ISO 19694-5:2023
(Main)Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive industries — Part 5: Lime industry
Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive industries — Part 5: Lime industry
This document provides a harmonized methodology for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the lime industry. It includes the manufacture of lime and any downstream lime products manufactured at the plant, such as ground or hydrated lime. This document allows for reporting of GHG emissions for various purposes and on different basis, such as plant basis, company basis (by country or by region) or international organization basis. This document addresses all of the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included as defined in ISO 14064-1: — direct greenhouse gas emissions [see ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4 a)] from greenhouse gas sources that are owned or controlled by the company, such as emissions resulting from the following sources: — calcination of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in the kiln stone; — combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass fuels and bio fuels) related to lime production and/or drying of raw materials; — combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass fuels and bio fuels) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, heating/cooling and other on-site uses; — combustion of fuels for on-site power generation; — indirect greenhouse gas emissions [see ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4 b)] from the generation of imported electricity, heat or steam consumed by the organization; — other indirect greenhouse gas emissions [see ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4 c) to f)], which are a consequence of an organization's activities, but arise from greenhouse gas sources that are owned or controlled by other organizations, except emissions from imported kiln stone, are excluded from this document. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 19694-1, which contains generic, overall requirements, definitions and rules applicable to the determination of GHG emissions for all energy-intensive sectors, provides common methodological issues and defines the details for applying the rules. The application of this document to the sector-specific standards ensures accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the results.
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans les industries énergo-intensives — Partie 5: Industrie de la chaux
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19694-5
First edition
2023-03
Stationary source emissions —
Determination of greenhouse gas
emissions in energy-intensive
industries —
Part 5:
Lime industry
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination des émissions de gaz à
effet de serre dans les industries énergo-intensives —
Partie 5: Industrie de la chaux
Reference number
ISO 19694-5:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
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ISO 19694-5:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO 19694-5:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 S c op e . 1
2 Nor m at i ve r ef er enc e s . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 S ymbols and abbreviated terms.3
5 G ener a l . 6
5 .1 I nt r o duc t ion . 6
5.2 Overview of the lime manufacturing process . 6
5.3 D irect greenhouse gas emissions from calcination of kiln stone — Process
emissions . 7
5.4 D irect greenhouse gas emissions from fuels for kiln operation — Combustion
emissions . 7
5.5 Direct greenhouse gas emissions from non-kiln fuels — Combustion emissions . 8
5.6 E nergy indirect greenhouse gas emissions . 8
6 I nvent or y b ou nd a r ie s . 8
6.1 A ppropriate boundaries to distinguish . 8
6 . 2 O r g a n i z at ion a l b ou nd a r ie s . 8
6 . 3 R epor t i ng bou nd a r ie s . 9
6.3.1 E missions to be included . 9
6.3.2 S tructure of plants and processes . 10
6.4 S ources and greenhouse gases to be included . 10
6.5 I nternal lime transfers . 10
6 . 6 A s s e s s ment p er io d . 10
7 P r i nc iple s .10
8 Determination of greenhouse gas emissions: General requirements .11
8.1 M onitoring plan and other requirements for identifying, calculating and reporting
of greenhouse gas emissions . 11
8.2 Stack-measurement-based method or mass-balance-based method . 11
9 D irect greenhouse gas emissions and their determination .11
9.1 S ources of direct greenhouse gas emissions and applicability of determination
methods . 11
9. 2 D i r e c t CO greenhouse gas emissions from the calcination of kiln stone (process
2
emissions) using the mass-balance-based method .12
9.2.1 I ntroduction and overview of the methods .12
9. 2 . 2 I nput me t ho d . 13
9. 2 . 3 O ut put me t ho d . 17
9.2.4 D irect greenhouse gas emissions during kiln start up or shutdown .20
9.3 D irect greenhouse gas emissions from kiln fuels (combustion emissions) using
the mass-balance-based method . 20
9.3.1 Introduction to the mass-balance-based method for kiln fuels .20
9.3.2 D etermination of the activity data of kiln fuels . 21
9.3.3 Determination of fuel emission factors for kiln fuels . 21
9.3.4 D etermination of the greenhouse gas emissions from heat transfer to
external parties . 23
9.3.5 Determination of the greenhouse gas emissions from exported on-site
power generation . 24
9.4 Direct greenhouse gas emissions from non-kiln fuels (combustion emissions)
using the mass-balance-based method . 24
9.4.1 I ntroduction of the mass-balance-based method for non-kiln fuels . 24
9.4.2 D etermination of the quantity of externally generated electricity used —
Activity data . 25
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ISO 19694-5:2023(E)
9.4.3 Determination of fuel factors for non-kiln fuels . 27
10 I ndirect greenhouse gas emissions from imported energy and their determination .27
10.1 O verview of the sources of energy indirect greenhouse gas emissions . 27
10.2 D etermination of the quantity of externally generated electricity used — Activity
data . 27
10.2.1 Plant producing only lime . 27
10.2.2 Plant manufacturing products in addition to lime .28
10.3 D etermination of the emission factor for externally generated electricity .29
11 Indirect greenhouse gas emissions from imported kiln stone and transport of kiln
stone by third parties .29
11.1 I ndirect indirect greenhouse gas emissions, third party and off-site transportation.29
11.2 G reenhouse gas emissions from manufacture of imported kiln stone .29
11.3 G HG from transport of kiln stone by third parties .30
12 Re porting and performance assessment .31
12.1 R eporting data to include . 31
12 . 2 Per f or m a nc e a s s e s s ment . 31
13 U ncertainty of GHG inventories .33
13.1 G eneral principles . 33
13.2 A ssessment of uncertainty for the mass-balance-based method . 33
13.2.1 Major sources of uncertainty . 33
13.2.2 Uncertainty of activity data .34
13.2.3 Aggregated uncertainties of activity data. 35
13.2.4 Uncertainty of analytical parameters . 35
13.2.5 Application of default values instead of analytical results .36
13.2.6 Evaluation of the overall uncertainty of a GHG inventory .36
13.3 A ssessment of uncertainty for the stack-measurement-based method .36
14 Verification / certification .37
Annex A (informative) Objective and outcome of the site trails .38
Annex B (normative) Minimum content of the monitoring plan .41
Annex C (informative) Details about the calculation of process emissions from lime kilns
using the mass-balance-based method. 44
Annex D (informative) Example of an uncertainty calculation .49
Bibliography .51
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ISO 19694-5:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1,
Stationary source emissions.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19694 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19694-5:2023(E)
Stationary source emissions — Determination of
greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive industries —
Part 5:
Lime industry
1 S cope
This document provides a harmonized methodology for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
from the lime industry. It includes the manufacture of lime and any downstream lime products
manufactured at the plant, such as ground or hydrated lime. This document allows for reporting of GHG
emissions for various purposes and on different basis, such as plant basis, company basis (by country
or by region) or international organization basis.
