13.180 - Ergonomics
ICS 13.180 Details
Ergonomics
Ergonomie
Ergonomie
Ergonomija
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This document specifies the process references model (PRM) for human-centred design (HCD) according to ISO 9241-220, as well as the process assessment model (PAM) for assessing these processes, based on ISO/IEC 33020 and in accordance with the requirements of ISO/IEC 33004. This HCD PAM contains a set of indicators to be considered while interpreting the intent of the HCD PRM defined in ISO 9241-220. These indicators can also be applied when implementing a process improvement programme post an assessment. NOTE 1 The PRM in this document focuses on assessing HCD processes rather than system life cycle, for example as in ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288, or software life cycle, as in ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207. NOTE 2 If processes beyond the scope of ISO 9241-220 are required, appropriate processes from other PRMs, such as ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207, ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 or ISO/TS 18152, can be added based on the business needs of the organization. The intended application of this document is computer-based interactive systems. While the processes apply to interactive systems that deliver services, they do not cover the design of those services. The relevant aspects of the processes can also be applied to simple or non-computer-based interactive systems. NOTE 3 HCD concentrates on the human-centred aspects of design and not on other aspects of design, such as mechanical construction, programming or the basic design of services. The process descriptions in this document provide the basis for a rigorous assessment of an enterprise’s capability to carry out human-centred processes in conformity with the ISO/IEC 33004 and ISO/IEC 33020. This document is intended for use by organizations that want to address and improve their treatment of human-centred design of either their internal systems or the products and services they provide, and the procurement of systems and parts of systems. The processes can be applied by small- and medium-sized enterprises as well as by large organizations. NOTE 4 The scope of application of the PAM is the same as that of the PRM, which is described in ISO 9241-220:2019, Clause 1.
- Standard102 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document describes a model [the predicted heat strain (PHS) model] for the analytical determination and interpretation of the thermal stress (in terms of water loss and rectal temperature) experienced by an average person in a hot environment and determines the maximum allowable exposure times within which the physiological strain is acceptable for 95 % of the exposed population (the maximum tolerable rectal temperature and the maximum tolerable water loss are not exceeded by 95 % of the exposed people). The various terms used in this prediction model and, in particular, in the heat balance, show the influence of the different physical parameters of the environment on the thermal stress experienced by the average person. In this way, this document makes it possible to determine which parameter or group of parameters can be changed, and to what extent, in order to reduce the risk of excessive physiological strain. In its present form, this method of assessment is not applicable to cases where special protective clothing (e.g. fully reflective clothing, active cooling and ventilation, impermeable coveralls) is worn. This document does not predict the physiological response of an individual person, but only considers average persons in good health and fit for the work they perform. It is therefore intended to be used by, among others, ergonomists and industrial hygienists, as the outcomes can require expert interpretations. Recommendations about how and when to use this model are given in ISO 8025.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard30 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document provides users with a summary of the existing knowledge about ergonomics considerations for the influence of sound in use environments on humans. It describes how unwanted effects of sound (noise) can be controlled. The main goals for controlling the acoustic use environment are reducing the rating level of sound in general, optimizing signal-to-noise ratio and sound reduction within the workspace. This document also provides users with organizational measures that can be taken if and when technical measures do not help sufficiently. Also included are measures on a personal level. This document deals with sound events that can cause extra-aural effects. Noise-induced hearing loss prevention and the ways to eliminate or reduce hazardous noise exposure are not covered by this document. The intended users of this document include: — developers of systems, products and services; — public and corporate purchasers; — occupational health and safety professionals; — architects and interior designers; — human resource professionals; — usability, ergonomics or human factors professionals; — users of interactive systems.
- Technical specification26 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft26 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft26 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document contains test methods for comparing the performance of different ensembles as part of any PPE selection process.
This document does not replace the product standards for the certification of individual items of PPE. It specifies the testing of individual items of PPE as an ensemble, so that the interactions between the individual items of PPE can be evaluated and any adverse interactions between the individual items of PPE, the user and the environment can be identified.
It specifies requirements for testing by either assessing the performance of a PPE ensemble against a benchmark condition (i.e. benchmark testing) or assessing the performance of two or more PPE ensembles against each other (i.e. comparative testing).
This document incorporates examples of laboratory and field tests. It can also be used to assess the performance regarding the ergonomics of an ensemble that incorporates an item of PPE that has never before been incorporated into an ensemble, and the listed methods can be combined into dedicated test batteries for evaluating that ensemble.
