ISO 19694-3:2023
(Main)Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive industries — Part 3: Cement industry
Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive industries — Part 3: Cement industry
This document specifies a harmonized methodology for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the cement industry, with a view to reporting these emissions for various purposes and by different basis, such as, plant basis, company basis (by country or by region) or even international group basis. It addresses all the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included: — Direct GHG emissions [ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, a)] from sources that are owned or controlled by the organization, such as emissions that result from the following processes: — calcinations of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in raw materials; — combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to either clinker production or drying of raw materials and fuels, or both; — combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, room heating and cooling, drying of MIC (e.g. slag or pozzolana); — combustion of fuels for on-site power generation; — combustion of carbon contained in wastewater; — Indirect GHG emissions [ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, b)] from the generation of purchased electricity consumed in the organization’s owned or controlled equipment; — Other indirect GHG emissions [(ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, c) to f)] from purchased clinker. Excluded from this document are all other ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, c) to f) emissions from the cement industry.
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans les industries énergo-intensives — Partie 3: Industrie du ciment
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19694-3
First edition
2023-03
Stationary source emissions —
Determination of greenhouse gas
emissions in energy-intensive
industries —
Part 3:
Cement industry
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination des émissions de gaz à
effet de serre dans les industries énergo-intensives —
Partie 3: Industrie du ciment
Reference number
ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
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ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms.5
5 Determination of GHGs . 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Major GHG in cement . 6
5.3 Determination by stack emission measurements . 7
5.4 Determination based on mass balance . 7
5.5 Gross and net emissions . 7
5.5.1 General . 7
5.5.2 Gross emissions . 9
5.5.3 Other indirect GHG emission reductions — Utilization of waste heat . 10
6 GHG inventory boundaries .12
6.1 General .12
6.2 Reporting boundaries .12
6.3 Organizational boundaries .13
6.3.1 General .13
6.3.2 Installations that are covered . 13
6.3.3 Operational control and ownership criteria. 14
6.3.4 Internal clinker, cement and MIC transfers . 14
7 Direct GHG emissions and their determination .16
7.1 General . 16
7.2 CO from raw material calcinations . 18
2
7.2.1 General . 18
7.2.2 Input methods A1 and A2 . 20
7.2.3 Output methods B1 and B2 . 24
7.3 Reporting of CO emissions from raw material calcination based on clinker
2
[4]
output: Summary of IPCC and CSI recommendations, and default emission
factor for clinker .28
7.4 Determination of the FD calcination rate .29
7.5 Direct determination of the CO emission factor of FD from analysis of CO content .30
2 2
7.6 Cement specific issues for fuels . 30
7.6.1 Conventional fossil fuels .30
7.6.2 Alternative fuels . 31
7.7 GHG from fuels for kilns . 32
7.8 GHG from non-kiln fuels . 32
7.9 GHG from the combustion of wastewater . 33
7.10 Non-CO GHG emissions from the cement industry . 33
2
8 Indirect GHG emissions and their determination .34
8.1 General .34
8.2 CO from external electricity production .34
2
8.3 CO from purchased clinker.34
2
9 Baselines, acquisitions and disinvestments .35
10 Reporting .35
10.1 General . 35
10.2 Corporate environmental reporting . 36
10.3 Reporting periods . 37
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ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
10.4 Performance indicators . 37
10.4.1 General . 37
10.4.2 Denominators . . 37
11 Uncertainty of GHG inventories .43
11.1 General to uncertainty assessment . 43
11.1.1 Basic considerations . 43
11.1.2 Materiality thresholds . 45
11.2 Uncertainty of activity data . 45
11.2.1 Measuring instruments for the determination of fuel and material
quantities . 45
11.2.2 Aggregated uncertainties in case of mass balances .46
11.3 Uncertainties of fuel and material parameters .46
11.3.1 Laboratory analyses for the determination of fuel and material parameters .46
11.3.2 Uncertainties of total heat consumption and CO emissions of fuels.46
2
11.4 Uncertainties of continuous stack emission measurements . 47
11.5 E valuation of the overall uncertainty of a GHG inventory . 47
11.6 Application of default values instead of analysing results . 47
Annex A (informative) Findings from the field tests (analytical interferences) .49
Annex B (informative) Emission factors .52
Annex C (informative) Uncertainty of activity data .54
Annex D (informative) Overview on terms in a cement plant .60
Annex E (informative) Considerations for the application of this document — Verification
procedure .64
Bibliography .66
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ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1,
Stationary source emissions.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19694 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
Introduction
0.1 Overview of cement manufacturing process
Cement manufacture includes three main process steps (see Figure 1):
a) preparing of raw materials and fuels;
b) producing clinker, an intermediate, through pyro-processing of raw materials;
c) grinding and blending clinker with other products (“mineral components”) to make cement.
There are two main sources of direct CO emissions in the production process: calcination of raw
2
materials in the pyro-processing stage, and combustion of kiln fuels. These two sources are described
in more detail below. Other CO sources include direct GHG emissions from non-kiln fuels (e.g. dryers
2
for cement constituents products, room heating, on-site transports and on-site power generation),
and indirect GHG emissions from, for example, external power production and transports. Non-CO
2
greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol, apart from carbon monoxide (CO) methane (CH ) and
4
nitrous oxide (N O), are not relevant in the cement context in the sense that direct GHG emissions of
2
these gases are negligible.