This document addresses all of the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included as defined in
ISO 14064-1:
— direct greenhouse gas emissions [see ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4 a)] from greenhouse gas sources that
are owned or controlled by the company, such as emissions resulting from the following sources:
— calcination of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in the kiln stone;
— combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon
content, biomass fuels and bio fuels) related to lime production and/or drying of raw materials;
— combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass
fuels and bio fuels) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, heating/cooling and other on-site
uses;
— combustion of fuels for on-site power generation;
— indirect greenhouse gas emissions [see ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4 b)] from the generation of imported
electricity, heat or steam consumed by the organization;
— other indirect greenhouse gas emissions [see ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4 c) to f)], which are a
consequence of an organization's activities, but arise from greenhouse gas sources that are owned
or controlled by other organizations, except emissions from imported kiln stone, are excluded from
this document.
This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 19694-1, which contains generic, overall
requirements, definitions and rules applicable to the determination of GHG emissions for all energy-
intensive sectors, provides common methodological issues and defines the details for applying the
rules. The application of this document to the sector-specific standards ensures accuracy, precision and
reproducibility of the results.
2 Normat ive references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19694-1:2021, Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas emissions in energy-
intensive industries — Part 1: General aspects
1
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ISO 19694-5:2023(E)
ISO 13909 (all parts), Hard coal and coke — Mechanical sampling
ISO 18283, Coal and coke — Manual sampling
ISO 14064-1:2018, Greenhouse gases — Part 1: Specification with guidance at the organization level for
quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 19694-1 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
activity data
quantitative measure of activity that results in a GHG emission or removal
EXAMPLE Amount of energy, fuels or electricity consumed, material produced, service provided, area of
land affected.
3.2
dolime
product resulting from the calcination of kiln stone (3.6) consisting of calcium carbonate and magnesium
carbonate
3.3
downstream lime product
downstream lime products including run-of-kiln lime (3.13), lime kiln dust (3.8) and products made from
them at the plant including ground lime and hydrated lime
3.4
free CaO and MgO
free calcium oxide and magnesium oxide
calcium oxide or magnesium oxide that has been produced in the kiln during the decarbonation of
calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate
Note 1 to entry: The terminology free CaO and MgO as used in this document can differ from the terminology
applied in other standards.
3.5
kiln battery
group of kilns at the same plant and of the same design
EXAMPLE Parallel flow regenerative kilns, annular shaft kilns, mixed feed shaft kilns, preheater rotary
kilns or long rotary kilns.
3.6
kiln stone
limestone (3.9) that is fed into the kiln
3.7
lime
LI
generic name for quicklime (3.11), dolime (3.2) or sintered dolime (3.14)
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ISO 19694-5:2023(E)
3.8
lime kiln dust
LKD
partly calcined kiln stone (3.6) material which is extracted by the kiln particulate abatement system
3.9
limestone
LS
sedimentary rock consisting of calcium carbonate (CaCO ), magnesium carbonate (MgCO ), mineral
3 3
and other minor impurities, including in some cases a small fraction of organic carbon
3.10
non-kiln stone aggregate
stone extracted from a quarry except that used as kiln stone (3.6)
3.11
quicklime
product resulting from the calcination of limestone (3.9) consisting primarily of calcium carbonate
3.12
residual CO
2
CO that remains in the product leaving the kiln which is bound with CaO in the form of CaCO and
2 3
possibly with MgO in the form of MgCO
3
3.13
run-of-kiln lime
ROK
direct output from the kiln
3.14
sintered dolime
dolime (3.2) heated to temperatures below its melting temperature, so as to increase its density
4 S ymbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviated terms apply.
AF alternative fuel
m mass of CO emitted through the stack t
CO2−stack 2
x
arithmetic mean of the measured values
CaCO mass fraction of calcium carbonate in the dry ROK lime produced by the kiln
3 LI-ROK
CaCO mass fraction of calcium carbonate in the dry LKD
3 LKD
CaCO mass fraction of calcium carbonate in the dry limestone fed into the kiln
3 LS
CaO CaO bound in the form of CaCO
bd 3
CaO free CaO
fr
CaO mass fraction of free calcium oxide in the dry ROK lime produced by the kiln
LI-ROK
CaO mass fraction of free calcium oxide in the dry LKD
LKD
CaO total CaO
t
3
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ISO 19694-5:2023(E)
3
CV calorific value of the fuel (y) GJ/t or GJ/m N
Fy
NOTE The applied calorific value always has to match the status of the fuel,
especially with respect to the correct moisture content during its weighing (e.g.
raw coal or dried coal).