- Draft58 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document is intended to be used alongside ISO/TR 12295, ISO 11226, the ISO 11228 series and ISO/TR 23476 in the construction sector. This document (although the examples shown refer only to the civil construction sector) gives information on how existing standards can be used in a global sector, such as construction. Where biomechanical overload is a relevant aspect, albeit with different characteristics, work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are common and specific preventive actions are needed. This document is intended to: 1) define the user(s) and fields for its application (including non-experts in ergonomics); 2) provide examples of procedures for hazard identification, risk estimation or evaluation and risk reduction in different agricultural settings, through: — more synthetic procedural schemes (main test); — more analytical explanations of the procedures, through mathematical models and application examples, and with the use of specific free simple tools in Annexes A, B and C.
- Technical report120 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft120 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft120 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides an overview of ISO 9241 software ergonomic standards in the form of executive summaries of these standards, in particular the parts in the ISO 9241-1XX family of documents. In addition, it provides executive summaries for ISO 9241-11, ISO 9241-210 and ISO 9241-220, which have specific relevance to the design of software-based interactive systems.
This document is intended for the following types of users:
— managers, who are involved in planning and managing product, system and/or service development projects, who are to be informed on the human-centred design approach and on guidance on software ergonomics;
— developers, who will apply the guidance in these documents during the development process (either directly, based on training, or by using tools and style guides which incorporate the guidance);
— user interface design roles (including interaction designers, information architects, user interface designers, visual designers and content creators), who will apply the guidance in these documents during the creation and design process (either directly, based on training, or by using tools and style guides which incorporate the guidance);
— user researchers, who are responsible for identifying user needs and inform context of use of a product, system or service;
— evaluators, who are responsible for ensuring that products, systems or services meet the recommendations contained in these documents;
— buyers, who will reference these documents in contracts during product procurement;
— designers of user interface development tools and style guides to be used by user interface designers and developers.
While the documents are applicable to all types of interactive systems, they do not cover the specifics of every context of use, such as safety critical systems and collaborative work.
- Draft29 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides information relating to the specification of liquid crystal display (LCD) screens at visual display workstations in indoor location, in accordance with ISO 9241-307:2008 clause 5.2. The decision guidance is limited to LCD screens, since these are typically used at workstations.
The information is intended to support managerial decision makers (e. g. procurement operators, companies’ safety committees, occupational safety and health professionals), who are responsible for the acquisition of visual displays.
- Technical report22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document builds upon the information provided in ISO/IEC TR 24714-1, ISO/IEC TR 29194 and ISO/IEC 29138-1 in order to highlight in a more detailed way the medical, physical and cognitive aspects that are specific for the use of biometrics by elderly persons.
- Technical report9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides guidance on the design, selection and optimization of non-contacting hand and arm gestures for human-computer interaction. It addresses the assessment of usability and fatigue associated with different gesture set designs and provides recommendations for approaches to evaluating the design and selection of gestures. This document also provides guidance on the documentation of the process for selecting gesture sets.
This document applies to gestures expressed by humans. It does not consider the technology for detecting gestures or the system response when interpreting a gesture. Non-contacting hand gestures can be used for input in a variety of settings, including the workplace or in public settings and when using fixed screens, mobile, virtual reality, augmented reality or mixed-mode reality devices.
Some limitations of this document are:
— The scope is limited to non-contacting gestures and does not include other forms of inputs. For example, combining gesture with speech, gaze or head position can reduce input error, but these combinations are not considered here.
— The scope is limited to non-contacting arm, hand and finger gestures, either unilateral (one-handed) or bilateral (two-handed).
— The scope assumes that all technological constraints are surmountable. Therefore, there is no consideration of technological limitations with interpreting ultra-rapid gestures, gestures performed by people of different skin tones or wearing different colours or patterns of clothing.
— The scope is limited to UI-based command-and-control human computer interaction (HCI) tasks and does not include gaming scenarios, although the traversal of in-game menus and navigation of UI elements is within scope.
— The scope does not include HCI tasks for which an obviously more optimal input method exists. For example, speech input is superior for inputting text than gesture input.
— The scope includes virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) and the use of head-mounted displays (HMDs).
— The scope does not include the discoverability of gestures but does include the learnability and memorability of gestures. It is assumed that product documentation and tutorials will adequately educate end users about which gestures are possible. Therefore, assessing gesture discoverability is not a primary goal of the recommendations in this document.
- Draft17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides an overview of ISO 9241 software ergonomic standards in the form of executive summaries of these standards, in particular the parts in the ISO 9241-1XX family of documents. In addition, it provides executive summaries for ISO 9241-11, ISO 9241-210 and ISO 9241-220, which have specific relevance to the design of software-based interactive systems. This document is intended for the following types of users: — managers, who are involved in planning and managing product, system and/or service development projects, who are to be informed on the human-centred design approach and on guidance on software ergonomics; — developers, who will apply the guidance in these documents during the development process (either directly, based on training, or by using tools and style guides which incorporate the guidance); — user interface design roles (including interaction designers, information architects, user interface designers, visual designers and content creators), who will apply the guidance in these documents during the creation and design process (either directly, based on training, or by using tools and style guides which incorporate the guidance); — user researchers, who are responsible for identifying user needs and inform context of use of a product, system or service; — evaluators, who are responsible for ensuring that products, systems or services meet the recommendations contained in these documents; — buyers, who will reference these documents in contracts during product procurement; — designers of user interface development tools and style guides to be used by user interface designers and developers. While the documents are applicable to all types of interactive systems, they do not cover the specifics of every context of use, such as safety critical systems and collaborative work.