NOTE The non-CO greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol are: methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O),
2 4 2
sulfur hexafluoride (SF ), partly halogenated fluorohydrogencarbons (HFC) and perfluorated hydrocarbons
6
(PFC).
SOURCE Reference [8], based on Reference [16]. Reproduced with the permission of the authors.
Figure 1 — Process steps in cement manufacture
Table 1 gives an overview of places where materials enter the cement production process.
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ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
Table 1 — Overview of input places of materials
Raw meal Input place
Raw materials from natural resources Raw mill
Alternative raw materials Raw mill
Raw material flows for clinker production Input place
Raw meal Kiln feed
Fuel ashes Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer
Additional raw materials not part of the kiln feed Kiln inlet
Fuels flows for clinker and cement production Input place
Fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Alternative fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Alternative fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Mixed fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Biomass fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Cement kiln dust Output place
Dust return Preheater
Filter dust Precipitator / filter
By pass dust Bypass filter
Cement constituents-based products Output place
Clinker Kiln (cooler)
Cement Cement mill
Blast furnace slag Cement mill or grinding station
Fly ash Cement mill or grinding station
Gypsum Cement mill or grinding station
Cooler, is normally added to the clinker flow to the clinker
Cooler dust
silo
Cement kiln dust Preheater or precipitator or filter or bypass filter
Limestone Cement mill or grinding station
Burnt shale Cement mill or grinding station
Pozzolana Cement mill or grinding station
Silica fume Cement mill or grinding station
0.2 CO from calcination of raw materials
2
In the clinker production process, CO is released due to the chemical decomposition of calcium,
2
magnesium and other carbonates (e.g. from limestone) into lime:
CaCO + heat → CaO + CO
3 2
MgCO + heat → MgO + CO
3 2
This process is called “calcining” or “calcination”. It results in direct CO emissions through the kiln
2
stack. When considering CO emissions due to calcination, two components can be distinguished:
2
— CO from raw materials actually used for clinker production, these raw materials are fully calcined
2
in the clinker production process;
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ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
— CO from raw materials leaving the kiln system as partly calcined cement kiln dust (CKD), or as
2
normally fully calcined bypass dust.
CO from actual clinker production is proportional to the lime content of the clinker, which in turn
2
varies little in time or between different cement plants.
NOTE A second, but much smaller factor is the CaO and MgO content of the raw materials and additives used.
As a result, the CO emission factor per tonne of clinker is fairly stable with a default value in this
2
document of 525 kg CO /t clinker (IPCC default: 510 kg CO /t clinker, CSI default: 525 kg CO /t
2 2 2
[19]
clinker ).
The amount of kiln dust leaving the kiln system varies greatly with kiln types and cement quality
standards, ranging from practically zero to over one hundred kilograms per tonne of clinker. The
associated emissions are likely to be relevant in some countries or installations.
CO emissions from calcination of raw materials can be calculated by two methods which are in
2
principle equivalent: either based on the amount and chemical composition of the products (clinker
plus dust leaving the kiln system, output methods B1 and B2), or based on the amount and composition
of the raw materials entering the kiln (input methods A1 and A2). See 7.2.1 and 7.2.2 for details.
0.3 CO from organic carbon in raw materials
2
The raw materials used for clinker production usually contain a small fraction of organic carbon,
which can be expressed as TOC content. Organic carbon in the raw meal is converted to CO during
2
pyro-processing. The contribution of this component to the overall CO emissions of a cement plant is
2
typically very small (about 1 % or less). The organic carbon contents of raw materials can, however, vary
substantially between locations and between the types of materials used. For example, the resulting
emissions can be relevant if a cement company organization consumes large quantities of certain types
of fly ash or shale as raw materials entering the kiln.
0.4 CO from fuels for kiln operation
2
The cement industry traditionally uses various fossil fuels to operate cement kilns, including coal,
petroleum coke, fuel oil and natural gas. Fuels derived from waste materials have become important
substitutes for conventional fossil fuels. These AFs include fossil fuel-derived fractions such as, for
example, waste oil and plastics, as well as biomass-derived fractions such as waste wood and dewatered
sludge from wastewater treatment. Furthermore, fuels which contain both fossil and biogenic carbon
(mixed fuels), like, for example, (pre-treated) municipal and (pre-treated) industrial wastes (containing
plastics, textiles, paper etc.) or waste tyres (containing natural and synthetic rubber), are increasingly
used.
Both traditional fossil and alternative fuels result in direct CO emissions through the kiln stack.
2
However, biomass and bioliquids are considered “climate neutral“ in accordance with IPCC definitions.
The use of alternative (biomass- or fossil-derived) fuels can, in addition, lead to important emission
reductions elsewhere, for instance from waste incineration plants or landfills.
Mineral components are natural and artificial materials with latent hydraulic properties. Examples
of MIC include natural pozzolana, blast furnace slag and fly ash. In addition, gypsum is within this
document labelled as MIC. MICs are added to clinker to produce blended cement. In some instances,
pure MICs are directly added to the concrete by the ready-mix or construction company. Use of MICs
leads to an equivalent reduction of direct CO emissions associated with clinker production, both from
2
calcination and fuel combustion. Artificial MICs are waste materials from other production processes
such as, for example, steel and coal-fired power production. Related GHG emissions are monitored
and reported by the corresponding industry sector. Utilization of these MICs for clinker or cement
substitution does not entail additional GHG emissions at the production site. Consequently, these
indirect GHG emissions are not included in the cement production inventory.
