ISO 19694-3:2023

Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive industries — Part 3: Cement industry

This document specifies a harmonized methodology for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the cement industry, with a view to reporting these emissions for various purposes and by different basis, such as, plant basis, company basis (by country or by region) or even international group basis. It addresses all the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included: — Direct GHG emissions [ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, a)] from sources that are owned or controlled by the organization, such as emissions that result from the following processes: — calcinations of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in raw materials; — combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to either clinker production or drying of raw materials and fuels, or both; — combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, room heating and cooling, drying of MIC (e.g. slag or pozzolana); — combustion of fuels for on-site power generation; — combustion of carbon contained in wastewater; — Indirect GHG emissions [ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, b)] from the generation of purchased electricity consumed in the organization’s owned or controlled equipment; — Other indirect GHG emissions [(ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, c) to f)] from purchased clinker. Excluded from this document are all other ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, c) to f) emissions from the cement industry.

Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans les industries énergo-intensives — Partie 3: Industrie du ciment

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 28-Feb-2023
• ICS: 13.020.40 - Pollution, pollution control and conservation
• ICS: 13.040.40 - Stationary source emissions
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 146/SC 1 - Stationary source emissions
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 146/SC 1/WG 30 - GHG energy-intensive industries – Specific sectors
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Start Date: 01-Mar-2023
• Due Date: 16-Feb-2022
• Completion Date: 01-Mar-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19694-3
First edition
2023-03
Stationary source emissions —
Determination of greenhouse gas
emissions in energy-intensive
industries —
Part 3:
Cement industry
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination des émissions de gaz à
effet de serre dans les industries énergo-intensives —
Partie 3: Industrie du ciment
Reference number
ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on

the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below

or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms..........................................................................................................................................................5

5 Determination of GHGs ................................................................................................................................................................................. 6

5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

5.2 Major GHG in cement ......................................................................................................................................................................... 6

5.3 Determination by stack emission measurements ................................................................................................... 7

5.4 Determination based on mass balance ............................................................................................................................. 7

5.5 Gross and net emissions ................................................................................................................................................................. 7

5.5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

5.5.2 Gross emissions ................................................................................................................................................................... 9

5.5.3 Other indirect GHG emission reductions — Utilization of waste heat ............................ 10

6 GHG inventory boundaries .....................................................................................................................................................................12

6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................12

6.2 Reporting boundaries ...................................................................................................................................................................12

6.3 Organizational boundaries .......................................................................................................................................................13

6.3.1 General .....................................................................................................................................................................................13

6.3.2 Installations that are covered ............................................................................................................................. 13

6.3.3 Operational control and ownership criteria........................................................................................... 14

6.3.4 Internal clinker, cement and MIC transfers ............................................................................................. 14

7 Direct GHG emissions and their determination ..............................................................................................................16

7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16

7.2 CO from raw material calcinations ................................................................................................................................. 18

7.2.1 General ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 18

7.2.2 Input methods A1 and A2 ........................................................................................................................................ 20

7.2.3 Output methods B1 and B2 .................................................................................................................................... 24

7.3 Reporting of CO emissions from raw material calcination based on clinker
[4]
output: Summary of IPCC and CSI recommendations, and default emission

factor for clinker ................................................................................................................................................................................28

7.4 Determination of the FD calcination rate ....................................................................................................................29

7.5 Direct determination of the CO emission factor of FD from analysis of CO content .........30

2 2

7.6 Cement specific issues for fuels ............................................................................................................................................ 30

7.6.1 Conventional fossil fuels ...........................................................................................................................................30

7.6.2 Alternative fuels .............................................................................................................................................................. 31

7.7 GHG from fuels for kilns .............................................................................................................................................................. 32

7.8 GHG from non-kiln fuels .............................................................................................................................................................. 32

7.9 GHG from the combustion of wastewater ................................................................................................................... 33

7.10 Non-CO GHG emissions from the cement industry ........................................................................................... 33

8 Indirect GHG emissions and their determination .........................................................................................................34

8.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................34

8.2 CO from external electricity production ....................................................................................................................34

8.3 CO from purchased clinker.....................................................................................................................................................34

9 Baselines, acquisitions and disinvestments ........................................................................................................................35

10 Reporting ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................35

10.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 35

10.2 Corporate environmental reporting ................................................................................................................................ 36

10.3 Reporting periods ............................................................................................................................................................................. 37

iii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 19694-3:2023(E)

10.4 Performance indicators ............................................................................................................................................................... 37

10.4.1 General ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 37

10.4.2 Denominators ........................................................................................................................................... .......................... 37

11 Uncertainty of GHG inventories ........................................................................................................................................................43

11.1 General to uncertainty assessment ................................................................................................................................... 43

11.1.1 Basic considerations .................................................................................................................................................... 43

11.1.2 Materiality thresholds ................................................................................................................................................ 45

11.2 Uncertainty of activity data ..................................................................................................................................................... 45

11.2.1 Measuring instruments for the determination of fuel and material

quantities ............................................................................................................................................................................... 45

11.2.2 Aggregated uncertainties in case of mass balances ........................................................................46

11.3 Uncertainties of fuel and material parameters ......................................................................................................46

11.3.1 Laboratory analyses for the determination of fuel and material parameters .........46

11.3.2 Uncertainties of total heat consumption and CO emissions of fuels...............................46

11.4 Uncertainties of continuous stack emission measurements ...................................................................... 47

11.5 E valuation of the overall uncertainty of a GHG inventory ............................................................................ 47

11.6 Application of default values instead of analysing results ........................................................................... 47

Annex A (informative) Findings from the field tests (analytical interferences) ...............................................49

Annex B (informative) Emission factors .......................................................................................................................................................52

Annex C (informative) Uncertainty of activity data .........................................................................................................................54

Annex D (informative) Overview on terms in a cement plant ...............................................................................................60

Annex E (informative) Considerations for the application of this document — Verification

procedure .................................................................................................................................................................................................................64

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................66

© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to

the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see

www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1,

Stationary source emissions.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19694 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
Introduction
0.1 Overview of cement manufacturing process
Cement manufacture includes three main process steps (see Figure 1):
a) preparing of raw materials and fuels;
b) producing clinker, an intermediate, through pyro-processing of raw materials;

c) grinding and blending clinker with other products (“mineral components”) to make cement.