- Technical report24 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical report26 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Draft24 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft24 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft25 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document provides information relating to the specification of liquid crystal display (LCD) screens at visual display workstations in indoor location, in accordance with ISO 9241-307:2008 clause 5.2. The decision guidance is limited to LCD screens, since these are typically used at workstations.
The information is intended to support managerial decision makers (e. g. procurement operators, companies’ safety committees, occupational safety and health professionals), who are responsible for the acquisition of visual displays.
- Technical report22 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides ergonomic requirements and recommendations for increasing accessibility in terms of ease of operation through the design of products and controls of daily use. It is intended to aid the design of products and equipment that can be handled and manipulated easily and comfortably by people with the widest range of physical characteristics, capabilities and limitations across the widest age range. The requirements and recommendations specified in this document are based on general accessibility considerations as well as specific design considerations based on human physical characteristics, capabilities and limitations related to the operation of products and equipment, such as body size, strength, reach range and dexterity. Some considerations of cognitive factors are also presented. Products and equipment for professional use only, as well as those used only by technical experts, are not covered in this document. Design aspects related only to information and marking are not included. This document includes no general ergonomic requirements or recommendations for manual handling, working postures or safety of machinery but the contents are based on general knowledge of those issues. NOTE ISO 11226, ISO 11228-1, ISO 11228-2, ISO 11228-3, EN 894-3+A1, EN 1005-2, EN 1005-3, EN 1005-4 and EN 1005-5 provide ergonomic requirements and recommendations for manual handling, working postures and safety of machinery.
- Standard59 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard59 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document is intended to provide guidance in the use of anthropometric data within the ISO 9241-500 series.
- Technical report16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes methods for determining the composition of groups of persons whose anthropometric characteristics are to be representative of the intended user population of any specific object under test.
This document is applicable to the testing of anthropometric aspects of industrial products and designs having direct contact with the human body or dependent on human body measurements, such as machinery, work equipment, personal protective equipment (PPE), consumer goods, working spaces, architectural details or transportation equipment.
This document is also applicable to the testing of such safety aspects of products that are dependent on human body measurements. It does not deal with other aspects of the task or other requirements, such as perception of information (except geometrical arrangement of the viewing targets) and the use of controls (except their geometrical placement).
Although this document deals with selecting test persons from an anthropometric perspective, similar general principles can be applied for other test variables, e.g. biomechanical aspects.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
The present document specifies the functional accessibility requirements applicable to ICT products and services, together with a description of the test procedures and evaluation methodology for each accessibility requirement in a form that is suitable for use in public procurement within Europe. The present document is intended to be used with Web based technologies, non-web technologies and hybrids that use both. It covers both software and hardware as well as services. It is intended for use by both providers and procurers, but it is expected that it will also be of use to many others as well. The relationship between the present document and the essential requirements of Directive 2016/2102 on the accessibility of the websites and mobile applications of public sector bodies is given in Annex A. The present document contains the necessary functional requirements and provides a reference document such that if procedures are followed by different actors, the results of testing are similar and the interpretation of those results is clear. The test descriptions and evaluation methodology included in the present document are elaborated to a level of detail compliant with ISO/IEC 17007:2009, so that conformance testing can give conclusive results.
- Standard181 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for workstation ergonomic design of baggage handling agents for individual pieces of baggage checked-in by airline passengers at airports to be carried into aircraft cargo holds. This document applies to all manual handling workplaces in the processing chain for sorting, safe handling and routing of the baggage (containers and bulk baggage, departure and arrival circuits, at terminal and at aircraft, excluding passenger check-in process and loading into aircraft cargo holds). This document doesn't apply to manual handling of odd-sized baggage. This document does not specify the baggage handling systems in and out of airport terminals, except the baggage weights and dimensions to be handled and the critical characteristics of manual workstations. This document does not specify the baggage handling systems in the aircraft.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard12 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document establishes methods for determining the composition of groups of persons whose
anthropometric characteristics are to be representative of the intended user population of any specific
object under test.
This document is applicable to the testing of anthropometric aspects of industrial products and designs
having direct contact with the human body or dependent on human body measurements, such as
machinery, work equipment, personal protective equipment (PPE), consumer goods, working spaces,
architectural details or transportation equipment.
