ISO 10813-1:2004

Vibration generating machines — Guidance for selection — Part 1: Equipment for environmental testing

ISO 10813-1:2004 gives guidance for the selection of vibration generating equipment used for vibration environmental testing, depending on the test requirements. This guidance covers such aspects of selection as the equipment type, the model, and some main components, excluding the control system.

Générateurs de vibrations — Lignes directrices pour la sélection — Partie 1: Moyens pour les essais environnementaux

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 15-Jul-2004
• ICS: 17.160 - Vibrations, shock and vibration measurements
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 108/SC 6 - Vibration and shock generating systems
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 108/SC 6/WG 3 - Guidance for selection of vibration generators
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Completion Date: 11-Aug-2023

Relations

• Revised: ISO 10813-1:2023 - Vibration generating machines — Guidance for selection — Part 1: Equipment for environmental testing
• Effective Date: 06-Jun-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10813-1
First edition
2004-08-01


Vibration generating machines —
Guidance for selection —
Part 1
Equipment for environmental testing
Générateurs de vibrations — Lignes directrices pour la sélection —
Partie 1: Moyens pour les essais environnementaux




Reference number
ISO 10813-1:2004(E)
©
ISO 2004

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ISO 10813-1:2004(E)
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ISO 10813-1:2004(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references. 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Requirements for vibration tests. 1
4.1 Vibration test purposes. 1
4.2 Test methods. 2
5 Types and characteristics of vibration generators . 3
5.1 Main types of vibration generators . 3
5.2 Major parameters. 4
5.3 Features. 5
5.4 Comparison between electrodynamic, servohydraulic and mechanical vibration
generators. 11
6 Recommendations for the selection of vibration generators. 11
6.1 Selection of type . 11
6.2 Selection of the model. 12
6.3 Selection of components . 16
Annex A (informative) Examples of selections. 21
Annex B (informative) Vibration severity in test methods standardized by the IEC . 23
Bibliography . 25

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ISO 10813-1:2004(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10813-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 108, Mechanical vibration and shock,
Subcommittee SC 6, Vibration and shock generating systems.
ISO 10813 consists of the following parts, under the general title Vibration generating machines — Guidance
for selection:
 Part 1: Equipment for environmental testing
Further parts are under preparation.
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ISO 10813-1:2004(E)
Introduction
To select a suitable vibration generating system is an urgent problem if it is necessary for a certain test to
purchase new test equipment or to update the equipment already available, or to choose between equipment
proposed by a test laboratory or even a laboratory itself which offers its service to carry out such a test. A
problem like this can be resolved quite easily if a number of factors are considered simultaneously, as follows:
 the type of the test to be carried out (environmental testing, normal and/or accelerated, dynamic structural
testing, diagnosis, calibration, etc.);
 the requirements to be followed;
 the test conditions (one mode of vibration or combined vibration, single vibration test or combined test, for
example, dynamic plus climatic);
 the objects to be tested.
This part of ISO 10813 deals only with equipment to be used during environmental testing, and those
selection procedures that are predominantly to meet the requirements of this test. However, the user should
keep in mind that a specific test condition and a specific object to be tested can significantly influence the
selection. Thus, to excite a specimen inside a climatic chamber imposes limitations on the vibration generator
interface, and a specimen of a large size and/or of a complex shape, having numerous resonances in all
directions, demands larger equipment than that specified for the procedures of this part of ISO 10813,
assuming that excitation is to be applied to the rigid body of the same mass. Unfortunately, such aspects
cannot easily be formalized and, thus, are not covered by this part of ISO 10813.
If the equipment is expected to be used for tests of different types, all possible applications should be
considered when selecting. Later parts of ISO 10813 will address the problem of the case where the vibration
generator is acquired to be applied during both environmental and dynamic structural testing. It is presumed in
this part of ISO 10813 that the system selected will be able to drive the object under test up to a specified
level. In order to generate an excitation without undesired motion, a suitable control system should be used.
The selection of a control system will be considered in a further International Standard.
It should be emphasized that vibration generating systems are complex machines, so the correct selection
always demands a certain degree of engineering judgement. As a consequence, the purchaser, when
selecting the vibration test equipment, can resort to the help of a third party. In such a case, this part of
ISO 10813 can help the purchaser to ascertain if the solution proposed by the third party is acceptable or not.
Designers and manufacturers can also use this part of ISO 10813 to assess the market environment.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10813-1:2004(E)