There are two main sources of direct CO emissions in the production process: calcination of raw

materials in the pyro-processing stage, and combustion of kiln fuels. These two sources are described

in more detail below. Other CO sources include direct GHG emissions from non-kiln fuels (e.g. dryers

for cement constituents products, room heating, on-site transports and on-site power generation),

and indirect GHG emissions from, for example, external power production and transports. Non-CO

greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol, apart from carbon monoxide (CO) methane (CH ) and

nitrous oxide (N O), are not relevant in the cement context in the sense that direct GHG emissions of

these gases are negligible.

NOTE The non-CO greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol are: methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O),

2 4 2

sulfur hexafluoride (SF ), partly halogenated fluorohydrogencarbons (HFC) and perfluorated hydrocarbons

(PFC).

SOURCE Reference [8], based on Reference [16]. Reproduced with the permission of the authors.

Figure 1 — Process steps in cement manufacture

Table 1 gives an overview of places where materials enter the cement production process.

© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
Table 1 — Overview of input places of materials
Raw meal Input place
Raw materials from natural resources Raw mill
Alternative raw materials Raw mill
Raw material flows for clinker production Input place
Raw meal Kiln feed
Fuel ashes Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer
Additional raw materials not part of the kiln feed Kiln inlet
Fuels flows for clinker and cement production Input place
Fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Alternative fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer

Alternative fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer

Mixed fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Biomass fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Cement kiln dust Output place
Dust return Preheater
Filter dust Precipitator / filter
By pass dust Bypass filter
Cement constituents-based products Output place
Clinker Kiln (cooler)
Cement Cement mill
Blast furnace slag Cement mill or grinding station
Fly ash Cement mill or grinding station
Gypsum Cement mill or grinding station
Cooler, is normally added to the clinker flow to the clinker
Cooler dust
silo
Cement kiln dust Preheater or precipitator or filter or bypass filter
Limestone Cement mill or grinding station
Burnt shale Cement mill or grinding station
Pozzolana Cement mill or grinding station
Silica fume Cement mill or grinding station
0.2 CO from calcination of raw materials

In the clinker production process, CO is released due to the chemical decomposition of calcium,

magnesium and other carbonates (e.g. from limestone) into lime:
CaCO + heat → CaO + CO
3 2
MgCO + heat → MgO + CO
3 2

This process is called “calcining” or “calcination”. It results in direct CO emissions through the kiln

stack. When considering CO emissions due to calcination, two components can be distinguished:

— CO from raw materials actually used for clinker production, these raw materials are fully calcined

in the clinker production process;
vii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 19694-3:2023(E)

— CO from raw materials leaving the kiln system as partly calcined cement kiln dust (CKD), or as

normally fully calcined bypass dust.

CO from actual clinker production is proportional to the lime content of the clinker, which in turn

varies little in time or between different cement plants.

NOTE A second, but much smaller factor is the CaO and MgO content of the raw materials and additives used.

As a result, the CO emission factor per tonne of clinker is fairly stable with a default value in this

document of 525 kg CO /t clinker (IPCC default: 510 kg CO /t clinker, CSI default: 525 kg CO /t

2 2 2
[19]
clinker ).

The amount of kiln dust leaving the kiln system varies greatly with kiln types and cement quality

standards, ranging from practically zero to over one hundred kilograms per tonne of clinker. The

associated emissions are likely to be relevant in some countries or installations.

CO emissions from calcination of raw materials can be calculated by two methods which are in

principle equivalent: either based on the amount and chemical composition of the products (clinker

plus dust leaving the kiln system, output methods B1 and B2), or based on the amount and composition

of the raw materials entering the kiln (input methods A1 and A2). See 7.2.1 and 7.2.2 for details.

0.3 CO from organic carbon in raw materials

The raw materials used for clinker production usually contain a small fraction of organic carbon,

which can be expressed as TOC content. Organic carbon in the raw meal is converted to CO during

pyro-processing. The contribution of this component to the overall CO emissions of a cement plant is

typically very small (about 1 % or less). The organic carbon contents of raw materials can, however, vary

substantially between locations and between the types of materials used. For example, the resulting

emissions can be relevant if a cement company organization consumes large quantities of certain types

of fly ash or shale as raw materials entering the kiln.
0.4 CO from fuels for kiln operation

The cement industry traditionally uses various fossil fuels to operate cement kilns, including coal,

petroleum coke, fuel oil and natural gas. Fuels derived from waste materials have become important

substitutes for conventional fossil fuels. These AFs include fossil fuel-derived fractions such as, for

example, waste oil and plastics, as well as biomass-derived fractions such as waste wood and dewatered

sludge from wastewater treatment. Furthermore, fuels which contain both fossil and biogenic carbon

(mixed fuels), like, for example, (pre-treated) municipal and (pre-treated) industrial wastes (containing

plastics, textiles, paper etc.) or waste tyres (containing natural and synthetic rubber), are increasingly

used.

Both traditional fossil and alternative fuels result in direct CO emissions through the kiln stack.

However, biomass and bioliquids are considered “climate neutral“ in accordance with IPCC definitions.