This document is also applicable to the testing of such safety aspects of products that are dependent on
human body measurements. It does not deal with other aspects of the task or other requirements, such
as perception of information (except geometrical arrangement of the viewing targets) and the use of
controls (except their geometrical placement).
Although this document deals with selecting test persons from an anthropometric perspective, similar
general principles can be applied for other test variables, e.g. biomechanical aspects.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document is intended to provide guidance in the use of anthropometric data within the ISO 9241-500 series.
- Technical report16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides users of interactive systems with a summary of the existing knowledge about ergonomics considerations for the influence of artificial (electric) and natural lighting of environments on humans other than on vision, with a focus on non-image-forming effects. The document can furthermore be used as guidance on the specification of use environments in consideration of non-visual effects of lighting, also called non-image-forming (NIF) functions. Therapeutic use of light and optical radiation is not part of this document.
- Technical report35 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document establishes the requirements and recommendations for image contents and electronic display systems to reduce visually induced motion sickness (VIMS), while viewing images on electronic displays.
This document is applicable to electronic display systems, including flat panel displays, projectors with a screen, and virtual reality (VR) type of head mounted displays (HMDs), but not including HMDs that present electronic images on/with real-world scenes.
NOTE 1 This document assumes the images are viewed under appropriate defined conditions. See Annex B for the appropriate viewing conditions.
NOTE 2 This document is useful for the design, development, and supply of image contents, as well as electronic displays for reducing VIMS.
NOTE 3 ISO 9241‑392[3] provides guidelines for stereoscopic 3D displays, of which the methods are also used in HMDs.
NOTE 4 The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) generally sets the standards for broadcasting.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 9241-940:2017
- describes the types of methods that can be used for the evaluation of haptic devices and of systems that include haptic devices,
- specifies a procedure for the evaluation of haptic interactions by a usability walkthrough or usability test (see Annex J), and
- provides guidance on the types of methods that are appropriate for the evaluation of specific attributes of haptic systems, cross-referenced to the guidance in the relevant clauses of other International Standards (see Annexes A, B, C, D, E, F and G).
It applies to the following types of interaction:
- augmented reality - information overlaid on a real scene, e.g. vibrating belt indicating distance;
- gesture control of a device or a virtual scenario;
- unidirectional interaction such as a vibrating phone or a vibrating belt;
- virtual environment - virtual space with which a user can interact with the aid of a haptic device.
ISO 9241-940:2017 applies to the following types of devices:
- gesture sensor, e.g. video that discerns 3D hand movements, touch screens that sense 2D touches;
- kinaesthetic haptic device, e.g. desktop haptic interface;
- tactile display, e.g. vibrating phone.
ISO 9241-940:2017 is not applicable to standard input devices such as keyboards, mice or track balls.
NOTE ISO 9241‑400 covers standard input devices, and ISO 9241‑411 applies to the evaluation of input devices such as keyboards and mice.
ISO 9241-940:2017 can be used to identify the types of methods and measures for
- establishing benchmarks,
- establishing requirements for haptic interaction,
- identifying problems with haptic interaction (formative evaluation), and
- use of the criteria to establish whether a haptic system meets requirements (summative evaluation).
- Standard110 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft107 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides both general and specific ergonomic requirements and recommendations for accessible tactile/haptic interactive systems, including accessible tactile/haptic interactions.
This document provides guidance for increasing the accessibility of interactive systems making use of tactile/haptic input/output modalities such as gestures, vibration, and force feedback. The guidance provided also supports alternative input modalities and the use of different output representations.
This document provides guidance for tactile/haptic interactions that is applicable to a variety of interactive systems, including assistive technologies (AT).
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft27 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard4 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies different methods for the determination of metabolic rate in the context of ergonomics of the thermal working environment. It can also be used for other applications, e.g. the assessment of working practices, the energetic cost of specific jobs or sport activities and the total energy cost of an activity. The methods are classified in four levels of increasing accuracy: level 1, Screening, with a table giving examples of activities with low, moderate and high metabolic rates; level 2, Observation, where the metabolic rate is estimated by a time and motion study; level 3, Analysis, where the metabolic rate is estimated from heart rate recordings or accelerometers measurements; and level 4, Expertise, where more sophisticated techniques are described. The procedure to put into practice these methods is presented and the uncertainties are discussed.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft34 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides:
a) an introduction to the importance of accessibility to human-system interaction;
b) a discussion of the relationship of principles within the ISO 9241 series and accessibility;
c) descriptions of activities related to the processes in ISO 9241-210 that focus on accessibility;
d) references to standards relevant to the accessibility of interactive systems.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft25 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document addresses:
— physically embodied RIA systems, such as robots and autonomous vehicles with which users will physically interact;
— systems embedded within the physical environment with which users do not consciously interact, but which collect data and/or modify the environment within which people live or work such as smart building and, mood-detection;
— intelligent software tools and agents with which users actively interact through some form of user interface;
— intelligent software agents which act without active user input to modify or tailor the systems to the user's behaviour, task or some other purpose, including providing context specific content/information, tailoring adverts to a user based on information about them, user interfaces that adapt to the cognitive or physiological state, "ambient intelligence";
— the effect on users resulting from the combined interaction of several RIA systems such as conflicting behaviours between the RIA systems under the same circumstances;
— the complex system-of-systems and sociotechnical impacts of the use of RIA systems, particularly on society and government.
