characteristics for measuring equipment and gives guidance for the development and content of standards for GPS measuring equipment. This document is intended to ease the communication between manufacturer/supplier and customer/user and to make the specification phase of GPS measuring equipment more accurate. This document is also intended as a tool to be used in companies in the process of defining and selecting relevant characteristics for measuring equipment. This document includes terms which are frequently used in connection with the characterization of specific measuring equipment.

This document establishes complementary rules to ISO 1101 to be applied to pattern specifications and defines rules to combine individual specifications, for geometrical specifications e.g. using the symbols POSITION, SYMMETRY, LINE PROFILE and SURFACE PROFILE, as well as STRAIGHTNESS (in the case where the toleranced features are nominally coaxial) and FLATNESS (in the case where the toleranced features are nominally coplanar) as listed in Annex C. These rules apply when a set of tolerance zones are grouped together with location or orientation constraints, through the use of the CZ, CZR or SIM modifiers. This document does not cover the use of the pattern specifications when the least and maximum material requirement is applied (see ISO 2692). This document does not cover the establishment of common datum (see ISO 5459) based on pattern features.

This document provides a list of all ISO geometrical product specification (GPS) and technical product documentation (TPD) standards for technical product specifications (TPS) in the mechanical engineering field. The document operates as an index to the many ISO standards applicable to a TPS by means of cross-reference, and, where appropriate, the subject references are supplemented by commentary and recommendations considered to be of significance but which are not otherwise covered.

ISO/TS 21619:2018 specifies the basic types of documents with geometrical product specifications (GPS), their relationship and their related terms and definitions.

ISO 17450-4:2017 specifies general rules for quantifying GPS deviations for individual GPS characteristics. NOTE GPS deviations can be local or global. A GPS characteristic defined from local GPS deviations is a parameter that transforms the set of local deviations into a global characteristic using a quantifying function (for more details, see Table 1).

ISO 14253-1:2017 establishes the rules for verifying the conformity or nonconformity with a given tolerance for a characteristic of a workpiece (or a population of workpieces) or with a given maximum permissible errors for a metrological characteristic of a measuring equipment, including when the measured value falls close to the specification limits, taking measurement uncertainty into account. ISO 14253-1:2017 applies to specifications defined in general GPS standards (see ISO 14638), i.e. standards prepared by ISO/TC 213, including: - workpiece specifications and population specifications (usually given as an upper specification limit or a lower specification limit or both); - measuring equipment specifications (usually given as maximum permissible errors). ISO 14253-1:2017 only applies for characteristics and maximum permissible errors expressed as quantity values.

ISO 25178-71:2017 defines Type S1 and Type S2 software measurement standards (etalons) for verifying the software of measuring instruments. It also defines the file format of Type S1 software measurement standards for the calibration of instruments for the measurement of surface texture by the areal method as defined in the areal surface texture chain of standards, chain link G. NOTE Throughout ISO 25178-71:2017, the term "softgauge" is used as a substitute for "software measurement standard Type S1".

ISO 8062-4:2017 specifies general geometrical tolerances using surface profile tolerances related to a general datum system that remains on the final part. It also specifies machining allowances and draft angles (tapers) for castings in all cast metals and their alloys produced by various casting manufacturing processes. NOTE When there is no datum system (target or integral) on surfaces remaining in the final condition, this document cannot be applied.

ISO 25178-72:2017 defines the XML file format x3p for storage and exchange of topography and profile data.

ISO 1101:2017 defines the symbol language for geometrical specification of workpieces and the rules for its interpretation. It provides the foundation for geometrical specification. The illustrations in this document are intended to illustrate how a specification can be fully indicated with visible annotation (including e.g. TEDs). NOTE 1 Other International Standards referenced in Clause 2 and in Tables 3 and 4 provide more detailed information on geometrical tolerancing. NOTE 2 This document gives rules for explicit and direct indications of geometrical specifications. Alternatively, the same specifications can be indicated indirectly in accordance with ISO 16792 by attaching them to a 3D CAD model. In this case, it is possible that some elements of the specification are available through a query function or other interrogation of information on the model instead of being indicated using visible annotation

ISO 1660:2017 gives the rules for geometrical specifications of integral and derived features, using the line profile and surface profile characteristic symbols as defined in ISO 1101.