The use of alternative (biomass- or fossil-derived) fuels can, in addition, lead to important emission

reductions elsewhere, for instance from waste incineration plants or landfills.

Mineral components are natural and artificial materials with latent hydraulic properties. Examples

of MIC include natural pozzolana, blast furnace slag and fly ash. In addition, gypsum is within this

document labelled as MIC. MICs are added to clinker to produce blended cement. In some instances,

pure MICs are directly added to the concrete by the ready-mix or construction company. Use of MICs

leads to an equivalent reduction of direct CO emissions associated with clinker production, both from

calcination and fuel combustion. Artificial MICs are waste materials from other production processes

such as, for example, steel and coal-fired power production. Related GHG emissions are monitored

and reported by the corresponding industry sector. Utilization of these MICs for clinker or cement

substitution does not entail additional GHG emissions at the production site. Consequently, these

indirect GHG emissions are not included in the cement production inventory.

The basic mass balance methods used in this document are compatible with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines

for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

[4] [9]

(IPCC) , and with the revised WRI / WBCSD Greenhouse Gas Protocol . Default emission factors

viii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 19694-3:2023(E)

suggested in these documents are used, except where more recent, industry-specific data has become

available.
[4]

The 2006 IPCC Guidelines introduced a Tier 3 method for reporting CO emissions from the cement

[4]

production based on the raw material inputs (see Vol. III, Chapter 2.2.1.1, Formula (2).3 ). However, a

large number of raw material inputs and the need to continuously monitor their chemical composition

make this approach impractical in many cement plants. The different raw materials are normally

homogenized before and during the grinding process in the raw mill. The WRI / WBCSD therefore

recommended alternative methods for input-based reporting of CO emissions from raw material

calcination in cement plants. They rely on determining the amount of raw meal consumed in the kiln

system. In many cement plants, the homogenized mass flow of raw meal is routinely monitored including

its chemical analysis for the purpose of process and product quality control. The input methods based

on the raw meal consumed are already successfully applied in cement plants in different countries

and seem to be more practical than Tier 3 of Reference [4]. They were included in the Cement CO

[1]

and Energy Protocol Version 3 (simple input method A1 and detailed input method A2, 7.2.1). This

document provides guidance on how to compare the GHG performance of other companies or plants

within a sector level which is different from a methodology of the IPCC National Inventory Guideline.

This document for the cement industry has been based on Reference [1].
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
Stationary source emissions — Determination of
greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive industries —
Part 3:
Cement industry
1 Scope

This document specifies a harmonized methodology for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

from the cement industry, with a view to reporting these emissions for various purposes and by

different basis, such as, plant basis, company basis (by country or by region) or even international

group basis. It addresses all the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included:

— Direct GHG emissions [ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, a)] from sources that are owned or controlled by the

organization, such as emissions that result from the following processes:

— calcinations of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in raw materials;

— combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic

carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to either clinker production or drying of raw

materials and fuels, or both;

— combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic

carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, room heating

and cooling, drying of MIC (e.g. slag or pozzolana);
— combustion of fuels for on-site power generation;
— combustion of carbon contained in wastewater;

— Indirect GHG emissions [ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, b)] from the generation of purchased electricity

consumed in the organization’s owned or controlled equipment;

— Other indirect GHG emissions [(ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, c) to f)] from purchased clinker. Excluded

from this document are all other ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, c) to f) emissions from the cement industry.

2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 12039, Stationary source emissions —Determination of the mass concentration of carbon monoxide,

carbon dioxide and oxygen in flue gas — Performance characteristics of automated measuring systems

ISO 14064-1:2018, Greenhouse gases — Part 1: Specification with guidance at the organization level for

quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals

ISO 16911-1, Stationary source emissions — Manual and automatic determination of velocity and volume

flow rate in ducts — Part 1: Manual reference method

ISO 16911-2, Stationary source emissions — Manual and automatic determination of velocity and volume

flow rate in ducts — Part 2: Automated measuring systems
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 19694-3:2023(E)

ISO 19694-1, Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive

industries — Part 1: General aspects
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 19694-1 and the following

apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology da
...

TC /SC
Date:
TC /SC ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
ISO/TC 146/SC 1
Secretariat: BIS
Document type:
Document subtype:
Document stage:
Document language:
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas emissions in
energy-intensive industries — Part 3: Cement industry
First edition
Date: 2022-09-22
Document type:
Document subtype:
Document stage:
Document language:
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
© ISO 2022

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no

part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means,

electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without

prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or

ISO’sISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO Copyright Office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401 • CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva , Switzerland
Tel. Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.orgFax + 41 22 749 09 47
[e-mail]
www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 8

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................ 1

2 Normative references ................................................................................................................................ 1

3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................ 1

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms ............................................................................................................. 6

5 Determination of GHGs .............................................................................................................................. 8

5.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................ 8

5.2 Major GHG in cement .................................................................................................................................. 8

5.3 Determination by stack emission measurements ............................................................................ 8

5.4 Determination based on mass balance ................................................................................................. 8

5.5 Gross and net emissions ............................................................................................................................ 8

5.5.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................ 8

5.5.2 Gross emissions ......................................................................................................................................... 12

5.5.3 Other indirect GHG emission reductions ........................................................................................... 16

6 GHG Inventory boundaries ..................................................................................................................... 18

6.1 General .......................................................................................................................................................... 18

6.2 Reporting boundaries .............................................................................................................................. 18

6.3 Organizational boundaries ..................................................................................................................... 19

6.3.1 General .......................................................................................................................................................... 19

6.3.2 Installations that are covered ............................................................................................................... 19

6.3.3 Operational control and ownership criteria .................................................................................... 20

6.3.4 Internal clinker, cement and MIC transfers ...................................................................................... 21