d transport distance of the kiln stone for the mode i
i
EF emission factor of the ROK lime, here the CO emissions resulting from the CO /t
LI 2 2e
calcination of the limestone factor per mass of ROK lime
EF emission factor of the limestone, here the CO emissions resulting from the CO /t
LS 2 2e
calcination of the limestone factor per mass of limestone
EF emission factor of externally generated electricity (CO /kWh)
ELEC 2e
EF emission factor of the fuel (y) expressed as (combustion emissions) t /GJ
Fy CO2e
EF greenhouse gas emission factor of imported kiln stone
LS-PUR i
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
LI lime
LKD lime kiln dust
LS limestone
m mass of CO from oxidation of organic carbon in the raw materials
CO2−oxy 2
m dry mass of ROK lime t
LI-ROK
m dry mass of LKD generated by the process t
LKD
m dry mass of limestone fed into the kiln or kiln battery t
LS
M molar mass of magnesium carbonate 84,314 g/mol
MgCO3
M molar mass of magnesium oxide 40,304 g/mol
MgO
M molar mass of calcium carbonate 100,087 g/mol
CaCO3
M molar mass of calcium oxide 56,077 g/mol
CaO
M molar mass of carbon dioxide 44,010 g/mol
CO2
3
m material flow of a fuel (y), i.e. the fuel consumption expressed as mass for t or m
Fy N
solid and liquid fuels or as volume for gaseous fuels
MgCO mass fraction of magnesium carbonate in the dry ROK lime produced by
3LI-ROK
the kiln
NOTE In practice, this mass fraction can be considered as close to 0 as
the magnesium carbonate is fully converted to magnesium oxide due to the
temperatures prevailing in the kiln.
MgCO mass fraction of magnesium carbonate in the dry LKD
3LKD
MgCO mass fraction of magnesium carbonate in the dry limestone fed into the kiln
3LS
MgO mass fraction of free magnesium oxide in the dry ROK lime produced by
LI-ROK
the kiln
4
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ISO 19694-5:2023(E)
MgO mass fraction of free magnesium oxide in the dry LKD
LKD
MgO free MgO
fr
MgO total MgO
t
m mass of load i t
i
m measured mass of downstream lime product
LI-Prod
m dry mass of LKD that is not blended with the downstream lime t
LKD-out
m annual total (wet) mass of imported kiln stone from the third party that is t
LS-PUR i
imported into the plant and used for lime manufacture during the 12-month
reporting period
Ox oxidation factor of the fuel (y)
Fy
Q quantity of electricity consumed
ELEC
ROK run of kiln
TOC total organic carbon
tonne t
tonnes of aggregates used for the production of fillers t
e
TF emission factor per wet mass for kiln stone imported kgCO /t
LS-PUR 2
TF GHG emission factor of transport mode i
LS-PUR i
given period of time t
gt
TOC total organic carbon content of the limestone
LS
U uncertainty associated with the overall analytical procedure
a
U relative expanded uncertainty
i
U uncertainty associated with the sampling procedure
m
U uncertainty of the weighbridge for measurement of load i
mi
U total relative uncertainty of the mass measurement
mtotal
w average moisture content of the kiln stone determined according to the
provisions of 9.2.2.3
x absolute amount of mass flow or material in stock in the mass balance
i
y fuel consumed
η mass flow of LKD generated in the dedusting system(s) of the kiln divided
LI
by the mass flow of ROK lime produced by the kiln
η mass flow of LKD generated in the dedusting system(s) of the kiln divided
LS
by the dry mass flow of limestone fed into the kiln
5
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ISO 19694-5:2023(E)
5 General
5.1 Introduction
Since lime is defined as the generic name for quicklime, dolime and sintered dolime, plants
manufacturing at least one of these products shall be covered by this document.
In conjunction with ISO 19694-1, this document provides a harmonized method for:
a) measuring, testing and quantifying methods for GHG emissions;
b) assessing the level of GHG emissions performance of production processes over time at production
sites;
c) establishment and provision of reliable, accurate and quality information for reporting and
verification purposes.
GHG emissions offset mechanisms, including but not limited to voluntary offset schemes or nationally
or internationally recognized offset mechanisms, shall not be used at any point in the GHG assessment
according to this document.
5.2 Overview of the lime manufacturing process
Lime manufacture includes three main process steps (see Figure 1):
a) kiln stone preparation including quarrying, crushing, washing, screening and transporting to the
lime kiln;
b) kiln operation including lime manufacture using pyro-processing to calcine the kiln stone in a lime
kiln;
c) downstream processing including crushing, screening, transporting to silos, grinding/milling,
hydrating and packing.
Figure 1 — Process steps in lime manufacture
A lime manufacturing plant can also encompass the use of additional fuel for on-site power generation
and for preparation or processing of fuels for use in the plant.
There are two main sources of direct greenhouse gas emissions in the lime manufacturing process:
— calcination of kiln stone through pyro-processing in the lime kiln (known as process emissions);
6
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ISO 19694-5:2023(E)
— combustion of kiln fuels (known as combustion emissions).
These two sources are described in more detail below.
Other minor direct greenhouse gas emissions can come from non-kiln fuels such as on-site transport,
pumps, room heating and other on-site uses.
The main source of energy indirect greenhouse gas emissions in the lime manufacturing process come
from external power production or transport but these sources are relatively small in comparison to
the direct greenhouse gas emissions.
For the lime sector, only the greenhouse gas CO is relevant as demonstrated by different field tests.
2
Details about these tests are provided in Annex A.
5.3 Dir ect greenhouse gas emissions from calcination of kiln stone — Process
emissions
In the lime manufacturing process, CO is released due to the che
...
TC /SC
Date: 2022-01-20
TC /SC ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
ISO/TC 146/SC 1
Secretariat: BIS
Document type:
Document subtype:
Document stage:
Document language:
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COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas emissions in
energy-intensive industries — Part 5: Lime industry
First edition
Date: 2022-08-08
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of
this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written
permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’sISO's member body
in the country of the requester.