The basic mass balance methods used in this document are compatible with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines
for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
[4] [9]
(IPCC) , and with the revised WRI / WBCSD Greenhouse Gas Protocol . Default emission factors
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ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
suggested in these documents are used, except where more recent, industry-specific data has become
available.
[4]
The 2006 IPCC Guidelines introduced a Tier 3 method for reporting CO emissions from the cement
2
[4]
production based on the raw material inputs (see Vol. III, Chapter 2.2.1.1, Formula (2).3 ). However, a
large number of raw material inputs and the need to continuously monitor their chemical composition
make this approach impractical in many cement plants. The different raw materials are normally
homogenized before and during the grinding process in the raw mill. The WRI / WBCSD therefore
recommended alternative methods for input-based reporting of CO emissions from raw material
2
calcination in cement plants. They rely on determining the amount of raw meal consumed in the kiln
system. In many cement plants, the homogenized mass flow of raw meal is routinely monitored including
its chemical analysis for the purpose of process and product quality control. The input methods based
on the raw meal consumed are already successfully applied in cement plants in different countries
and seem to be more practical than Tier 3 of Reference [4]. They were included in the Cement CO
2
[1]
and Energy Protocol Version 3 (simple input method A1 and detailed input method A2, 7.2.1). This
document provides guidance on how to compare the GHG performance of other companies or plants
within a sector level which is different from a methodology of the IPCC National Inventory Guideline.
This document for the cement industry has been based on Reference [1].
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
Stationary source emissions — Determination of
greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive industries —
Part 3:
Cement industry
1 Scope
This document specifies a harmonized methodology for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
from the cement industry, with a view to reporting these emissions for various purposes and by
different basis, such as, plant basis, company basis (by country or by region) or even international
group basis. It addresses all the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included:
— Direct GHG emissions [ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, a)] from sources that are owned or controlled by the
organization, such as emissions that result from the following processes:
— calcinations of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in raw materials;
— combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic
carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to either clinker production or drying of raw
materials and fuels, or both;
— combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic
carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, room heating
and cooling, drying of MIC (e.g. slag or pozzolana);
— combustion of fuels for on-site power generation;
— combustion of carbon contained in wastewater;
— Indirect GHG emissions [ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, b)] from the generation of purchased electricity
consumed in the organization’s owned or controlled equipment;
— Other indirect GHG emissions [(ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, c) to f)] from purchased clinker. Excluded
from this document are all other ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, c) to f) emissions from the cement industry.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12039, Stationary source emissions —Determination of the mass concentration of carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide and oxygen in flue gas — Performance characteristics of automated measuring systems
ISO 14064-1:2018, Greenhouse gases — Part 1: Specification with guidance at the organization level for
quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals
ISO 16911-1, Stationary source emissions — Manual and automatic determination of velocity and volume
flow rate in ducts — Part 1: Manual reference method
ISO 16911-2, Stationary source emissions — Manual and automatic determination of velocity and volume
flow rate in ducts — Part 2: Automated measuring systems
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ISO 19694-3:2023(E)
ISO 19694-1, Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive
industries — Part 1: General aspects
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 19694-1 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology da
...
TC /SC
Date:
TC /SC ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
ISO/TC 146/SC 1
Secretariat: BIS
Document type:
Document subtype:
Document stage:
Document language:
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COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas emissions in
energy-intensive industries — Part 3: Cement industry
First edition
Date: 2022-09-22
Document type:
Document subtype:
Document stage:
Document language:
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ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no
part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without
prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or
ISO’sISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO Copyright Office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401 • CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva , Switzerland
Tel. Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.orgFax + 41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland.