7 Direct GHG emissions and their determination............................................................................... 23

7.1 General .......................................................................................................................................................... 23

7.2 CO from raw material calcinations .................................................................................................... 25

7.2.1 General .......................................................................................................................................................... 25

7.2.2 Input methods (A1) and (A2) ................................................................................................................. 29

7.2.3 Output methods (B1) and (B2) .............................................................................................................. 34

7.3 Reporting of CO2 emissions from raw material calcination based on clinker output:

[4]

Summary of IPCC and CSI recommendations and default emission factor for clinker .... 39

7.4 Determination of the FD calcination rate .......................................................................................... 41

7.5 Direct determination of the CO emission factor of FD from analysis of CO content ........ 42

2 2

7.6 Cement specific issues for fuels ............................................................................................................ 43

7.6.1 Conventional fossil fuels ......................................................................................................................... 43

7.6.2 Alternative fuels ......................................................................................................................................... 43

7.7 GHG from fuels for kilns .......................................................................................................................... 44

7.8 GHG from non-kiln fuels .......................................................................................................................... 45

7.9 GHG from the combustion of wastewater .......................................................................................... 46

7.10 Non-CO2 GHG emissions from the cement industry ....................................................................... 46

8 Indirect GHG emissions and their determination ........................................................................... 47

8.1 General .......................................................................................................................................................... 47

8.2 CO from external electricity production .......................................................................................... 47

8.3 CO from purchased clinker ................................................................................................................... 47

9 Baselines, acquisitions and disinvestments ..................................................................................... 48

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)

10 Reporting ...................................................................................................................................................... 49

10.1 General .......................................................................................................................................................... 49

10.2 Corporate environmental reporting ................................................................................................... 49

10.3 Reporting periods ...................................................................................................................................... 50

10.4 Performance indicators ........................................................................................................................... 50

10.4.1 General .......................................................................................................................................................... 50

10.4.2 Denominators ............................................................................................................................................. 51

11 Uncertainty of GHG inventories ............................................................................................................ 58

11.1 General to uncertainty assessment ...................................................................................................... 58

11.1.1 Basic considerations ................................................................................................................................. 58

11.1.2 Materiality thresholds ............................................................................................................................. 59

11.2 Uncertainty of activity data .................................................................................................................... 60

11.2.1 Measuring instruments for the determination of fuel and material quantities .................... 60

11.2.2 Aggregated uncertainties in case of mass balances ........................................................................ 60

11.3 Uncertainties of fuel and material parameters ................................................................................ 61

11.3.1 Laboratory analyses for the determination of fuel and material parameters ....................... 61

11.3.2 Uncertainties of total heat consumption and CO2 emissions of fuels ....................................... 61

11.4 Uncertainties of continuous stack emission measurements ....................................................... 62

11.5 Evaluation of the overall uncertainty of a GHG inventory ............................................................ 62

11.6 Application of default values instead of analysing results ........................................................... 62

Annex A (informative) Findings from the field tests (analytical interferences) ................................ 64

Annex B (informative) Emission factors ......................................................................................................... 69

Annex C (informative) Uncertainty of activity data ..................................................................................... 73

Annex D (informative) Overview on terms in a cement plant .................................................................. 82

Annex E (informative) Considerations for applying this document (verification procedure) ...... 87

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................. 89

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO

collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any

patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on

the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World

Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see

www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1,

Stationary source emissions.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19694 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
vii
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Introduction

This document for the cement industry has been based on the WBCSD/CSI and WRI: “CO2 and Energy

Accounting and Reporting Standard for the Cement Industry” .
0.1 Overview of cement manufacturing process
Cement manufacture includes three main process steps (see ):Figure 1):
a) preparing of raw materials and fuels;
b) producing clinker, an intermediate, through pyro-processing of raw materials;

c) grinding and blending clinker with other products (“mineral components”) to make cement.

There are two main sources of direct CO emissions in the production process: calcination of raw

materials in the pyro-processing stage, and combustion of kiln fuels. These two sources are described in

more detail below. Other CO sources include direct GHG emissions from non-kiln fuels (e.g. dryers for

cement constituents products, room heating, on-site transports and on-site power generation), and

indirect GHG emissions from, e.g.for example, external power production and transports. Non-CO2

greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol, apart from carbon monoxide (CO) methane (CH ) and

nitrous oxide (N O), are not relevant in the cement context, in the sense that direct GHG emissions of

these gases are negligible.

The linked image cannot be displayed. The file may have been moved, renamed, or deleted. Verify that the link points to the correct file and location.

NOTE The non-CO2 greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol are: methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O),

sulfur hexafluoride (SF ), partly halogenated fluorohydrogencarbons (HFC) and perfluorated hydrocarbons (PFC).

viii
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)

SOURCE: Reference [8], based on Reference [16]. Reproduced with the permission of the authors.

Figure 1 — Process steps in cement manufacture (source: [8], based on [16])

Table 1 gives an overview of places where materials enter the cement production process.