ISO Copyright Office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401 • CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva , Switzerland
Tel. Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.orgFax + 41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland.
iv © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 4
5 Introduction . 6
5.1 Overview of the lime manufacturing process . 6
5.2 Direct greenhouse gas emissions from calcination of kiln stone (process emissions) . 7
5.3 Direct greenhouse gas emissions from fuels for kiln operation (combustion
emissions) . 8
5.4 Energy indirect greenhouse gas emissions . 8
6 Inventory boundaries . 8
6.1 Appropriate boundaries to distinguish . 8
6.2 Organizational boundaries . 9
6.3 Reporting boundaries . 9
6.3.1 Scopes of emissions to be included . 9
6.3.2 Structure of plants and processes . 11
6.4 Sources and greenhouse gases to be included . 11
6.5 Internal lime transfers . 11
6.6 Assessment period . 11
7 Principles . 11
8 Determination of greenhouse gas emissions: general requirements. 11
8.1 Monitoring Plan and other requirements for identifying, calculating and reporting of
greenhouse gas emissions . 11
8.2 Stack-measurement-based method or mass-balance-based method . 12
9 Direct greenhouse gas emissions and their determination . 12
9.1 Sources of direct greenhouse gas emissions and the applicability of determination
methods . 12
9.2 Direct CO greenhouse gas emissions from the calcination of kiln stone (process
2
emissions) using the mass-balance-based method . 13
9.2.1 Introduction and overview of the methods . 13
9.2.2 Input method . 14
9.2.3 Output method . 19
9.2.4 Direct greenhouse gas emissions during kiln start up or shutdown . 23
9.3 Direct greenhouse gas emissions from kiln fuels (combustion emissions) using the
mass-balance-based method . 23
9.3.1 Introduction to the mass-balance-based method for kiln fuels . 23
9.3.2 Determination of the activity data of kiln fuels . 24
9.3.3 Determination of fuel emission factors for kiln fuels . 24
9.3.4 Determination of the greenhouse gas emissions from heat transfer to external
parties . 27
9.3.5 Determination of the greenhouse gas emissions from exported on-site power
generation . 27
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved v
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ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
9.4 Direct greenhouse gas emissions from non-kiln fuels (combustion emissions) using
the mass-balance-based method . 28
9.4.1 Introduction of the mass-balance-based method for non-kiln fuels . 28
9.4.2 Determination of the quantity of externally generated electricity used (activity data) . 28
9.4.3 Determination of fuel factors for non-kiln fuels . 31
10 Indirect greenhouse gas emissions from imported energy and their determination . 31
10.1 Overview of the sources of energy indirect greenhouse gas emissions . 31
10.2 Determination of the quantity of externally generated electricity used (activity data) . 32
10.2.1 Plant producing only lime . 32
10.2.2 Plant manufacturing products in addition to lime . 32
10.3 Determination of the emission factor for externally generated electricity . 33
11 Indirect greenhouse gas emissions from imported kiln stone and transport of kiln
stone by third parties . 33
11.1 Indirect indirect greenhouse gas emissions, third party and off-site transportation . 33
11.2 Greenhouse gas emissions from manufacture of imported kiln stone . 34
11.3 GHG from transport of kiln stone by third parties . 34
12 Reporting and performance assessment . 35
12.1 Reporting data to include . 35
12.2 Performance assessment . 36
13 Uncertainty of GHG inventories . 37
13.1 General principles . 37
13.2 Assessment of uncertainty for the mass-balance- base method . 38
13.2.1 Major sources of uncertainty . 38
13.2.2 Uncertainty of activity data . 39
13.2.3 Aggregated uncertainties of activity data . 40
13.2.4 Uncertainty of analytical parameters . 40
13.2.5 Application of default values instead of analytical results . 41
13.2.6 Evaluation of the overall uncertainty of a GHG inventory . 41
13.3 Assessment of uncertainty for the stack-measurement-based method . 41
14 Verification / certification . 42
Annex A (informative) Objective and outcome of the site trails . 43
Annex B (normative) Minimum content of the monitoring plan. 46
Annex C (informative) Details about the calculation of process emissions from lime kilns
using the mass balance-based-method . 49
Annex D (informative) Example of an uncertainty calculation . 55
Bibliography . 57
vi © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1,
Stationary source emissions.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19694 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved vii
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse
gas emissions in energy-intensive industries — Part 5: Lime
industry
1 Scope
This document provides a harmonized methodology for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
from the lime industry. It includes the manufacture of lime, and any downstream lime products
manufactured at the plant, such as ground or hydrated lime. This standarddocument allows for reporting
of GHG emissions for various purposes and on different basis, such as plant basis, company basis (by
country or by region) or international organization basis.
Since lime is defined as the generic name for quicklime, dolime and sintered dolime, plants manufacturing
at least one of these products shall be covered by this standard.
This document addresses all of the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included as defined in
ISO 14064-1:2018:
— direct greenhouse gas emissions ([see ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4 a))] from greenhouse gas sources that
are owned or controlled by the company, such as emissions resulting from the following sources:
— calcination of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in the kiln stone;
— combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon
content, biomass fuels and bio fuels) related to lime production and/or drying of raw materials;
— combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass
fuels and bio fuels) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, heating/cooling and other on-site uses;
— combustion of fuels for on-site power generation;
— indirect greenhouse gas emissions ([see ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4 b))] from the generation of
imported electricity, heat or steam consumed by the organization;
— other indirect greenhouse gas emissions ([see ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4 c-) to f),)], which are a
consequence of an organization's activities, but arise from greenhouse gas sources that are owned or
controlled by other organizations, except emissions from imported kiln stone, are excluded from this
standarddocument.
This International Standarddocument is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 19694-1:2021,
which contains generic, overall requirements, definitions and rules applicable to the determination of
GHG emissions for all energy-intensive sectors, provides common methodological issues and defines the
details for applying the rules. The application of this standarddocument to the sector-specific standards
ensures accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the results and is for this reason a normative reference
standard.
Together these standards provide a harmonized method for:
a) measuring, testing and quantifying methods for GHG emissions;
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
b) assessing the level of GHG emissions performance of production processes over time, at production
sites;
c) establishment and provision of reliable, accurate and quality information for reporting and
verification purposes.
GHG emissions offset mechanisms, including but not limited to voluntary offset schemes or nationally
or internationally recognized offset mechanisms, shall not be used at any point in the GHG assessment
according to this standard.
72 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19694--1:2021, Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in
energy-intensive industries — Part 1: General aspects
ISO 5069-1, Brown coals and lignites — Principles of sampling — Part 1: Sampling for determination of
moisture content and for general analysis
ISO 13909 (all parts), Hard coal and coke — Mechanical sampling
ISO 18283, Hard Coal and coke — Manual sampling
ISO 14064-1:2018:2018, Greenhouse gases — Part 1: Specification with guidance at the organization level
for quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals
83 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 19694-1:2021 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminologicalterminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
activity data
quantitative measure of activity that results in a GHG emission or removal.