Vibration generating machines — Guidance for selection —
Part 1:
Equipment for environmental testing
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10813 gives guidance for the selection of vibration generating equipment used for vibration
environmental testing, depending on the test requirements.
This guidance covers such aspects of selection as
 the equipment type,
 the model, and
 some main components, excluding the control system.
NOTE Some examples are given in Annex A.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2041, Vibration and shock — Vocabulary
ISO 5344, Electrodynamic vibration generating systems — Performance characteristics
ISO 8626, Servo-hydraulic test equipment for generating vibration — Methods of describing characteristics
ISO 15261, Vibration and shock generating systems — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 2041, ISO 5344, ISO 8626 and
ISO 15261 apply.
4 Requirements for vibration tests
4.1 Vibration test purposes
The purpose of vibration tests is to estimate the capability of an object to maintain its operational
characteristics and to stay intact under vibration loading of defined severity. The tests are subdivided, in
accordance with their tasks, into functional, strength and endurance tests.
Strength tests are carried out to estimate the capability of an object to withstand vibration of defined severity
and to stay in working order when the excitation is removed. In these tests, vibration might cause mechanical
damage (fatigue) and may be used to predict the lifetime of the object under vibration.
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ISO 10813-1:2004(E)
Endurance tests are carried out to estimate the capability of an object to function and maintain the operational
parameters within the acceptable limits under vibration. Usually during those tests the object is working for a
defined period in its normal condition and is being exposed to vibration not causing mechanical damage to it.
Faults and malfunctions in the operation of the object should be registered.
4.2 Test methods
4.2.1 General
Laboratory test methods may use both sinusoidal and multifrequency excitation in various forms, such as
sinusoidal at a fixed frequency, swept sinusoidal, random (narrow-band or wide-band), as well as in a mixed
mode. The excitation may be multidirectional and/or multipoint.
Test specifications usually deal with the following waveforms:
 sinusoidal at a fixed frequency;
 swept sinusoidal;
 wide-band random;
 time history;
 sine-beat.
The above waveforms are briefly described in 4.2.2 to 4.2.5 primarily in aspects as standardized by the IEC
(see [1] to [4]), however the user should be aware that other variants of a waveform may be used for specific
applications.
Requirements for the test excitation (and, hence, for the test equipment) for test methods standardized by the
IEC are given for information in Annex B.
4.2.2 Sinusoidal vibration
4.2.2.1 Sinusoidal vibration at fixed frequencies
This excitation consists of a set of discrete-frequency sinusoidal processes of defined amplitude, applied
sequentially to the test object within the frequency range of interest. Frequency and amplitude are adjusted
manually. A control system maintains the displacement or acceleration amplitude. The test conditions to be
set include the frequency range (bands) and individual fixed frequencies, test duration and displacement,
velocity or acceleration amplitude.
4.2.2.2 Swept sinusoidal vibration
This excitation is a sinusoidal signal of a constant amplitude, commonly defined in displacement terms at low
frequencies and in acceleration terms at high frequencies. The frequency is continuously swept from the lower
to the upper limit of the frequency range of interest and vice versa. Cross-over frequency usually lies in the
range of 10 Hz to 500 Hz. A control system maintains the displacement or acceleration amplitude. During the
frequency sweep, the mechanical resonances and undesirable mechanical and functional behaviour of the
test object can be observed and identified. The test conditions to be set include the frequency range of
interest, displacement and acceleration amplitudes, cross-over frequency, sweep rate and test duration.
4.2.3 Wide-band random vibration
The wide-band random excitation, specified by the shape of spectral density of acceleration to be close to real
operational conditions in the frequency range of interest, is generated at the control point of the table or the
object. The test conditions to be set include the acceleration spectral density levels for the frequency bands in
which tests are carried out.
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ISO 10813-1:2004(E)
4.2.4 Time-history method
This test consists of subjecting the specimen to a time-history specified by a response spectrum with
characteristics simulating the effects of short-duration random-type forces. A time-history may be obtained
from a natural event (natural time-history), or from a random sample, or as a synthesized signal (artificial time-
history). The use of a time-history allows a single test wave to envelop a broad-band response spectrum,
simultaneously exciting all modes of the specimen on account of the combined effects of the coupled modes.
This test is applied to specimens which in service can be subjected to short-duration random-type dynamic
forces induced, for example, by earthquakes, explosions or transportation.
The test conditions to be set include the frequency range of interest, required response spectrum, number and
duration of time-histories, number of high peaks of the response.
4.2.5 Sine-beat method
In this test the specimen is excited at fixed frequencies (to be experienced in the practical application or to be
changed with a step of not greater than one-half octave) with a preset number of sine beats (see Figure 1).
These fixed frequencies may be critical frequencies identified by means of vibration response investigation.
The test conditions to be set include the frequency range, test level, number of cycles in the sine beat, number
of sine beats. A control system maintains the displacement amplitude below the cross-over frequency and the
acceleration amplitude above the cross-over frequency.