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Table 1 — Overview of input places of materials
Raw meal Input place
Raw materials from natural resources Raw mill
Alternative raw materials Raw mill
Raw material flows for clinker production Input place
Raw meal Kiln feed
Fuel ashes Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer
Additional raw materials not part of the kiln
Kiln inlet
feed
Fuels flows for clinker and cement production Input place
Fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Alternative fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer

Alternative fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer

Mixed fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Biomass fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Cement kiln dust Output place
Dust return Preheater
Filter dust Precipitator / filter
By pass dust Bypass filter
Cement constituents based products Output place
Clinker Kiln (cooler)
Cement Cement mill
Blast furnace slag Cement mill or grinding station
Fly ash Cement mill or grinding station
Gypsum Cement mill or grinding station
Cooler, is normally added to the clinker flow to the clinker
Cooler dust
silo
Cement kiln dust Preheater or precipitator or filter or bypass filter
Limestone Cement mill or grinding station
Burnt shale Cement mill or grinding station
Pozzolana Cement mill or grinding station
Silica fume Cement mill or grinding station
0.2 CO2 from calcination of raw materials
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)

In the clinker production process, CO2 is released due to the chemical decomposition of calcium,

magnesium and other carbonates (e.g. from limestone) into lime:
CaCO + heat →→ CaO + CO
3 2
MgCO + heat →→ MgO + CO
3 2

This process is called "“calcining"” or "“calcination".”. It results in direct CO2 emissions through the kiln

stack. When considering CO emissions due to calcination, two components maycan be distinguished:

— CO2 from raw materials actually used for clinker production, these raw materials are fully calcined

in the clinker production process;

— CO from raw materials leaving the kiln system as partly calcined cement kiln dust (CKD), or as

normally fully calcined bypass dust.

CO from actual clinker production is proportional to the lime content of the clinker, which in turn varies

little in time or between different cement plants.

NOTE A second, but much smaller factor is the CaO and MgO content of the raw materials and additives used.

As a result, the CO emission factor per tonne of clinker is fairly stable with a default value in this

standarddocument of 525 kg CO2/t clinker (IPCC default: 510 kg CO2/t clinker, CSI default: 525 kg CO2/t

[19]
clinker). ).

The amount of kiln dust leaving the kiln system varies greatly with kiln types and cement quality

standards, ranging from practically zero to over one hundred kilograms per tonne of clinker. The

associated emissions are likely to be relevant in some countries or installations.

CO emissions from calcination of raw materials maycan be calculated by two methods which are in

principle equivalent: either based on the amount and chemical composition of the products (clinker plus

dust leaving the kiln system, output methods B1 and B2), or based on the amount and composition of the

raw materials entering the kiln (input methods A1 and A2). See 7.2.1, and 7.2.2 for details.

0.3 CO from organic carbon in raw materials

The raw materials used for clinker production usually contain a small fraction of organic carbon, which

maycan be expressed as total organic carbon (TOC) content. Organic carbon in the raw meal is converted

to CO2 during pyro-processing. The contribution of this component to the overall CO2 emissions of a

cement plant is typically very small (about 1 % or less). The organic carbon contents of raw materials

maycan, however, vary substantially between locations and between the types of materials used. For

example, the resulting emissions maycan be relevant if a cement company organization (used in this

standarddocument) consumes large quantities of certain types of fly ash or shale as raw materials

entering the kiln.
0.4 CO2 from fuels for kiln operation

The cement industry traditionally uses various fossil fuels to operate cement kilns, including coal,

petroleum coke, fuel oil, and natural gas. Fuels derived from waste materials have become important

substitutes for conventional fossil fuels. These alternative fuels (AF)AFs include fossil fuel-derived

fractions such as, e.g.for example, waste oil and plastics, as well as biomass-derived fractions such as

waste wood and dewatered sludge from wastewater treatment. Furthermore, fuels are increasingly used

which contain both fossil and biogenic carbon (mixed fuels), like e.g., for example, (pre-treated) municipal

and (pre-treated) industrial wastes (containing plastics, textiles, paper etc.) or waste tyres (containing

natural and synthetic rubber).), are increasingly used.

Both traditional fossil and alternative fuels result in direct CO emissions through the kiln stack. However,

biomass and bioliquids are considered “climate change-neutral“ in accordance with IPCC definitions. The

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)

use of alternative (biomass- or fossil-derived) fuels maycan, in addition, lead to important emission

reductions elsewhere, for instance from waste incineration plants or landfills.

Mineral components (MIC) are natural and artificial materials with latent hydraulic properties. Examples

of MIC include natural pozzolana, blast furnace slag, and fly ash. In addition, gypsum is within this

standarddocument labelled as MIC. MICs are added to clinker to produce blended cement. In some

instances, pure MICs are directly added to the concrete by the ready-mix or construction company. Use

of MICs leads to an equivalent reduction of direct CO2 emissions associated with clinker production, both

from calcination and fuel combustion. Artificial MICs are waste materials from other production

processes such as, e.g.for example, steel and coal-fired power production. Related GHG emissions are

monitored and reported by the corresponding industry sector. Utilization of these MICs for clinker or

cement substitution does not entail additional GHG emissions at the production site. Consequently, these

indirect GHG emissions are not included in the cement production inventory.

The basic mass balance methods used in this standarddocument are compatible with the 2006 IPCC

Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

[4] [9]

Change (IPCC) ,) , and with the revised WRI / WBCSD Greenhouse Gas Protocol. . Default emission

factors suggested in these documents are used, except where more recent, industry-specific data has

become available.
[4]

The 2006 IPCC Guidelines introduced a Tier 3 method for reporting CO2 emissions from the cement

[4]

production based on the raw material inputs (see Vol. III, Chapter 2.2.1.1, Formula (2.).3). ). However, a

large number of raw material inputs and the need to continuously monitor their chemical composition

make this approach impractical in many cement plants. The different raw materials are normally

homogenized before and during the grinding process in the raw mill. The WRI / WBCSD therefore

recommended alternative methods for input-based reporting of CO emissions from raw material

calcination in cement plants. They rely on determining the amount of raw meal consumed in the kiln

system. In many cement plants, the homogenized mass flow of raw meal is routinely monitored including

its chemical analysis for the purpose of process and product quality control. The input methods based on

the raw meal consumed are already successfully applied in cement plants in different countries and seem

to be more practical than Tier 3 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines .Reference [4]. They were included in the

Cement CO and Energy Protocol Version 3 (Simple Input Method A1 and Detailed Input Method A2,