EXAMPLE Amount of energy, fuels or electricity consumed, material produced, service provided, area of land
affected.
3.2
dolime
product resulting from the calcination of kiln stone (3.6) consisting of calcium carbonate and magnesium
carbonate
3.3
downstream lime product
downstream lime products including run-of-kiln lime (ROK) (3.13), lime kiln dust (LKD) (3.8) and products
made from them at the plant including ground lime and hydrated lime
2 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
3.4
free CaO and MgO
free calcium oxide and magnesium oxide
calcium oxide or magnesium oxide that has been produced in the kiln during the decarbonation of calcium
carbonate or magnesium carbonate
Note 1 to entry: The terminology free CaO and MgO as used in this standard maydocument can differ from the
terminology applied in other standards.
3.5
kiln battery
group of kilns at the same plant and of the same design
EXAMPLE Parallel flow regenerative kilns, annular shaft kilns, mixed feed shaft kilns, preheater rotary kilns or
long rotary kilns.
3.6
kiln stone
limestone (3.9) that is fed into the kiln
3.7
lime
LI
generic name for quicklime (3.11), dolime (3.2) or sintered dolime (3.14)
3.8
lime kiln dust
LKD
partly calcined kiln stone (3.6) material which is extracted by the kiln particulate abatement system
3.9
limestone
LS
sedimentary rock consisting of calcium carbonate (CaCO ), magnesium carbonate (MgCO ), mineral and
3 3
other minor impurities, including in some cases a small fraction of organic carbon
3.10
non-kiln stone aggregatesaggregate
all stonesstone extracted from a quarry except that used as kiln stone (3.6)
3.11
quicklime
product resulting from the calcination of limestone (3.9) consisting primarily of calcium carbonate
3.12
residual CO2
CO that remains in the product leaving the kiln which is bound with CaO in the form of CaCO and
2 3
possibly with MgO in form of MgCO
3
3.13
run-of-kiln lime
ROK
direct output from the kiln
3.14
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ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
sintered dolime
dolime (3.2) heated to temperatures below its melting temperature, so as to increase its density
94 Symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviated terms apply.
AF alternative fuel
mCO2−stack mass of CO2 emitted through the stack t
x arithmetic mean of the measured values
CaCO mass fraction of calcium carbonate in the dry ROK lime produced by the kiln
3 LI-ROK
CaCO3 LKD mass fraction of calcium carbonate in the dry LKD
CaCO mass fraction of calcium carbonate in the dry limestone fed into the kiln
3 LS
CaO CaO bound in form of CaCO
bd 3
CaO free CaO
fr
CaO mass fraction of free calcium oxide in the dry ROK lime produced by the kiln
LI-ROK
CaOLKD mass fraction of free calcium oxide in the dry LKD
CaO total CaO
t
3
CV calorific value of the fuel (y). It is important to note that the applied calorific GJ/t or GJ/m N
Fy
value always has to match the status of the fuel, especially with respect to the
correct moisture content during its weighing (e.g. raw coal or dried coal)
d the transport distance of the kiln stone for the mode i
i
EF emission factor of the ROK lime, here the CO emissions resulting from the CO /t
LI 2 2e
calcination of the limestone factor per mass of ROK lime
EF emission factor of the limestone, here the CO emissions resulting from the CO /t
LS 2 2e
calcination of the limestone factor per mass of limestone
EF emission factor of externally generated electricity (CO /kWh)
ELEC 2e
EF emission factor of the fuel (y) expressed as (combustion emissions) t /GJ
Fy CO2e
EF the greenhouse gas emission factor of imported kiln stone
LS-PUR i
LIIPCC limeIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
LKDLI lime kiln dust
LSLKD limestonelime kiln dust
𝑚𝑚CO2−oxyLS mass of CO2 from oxidation of organic carbon in the raw materialslimestone
m mass of CO from oxidation of organic carbon in the raw materials
CO2−oxy 2
m m dry mass of ROK lime t
LI LI-ROK
m LKDmLKD dry mass of LKD generated by the process t
m m dry mass of limestone fed into the kiln or kiln battery t
LS LS
M molar mass of magnesium carbonate 84,314 g/mol
M
MgCO3 MgCO3
M MgOMMgO molar mass of magnesium oxide 40,304 g/mol
M molar mass of calcium carbonate 100,087 g/mol
CaCO3
4 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
MCaO molar mass of calcium oxide 56,077 g/mol
M molar mass of carbon dioxide 44,010 g/mol
CO2
3
m material flow of a fuel (y), i.e. the fuel consumption expressed as mass for t or m
Fy N
solid and liquid fuels or as volume for gaseous fuels
MgCO mass fraction of magnesium carbonate in the dry ROK lime produced by the
3
MgCO kiln. In practice, this mass fraction can be considered as close to 0 as the
LI 3LI-
magnesium carbonate is fully converted to magnesium oxide due to the
ROK
temperatures prevailing in the kiln
MgCO mass fraction of magnesium carbonate in the dry LKD
3
LKDMgCO3LK
D
MgCO3 mass fraction of magnesium carbonate in the dry limestone fed into the kiln
MgCO
LS 3LS
MgO mass fraction of free magnesium oxide in the dry ROK lime produced by the
MgO kiln
LI LI-ROK
MgO mass fraction of free magnesium oxide in the dry LKD
MgO
LKD LKD
MgOfr free MgO
MgO total MgO
t
m the mass of load i t
i
m measured mass of downstream lime product
LI-Prod
m dry mass of LKD that is not blended with the downstream lime t
LKD-out
mLS-PUR i the annual total (wet) mass of imported kiln stone from the third party that t
is imported into the plant and used for lime manufacture during the 12 month
reporting period
Ox oxidation factor of the fuel (y)
Fy
QELEC quantity of electricity consumed
ROK run of kiln
TOC total organic carbon
T tonne t
t tonnes of aggregates used for the production of fillers t
e e
TFLS-PUR emission factor per wet mass for kiln stone imported kgCO2/t
TF the GHG emission factor of transport mode i
LS-PUR i
t a given period of time t
gt gt
TOC total organic carbon content of the limestone
TOC
LS LS
Ua uncertainty associated with the overall analytical procedure
U relative expanded uncertainty
i
Um uncertainty associated with the sampling procedure
Umi uncertainty of the weighbridge for measurement of load I
Umtotal total relative uncertainty of the mass measurement
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ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
w average moisture content of the kiln stone determined according to the
provisions of 9.2.2.3
xi absolute amount of mass flow or material in stock in the mass balance
y fuel consumed
η mass flow of LKD generated in the dedusting system(s) of the kiln divided by
LI
the mass flow of ROK lime produced by the kiln
η mass flow of LKD generated in the dedusting system(s) of the kiln divided by
LS
the dry mass flow of limestone fed into the kiln
105 General
5.1 Introduction
Since lime is defined as the generic name for quicklime, dolime and sintered dolime, plants manufacturing
at least one of these products shall be covered by this document.