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ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . 7
Introduction . 8
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 6
5 Determination of GHGs . 8
5.1 General . 8
5.2 Major GHG in cement . 8
5.3 Determination by stack emission measurements . 8
5.4 Determination based on mass balance . 8
5.5 Gross and net emissions . 8
5.5.1 General . 8
5.5.2 Gross emissions . 12
5.5.3 Other indirect GHG emission reductions . 16
6 GHG Inventory boundaries . 18
6.1 General . 18
6.2 Reporting boundaries . 18
6.3 Organizational boundaries . 19
6.3.1 General . 19
6.3.2 Installations that are covered . 19
6.3.3 Operational control and ownership criteria . 20
6.3.4 Internal clinker, cement and MIC transfers . 21
7 Direct GHG emissions and their determination. 23
7.1 General . 23
7.2 CO from raw material calcinations . 25
2
7.2.1 General . 25
7.2.2 Input methods (A1) and (A2) . 29
7.2.3 Output methods (B1) and (B2) . 34
7.3 Reporting of CO2 emissions from raw material calcination based on clinker output:
[4]
Summary of IPCC and CSI recommendations and default emission factor for clinker . 39
7.4 Determination of the FD calcination rate . 41
7.5 Direct determination of the CO emission factor of FD from analysis of CO content . 42
2 2
7.6 Cement specific issues for fuels . 43
7.6.1 Conventional fossil fuels . 43
7.6.2 Alternative fuels . 43
7.7 GHG from fuels for kilns . 44
7.8 GHG from non-kiln fuels . 45
7.9 GHG from the combustion of wastewater . 46
7.10 Non-CO2 GHG emissions from the cement industry . 46
8 Indirect GHG emissions and their determination . 47
8.1 General . 47
8.2 CO from external electricity production . 47
2
8.3 CO from purchased clinker . 47
2
9 Baselines, acquisitions and disinvestments . 48
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ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
10 Reporting . 49
10.1 General . 49
10.2 Corporate environmental reporting . 49
10.3 Reporting periods . 50
10.4 Performance indicators . 50
10.4.1 General . 50
10.4.2 Denominators . 51
11 Uncertainty of GHG inventories . 58
11.1 General to uncertainty assessment . 58
11.1.1 Basic considerations . 58
11.1.2 Materiality thresholds . 59
11.2 Uncertainty of activity data . 60
11.2.1 Measuring instruments for the determination of fuel and material quantities . 60
11.2.2 Aggregated uncertainties in case of mass balances . 60
11.3 Uncertainties of fuel and material parameters . 61
11.3.1 Laboratory analyses for the determination of fuel and material parameters . 61
11.3.2 Uncertainties of total heat consumption and CO2 emissions of fuels . 61
11.4 Uncertainties of continuous stack emission measurements . 62
11.5 Evaluation of the overall uncertainty of a GHG inventory . 62
11.6 Application of default values instead of analysing results . 62
Annex A (informative) Findings from the field tests (analytical interferences) . 64
Annex B (informative) Emission factors . 69
Annex C (informative) Uncertainty of activity data . 73
Annex D (informative) Overview on terms in a cement plant . 82
Annex E (informative) Considerations for applying this document (verification procedure) . 87
Bibliography . 89
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ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1,
Stationary source emissions.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19694 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
vii
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ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Introduction
This document for the cement industry has been based on the WBCSD/CSI and WRI: “CO2 and Energy
Accounting and Reporting Standard for the Cement Industry” .
0.1 Overview of cement manufacturing process
Cement manufacture includes three main process steps (see ):Figure 1):
a) preparing of raw materials and fuels;
b) producing clinker, an intermediate, through pyro-processing of raw materials;
c) grinding and blending clinker with other products (“mineral components”) to make cement.
There are two main sources of direct CO emissions in the production process: calcination of raw
2
materials in the pyro-processing stage, and combustion of kiln fuels. These two sources are described in
more detail below. Other CO sources include direct GHG emissions from non-kiln fuels (e.g. dryers for
2
cement constituents products, room heating, on-site transports and on-site power generation), and
indirect GHG emissions from, e.g.for example, external power production and transports. Non-CO2
greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol, apart from carbon monoxide (CO) methane (CH ) and
4
nitrous oxide (N O), are not relevant in the cement context, in the sense that direct GHG emissions of
2
these gases are negligible.
The linked image cannot be displayed. The file may have been moved, renamed, or deleted. Verify that the link points to the correct file and location.
NOTE The non-CO2 greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol are: methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O),
sulfur hexafluoride (SF ), partly halogenated fluorohydrogencarbons (HFC) and perfluorated hydrocarbons (PFC).
6
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ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
SOURCE: Reference [8], based on Reference [16]. Reproduced with the permission of the authors.
Figure 1 — Process steps in cement manufacture (source: [8], based on [16])
Table 1 gives an overview of places where materials enter the cement production process.
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ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Table 1 — Overview of input places of materials
Raw meal Input place
Raw materials from natural resources Raw mill
Alternative raw materials Raw mill
Raw material flows for clinker production Input place
Raw meal Kiln feed
Fuel ashes Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer
Additional raw materials not part of the kiln
Kiln inlet
feed
Fuels flows for clinker and cement production Input place
Fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Alternative fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Alternative fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Mixed fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Biomass fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Cement kiln dust Output place
Dust return Preheater
Filter dust Precipitator / filter
By pass dust Bypass filter
Cement constituents based products Output place
Clinker Kiln (cooler)
Cement Cement mill
Blast furnace slag Cement mill or grinding station
Fly ash Cement mill or grinding station
Gypsum Cement mill or grinding station
Cooler, is normally added to the clinker flow to the clinker
Cooler dust
silo
Cement kiln dust Preheater or precipitator or filter or bypass filter
Limestone Cement mill or grinding station
Burnt shale Cement mill or grinding station
Pozzolana Cement mill or grinding station
Silica fume Cement mill or grinding station
0.2 CO2 from calcination of raw materials
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---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
In the clinker production process, CO2 is released due to the chemical decomposition of calcium,
magnesium and other carbonates (e.g. from limestone) into lime:
CaCO + heat →→ CaO + CO
3 2
MgCO + heat →→ MgO + CO
3 2
This process is called "“calcining"” or "“calcination".”. It results in direct CO2 emissions through the kiln
stack. When considering CO emissions due to calcination, two components maycan be distinguished:
2
— CO2 from raw materials actually used for clinker production, these raw materials are fully calcined
in the clinker production process;
— CO from raw materials leaving the kiln system as partly calcined cement kiln dust (CKD), or as
2
normally fully calcined bypass dust.
CO from actual clinker production is proportional to the lime content of the clinker, which in turn varies
2
little in time or between different cement plants.