[1]

7.2.1).) . This document provides a guidance on how to compare the GHG performance of other

companycompanies or plantplants within a sector level which is different from a methodology of the IPCC

National Inventory Guideline.
This document for the cement industry has been based on Reference [1].
xii
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions in energy-intensive industries — Part 3:
Cement industry
1 Scope

This document specifies a harmonized methodology for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

from the cement industry, with a view to reporting these emissions for various purposes and by different

basis, such as, plant basis, company basis (by country or by region) or even international group basis. It

addresses all the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included:

— Direct GHG emissions ([ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, a))] from sources that are owned or controlled by

the organization, such as emissions that result from the following sourcesprocesses:

process: — calcinations of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in raw

materials;

— combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic

carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to either clinker production and/or drying

of raw materials and fuels, or both;

— combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic

carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, room

heating/ and cooling, drying of MIC (e.g. slag or pozzolana);
— combustion of fuels for on-site power generation;
— combustion of carbon contained in wastewater.;

— Indirect GHG emissions ([ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, b))] from the generation of purchased electricity

consumed in the organization’s owned or controlled equipment;

— Other indirect GHG emissions ([(ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, c -) to f))] from purchased clinker.

Excluded from this standarddocument are all other ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, c –) to f) emissions from

the cement industry.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 12039: 2001, Stationary source emissions —Determination of the mass concentration of carbon

monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxygen in flue gas — Performance characteristics and calibration of

automated measuring systems
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)

ISO 14064-1:2018, GreenhousegasesGreenhouse gases — Part 1: Specification with guidance at the

organization level for quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and remarksremovals

ISO 16911-1:2013, Stationary source emissions — Manual and automatic determination of velocity and

volume flow rate in ducts — Part 1: Manual reference method

ISO 16911-2:2013, Stationary source emissions — Manual and automatic determination of velocity and

volume flow rate in ducts — Part 2: Automated measuring systems

ISO 19694-1:2021, Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in

energy-intensive industries — Part 1: General aspects
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 19694-1 and the following

apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminologicalterminology databases for use in standardization at the following

addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
additional raw material
ADRM

additional raw materials are not part of the kiln feedraw material (3.23) and are30) which is fed directly

to the calciner or the kiln inlet (3.26)
Note 1 to entry: Additional raw materials are not part of the kiln feed.
3.2
alternative fuelsfuel
fuel derived from waste materials, that

Note 1 to entry: AF can be further devideddivided into biogenic, fossil (3.18) and mixed alternative fuels.

3.3
automated measuring system
(AMS)

measuring system permanently installed on site for continuous monitoring of emissions

Note 1 to entry: An AMS is a method which is traceable to a reference method.

Note 2 to entry: Apart from the analyser, an AMS includes facilities for taking samples (e.g. sample probe, sample

gas lines, filters, flow meters, regulators, delivery pumps, blowers) and for sample conditioning (e.g. dust filter,

water vapour removal devices, converters, diluters). This definition also includes testing and adjusting devices that

are required for regular functional checks.

Note 3 to entry: In ISO 14064-1:2018, AMS are called “continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS).

3.4
alternative fossil fuel
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)

fossil fuel derived from waste materials without biogenic content and not listed by IPCC

3.5
alternative raw material
ARM
) production derive
...

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 19694-3
ISO/TC 146/SC 1
Stationary source emissions —
Secretariat: BIS
Determination of greenhouse gas
Voting begins on:
2022-10-07 emissions in energy-intensive
industries —
Voting terminates on:
2022-12-02
Part 3:
Cement industry
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination des émissions de gaz à
effet de serre dans les industries énergo-intensives —
Partie 3: Industrie du ciment
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 19694-3
ISO/TC 146/SC 1
Stationary source emissions —
Secretariat: BIS
Determination of greenhouse gas
Voting begins on:
2022-10-07 emissions in energy-intensive
industries —
Voting terminates on:
2022-12-02
Part 3:
Cement industry
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination des émissions de gaz à
effet de serre dans les industries énergo-intensives —
Partie 3: Industrie du ciment
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on

the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below

or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
ISO copyright office
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
DOCUMENTATION.
Phone: [phone]
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
Email: [e-mail]
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Website: www.iso.org
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
Published in Switzerland
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms..........................................................................................................................................................5

5 Determination of GHGs ................................................................................................................................................................................. 6

5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

5.2 Major GHG in cement ......................................................................................................................................................................... 6

5.3 Determination by stack emission measurements ................................................................................................... 6

5.4 Determination based on mass balance ............................................................................................................................. 7

5.5 Gross and net emissions ................................................................................................................................................................. 7

5.5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

5.5.2 Gross emissions ................................................................................................................................................................... 9

5.5.3 Other indirect GHG emission reductions ................................................................................................... 11

6 GHG Inventory boundaries ........................................................................................................................................... ..........................12

6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................12

6.2 Reporting boundaries ...................................................................................................................................................................12

6.3 Organizational boundaries .......................................................................................................................................................13

6.3.1 General .....................................................................................................................................................................................13

6.3.2 Installations that are covered ............................................................................................................................. 13

6.3.3 Operational control and ownership criteria........................................................................................... 14

6.3.4 Internal clinker, cement and MIC transfers ............................................................................................. 14

7 Direct GHG emissions and their determination ..............................................................................................................16

7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16

7.2 CO from raw material calcinations ................................................................................................................................. 18

7.2.1 General ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 18

7.2.2 Input methods (A1) and (A2) ................................................................................................................................ 20

7.2.3 Output methods (B1) and (B2) ........................................................................................................................... 24