In conjunction with ISO 19694-1, this document provides a harmonized method for:
a) measuring, testing and quantifying methods for GHG emissions;
b) assessing the level of GHG emissions performance of production processes over time, at production
sites;
c) establishment and provision of reliable, accurate and quality information for reporting and
verification purposes.
GHG emissions offset mechanisms, including but not limited to voluntary offset schemes or nationally
or internationally recognized offset mechanisms, shall not be used at any point in the GHG assessment
according to this document.
10.15.2 Overview of the lime manufacturing process
Lime manufacture includes three main process steps (see Figure 1):
a) kiln stone preparation including quarrying, crushing, washing, screening and transporting to the lime
kiln;
b) kiln operation including lime manufacture using pyro-processing to calcine the kiln stone in a lime
kiln;
c) downstream processing including crushing, screening, transporting to silos, grinding/milling,
hydrating and packing.
6 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
The linked image cannot be displayed. The file may have been moved, renamed, or deleted. Verify that the link points to the correct file and location.
Figure 1 — Process steps in lime manufacture
A lime manufacturing plant maycan also encompass the use of additional fuel for on-site power
generation and for preparation or processing of fuels for use in the plant.
There are two main sources of direct greenhouse gas emissions in the lime manufacturing process:
— calcination of kiln stone through pyro-processing in the lime kiln (known as process emissions);
— combustion of kiln fuels (known as combustion emissions).
These two sources are described in more detail below.
Other minor direct greenhouse gas emissions maycan come from non-kiln fuels such as on-site transport,
pumps, room heating and other on-site uses.
The main source of energy indirect greenhouse gas emissions in the lime manufacturing process come
from external power production or transport but these sources are relatively small in comparison to the
direct greenhouse gas emissions.
For the lime sector, only the greenhouse gas CO is relevant as demonstrated by different field tests.
2
Details about these tests are provided in Annex A.
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ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
10.25.3 Direct greenhouse gas emissions from calcination of kiln stone (— Process
emissions)
In the lime manufacturing process, CO is released due to the chemical decomposition of calcium,
2
magnesium and other carbonates in the kiln stone when the kiln stone is heated to high temperatures
Formula (1):
CaCO →+CaO CO (1)
32
MgCO →MgO+CO
3 2
(2)
This process is called “calcining” or “calcination”. It results in direct emissions of CO2 through the kiln
stack. When considering CO emissions due to calcination, two components can be distinguished:
2
— CO2 from kiln stone used for lime production;
— CO from materials leaving the kiln system as partly calcined LKD.
2
The CO from lime production is dependent on t
...
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 19694-5
ISO/TC 146/SC 1
Stationary source emissions —
Secretariat: BIS
Determination of greenhouse gas
Voting begins on:
2022-10-07 emissions in energy-intensive
industries —
Voting terminates on:
2022-12-02
Part 5:
Lime industry
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
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Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 19694-5
ISO/TC 146/SC 1
Stationary source emissions —
Secretariat: BIS
Determination of greenhouse gas
Voting begins on:
2022-10-07 emissions in energy-intensive
industries —
Voting terminates on:
2022-12-02
Part 5:
Lime industry
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or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
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ii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 S c op e . 1
2 Nor m at i ve r ef er enc e s . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 S ymbols and abbreviated terms.3
5 G ener a l . 6
5 .1 I nt r o duc t ion . 6
5.2 Overview of the lime manufacturing process . 6
5.3 D irect greenhouse gas emissions from calcination of kiln stone — Process
emissions . 7
5.4 D irect greenhouse gas emissions from fuels for kiln operation — Combustion
emissions . 7
5.5 Direct greenhouse gas emissions from non-kiln fuels — Combustion emissions . 8
5.6 E nergy indirect greenhouse gas emissions . 8
6 I nvent or y b ou nd a r ie s . 8
6.1 A ppropriate boundaries to distinguish . 8
6 . 2 O r g a n i z at ion a l b ou nd a r ie s . 8
6 . 3 R epor t i ng bou nd a r ie s . 9
6.3.1 E missions to be included . 9
6.3.2 S tructure of plants and processes . 10
6.4 S ources and greenhouse gases to be included . 10
6.5 I nternal lime transfers . 10
6 . 6 A s s e s s ment p er io d . 10
7 P r i nc iple s .10
8 Determination of greenhouse gas emissions: General requirements .11
8.1 M onitoring plan and other requirements for identifying, calculating and reporting
of greenhouse gas emissions . 11
8.2 Stack-measurement-based method or mass-balance-based method . 11
9 D irect greenhouse gas emissions and their determination .11
9.1 S ources of direct greenhouse gas emissions and applicability of determination
methods . 11
9. 2 D i r e c t CO greenhouse gas emissions from the calcination of kiln stone (process
2
emissions) using the mass-balance-based method .12
9.2.1 I ntroduction and overview of the methods .12
9. 2 . 2 I nput me t ho d . 13
9. 2 . 3 O ut put me t ho d . 17
9.2.4 D irect greenhouse gas emissions during kiln start up or shutdown .20
9.3 D irect greenhouse gas emissions from kiln fuels (combustion emissions) using
the mass-balance-based method . 21
9.3.1 Introduction to the mass-balance-based method for kiln fuels . 21
9.3.2 D etermination of the activity data of kiln fuels . 21
9.3.3 Determination of fuel emission factors for kiln fuels . 21
9.3.4 D etermination of the greenhouse gas emissions from heat transfer to
external parties . 24
9.3.5 Determination of the greenhouse gas emissions from exported on-site
power generation . 24
9.4 Direct greenhouse gas emissions from non-kiln fuels (combustion emissions)
using the mass-balance-based method . 24