This document is not an exploration of the philosophical, ethical or political issues surrounding robotics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and intelligent machines or environments. For matters of ethics and political issues, see standards such as BS 8611 and IEC P7000. However, this document does identify where and why ethical issues need to be taken into account for a wide range of systems and contexts, and as such it provides information relevant to the broader debate regarding RIA systems.
This document has a broader focus than much of the early work on autonomy that relates to the automation of control tasks and mechanization of repetitive physical or cognitive tasks, and centres on levels of automation.
Although this document addresses a wide range of technology applications, and sector and stakeholder views on the issues, the treatment of each can be incomplete due to the diverse and increasingly varied applications of RIA systems.
- Technical report60 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document describes the different parts of the ISO 11064 series. The overall content of each of the parts is presented, the most likely users of that part and the relevance of each part to different stages in the control room design process.
- Technical report16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes the requirements and recommendations for image contents and electronic display systems to reduce visually induced motion sickness (VIMS), while viewing images on electronic displays.
This document is applicable to electronic display systems, including flat panel displays, projectors with a screen, and virtual reality (VR) type of head mounted displays (HMDs), but not including HMDs that present electronic images on/with real-world scenes.
NOTE 1 This document assumes the images are viewed under appropriate defined conditions. See Annex B for the appropriate viewing conditions.
NOTE 2 This document is useful for the design, development, and supply of image contents, as well as electronic displays for reducing VIMS.
NOTE 3 ISO 9241 392 provides guidelines for stereoscopic 3D displays, of which the methods are also used in HMDs.
NOTE 4 The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) generally sets the standard
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides both general and specific ergonomic requirements and recommendations for accessible tactile/haptic interactive systems, including accessible tactile/haptic interactions.
This document provides guidance for increasing the accessibility of interactive systems making use of tactile/haptic input/output modalities such as gestures, vibration, and force feedback. The guidance provided also supports alternative input modalities and the use of different output representations.
This document provides guidance for tactile/haptic interactions that is applicable to a variety of interactive systems, including assistive technologies (AT).
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft27 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides an overview of recent research on readability of electrophoretic displays. It also provides information for evaluating readability of electrophoretic displays and defining the context of their use.
- Technical report45 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document:
- describes the types of methods that can be used for the evaluation of haptic devices and of systems that include haptic devices,
- specifies a procedure for the evaluation of haptic interactions by a usability walkthrough or usability test (see Annex J), and
- provides guidance on the types of methods that are appropriate for the evaluation of specific attributes of haptic systems, cross-referenced to the guidance in the relevant clauses of other International Standards (see Annexes A, B, C, D, E, F and G).
It applies to the following types of interaction :
- augmented reality — information overlaid on a real scene, e.g. vibrating belt indicating distance;
- gesture control of a device or a virtual scenario;
- unidirectional interaction such as a vibrating phone or a vibrating belt;
- virtual environment — virtual space with which a user can interact with the aid of a haptic device.
ISO 9241-940 applies to the following types of devices:
- gesture sensor, e.g. video that discerns 3D hand movements, touch screens that sense 2D touches;
- kinaesthetic haptic device e.g. desktop haptic interface;
- tactile display e.g. vibrating phone.
ISO 9241-940 is not applicable to standard input devices such as keyboards, mice or track balls.
NOTE The ISO 9241-400 subseries covers standard input devices, and ISO 9241-411 applies to the evaluation of input devices such as keyboards and mice.
ISO 9241-940 can be used to identify the types of methods and measures for
- establishing benchmarks,
- establishing requirements for haptic interaction,
- identifying problems with haptic interaction (formative evaluation), and
- use of the criteria to establish whether a haptic system meets requirements (summative evaluation).
- Standard110 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft107 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides guidance for the auditory presentation of information controlled by software, irrespective of the device. It includes specific properties such as the syntactic or semantic aspects of information, e.g. coding techniques, and gives provisions for the organization of information taking account of human perception and memory capabilities.
This document does not address the hardware issues of the transmission and the production of auditory information.
NOTE 1 Volume is dependent on hardware and thus cannot always be absolutely controlled by software. Environmental conditions can also affect the ability for sounds to be perceived, which can be beyond the ability of the software to take into account.