7.3 Reporting of CO emissions from raw material calcination based on clinker
[4]
output: Summary of IPCC and CSI recommendations, and default emission

factor for clinker ................................................................................................................................................................................28

7.4 Determination of the FD calcination rate ....................................................................................................................29

7.5 Direct determination of the CO emission factor of FD from analysis of CO content .........30

2 2

7.6 Cement specific issues for fuels ............................................................................................................................................ 30

7.6.1 Conventional fossil fuels ...........................................................................................................................................30

7.6.2 Alternative fuels .............................................................................................................................................................. 31

7.7 GHG from fuels for kilns .............................................................................................................................................................. 32

7.8 GHG from non-kiln fuels .............................................................................................................................................................. 32

7.9 GHG from the combustion of wastewater ................................................................................................................... 33

7.10 Non-CO GHG emissions from the cement industry ........................................................................................... 33

8 Indirect GHG emissions and their determination .........................................................................................................34

8.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................34

8.2 CO from external electricity production ....................................................................................................................34

8.3 CO from purchased clinker.....................................................................................................................................................34

9 Baselines, acquisitions and disinvestments ........................................................................................................................35

10 Reporting ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................35

10.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 35

10.2 Corporate environmental reporting ................................................................................................................................ 36

10.3 Reporting periods ............................................................................................................................................................................. 37

iii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)

10.4 Performance indicators ............................................................................................................................................................... 37

10.4.1 General ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 37

10.4.2 Denominators ........................................................................................................................................... .......................... 37

11 Uncertainty of GHG inventories ........................................................................................................................................................43

11.1 General to uncertainty assessment ................................................................................................................................... 43

11.1.1 Basic considerations .................................................................................................................................................... 43

11.1.2 Materiality thresholds ................................................................................................................................................ 45

11.2 Uncertainty of activity data ..................................................................................................................................................... 45

11.2.1 Measuring instruments for the determination of fuel and material

quantities ............................................................................................................................................................................... 45

11.2.2 Aggregated uncertainties in case of mass balances ........................................................................46

11.3 Uncertainties of fuel and material parameters ......................................................................................................46

11.3.1 Laboratory analyses for the determination of fuel and material parameters .........46

11.3.2 Uncertainties of total heat consumption and CO emissions of fuels...............................46

11.4 Uncertainties of continuous stack emission measurements ...................................................................... 47

11.5 E valuation of the overall uncertainty of a GHG inventory ............................................................................ 47

11.6 Application of default values instead of analysing results ........................................................................... 47

Annex A (informative) Findings from the field tests (analytical interferences) ...............................................49

Annex B (informative) Emission factors .......................................................................................................................................................52

Annex C (informative) Uncertainty of activity data .........................................................................................................................54

Annex D (informative) Overview on terms in a cement plant ...............................................................................................60

Annex E (informative) Considerations for the application of this document — Verification

procedure .................................................................................................................................................................................................................64

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................66

© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to

the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see

www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1,

Stationary source emissions.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19694 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Introduction
0.1 Overview of cement manufacturing process
Cement manufacture includes three main process steps (see Figure 1):
a) preparing of raw materials and fuels;
b) producing clinker, an intermediate, through pyro-processing of raw materials;

c) grinding and blending clinker with other products (“mineral components”) to make cement.

There are two main sources of direct CO emissions in the production process: calcination of raw

materials in the pyro-processing stage, and combustion of kiln fuels. These two sources are described

in more detail below. Other CO sources include direct GHG emissions from non-kiln fuels (e.g. dryers

for cement constituents products, room heating, on-site transports and on-site power generation),

and indirect GHG emissions from, for example, external power production and transports. Non-CO

greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol, apart from carbon monoxide (CO) methane (CH ) and

nitrous oxide (N O), are not relevant in the cement context in the sense that direct GHG emissions of

these gases are negligible.

NOTE The non-CO greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol are: methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O),

2 4 2

sulfur hexafluoride (SF ), partly halogenated fluorohydrogencarbons (HFC) and perfluorated hydrocarbons

(PFC).

SOURCE Reference [8], based on Reference [16]. Reproduced with the permission of the authors.

Figure 1 — Process steps in cement manufacture

Table 1 gives an overview of places where materials enter the cement production process.

© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Table 1 — Overview of input places of materials
Raw meal Input place
Raw materials from natural resources Raw mill
Alternative raw materials Raw mill
Raw material flows for clinker production Input place
Raw meal Kiln feed
Fuel ashes Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer
Additional raw materials not part of the kiln feed Kiln inlet
Fuels flows for clinker and cement production Input place
Fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Alternative fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer

Alternative fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer

Mixed fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Biomass fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Cement kiln dust Output place
Dust return Preheater
Filter dust Precipitator / filter
By pass dust Bypass filter
Cement constituents based products Output place
Clinker Kiln (cooler)
Cement Cement mill
Blast furnace slag Cement mill or grinding station
Fly ash Cement mill or grinding station
Gypsum Cement mill or grinding station
Cooler, is normally added to the clinker flow to the clinker
Cooler dust
silo
Cement kiln dust Preheater or precipitator or filter or bypass filter
Limestone Cement mill or grinding station
Burnt shale Cement mill or grinding station
Pozzolana Cement mill or grinding station
Silica fume Cement mill or grinding station
0.2 CO from calcination of raw materials

In the clinker production process, CO is released due to the chemical decomposition of calcium,

magnesium and other carbonates (e.g. from limestone) into lime:
CaCO + heat → CaO + CO
3 2
MgCO + heat → MgO + CO
3 2

This process is called “calcining” or “calcination”. It results in direct CO emissions through the kiln

stack. When considering CO emissions due to calcination, two components can be distinguished:

— CO from raw materials actually used for clinker production, these raw materials are fully calcined

in the clinker production process;
vii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)

— CO from raw materials leaving the kiln system as partly calcined cement kiln dust (CKD), or as

normally fully calcined bypass dust.

