ISO/TR 9241-331:2012

Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 331: Optical characteristics of autostereoscopic displays

ISO/TR 9241-331:2012 establishes an ergonomic point of view for the optical properties of autostereoscopic displays (ASDs), with the aim of reducing visual fatigue caused by stereoscopic images on those displays. It gives terminology, performance characteristics and optical measurement methods for ASDs. It is applicable to spatially interlaced autostereoscopic displays (two-view, multi-view and integral displays) of the transmissive and emissive types. These can be implemented by flat-panel displays, projection displays, etc.

Ergonomie de l'interaction homme-système — Partie 331: Caractéristiques optiques des écrans autostéréoscopiques

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 22-Mar-2012
• ICS: 13.180 - Ergonomics
• ICS: 35.180 - IT Terminal and other peripheral equipment
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 159/SC 4 - Ergonomics of human-system interaction
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 159/SC 4 - Ergonomics of human-system interaction
• Current Stage: 9093 - International Standard confirmed
• Due Date: 29-Sep-2022
• Completion Date: 29-Sep-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 9241-331
First edition
2012-04-01
Ergonomics of human-system
interaction —
Part 331:
Optical characteristics of
autostereoscopic displays
Ergonomie de l'interaction homme-système —
Partie 331: Caractéristiques optiques des écrans autostéréoscopiques

Reference number
©
ISO 2012
©  ISO 2012
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ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword . iv
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
2.1 General terms . 1
2.2 Human factors . 3
2.3 Performance characteristics . 3
3 Autostereoscopic display technologies . 5
3.1 General . 5
3.2 Cues for depth perception . 5
3.3 Stereoscopic display classification . 7
3.4 Two-view (autostereoscopic) display . 9
3.5 Multi-view (autostereoscopic) display . 14
3.6 Integral (autostereoscopic) display . 22
3.7 Discussion . 29
3.8 Future work . 36
4 Performance characteristics . 36
4.1 General . 36
4.2 Crosstalk . 38
4.3 Visual artefacts . 42
4.4 3D fidelity . 45
4.5 Future work . 46
5 Optical measurement methods . 46
5.1 General . 46
5.2 Measurement conditions . 47
5.3 Measurement methods . 52
5.4 Future work . 68
6 Viewing spaces and their analysis . 68
6.1 General . 68
6.2 Qualified viewing spaces . 69
6.3 Related performance characteristics . 73
6.4 Analysis methods . 75
6.5 Future work . 77
7 Further w ork . 78
Annex A (informative) Overview of the ISO 9241 series . 79
Annex B (informative) Head tracking technology . 80
Bibliography . 81

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that
which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a
simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely
informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no
longer valid or useful.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TR 9241-331 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 4,
Ergonomics of human-system interaction.
ISO 9241 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomic requirements for office work with
visual display terminals (VDTs):
 Part 1: General introduction
 Part 2: Guidance on task requirements
 Part 4: Keyboard requirements
 Part 5: Workstation layout and postural requirements
 Part 6: Guidance on the work environment
 Part 9: Requirements for non-keyboard input devices
 Part 11: Guidance on usability
 Part 12: Presentation of information
 Part 13: User guidance
 Part 14: Menu dialogues
 Part 15: Command dialogues
 Part 16: Direct manipulation dialogues
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

ISO 9241 also consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomics of human-system interaction:
 Part 20: Accessibility guidelines for information/communication technology (ICT) equipment and services
 Part 100: Introduction to standards related to software ergonomics [Technical Report]
 Part 110: Dialogue principles
 Part 129: Guidance on software individualization
 Part 143: Forms
 Part 151: Guidance on World Wide Web user interfaces
 Part 154: Interactive voice response (IVR) applications
 Part 171: Guidance on software accessibility
 Part 210: Human-centred design for interactive systems
 Part 300: Introduction to electronic visual display requirements
 Part 302: Terminology for electronic visual displays
 Part 303: Requirements for electronic visual displays
 Part 304: User performance test methods for electronic visual displays
 Part 305: Optical laboratory test methods for electronic visual displays
 Part 306: Field assessment methods for electronic visual displays
 Part 307: Analysis and compliance test methods for electronic visual displays
 Part 308: Surface-conduction electron-emitter displays (SED) [Technical Report]
 Part 309: Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays [Technical Report]
 Part 310: Visibility, aesthetics and ergonomics of pixel defects [Technical Report]
 Part 331: Optical characteristics of autostereoscopic displays [Technical Report]
 Part 400: Principles and requirements for physical input devices
 Part 410: Design criteria for physical input devices
 Part 411: Evaluation methods for the design of physical input devices [Technical Specification]
 Part 420: Selection of physical input devices
 Part 910: Framework for tactile and haptic interaction
 Part 920: Guidance on tactile and haptic interactions
User-interface elements, requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for the reduction of
photosensitive seizures, ergonomic requirements for the reduction of visual fatigue from stereoscopic images,
and the evaluation of tactile and haptic interactions are to form the subjects of future Parts 161, 391, 392 and
940.
Introduction
Recent developments in display technologies have made it possible to render highly realistic content on
high-resolution colour displays. The developments include advanced 3D display technologies such as
autostereoscopic displays. The new 3D displays extend the capabilities of applications by giving the user
more-realistic-than-ever perception in various application fields. This is valid not only in the field of leisure but
also in the fields of business and education, and in medical applications.
Nevertheless, 3D displays have display-specific characteristics originating from the basic principles of the
image formation applied for the different 3D display designs. Among negative characteristics are imperfections
that affect the visual quality of the displayed content and the visual experience of the users. These
imperfections can induce visual fatigue for the users, which is one of the image safety issues described in
IWA 3:2005. Nevertheless, it is important for the end user to be able to enjoy of the benefits of the 3D display
without suffering any undesirable biomedical effects. It is therefore necessary that a standardized
methodology be established which characterizes and validates technologies in order to ensure the visual
quality of the displays and the rendered content. The development of such a methodology has to be based on
the human perception and performance in the context of stereoscopic viewing.
The negative characteristics, by nature, originate from both 3D displays and 3D image content. In this part of
ISO 9241, however, attention is focussed only on 3D display, for simplicity of discussion and as a first step.
In ISO 9241-303, performance objectives are described for virtual head-mounted displays (HMDs). This is
closely related to autostereoscopic displays, but not directly applicable to them.
Considering the growing use of autostereoscopic displays, and the need for a methodology for their
characterization in order to reduce visual fatigue caused by them, this Technical Report presents basic
principles for related technologies, as well as optical measurement methods required for the characterization
of the current technologies and for a future International Standard on the subject.
Since this Technical Report deals with display technologies that are in continual development, its content will
be updated if and as necessary. It includes no content intended for regulatory use.

vi © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 9241-331:2012(E)

Ergonomics of human-system interaction —
Part 331:
Optical characteristics of autostereoscopic displays
1 Scope
This part of ISO 9241 establishes an ergonomic point of view for the optical properties of autostereoscopic
displays (ASDs), with the aim of reducing visual fatigue caused by stereoscopic images on those displays. It
gives terminology, performance characteristics and optical measurement methods for ASDs.
It is applicable to spatially interlaced autostereoscopic displays (two-view, multi-view and integral displays) of
the transmissive and emissive types. These can be impleme
...