NOTE A second, but much smaller factor is the CaO and MgO content of the raw materials and additives used.
As a result, the CO emission factor per tonne of clinker is fairly stable with a default value in this
2
standarddocument of 525 kg CO2/t clinker (IPCC default: 510 kg CO2/t clinker, CSI default: 525 kg CO2/t
[19]
clinker). ).
The amount of kiln dust leaving the kiln system varies greatly with kiln types and cement quality
standards, ranging from practically zero to over one hundred kilograms per tonne of clinker. The
associated emissions are likely to be relevant in some countries or installations.
CO emissions from calcination of raw materials maycan be calculated by two methods which are in
2
principle equivalent: either based on the amount and chemical composition of the products (clinker plus
dust leaving the kiln system, output methods B1 and B2), or based on the amount and composition of the
raw materials entering the kiln (input methods A1 and A2). See 7.2.1, and 7.2.2 for details.
0.3 CO from organic carbon in raw materials
2
The raw materials used for clinker production usually contain a small fraction of organic carbon, which
maycan be expressed as total organic carbon (TOC) content. Organic carbon in the raw meal is converted
to CO2 during pyro-processing. The contribution of this component to the overall CO2 emissions of a
cement plant is typically very small (about 1 % or less). The organic carbon contents of raw materials
maycan, however, vary substantially between locations and between the types of materials used. For
example, the resulting emissions maycan be relevant if a cement company organization (used in this
standarddocument) consumes large quantities of certain types of fly ash or shale as raw materials
entering the kiln.
0.4 CO2 from fuels for kiln operation
The cement industry traditionally uses various fossil fuels to operate cement kilns, including coal,
petroleum coke, fuel oil, and natural gas. Fuels derived from waste materials have become important
substitutes for conventional fossil fuels. These alternative fuels (AF)AFs include fossil fuel-derived
fractions such as, e.g.for example, waste oil and plastics, as well as biomass-derived fractions such as
waste wood and dewatered sludge from wastewater treatment. Furthermore, fuels are increasingly used
which contain both fossil and biogenic carbon (mixed fuels), like e.g., for example, (pre-treated) municipal
and (pre-treated) industrial wastes (containing plastics, textiles, paper etc.) or waste tyres (containing
natural and synthetic rubber).), are increasingly used.
Both traditional fossil and alternative fuels result in direct CO emissions through the kiln stack. However,
2
biomass and bioliquids are considered “climate change-neutral“ in accordance with IPCC definitions. The
xi
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
use of alternative (biomass- or fossil-derived) fuels maycan, in addition, lead to important emission
reductions elsewhere, for instance from waste incineration plants or landfills.
Mineral components (MIC) are natural and artificial materials with latent hydraulic properties. Examples
of MIC include natural pozzolana, blast furnace slag, and fly ash. In addition, gypsum is within this
standarddocument labelled as MIC. MICs are added to clinker to produce blended cement. In some
instances, pure MICs are directly added to the concrete by the ready-mix or construction company. Use
of MICs leads to an equivalent reduction of direct CO2 emissions associated with clinker production, both
from calcination and fuel combustion. Artificial MICs are waste materials from other production
processes such as, e.g.for example, steel and coal-fired power production. Related GHG emissions are
monitored and reported by the corresponding industry sector. Utilization of these MICs for clinker or
cement substitution does not entail additional GHG emissions at the production site. Consequently, these
indirect GHG emissions are not included in the cement production inventory.
The basic mass balance methods used in this standarddocument are compatible with the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
[4] [9]
Change (IPCC) ,) , and with the revised WRI / WBCSD Greenhouse Gas Protocol. . Default emission
factors suggested in these documents are used, except where more recent, industry-specific data has
become available.
[4]
The 2006 IPCC Guidelines introduced a Tier 3 method for reporting CO2 emissions from the cement
[4]
production based on the raw material inputs (see Vol. III, Chapter 2.2.1.1, Formula (2.).3). ). However, a
large number of raw material inputs and the need to continuously monitor their chemical composition
make this approach impractical in many cement plants. The different raw materials are normally
homogenized before and during the grinding process in the raw mill. The WRI / WBCSD therefore
recommended alternative methods for input-based reporting of CO emissions from raw material
2
calcination in cement plants. They rely on determining the amount of raw meal consumed in the kiln
system. In many cement plants, the homogenized mass flow of raw meal is routinely monitored including
its chemical analysis for the purpose of process and product quality control. The input methods based on
the raw meal consumed are already successfully applied in cement plants in different countries and seem
to be more practical than Tier 3 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines .Reference [4]. They were included in the
Cement CO and Energy Protocol Version 3 (Simple Input Method A1 and Detailed Input Method A2,
2
[1]
7.2.1).) . This document provides a guidance on how to compare the GHG performance of other
companycompanies or plantplants within a sector level which is different from a methodology of the IPCC
National Inventory Guideline.