This document does not apply to auditory alarms, warnings or other safety-related uses of auditory information.
NOTE 2 Safety-related uses of auditory presentation of information are covered in various domain specific standards, such as ISO 7731:2003 which deals with auditory danger signals for public and work areas, and IEC 60601-1-8:2006 which provides very specific requirements for auditory alarms for medical devices.
While this document applies to the presentation of all non-safety-related information, it does not include application domain specific guidance (e.g., audio instructions for consumer products).
This document can be utilized throughout the design process (e.g. as specification and guidance for designers during design or as a basis for heuristic evaluation). Its provisions for the presentation of information depend on the auditory design approach, the task, the user, the environment and the single or multiple technologies that can be used for presenting the information. Consequently, this document cannot be applied without knowledge of the context of use. It is not intended to be used as a prescriptive set of rules to be applied in its entirety but rather assumes that the designer has proper information available concerning task and user requirements and understands the use of available technology.
This document does not address visual or tactile/haptic presentation of information or modality shifting for the presentation of auditory information in other modalities.
NOTE 3 ISO 9241-112 provides high-level ergonomic guidance that applies to all modalities.
- Technical specification30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides information based on a study of the characteristics of head-mounted displays (HMDs) regarding the ergonomics of human–system interaction. Although this document covers the broad range of ergonomics issues that arise, it specifically provides more-detailed information about the visual aspects of the interaction, and it provides information that could form the basis for future possible standards related to HMDs. NOTE: It is preferable to take systematic approach to consider characteristics of HMD, since HMD affects a viewer not only by visual aspects, but also by some other physical aspects.
- Technical report39 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document establishes methods for determining the composition of groups of persons whose anthropometric characteristics are to be representative of the intended user population of any specific object under test. This document is applicable to the testing of anthropometric aspects of industrial products and designs having direct contact with the human body or dependent on human body measurements, such as machinery, work equipment, personal protective equipment (PPE), consumer goods, working spaces, architectural details or transportation equipment. This document is also applicable to the testing of such safety aspects of products that are dependent on human body measurements. It does not deal with other aspects of the task or other requirements, such as perception of information (except geometrical arrangement of the viewing targets) and the use of controls (except their geometrical placement). Although this document deals with selecting test persons from an anthropometric perspective, similar general principles can be applied for other test variables, e.g. biomechanical aspects.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document describes the different parts of the ISO 11064 series. The overall content of each of the parts is presented, the most likely users of that part and the relevance of each part to different stages in the control room design process.
- Technical report16 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document addresses:
— physically embodied RIA systems, such as robots and autonomous vehicles with which users will physically interact;
— systems embedded within the physical environment with which users do not consciously interact, but which collect data and/or modify the environment within which people live or work such as smart building and, mood-detection;
— intelligent software tools and agents with which users actively interact through some form of user interface;
— intelligent software agents which act without active user input to modify or tailor the systems to the user's behaviour, task or some other purpose, including providing context specific content/information, tailoring adverts to a user based on information about them, user interfaces that adapt to the cognitive or physiological state, "ambient intelligence";
— the effect on users resulting from the combined interaction of several RIA systems such as conflicting behaviours between the RIA systems under the same circumstances;
— the complex system-of-systems and sociotechnical impacts of the use of RIA systems, particularly on society and government.
This document is not an exploration of the philosophical, ethical or political issues surrounding robotics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and intelligent machines or environments. For matters of ethics and political issues, see standards such as BS 8611 and IEC P7000. However, this document does identify where and why ethical issues need to be taken into account for a wide range of systems and contexts, and as such it provides information relevant to the broader debate regarding RIA systems.
This document has a broader focus than much of the early work on autonomy that relates to the automation of control tasks and mechanization of repetitive physical or cognitive tasks, and centres on levels of automation.
Although this document addresses a wide range of technology applications, and sector and stakeholder views on the issues, the treatment of each can be incomplete due to the diverse and increasingly varied applications of RIA systems.
- Technical report60 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides an overview of recent research on readability of electrophoretic displays. It also provides information for evaluating readability of electrophoretic displays and defining the context of their use.
- Technical report45 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides:
a) an introduction to the importance of accessibility to human-system interaction;
b) a discussion of the relationship of principles within the ISO 9241 series and accessibility;
c) descriptions of activities related to the processes in ISO 9241-210 that focus on accessibility;
d) references to standards relevant to the accessibility of interactive systems
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft25 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides information relating to the specification of liquid crystal display (LCD) screens at visual display workstations in indoor locations, in accordance with ISO 9241-307:2008, 5.2. The information is limited to LCD screens, since these are typically used at workstations. The information is intended to support managerial decision makers (e.g. procurement operators, companies’ safety committees, occupational safety and health professionals) who are responsible for the acquisition of visual displays.