ISO 1938-2:2017 specifies the most important metrological and design characteristics of reference disk gauges. ISO 1938-2:2017 covers linear sizes of the gauge up to 500 mm.

This part of ISO 14405 establishes the default specification operator for angular size and defines a number of special specification operators for features of angular size: cone (truncated, i.e. frustum, or not), wedge (truncated or not), two opposite straight lines (intersection of a wedge/truncated wedge and a plane perpendicular to the intersection straight line of the two planes of the wedge/truncated wedge, intersection of a cone/frustum and a plane containing the axis of revolution of the cone/frustum). See Figure 1 and Figure 2. This part of ISO 14405 also defines the specification modifiers and the drawing indications for these angular sizes. This part of ISO 14405 covers the following angular sizes: — local angular size: — angular size between two lines; — portion angular size; — global angular size: — direct global angular size: — least squares angular size; — minimax angular size; — rank order angular size/indirect global angular size: — maximum angular size; — minimum angular size; — average angular size; — range of angular sizes; — mid-range angular size; — median angular size; — standard deviation of angular size. This part of ISO 14405 defines the meaning of tolerances of angular sizes indicated as — + and/or - limit deviations, e.g. 0°/-0,5°, or — indicated with upper limit of size (ULS) and/or lower limit of size (LLS), e.g. 35° max. or 15° min., 34°/36°, — with or without modifiers. This part of ISO 14405 provides a set of tools to express several types of angular size characteristics. It does not give any information on the relationship between a function or a use and an angular size characteristic.

ISO 16610-28:2016 provides methods for treating the end effects of linear profile filters where such effects occur.

ISO 16610-31:2016 specifies the characteristics of the discrete robust Gaussian regression filter for the evaluation of surface profiles with spike discontinuities such as deep valleys and high peaks.

ISO 18391:2016 defines rules to establish and to indicate population specifications, which are used to specify conditions on population characteristics, which are established from a set of characteristic values obtained one on each workpiece of a population of workpieces. A population specification (as applied to a population of workpieces considered as a collection and not as individual items) can be seen as a complementary requirement to the individual specification (as applied to each workpiece considered as individual items). Population specifications express the statistical hypotheses used on the population of workpieces. NOTE 1 A population specification is a complement to an individual GPS specification. NOTE 2 ISO 18391:2016 is not intended to mandate a given tolerancing method or how to calculate tolerance values. Its intent is to specify tools to allow the expression of population specifications.

ISO 10360-12:2016 specifies the acceptance tests for verifying the performance of an articulated arm CMM by measuring calibrated test lengths as stated by the manufacturer. It also specifies the reverification tests that enable the user to periodically reverify the performance of the articulated arm CMM. It applies to articulated arm CMMs using tactile probes and optionally optical distance sensors (also referred to as laser line scanners or laser line probes). Details on tests for scanner accessories are given in Annex E. ISO 10360-12:2016 does not specify how often or when testing is performed, if at all, nor does it specify which party should bear the cost of testing. This part of ISO 10360 specifies - performance requirements that can be assigned by the manufacturer or the user of the articulated arm CMM, - the manner of execution of the acceptance and reverification tests to demonstrate the stated requirements, - rules for proving conformance, and - applications for which the acceptance and reverification tests can be used.

ISO/TS 17865:2016 describes how to evaluate the test value uncertainty when testing is performed according to ISO 10360‑5.

ISO 1:2016 defines the concepts of a reference temperature and of the standard reference temperature, and specifies the standard reference temperature value for the specification of geometrical and dimensional properties of an object. Some examples of geometrical and dimensional properties include size, location, orientation (including angle), form and surface texture of a workpiece. ISO 1:2016 Standard is also applicable to the definition of the measurand used in verification or calibration.