This document for the cement industry has been based on Reference [1].
xii
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions in energy-intensive industries — Part 3:
Cement industry
1 Scope
This document specifies a harmonized methodology for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
from the cement industry, with a view to reporting these emissions for various purposes and by different
basis, such as, plant basis, company basis (by country or by region) or even international group basis. It
addresses all the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included:
— Direct GHG emissions ([ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, a))] from sources that are owned or controlled by
the organization, such as emissions that result from the following sourcesprocesses:
process: — calcinations of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in raw
materials;
— combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic
carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to either clinker production and/or drying
of raw materials and fuels, or both;
— combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic
carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, room
heating/ and cooling, drying of MIC (e.g. slag or pozzolana);
— combustion of fuels for on-site power generation;
— combustion of carbon contained in wastewater.;
— Indirect GHG emissions ([ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, b))] from the generation of purchased electricity
consumed in the organization’s owned or controlled equipment;
— Other indirect GHG emissions ([(ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, c -) to f))] from purchased clinker.
Excluded from this standarddocument are all other ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, c –) to f) emissions from
the cement industry.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12039: 2001, Stationary source emissions —Determination of the mass concentration of carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide and oxygen in flue gas — Performance characteristics and calibration of
automated measuring systems
1
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
ISO 14064-1:2018, GreenhousegasesGreenhouse gases — Part 1: Specification with guidance at the
organization level for quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and remarksremovals
ISO 16911-1:2013, Stationary source emissions — Manual and automatic determination of velocity and
volume flow rate in ducts — Part 1: Manual reference method
ISO 16911-2:2013, Stationary source emissions — Manual and automatic determination of velocity and
volume flow rate in ducts — Part 2: Automated measuring systems
ISO 19694-1:2021, Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in
energy-intensive industries — Part 1: General aspects
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 19694-1 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminologicalterminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
additional raw material
ADRM
additional raw materials are not part of the kiln feedraw material (3.23) and are30) which is fed directly
to the calciner or the kiln inlet (3.26)
Note 1 to entry: Additional raw materials are not part of the kiln feed.
3.2
alternative fuelsfuel
AF
fuel derived from waste materials, that
Note 1 to entry: AF can be further devideddivided into biogenic, fossil (3.18) and mixed alternative fuels.
3.3
automated measuring system
(AMS)
measuring system permanently installed on site for continuous monitoring of emissions
Note 1 to entry: An AMS is a method which is traceable to a reference method.
Note 2 to entry: Apart from the analyser, an AMS includes facilities for taking samples (e.g. sample probe, sample
gas lines, filters, flow meters, regulators, delivery pumps, blowers) and for sample conditioning (e.g. dust filter,
water vapour removal devices, converters, diluters). This definition also includes testing and adjusting devices that
are required for regular functional checks.
Note 3 to entry: In ISO 14064-1:2018, AMS are called “continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS).
3.4
alternative fossil fuel
2
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
fossil fuel derived from waste materials without biogenic content and not listed by IPCC
3.5
alternative raw material
ARM
) production derive
...
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 19694-3
ISO/TC 146/SC 1
Stationary source emissions —
Secretariat: BIS
Determination of greenhouse gas
Voting begins on:
2022-10-07 emissions in energy-intensive
industries —
Voting terminates on:
2022-12-02
Part 3:
Cement industry
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination des émissions de gaz à
effet de serre dans les industries énergo-intensives —
Partie 3: Industrie du ciment
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 19694-3
ISO/TC 146/SC 1
Stationary source emissions —
Secretariat: BIS
Determination of greenhouse gas
Voting begins on:
2022-10-07 emissions in energy-intensive
industries —
Voting terminates on:
2022-12-02
Part 3:
Cement industry
Émissions de sources fixes — Détermination des émissions de gaz à
effet de serre dans les industries énergo-intensives —
Partie 3: Industrie du ciment
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
ISO copyright office
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OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
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DOCUMENTATION.
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IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
Email: copyright@iso.org
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Website: www.iso.org
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
Published in Switzerland
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
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DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
ii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms.5
5 Determination of GHGs . 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Major GHG in cement . 6
5.3 Determination by stack emission measurements . 6
5.4 Determination based on mass balance . 7
5.5 Gross and net emissions . 7
5.5.1 General . 7
5.5.2 Gross emissions . 9
5.5.3 Other indirect GHG emission reductions . 11
6 GHG Inventory boundaries . .12
6.1 General .12
6.2 Reporting boundaries .12
6.3 Organizational boundaries .13
6.3.1 General .13
6.3.2 Installations that are covered . 13
6.3.3 Operational control and ownership criteria. 14
6.3.4 Internal clinker, cement and MIC transfers . 14
7 Direct GHG emissions and their determination .16
7.1 General . 16
7.2 CO from raw material calcinations . 18
2
7.2.1 General . 18
7.2.2 Input methods (A1) and (A2) . 20
7.2.3 Output methods (B1) and (B2) . 24
7.3 Reporting of CO emissions from raw material calcination based on clinker
2