CO from actual clinker production is proportional to the lime content of the clinker, which in turn

varies little in time or between different cement plants.

NOTE A second, but much smaller factor is the CaO and MgO content of the raw materials and additives used.

As a result, the CO emission factor per tonne of clinker is fairly stable with a default value in this

document of 525 kg CO /t clinker (IPCC default: 510 kg CO /t clinker, CSI default: 525 kg CO /t

2 2 2
[19]
clinker ).

The amount of kiln dust leaving the kiln system varies greatly with kiln types and cement quality

standards, ranging from practically zero to over one hundred kilograms per tonne of clinker. The

associated emissions are likely to be relevant in some countries or installations.

CO emissions from calcination of raw materials can be calculated by two methods which are in

principle equivalent: either based on the amount and chemical composition of the products (clinker

plus dust leaving the kiln system, output methods B1 and B2), or based on the amount and composition

of the raw materials entering the kiln (input methods A1 and A2). See 7.2.1 and 7.2.2 for details.

0.3 CO from organic carbon in raw materials

The raw materials used for clinker production usually contain a small fraction of organic carbon,

which can be expressed as TOC content. Organic carbon in the raw meal is converted to CO during

pyro-processing. The contribution of this component to the overall CO emissions of a cement plant is

typically very small (about 1 % or less). The organic carbon contents of raw materials can, however, vary

substantially between locations and between the types of materials used. For example, the resulting

emissions can be relevant if a cement company organization (used in this document) consumes large

quantities of certain types of fly ash or shale as raw materials entering the kiln.

0.4 CO from fuels for kiln operation

The cement industry traditionally uses various fossil fuels to operate cement kilns, including coal,

petroleum coke, fuel oil and natural gas. Fuels derived from waste materials have become important

substitutes for conventional fossil fuels. These AFs include fossil fuel-derived fractions such as, for

example, waste oil and plastics, as well as biomass-derived fractions such as waste wood and dewatered

sludge from wastewater treatment. Furthermore, fuels which contain both fossil and biogenic carbon

(mixed fuels), like, for example, (pre-treated) municipal and (pre-treated) industrial wastes (containing

plastics, textiles, paper etc.) or waste tyres (containing natural and synthetic rubber), are increasingly

used.

Both traditional fossil and alternative fuels result in direct CO emissions through the kiln stack.

However, biomass and bioliquids are considered “climate change-neutral“ in accordance with IPCC

definitions. The use of alternative (biomass- or fossil-derived) fuels can, in addition, lead to important

emission reductions elsewhere, for instance from waste incineration plants or landfills.

Mineral components are natural and artificial materials with latent hydraulic properties. Examples

of MIC include natural pozzolana, blast furnace slag and fly ash. In addition, gypsum is within this

document labelled as MIC. MICs are added to clinker to produce blended cement. In some instances,

pure MICs are directly added to the concrete by the ready-mix or construction company. Use of MICs

leads to an equivalent reduction of direct CO emissions associated with clinker production, both from

calcination and fuel combustion. Artificial MICs are waste materials from other production processes

such as, for example, steel and coal-fired power production. Related GHG emissions are monitored

and reported by the corresponding industry sector. Utilization of these MICs for clinker or cement

substitution does not entail additional GHG emissions at the production site. Consequently, these

indirect GHG emissions are not included in the cement production inventory.

The basic mass balance methods used in this document are compatible with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines

for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

[4] [9]

(IPCC) , and with the revised WRI / WBCSD Greenhouse Gas Protocol . Default emission factors

viii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)

suggested in these documents are used, except where more recent, industry-specific data has become

available.
[4]

The 2006 IPCC Guidelines introduced a Tier 3 method for reporting CO emissions from the cement

[4]

production based on the raw material inputs (see Vol. III, Chapter 2.2.1.1, Formula (2).3 ). However, a

large number of raw material inputs and the need to continuously monitor their chemical composition

make this approach impractical in many cement plants. The different raw materials are normally

homogenized before and during the grinding process in the raw mill. The WRI / WBCSD therefore

recommended alternative methods for input-based reporting of CO emissions from raw material

calcination in cement plants. They rely on determining the amount of raw meal consumed in the kiln

system. In many cement plants, the homogenized mass flow of raw meal is routinely monitored including

its chemical analysis for the purpose of process and product quality control. The input methods based

on the raw meal consumed are already successfully applied in cement plants in different countries

and seem to be more practical than Tier 3 of Reference [4]. They were included in the Cement CO

[1]

and Energy Protocol Version 3 (Simple Input Method A1 and Detailed Input Method A2, 7.2.1) . This

document provides guidance on how to compare the GHG performance of other companies or plants

within a sector level which is different from a methodology of the IPCC National Inventory Guideline.

This document for the cement industry has been based on Reference [1].
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Stationary source emissions — Determination of
greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive industries —
Part 3:
Cement industry
1 Scope

This document specifies a harmonized methodology for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

from the cement industry, with a view to reporting these emissions for various purposes and by

different basis, such as, plant basis, company basis (by country or by region) or even international

group basis. It addresses all the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included:

— Direct GHG emissions [ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, a)] from sources that are owned or controlled by the

organization, such as emissions that result from the following processes:

— calcinations of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in raw materials;

— combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic

carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to either clinker production or drying of raw

materials and fuels, or both;

— combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic

carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, room heating

and cooling, drying of MIC (e.g. slag or pozzolana);
— combustion of fuels for on-site power generation;
— combustion of carbon contained in wastewater;

— Indirect GHG emissions [ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, b)] from the generation of purchased electricity

consumed in the organization’s ow
...