9.4.1 I ntroduction of the mass-balance-based method for non-kiln fuels . 24
9.4.2 D etermination of the quantity of externally generated electricity used —
Activity data . 25
iii
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ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
9.4.3 Determination of fuel factors for non-kiln fuels . 27
10 I ndirect greenhouse gas emissions from imported energy and their determination .28
10.1 O verview of the sources of energy indirect greenhouse gas emissions .28
10.2 D etermination of the quantity of externally generated electricity used — Activity
data .28
10.2.1 Plant producing only lime .28
10.2.2 Plant manufacturing products in addition to lime .28
10.3 D etermination of the emission factor for externally generated electricity .29
11 Indirect greenhouse gas emissions from imported kiln stone and transport of kiln
stone by third parties .30
11.1 I ndirect indirect greenhouse gas emissions, third party and off-site transportation.30
11.2 G reenhouse gas emissions from manufacture of imported kiln stone .30
11.3 G HG from transport of kiln stone by third parties .30
12 Re porting and performance assessment .31
12.1 R eporting data to include . 31
12 . 2 Per f or m a nc e a s s e s s ment . 32
13 U ncertainty of GHG inventories .33
13 .1 G ener a l pr i nc iple s . 33
13.2 A ssessment of uncertainty for the mass-balance- base method .34
13.2.1 Major sources of uncertainty .34
13.2.2 Uncertainty of activity data . 35
13.2.3 Aggregated uncertainties of activity data. 35
13.2.4 Uncertainty of analytical parameters .36
13.2.5 Application of default values instead of analytical results . 37
13.2.6 Evaluation of the overall uncertainty of a GHG inventory . 37
13.3 A ssessment of uncertainty for the stack-measurement-based method . 37
14 Verification / certification .37
Annex A (informative) Objective and outcome of the site trails .38
Annex B (normative) Minimum content of the monitoring plan .41
Annex C (informative) Details about the calculation of process emissions from lime kilns
using the mass balance-based-method . 44
Annex D (informative) Example of an uncertainty calculation .49
Bibliography .51
iv
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1,
Stationary source emissions.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19694 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
Stationary source emissions — Determination of
greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive industries —
Part 5:
Lime industry
1 S cope
This document provides a harmonized methodology for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
from the lime industry. It includes the manufacture of lime and any downstream lime products
manufactured at the plant, such as ground or hydrated lime. This document allows for reporting of GHG
emissions for various purposes and on different basis, such as plant basis, company basis (by country
or by region) or international organization basis.
This document addresses all of the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included as defined in
ISO 14064-1:
— direct greenhouse gas emissions [see ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4 a)] from greenhouse gas sources that
are owned or controlled by the company, such as emissions resulting from the following sources:
— calcination of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in the kiln stone;
— combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon
content, biomass fuels and bio fuels) related to lime production and/or drying of raw materials;
— combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass
fuels and bio fuels) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, heating/cooling and other on-site
uses;
— combustion of fuels for on-site power generation;
— indirect greenhouse gas emissions [see ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4 b)] from the generation of imported
electricity, heat or steam consumed by the organization;
— other indirect greenhouse gas emissions [see ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4 c) to f)], which are a
consequence of an organization's activities, but arise from greenhouse gas sources that are owned
or controlled by other organizations, except emissions from imported kiln stone, are excluded from
this document.
This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 19694-1, which contains generic, overall
requirements, definitions and rules applicable to the determination of GHG emissions for all energy-
intensive sectors, provides common methodological issues and defines the details for applying the
rules. The application of this document to the sector-specific standards ensures accuracy, precision and
reproducibility of the results.
2 Normat ive references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19694-1:2021, Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas emissions in energy-
intensive industries — Part 1: General aspects
1
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
ISO 13909 (all parts), Hard coal and coke — Mechanical sampling
ISO 18283, Coal and coke — Manual sampling
ISO 14064-1:2018, Greenhouse gases — Part 1: Specification with guidance at the organization level for
quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 19694-1 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
activity data
quantitative measure of activity that results in a GHG emission or removal
EXAMPLE Amount of energy, fuels or electricity consumed, material produced, service provided, area of
land affected.
3.2
dolime
product resulting from the calcination of kiln stone (3.6) consisting of calcium carbonate and magnesium
carbonate
3.3
downstream lime product
downstream lime products including run-of-kiln lime (3.13), lime kiln dust (3.8) and products made from
them at the plant including ground lime and hydrated lime
3.4
free CaO and MgO
free calcium oxide and magnesium oxide
calcium oxide or magnesium oxide that has been produced in the kiln during the decarbonation of
calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate
Note 1 to entry: The terminology free CaO and MgO as used in this document can differ from the terminology
applied in other standards.
3.5
kiln battery
group of kilns at the same plant and of the same design
EXAMPLE Parallel flow regenerative kilns, annular shaft kilns, mixed feed shaft kilns, preheater rotary
kilns or long rotary kilns.