ISO 14405-1:2016 establishes the default specification operator (see ISO 17450‑2) for linear size and defines a number of special specification operators for linear size for features of size, e.g. "cylinder", "sphere", "torus,"[1], "circle", "two parallel opposite planes", or "two parallel opposite straight lines". It also defines the specification modifiers and the drawing indications for these linear sizes. It covers the following linear sizes: a) local size: - two-point size; - spherical size; - section size; - portion size; b) global size: - direct global linear size: - least-squares size; - maximum inscribed size; - minimum circumscribed size; - minimax size; - indirect global linear size; c) calculated size: - circumference diameter; - area diameter; - volume diameter; d) rank-order size: - maximum size; - minimum size; - average size; - median size; - mid-range size; - range of sizes; - standard deviation of sizes. ISO 14405-1:2016 defines tolerances of linear sizes for the following: - a + and/or − limit deviation (e.g. 0/−0,019); - an upper limit of size (ULS) and/or lower limit of size (LLS) (e.g. 15,2 max., 12 min., or 30,2/30,181); - an ISO tolerance class code in accordance with ISO 286‑1 (e.g. 10 h6); with or without modifiers. ISO 14405-1:2016 provides a set of tools to express several types of size characteristic. It does not present any information on the relationship between a function or a use and a size characteristic. [1] A torus is a feature of size when its directrix diameter is fixed.

ISO 17450-3:2016 gives default definitions for the extracted features (integral or derived) of workpieces, which are toleranced features in GPS specifications (dimensional, geometrical, or surface texture specifications). This part of ISO 17450 defines default geometrical features used to define GPS characteristics.

ISO 3040:2016 specifies graphical indication applicable to a cone (right-angle circular cones) to define its dimensioning or to specify its tolerancing. For the purposes of this International Standard, the term "cone" relates to right-angle circular cones only (any intersection by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the nominal cone is a circle). NOTE 1 For simplicity, only truncated cones have been represented in this International Standard. However, this International Standard can be applied to any type of cone within its scope. NOTE 2 This International Standard is not intended to prevent the use of other methods of dimensioning and tolerancing.

ISO 25178-1:2016 specifies the rules for indication of areal surface texture in technical product documentation (e.g. drawings, specifications, contracts, reports) by means of graphical symbols.

ISO 1938-1:2015 specifies the most important metrological and design characteristics of plain limit gauges of linear size. ISO 1938-1:2015 defines the different types of plain limit gauges used to verify linear dimensional specifications associated with linear size. ISO 1938-1:2015 also defines the design characteristics and the metrological characteristics for these limit gauges as well as the new or wear limits state Maximum Permissible Limits (MPLs) for the new state or wear limits state for these metrological characteristics. In addition, ISO 1938-1:2015 describes the use of limit gauges. It covers linear sizes up to 500 mm.

ISO 16610-30:2015 specifies the basic concepts of robust profile filters.

ISO 16610-60:2015 sets out the basic concepts of linear areal filters.

ISO 14253-5:2015 specifies concepts and terms for evaluating the uncertainties of the test values derived according to a test protocol agreed upon by the parties and relative to instrument indication(s), obtained in verification testing of GPS indicating measuring instruments. NOTE The uncertainty of the test values, referred to as test value uncertainty, is not to be confused with the measurement uncertainty associated with using that indicating measuring instrument to measure workpieces. The former only is covered in this part of ISO 14253; for guidance on the latter see the ISO/IEC Guide 98‑3 (GUM) and ISO 14253‑2. When a test of an indicating measuring instrument comprises several test values, some relative to the instrument indication and some to other metrological characteristics, this part of ISO 14253 is concerned with the uncertainty of the former only. This part of ISO 14253 does not provide guidelines to ensure the adequacy of a test protocol; rather, once a test protocol is given, it describes how to evaluate the consequent test value uncertainty.

ISO 16610-22:2015 specifies spline filters for the filtration of profiles. It specifies in particular how to separate the long- and short-wave component of a profile.