- Technical report14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document gives the scientific summaries of visually induced motion sickness resulting from images presented visually on or by electronic display devices. Electronic displays include flat panel displays, electronic projections on a flat screen, and head-mounted displays.
Different aspects of human-system interaction are covered in other parts of the ISO 9241 series.
- Technical report91 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies different methods for the determination of metabolic rate in the context of
ergonomics of the thermal working environment. It can also be used for other applications, e.g. the
assessment of working practices, the energetic cost of specific jobs or sport activities and the total
energy cost of an activity. The methods are classified in four levels of increasing accuracy: level 1,
Screening, with a table giving examples of activities with low, moderate and high metabolic rates; level
2, Observation, where the metabolic rate is estimated by a time and motion study; level 3, Analysis,
where the metabolic rate is estimated from heart rate recordings or accelerometers measurements;
and level 4, Expertise, where more sophisticated techniques are described. The procedure to put into
practice these methods is presented and the uncertainties are discussed.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Draft34 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document provides guidance for the auditory presentation of information controlled by software, irrespective of the device. It includes specific properties such as the syntactic or semantic aspects of information, e.g. coding techniques, and gives provisions for the organization of information taking account of human perception and memory capabilities.
This document does not address the hardware issues of the transmission and the production of auditory information.
NOTE 1 Volume is dependent on hardware and thus cannot always be absolutely controlled by software. Environmental conditions can also affect the ability for sounds to be perceived, which can be beyond the ability of the software to take into account.
This document does not apply to auditory alarms, warnings or other safety-related uses of auditory information.
NOTE 2 Safety-related uses of auditory presentation of information are covered in various domain specific standards, such as ISO 7731:2003 which deals with auditory danger signals for public and work areas, and IEC 60601-1-8:2006 which provides very specific requirements for auditory alarms for medical devices.
While this document applies to the presentation of all non-safety-related information, it does not include application domain specific guidance (e.g., audio instructions for consumer products).
This document can be utilized throughout the design process (e.g. as specification and guidance for designers during design or as a basis for heuristic evaluation). Its provisions for the presentation of information depend on the auditory design approach, the task, the user, the environment and the single or multiple technologies that can be used for presenting the information. Consequently, this document cannot be applied without knowledge of the context of use. It is not intended to be used as a prescriptive set of rules to be applied in its entirety but rather assumes that the designer has proper information available concerning task and user requirements and understands the use of available technology.
This document does not address visual or tactile/haptic presentation of information or modality shifting for the presentation of auditory information in other modalities.
NOTE 3 ISO 9241-112 provides high-level ergonomic guidance that applies to all modalities.
- Technical specification30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document gives the scientific summaries of visually induced motion sickness resulting from images presented visually on or by electronic display devices. Electronic displays include flat panel displays, electronic projections on a flat screen, and head-mounted displays.
Different aspects of human-system interaction are covered in other parts of the ISO 9241 series (see Annex A).
- Technical report91 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies different methods for the determination of metabolic rate in the context of ergonomics of the thermal working environment. It can also be used for other applications, e.g. the assessment of working practices, the energetic cost of specific jobs or sport activities and the total energy cost of an activity. The methods are classified in four levels of increasing accuracy: level 1, Screening, with a table giving examples of activities with low, moderate and high metabolic rates; level 2, Observation, where the metabolic rate is estimated by a time and motion study; level 3, Analysis, where the metabolic rate is estimated from heart rate recordings or accelerometers measurements; and level 4, Expertise, where more sophisticated techniques are described. The procedure to put into practice these methods is presented and the uncertainties are discussed.
- Draft28 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides guidance on the design, selection and optimization of non-contacting hand and arm gestures for human-computer interaction. It addresses the assessment of usability and fatigue associated with different gesture set designs and provides recommendations for approaches to evaluating the design and selection of gestures. This document also provides guidance on the documentation of the process for selecting gesture sets. This document applies to gestures expressed by humans. It does not consider the technology for detecting gestures or the system response when interpreting a gesture. Non-contacting hand gestures can be used for input in a variety of settings, including the workplace or in public settings and when using fixed screens, mobile, virtual reality, augmented reality or mixed-mode reality devices. Some limitations of this document are: — The scope is limited to non-contacting gestures and does not include other forms of inputs. For example, combining gesture with speech, gaze or head position can reduce input error, but these combinations are not considered here. — The scope is limited to non-contacting arm, hand and finger gestures, either unilateral (one-handed) or bilateral (two-handed). — The scope assumes that all technological constraints are surmountable. Therefore, there is no consideration of technological limitations with interpreting ultra-rapid gestures, gestures performed by people of different skin tones or wearing different colours or patterns of clothing. — The scope is limited to UI-based command-and-control human computer interaction (HCI) tasks and does not include gaming scenarios, although the traversal of in-game menus and navigation of UI elements is within scope. — The scope does not include HCI tasks for which an obviously more optimal input method exists. For example, speech input is superior for inputting text than gesture input. — The scope includes virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) and the use of head-mounted displays (HMDs). — The scope does not include the discoverability of gestures but does include the learnability and memorability of gestures. It is assumed that product documentation and tutorials will adequately educate end users about which gestures are possible. Therefore, assessing gesture discoverability is not a primary goal of the recommendations in this document.