Key
X time
Y vibration aplitude
1 carrier wave (test frequency)
2 envelope curve (modulating frequency)
Figure 1 — Typical sequence of sine beats
5 Types and characteristics of vibration generators
5.1 Main types of vibration generators
5.1.1 General
A vibration generator is the final control element of a vibration generating system, providing generation of the
desired vibration and transmission of it to the object being tested. The type and performance of a vibration
generator determine the main system characteristics, such as force generation capabilities, permissible loads,
displacement/velocity/acceleration amplitudes, frequency ranges and accuracy characteristics (tolerances,
distortions, transverse motions, etc.). Depending on their design, vibration generators are subdivided into
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ISO 10813-1:2004(E)
electrodynamic, servohydraulic, mechanical, electromagnetic, piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, etc. The most
common types of vibration generators being used for environmental testing are electrodynamic,
servohydraulic and mechanical.
5.1.2 Electrodynamic vibration generators
This type of vibration generator produces a vibration force by interaction of a static magnetic field and an
alternating magnetic field. The alternating magnetic field is produced by an alternating current in the moving
coil, which is an actuator.
A vibration generating system including an electrodynamic vibration generator is called an electrodynamic
system. It consists of a power amplifier, input signal source and control system, measuring instrumentation,
field power supply and auxiliaries. The system may also include an auxiliary table.
5.1.3 Servohydraulic vibration generators
This type of vibration generator produces a vibration force by application of a liquid pressure being changed in
a predetermined manner. In servohydraulic vibration generators, force and motion are transmitted to the
object by a hydraulic actuator (piston pushed by fluid) controlled by servovalves.
A vibration generating system including a servohydraulic vibration generator is called a servohydraulic system.
It consists of a hydraulic power supply system, signal source, close-loop control system, and measurement
and auxiliary equipment.
5.1.4 Mechanical vibration generators
This type of vibration generator produces a vibration force by transformation of mechanical rotation energy.
Mechanical vibration generators are classified into kinematic and reaction-type vibrators.
In kinematic vibrators, the test object is moved by some control unit directly, for example by a crank, a rocker
or a cam.
In reaction-type vibrators, the centrifugal force is generated by rotational movement (sometimes by reciprocal
movement) of unbalanced masses.
A vibration generating system including a mechanical vibration generator is called a mechanical system.
5.2 Major parameters
ISO 5344 and ISO 8626 deal with characteristics of electrodynamic and servohydraulic vibration generators
respectively. They cover the following main characteristics:
 rated force;
 permissible static load;
 frequency range;
 limits for displacement, velocity and acceleration;
 distortion;
 transverse motion ratio;
 non-uniformity of table motion;
 resonance frequencies.
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ISO 10813-1:2004(E)
5.3 Features
5.3.1 Electrodynamic vibration generators
Typical parameters for electrodynamic vibration generators are given in the Table 1. Manufacturers offer
various series or steps of force ratings for the vibration generating system. When a system is being purchased
from a manufacturer, or being selected for usage from several systems of purchaser's own, it is recommended
to use actual specification sheets.
Table 1 — Typical parameters for electrodynamic vibration generators
Maximum
Rated Output of the Frequency Maximum Maximum Maximum Mass of
force power amplifier range displacement velocity acceleration load moving
without load
   system
2
N VA Hz mm m/s m/s kg kg
31,5 6,3 5 to 13 000 2,5 0,4 200 1,0 0,16
63 19 5 to 10 000 2,5 0,4 300 1,5 0,2
125 62,5 5 to 8 000 5,0 0,8 500 2,0 0,25
250 165 5 to 8 000 8,0 1,3 650 4,0 0,38
500 400 5 to 7 000 8,0 1,3 800 10,0 0,62
1 000 1 000 5 to 5 000 12,5 2,0 1 000 25,0 1,0
2 000 2 000 5 to 5 000 12,5 2,0 1 000 75,0 2,0
4 000 4 000 5 to 4 000 12,5 2,0 1 000 200,0 4,0
8 000 8 000 5 to 3 500 12,5 2,0 1 000 300,0 8,0
16 000 16 000 5 to 3 000 12,5 2,0 1 000 400,0 16,0
32 000 32 000 5 to 2 500 12,5 2,0 1 000 500,0 32,0
64 000 64 000 5 to 2 000 12,5 2,0 1 000 1 000,0 64,0
128 000 128 000 5 to 1 800 12,5 2,0 1 000 2 000,0 128,0
200 000 200 000 5 to 1 600 12,5 2,0 1 000 3 125,0 200,0
NOTE Upper limits for different vibration parameters cannot be achieved simultaneously.
The main features of electrodynamic vibration generators are the following:
 any type of excitation is possible: sinusoidal (at fixed frequencies and swept), random (broad-band and
narrow-band), etc.;
 ease of control (manual and automatic);
 wide frequency range: 0,5 Hz up to 15 000 Hz (typically 5 to 5 000 Hz); in general, the lower the rated
force the higher the upper limit of the frequency range;
2
 high displacement: up to ± 25 mm (typically up to ± 12,5 mm), and acceleration: up to 1 500 m/s
2
(typically up to 1 000 m/s );
 high force: up to 400 kN (typically up to 200 kN);
 relatively large permissible load: up to 4 000 kg (typically up to 1 000 kg);
 low harmonic distortion: about 5 %, excluding frequency bands where distortion increases because of
resonances between the vibration generator and the load;
 acceptable transverse motion and uniformity of table motion: about 10 %, excluding frequency bands
where an undesired motion arises due to moving system resonances or off-set test loads.
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ISO 10813-1:2004(E)
One disadvantage of electrodynamic generators is caused by the presence of a magnetic field in the area of
the vibration table. This, however, may be reduced to the order of 0,001T by means of special compensation
devices.
Also rated force cannot be generated over the whole frequency range. It is limited by the rated travel at low
frequencies, by the rated velocity at middle frequencies and by the resonances of the moving system at high
frequencies. Achievable acceleration depends on the load mass. ISO 5344 states six test loads m , m , m ,
0 1 4
mm,,m , where the first load is zero and the following are those permitting maximal accelerations of
10 20 40
2 2 2 2 2
10 m/s , 40 m/s , 100 m/s , 200 m/s and 400 m/s respectively.
Figure 2 shows typical curves of acceleration (displacement, velocity) against frequency for various loads.