[4]
output: Summary of IPCC and CSI recommendations, and default emission
factor for clinker .28
7.4 Determination of the FD calcination rate .29
7.5 Direct determination of the CO emission factor of FD from analysis of CO content .30
2 2
7.6 Cement specific issues for fuels . 30
7.6.1 Conventional fossil fuels .30
7.6.2 Alternative fuels . 31
7.7 GHG from fuels for kilns . 32
7.8 GHG from non-kiln fuels . 32
7.9 GHG from the combustion of wastewater . 33
7.10 Non-CO GHG emissions from the cement industry . 33
2
8 Indirect GHG emissions and their determination .34
8.1 General .34
8.2 CO from external electricity production .34
2
8.3 CO from purchased clinker.34
2
9 Baselines, acquisitions and disinvestments .35
10 Reporting .35
10.1 General . 35
10.2 Corporate environmental reporting . 36
10.3 Reporting periods . 37
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ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
10.4 Performance indicators . 37
10.4.1 General . 37
10.4.2 Denominators . . 37
11 Uncertainty of GHG inventories .43
11.1 General to uncertainty assessment . 43
11.1.1 Basic considerations . 43
11.1.2 Materiality thresholds . 45
11.2 Uncertainty of activity data . 45
11.2.1 Measuring instruments for the determination of fuel and material
quantities . 45
11.2.2 Aggregated uncertainties in case of mass balances .46
11.3 Uncertainties of fuel and material parameters .46
11.3.1 Laboratory analyses for the determination of fuel and material parameters .46
11.3.2 Uncertainties of total heat consumption and CO emissions of fuels.46
2
11.4 Uncertainties of continuous stack emission measurements . 47
11.5 E valuation of the overall uncertainty of a GHG inventory . 47
11.6 Application of default values instead of analysing results . 47
Annex A (informative) Findings from the field tests (analytical interferences) .49
Annex B (informative) Emission factors .52
Annex C (informative) Uncertainty of activity data .54
Annex D (informative) Overview on terms in a cement plant .60
Annex E (informative) Considerations for the application of this document — Verification
procedure .64
Bibliography .66
iv
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 1,
Stationary source emissions.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19694 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Introduction
0.1 Overview of cement manufacturing process
Cement manufacture includes three main process steps (see Figure 1):
a) preparing of raw materials and fuels;
b) producing clinker, an intermediate, through pyro-processing of raw materials;
c) grinding and blending clinker with other products (“mineral components”) to make cement.
There are two main sources of direct CO emissions in the production process: calcination of raw
2
materials in the pyro-processing stage, and combustion of kiln fuels. These two sources are described
in more detail below. Other CO sources include direct GHG emissions from non-kiln fuels (e.g. dryers
2
for cement constituents products, room heating, on-site transports and on-site power generation),
and indirect GHG emissions from, for example, external power production and transports. Non-CO
2
greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol, apart from carbon monoxide (CO) methane (CH ) and
4
nitrous oxide (N O), are not relevant in the cement context in the sense that direct GHG emissions of
2
these gases are negligible.
NOTE The non-CO greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol are: methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O),
2 4 2
sulfur hexafluoride (SF ), partly halogenated fluorohydrogencarbons (HFC) and perfluorated hydrocarbons
6
(PFC).
SOURCE Reference [8], based on Reference [16]. Reproduced with the permission of the authors.
Figure 1 — Process steps in cement manufacture
Table 1 gives an overview of places where materials enter the cement production process.
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© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Table 1 — Overview of input places of materials
Raw meal Input place
Raw materials from natural resources Raw mill
Alternative raw materials Raw mill
Raw material flows for clinker production Input place
Raw meal Kiln feed
Fuel ashes Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer
Additional raw materials not part of the kiln feed Kiln inlet
Fuels flows for clinker and cement production Input place
Fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Alternative fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Alternative fossil fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Mixed fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Biomass fuels Burner or precalciner or fuel dryer or raw material dryer
Cement kiln dust Output place
Dust return Preheater
Filter dust Precipitator / filter
By pass dust Bypass filter
Cement constituents based products Output place
Clinker Kiln (cooler)
Cement Cement mill
Blast furnace slag Cement mill or grinding station
Fly ash Cement mill or grinding station
Gypsum Cement mill or grinding station
Cooler, is normally added to the clinker flow to the clinker
Cooler dust
silo
Cement kiln dust Preheater or precipitator or filter or bypass filter
Limestone Cement mill or grinding station
Burnt shale Cement mill or grinding station
Pozzolana Cement mill or grinding station
Silica fume Cement mill or grinding station
0.2 CO from calcination of raw materials
2
In the clinker production process, CO is released due to the chemical decomposition of calcium,
2
magnesium and other carbonates (e.g. from limestone) into lime:
CaCO + heat → CaO + CO
3 2
MgCO + heat → MgO + CO
3 2
This process is called “calcining” or “calcination”. It results in direct CO emissions through the kiln
2
stack. When considering CO emissions due to calcination, two components can be distinguished:
2
— CO from raw materials actually used for clinker production, these raw materials are fully calcined
2
in the clinker production process;
vii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
— CO from raw materials leaving the kiln system as partly calcined cement kiln dust (CKD), or as
2
normally fully calcined bypass dust.
CO from actual clinker production is proportional to the lime content of the clinker, which in turn
2
varies little in time or between different cement plants.
NOTE A second, but much smaller factor is the CaO and MgO content of the raw materials and additives used.
As a result, the CO emission factor per tonne of clinker is fairly stable with a default value in this
2
document of 525 kg CO /t clinker (IPCC default: 510 kg CO /t clinker, CSI default: 525 kg CO /t
2 2 2
[19]
clinker ).
The amount of kiln dust leaving the kiln system varies greatly with kiln types and cement quality
standards, ranging from practically zero to over one hundred kilograms per tonne of clinker. The
associated emissions are likely to be relevant in some countries or installations.