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- Technical specification13 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification13 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document provides: a) an introduction to the importance of accessibility to human-system interaction; b) a discussion of the relationship of principles within the ISO 9241 series and accessibility; c) descriptions of activities related to the processes in ISO 9241-210 that focus on accessibility; d) references to standards relevant to the accessibility of interactive systems.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard21 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document contains guidance on identifying current (since 2000) reliable anthropometric and strength data sources for European population under the age of 18 years.
It is intended that this Technical Report will give guidance to the stake holders such as the standard makers, designers and manufacturers of products and environments for children on how to identify which currently available anthropometric data sources that are relevant to their needs in terms of age/gender groupings, types of anthropometric data. This technical report can also indicate the lack of data for specific applications hence implicitly indicating caution for the stake holders
This document also provides information about the anthropometric data sources listed within it. This information includes:
- Date of survey
- Organisation who carried out the survey
- Geographic limitations of the survey
- Size and gender of the population measured or scanned
- Types of anthropometric measurements included in them
This Technical Report has two annexes
- Annex A: Definition of body measurements by sectors
- Annex B: Existing data sources
- Technical report144 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document establishes an ergonomic model for any cyclical human work planned and executed in an industrial competitive environment. It also covers the process of measuring work based on the concept of normal work performance and of the assessment of risk factors commonly associated with body postures, body or hand forces, manual material handling of loads and handling low loads at high frequency. This document applies to the adult working population and is intended to give reasonable protection for nearly all healthy adults. Those areas concerning health risks and control measures are mainly based on experimental studies regarding musculoskeletal loading, discomfort or pain and endurance or fatigue related to work organization and methods. The scope of this document is any cyclical human work planned and executed in an industrial competitive environment. The most typical cases are within industries where there is the need to define an expected output (products or services) based on the optimization of the trade-off between labour productivity and health and safety. The most sensitive organizations to this proposal are those within labour-intensive manufacturing industries with series and batch production systems: — automotive (original equipment manufacturer and tier 1 and 2 suppliers); — industrial automotive (trucks, buses, agricultural and mining equipment); — industrial manufacturing (small domestic and industrial equipment or machinery); — domestic appliances and consumer goods (white goods); — plastic and rubber products (tires, doors, windows, shoes); — consumer electronics (PCs, televisions, printers, radios, hi-fis, alarm systems); — furniture; — textiles and apparel; — food preparation; — packaging; — aerospace and defence; — rail and shipping; — large domestic and industrial equipment or machinery; — logistics.
- Technical report145 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document contains guidance on identifying reliable sources of anthropometric and strength data published since 2000 for the European population under the age of 18 years. It does not contain the anthropometric data itself.
This document is intended to give guidance to the stakeholders such as the standard writers, designers and manufacturers of products for children on how to identify currently available sources of anthropometric data that are relevant to their needs in terms of age/gender groupings, types of anthropometric data. This document also identifies the lack of data for specific applications hence implicitly indicating caution for the stakeholders
This document also provides information about the sources of anthropometric data listed within it. This information includes:
- Date of survey;
- Organization who carried out the survey;
- Geographic limitations of the survey;
- Size and gender of the population measured or scanned;
- Types of anthropometric measurements included in them.
This document has two annexes
- Annex A: Definition of body measurements;
- Annex B: Existing data sources.
- Technical report144 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies recommended limits for manual lifting, lowering and carrying while taking into account the intensity, the frequency and the duration of the task. It is designed to provide requirements and recommendations on the assessment of several task variables, allowing the health risks for the working population to be evaluated. This document applies to manual handling of objects with a mass of 3 kg or more and to moderate walking speed, i.e. 0,5 m/s to 1,0 m/s on a horizontal level surface. This document is based on an 8 h working day, but also covers more prolonged working times, up to 12 h. It also addresses the analysis of combined lifting, lowering and carrying tasks in a shift during a day. This document does not cover the holding of objects (without walking), the pushing or pulling of objects or manual handling while seated. The pushing and pulling of objects are covered in the other parts of the ISO 11228 series. This document does not cover handling people or animals. (For further information on handling people, refer to ISO/TR 12296.) This document does not address the manual lifting of objects while using lift-assistive devices such as exoskeletons and does not address the needs of pregnant women or persons with disabilities.
- Standard65 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Draft64 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off