Key
X frequency, Hz
2
Y acceleration, m/s
1 displacement limit
2 velocity limit
3 maximum acceleration
Figure 2 — Typical curves for electrodynamic vibration generators
In the case of random vibration, the rated force is defined in terms of the acceleration spectral power density
2 2
Φ ( f ) , in (m/s ) /Hz (see ISO 5344):
a
Φ ()ff=<020Hz
a
2
ΦΦff=<100 20 Hzf< 100 Hz
()()
a 0

ΦΦff=<100 Hz< 2 000 Hz
()
a 0
4
-4
ΦΦff<>2000 or 10Φ f 2000Hz
() ()
a00
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ISO 10813-1:2004(E)
The corresponding curve of acceleration spectral power density for electrodynamic vibration generator is
shown in Figure 3.
Crest factor should not be less than 3.

Key
X frequency, Hz
Y acceleration spectral power density, Φ
a
Figure 3 — Shape of acceleration power spectral density for electrodynamic vibration generator
(from ISO 5344)
5.3.2 Servohydraulic vibration generators
Typical features for servohydraulic vibration generators are given in Table 2. Manufacturers offer various
series or steps of force ratings for the vibration generating system. When a system is purchased from a
manufacturer, or selected from several systems of purchaser's own, it is recommended to use actual
specification sheets.
The main features of servohydraulic vibration generators are the following:
 any type of excitation is possible;
 ease of control (manual and automatic);
 frequency range extended down to d.c. and limited at high frequencies to 800 Hz (typically not exceeding
100 Hz);
2
 high displacement, up to 200 mm; acceleration up to 1 000 m/s ; velocity up to 10 m/s (typically up to
2 m/s);
 very high force, up to 10 MN (typically up to 1 MN);
 very large permissible load, up to several tonnes;
 low transverse motion, about 5 % to 10 %;
 absence of a magnetic field in the area of the table;
 low sensitivity to load misalignment;
 increased harmonic distortion at the low-frequency range (below the natural frequency of the actuator), up
to 15 % and more;
 low harmonic distortion at frequencies above the natural frequency, in the order of 5 %.
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ISO 10813-1:2004(E)
Table 2 — Typical parameters for servohydraulic vibration generators
Maximum
Rated force Frequency range Maximum Maximum Mass of moving
 displacement velocity acceleration system
2
N Hz mm m/s m/s kg
5 000 0,1 to 140 100 2,0 1 000 5
8 000 0,1 to 100 100 2,0 1 000 8
10 000 0,1 to 100 100 2,0 1 000 10
15 000 0,1 to 100 100 2,0 1 000 15
20 000 0,1 to 100 100 2,0 1 000 20
30 000 0,1 to 60 100 2,0 1 000 30
50 000 0,1 to 60 100 2,0 1 000 50
100 000 0,1 to 60 100 1,7 600 167
200 000 0,1 to 60 100 0,8 300 667
500 000 0,1 to 30 100 0,3 100 5 000
1 000 000 0,1 to 30 100 0,1 30 33 333
Curves for servohydraulic system characteristics are presented in Figure 4. They are the same as those for
electrodynamic vibration generators excluding the sharp fall in force (acceleration) at high frequencies.
In the case of random vibration, the rated values are similar to those for electrodynamic vibration generators.