CO emissions from calcination of raw materials can be calculated by two methods which are in
2
principle equivalent: either based on the amount and chemical composition of the products (clinker
plus dust leaving the kiln system, output methods B1 and B2), or based on the amount and composition
of the raw materials entering the kiln (input methods A1 and A2). See 7.2.1 and 7.2.2 for details.
0.3 CO from organic carbon in raw materials
2
The raw materials used for clinker production usually contain a small fraction of organic carbon,
which can be expressed as TOC content. Organic carbon in the raw meal is converted to CO during
2
pyro-processing. The contribution of this component to the overall CO emissions of a cement plant is
2
typically very small (about 1 % or less). The organic carbon contents of raw materials can, however, vary
substantially between locations and between the types of materials used. For example, the resulting
emissions can be relevant if a cement company organization (used in this document) consumes large
quantities of certain types of fly ash or shale as raw materials entering the kiln.
0.4 CO from fuels for kiln operation
2
The cement industry traditionally uses various fossil fuels to operate cement kilns, including coal,
petroleum coke, fuel oil and natural gas. Fuels derived from waste materials have become important
substitutes for conventional fossil fuels. These AFs include fossil fuel-derived fractions such as, for
example, waste oil and plastics, as well as biomass-derived fractions such as waste wood and dewatered
sludge from wastewater treatment. Furthermore, fuels which contain both fossil and biogenic carbon
(mixed fuels), like, for example, (pre-treated) municipal and (pre-treated) industrial wastes (containing
plastics, textiles, paper etc.) or waste tyres (containing natural and synthetic rubber), are increasingly
used.
Both traditional fossil and alternative fuels result in direct CO emissions through the kiln stack.
2
However, biomass and bioliquids are considered “climate change-neutral“ in accordance with IPCC
definitions. The use of alternative (biomass- or fossil-derived) fuels can, in addition, lead to important
emission reductions elsewhere, for instance from waste incineration plants or landfills.
Mineral components are natural and artificial materials with latent hydraulic properties. Examples
of MIC include natural pozzolana, blast furnace slag and fly ash. In addition, gypsum is within this
document labelled as MIC. MICs are added to clinker to produce blended cement. In some instances,
pure MICs are directly added to the concrete by the ready-mix or construction company. Use of MICs
leads to an equivalent reduction of direct CO emissions associated with clinker production, both from
2
calcination and fuel combustion. Artificial MICs are waste materials from other production processes
such as, for example, steel and coal-fired power production. Related GHG emissions are monitored
and reported by the corresponding industry sector. Utilization of these MICs for clinker or cement
substitution does not entail additional GHG emissions at the production site. Consequently, these
indirect GHG emissions are not included in the cement production inventory.
The basic mass balance methods used in this document are compatible with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines
for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
[4] [9]
(IPCC) , and with the revised WRI / WBCSD Greenhouse Gas Protocol . Default emission factors
viii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
suggested in these documents are used, except where more recent, industry-specific data has become
available.
[4]
The 2006 IPCC Guidelines introduced a Tier 3 method for reporting CO emissions from the cement
2
[4]
production based on the raw material inputs (see Vol. III, Chapter 2.2.1.1, Formula (2).3 ). However, a
large number of raw material inputs and the need to continuously monitor their chemical composition
make this approach impractical in many cement plants. The different raw materials are normally
homogenized before and during the grinding process in the raw mill. The WRI / WBCSD therefore
recommended alternative methods for input-based reporting of CO emissions from raw material
2
calcination in cement plants. They rely on determining the amount of raw meal consumed in the kiln
system. In many cement plants, the homogenized mass flow of raw meal is routinely monitored including
its chemical analysis for the purpose of process and product quality control. The input methods based
on the raw meal consumed are already successfully applied in cement plants in different countries
and seem to be more practical than Tier 3 of Reference [4]. They were included in the Cement CO
2
[1]
and Energy Protocol Version 3 (Simple Input Method A1 and Detailed Input Method A2, 7.2.1) . This
document provides guidance on how to compare the GHG performance of other companies or plants
within a sector level which is different from a methodology of the IPCC National Inventory Guideline.
This document for the cement industry has been based on Reference [1].
ix
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 19694-3:2022(E)
Stationary source emissions — Determination of
greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive industries —
Part 3:
Cement industry
1 Scope
This document specifies a harmonized methodology for calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
from the cement industry, with a view to reporting these emissions for various purposes and by
different basis, such as, plant basis, company basis (by country or by region) or even international
group basis. It addresses all the following direct and indirect sources of GHG included:
— Direct GHG emissions [ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, a)] from sources that are owned or controlled by the
organization, such as emissions that result from the following processes:
— calcinations of carbonates and combustion of organic carbon contained in raw materials;
— combustion of kiln fuels (fossil kiln fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic
carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to either clinker production or drying of raw
materials and fuels, or both;
— combustion of non-kiln fuels (fossil fuels, alternative fossil fuels, mixed fuels with biogenic
carbon content, biomass and bioliquids) related to equipment and on-site vehicles, room heating
and cooling, drying of MIC (e.g. slag or pozzolana);
— combustion of fuels for on-site power generation;
— combustion of carbon contained in wastewater;
— Indirect GHG emissions [ISO 14064-1:2018, 5.2.4, b)] from the generation of purchased electricity
consumed in the organization’s ow
...
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