3.6
kiln stone
limestone (3.9) that is fed into the kiln
3.7
lime
LI
generic name for quicklime (3.11), dolime (3.2) or sintered dolime (3.14)
2
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ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
3.8
lime kiln dust
LKD
partly calcined kiln stone (3.6) material which is extracted by the kiln particulate abatement system
3.9
limestone
LS
sedimentary rock consisting of calcium carbonate (CaCO ), magnesium carbonate (MgCO ), mineral
3 3
and other minor impurities, including in some cases a small fraction of organic carbon
3.10
non-kiln stone aggregate
stone extracted from a quarry except that used as kiln stone (3.6)
3.11
quicklime
product resulting from the calcination of limestone (3.9) consisting primarily of calcium carbonate
3.12
residual CO
2
CO that remains in the product leaving the kiln which is bound with CaO in the form of CaCO and
2 3
possibly with MgO in form of MgCO
3
3.13
run-of-kiln lime
ROK
direct output from the kiln
3.14
sintered dolime
dolime (3.2) heated to temperatures below its melting temperature, so as to increase its density
4 S ymbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviated terms apply.
AF alternative fuel
m mass of CO emitted through the stack t
CO2−stack 2
x
arithmetic mean of the measured values
CaCO mass fraction of calcium carbonate in the dry ROK lime produced by the kiln
3 LI-
ROK
CaCO mass fraction of calcium carbonate in the dry LKD
3 LKD
CaCO mass fraction of calcium carbonate in the dry limestone fed into the kiln
3 LS
CaO CaO bound in form of CaCO
bd 3
CaO free CaO
fr
CaO mass fraction of free calcium oxide in the dry ROK lime produced by the kiln
LI-ROK
CaO mass fraction of free calcium oxide in the dry LKD
LKD
CaO total CaO
t
3
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ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
3
CV calorific value of the fuel (y). It is important to note that the applied calorific GJ/t or GJ/m N
Fy
value always has to match the status of the fuel, especially with respect to
the correct moisture content during its weighing (e.g. raw coal or dried coal)
d the transport distance of the kiln stone for the mode i
i
EF emission factor of the ROK lime, here the CO emissions resulting from the CO /t
LI 2 2e
calcination of the limestone factor per mass of ROK lime
EF emission factor of the limestone, here the CO emissions resulting from the CO /t
LS 2 2e
calcination of the limestone factor per mass of limestone
EF emission factor of externally generated electricity (CO /kWh)
ELEC 2e
EF emission factor of the fuel (y) expressed as (combustion emissions) t /GJ
Fy CO2e
EF greenhouse gas emission factor of imported kiln stone
LS-PUR i
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
LI lime
LKD lime kiln dust
LS limestone
m mass of CO from oxidation of organic carbon in the raw materials
CO2−oxy 2
m dry mass of ROK lime t
LI-ROK
m dry mass of LKD generated by the process t
LKD
m dry mass of limestone fed into the kiln or kiln battery t
LS
M molar mass of magnesium carbonate 84,314 g/mol
MgCO3
M molar mass of magnesium oxide 40,304 g/mol
MgO
M molar mass of calcium carbonate 100,087 g/mol
CaCO3
M molar mass of calcium oxide 56,077 g/mol
CaO
M molar mass of carbon dioxide 44,010 g/mol
CO2
3
m material flow of a fuel (y), i.e. the fuel consumption expressed as mass for t or m
Fy N
solid and liquid fuels or as volume for gaseous fuels
MgCO mass fraction of magnesium carbonate in the dry ROK lime produced by
3LI-ROK
the kiln. In practice, this mass fraction can be considered as close to 0 as
the magnesium carbonate is fully converted to magnesium oxide due to the
temperatures prevailing in the kiln
MgCO mass fraction of magnesium carbonate in the dry LKD
3LKD
MgCO mass fraction of magnesium carbonate in the dry limestone fed into the kiln
3LS
MgO mass fraction of free magnesium oxide in the dry ROK lime produced by the kiln
LI-ROK
MgO mass fraction of free magnesium oxide in the dry LKD
LKD
MgO free MgO
fr
4
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ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
MgO total MgO
t
m mass of load i t
i
m measured mass of downstream lime product
LI-Prod
m dry mass of LKD that is not blended with the downstream lime t
LKD-out
m annual total (wet) mass of imported kiln stone from the third party that is t
LS-PUR i
imported into the plant and used for lime manufacture during the 12 month
reporting period
Ox oxidation factor of the fuel (y)
Fy
Q quantity of electricity consumed
ELEC
ROK run of kiln
TOC total organic carbon
T tonne t
t tonnes of aggregates used for the production of fillers t
e e
TF emission factor per wet mass for kiln stone imported kgCO /t
LS-PUR 2
TF GHG emission factor of transport mode i
LS-PUR i
t given period of time t
gt gt
TOC total organic carbon content of the limestone
LS
Ua uncertainty associated with the overall analytical procedure
U relative expanded uncertainty
i
Um uncertainty associated with the sampling procedure
Umi uncertainty of the weighbridge for measurement of load I
Umtotal total relative uncertainty of the mass measurement
w average moisture content of the kiln stone determined according to the pro-
visions of 9.2.2.3
x absolute amount of mass flow or material in stock in the mass balance
i
y fuel consumed
η mass flow of LKD generated in the dedusting system(s) of the kiln divided by
LI
the mass flow of ROK lime produced by the kiln
η mass flow of LKD generated in the dedusting system(s) of the kiln divided by
LS
the dry mass flow of limestone fed into the kiln
5
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ISO/FDIS 19694-5:2022(E)
5 General
5.1 Introduction
Since lime is defined as the generic name for quicklime, dolime and sintered dolime, plants
manufacturing at least one of these products shall be covered by this document.
In conjunction with ISO 19694-1, this document provides a harmonized method for:
a) measuring, testing and quantifying methods for GHG emissions;
b) assessing the level of GHG emissions performance of production processes over time, at production
sites;
c) establishment and provision of reliable, accurate and quality information for reporting and
verification purposes.
GHG emissions offset mechanisms, including but not limited to voluntary offset schemes or nationally
or internationally recognized offset mechanisms, shall not be used at any point in the GHG assessment
according to this document.
5.2 Overview of the lime manufacturing process
Lime manufacture includes three main process steps (see Figure 1):
a) kiln stone preparation including quarrying, crushing, washing, screening and transporting to the
lime kiln;
b) kiln operation including lime manufacture using pyro-processing to calcine the kiln stone in a lime
kiln;
c) downstream processing including crushing, screening, transporting to silos, grinding/milling,
hydrating and pack
...
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