2 2
The rated force is defined in terms of the acceleration spectral power density Φ ( f ), in (m/s ) /Hz, or the
a
2
displacement spectral power density Θ f , in m /Hz:
( )
ΦΘff==00 f ( ) ( )
a 1
4
f
ΦΦf==ΘffΘ () ()
a 00 1 2
2
ff
()
23
2 2
f f
2
ΦΦf==ΘffΘ () ()
a 00 23
22
ff
3
2
ff
()
22

ΦΦf==Θff () ( )
a034
4
f
2
ff f
()
f
43 2
4
ΦΦf==ΘffΘ () ()
a0045
26
ff
22
f f ff ff
() ()
45 5 4 3 2
ΦΘf==ffΘ () ()
a 05 6
48
ff
ΦΘ()ff==00( ) f>f
a 6
where
f is the lower limit of the frequency range;
1
f is the cross-over frequency between constant displacement and constant velocity ranges;
2
f is the cross-over frequency between constant velocity and constant acceleration ranges;
3
f is the frequency of the first spectral power density limitation;
4
f is the frequency of the second spectral power density limitation;
5
f is the upper limit of the frequency range.
6
1
ΘΦ=
00
4
2πf
()
2
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ISO 10813-1:2004(E)

Key
X frequency, Hz
2
Y acceleration, m/s
1 displacement limit
2 velocity limit
3 maximum acceleration
Figure 4 — Typical curves for servohydraulic vibration generators
The curve of the acceleration spectral power density for servohydraulic vibration generators is shown in
Figure 5.
The crest factor should not be less than 3.
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ISO 10813-1:2004(E)

Key
X frequency, f, Hz
Y acceleration spectral power density, Φ
a
Figure 5 — Shape of acceleration power spectral density for servohydraulic vibration generator
(from ISO 8626)
5.3.3 Mechanical vibration generators
Typical parameters for mechanical vibration generators are given in Table 3.
Table 3 — Typical parameters for mechanical vibration generators
Rated load Frequency range Max. displacement Max. acceleration Mass of moving
  system

2
kg Hz mm m/s kg
5 5 to 100 ± 5 150 0,33
25 5 to 100 ± 5 150 1,66
50 5 to 100 ± 5 100 5,0
100 5 to 80 ± 3 100 10,0
250 5 to 80 ± 3 50 50,0
500 5 to 80 ± 3 50 100,0
1 000 5 to 80 ± 2,5 50 200,0
The main features of mechanical vibration generators are the following:
 possibility of sinusoidal excitation at fixed frequencies only;
 difficulty of control;
 small frequency range, 0,1 Hz to 300 Hz (typically 5 Hz to 100 Hz);
 low displacement, typically in the order of 5 mm; in the infrasonic range it may be increased up to
100 mm;
2 2
 low acceleration, up to 300 m/s (typically not exceeding 150 m/s );
 permissible load up to several tonnes (typically tens or hundreds of kilograms);
 increased harmonic distortion (about 15 % to 25 %, background narrow-band noise at high frequencies);
 increased transverse motion in the order of 25 %;
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ISO 10813-1:2004(E)
 absence of a magnetic field in the area of the table;
 simple design;
 low cost;
 displacement (velocity, acceleration) does not depend on the mass of the load;
 displacement does not depend on the frequency.
5.4 Comparison between electrodynamic, servohydraulic and mechanical vibration
generators
...