ISO/TC 146/SC 1 - Stationary source emissions

This document describes a method for the sampling and measurement of mercury of both vapour and solid phases on stationary source flue gas streams. Mercury generally exists as elemental (Hg0) and oxidized (Hg2+) forms, both in the vapour and solid phases in flue gases. The vapour-phase (gaseous) mercury is captured either isokinetically or non-isokinetically with a gold amalgamation trap after removing solid-phase (particulate) mercury with a filter. Because gold amalgamation trap captures only gaseous elemental mercury, the oxidized mercury (Hg2+) in the vapour phase is converted to elemental mercury (Hg0) prior to the gold amalgamation trap. The concentration of gaseous mercury is determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) or atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) after releasing mercury by heating the gold amalgamation trap. Separately, particulate mercury is collected isokinetically on a filter and the concentration is determined using cold vapour AAS or cold vapour AFS after dissolving the particulate mercury into solution. The total concentration of mercury in flue gas is expressed as the sum of both gaseous and particulate mercury concentrations. The gold amalgamation method is intended for short-term (periodic) measurements of gaseous mercury ranging from 0,01 μg/m3 to 100 μg/m3 with sampling volumes from 0,005 m3 to 0,1 m3 and sample gas flow rate between 0,2 l/min to 1 l/min. The measurement range of particulate mercury is typically from 0,01 μg/m3 to 100 μg/m3 with sampling volume from 0,05 m3 to 1 m3.

This document specifies the fundamental structure and the most important performance characteristics of automated measuring systems for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) to be used on stationary source emissions. This document describes methods and equipment for the measurement of concentrations of these gases. The method allows continuous monitoring with permanently installed measuring systems of CO, CO2 and O2 emissions. This international standard describes extractive systems and in situ (non-extractive) systems in connection with analysers that operate using, for example, the following principles: — infrared absorption (CO and CO2); — paramagnetism (O2); — zirconium oxide (O2); — electrochemical cell (O2); — tuneable laser spectroscopy (TLS) (CO, CO2 and O2). Other instrumental methods can be used provided they meet the minimum requirements proposed in this document. Automated measuring systems (AMS) based on the principles above have been used successfully in this application for measuring ranges which are described in Annex G.

This document specifies the use of FTIR spectrometry for determining the concentrations of individual volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in waste gases from non-combustion processes. The method can be employed to continuously analyse sample gas which is extracted from ducts and other sources. A bag sampling method can also be applied, if the compounds do not adsorb on the bag material, and is appropriate in cases where it is difficult or impossible to obtain a direct extractive sample. The principle, sampling procedure, IR spectral measurement and analysis, calibration, handling interference, QA/QC procedures and some essential performance criteria for measurement of individual VOCs are described in this document. NOTE 1 The practical minimum detectable concentration of this method depends on the FTIR instrument (i.e. gas cell path length, resolution, instrumental noise and analytical algorithm) used, compounds, and interference specific (e.g. water and CO2).

This document specifies a manual method of measurement including sampling and different analytical methods for the determination of the mass concentration of ammonia (NH3) in the waste gas of industrial plants, for example combustion plants or agricultural plants. All compounds which are volatile at the sampling temperature and produce ammonium ions upon dissociation during sampling in the absorption solution are measured by this method, which gives the volatile ammonia content of the waste gas. This document specifies an independent method of measurement, which has been validated in field tests in a NH3 concentration range of approximately 8 mg/m3 to 65 mg/m3 at standard conditions. The lower limit of the validation range was determined under operational conditions of a test plant. The measurement method can be used at lower values depending, for example, on the sampling duration, sampling volume and the limit of detection of the analytical method used. NOTE 1 The plant, the conditions during field tests and the performance characteristics obtained in the field are given in Annex A. This method of measurement can be used for intermittent monitoring of ammonia emissions as well as for the calibration and validation of permanently installed automated ammonia measuring systems. NOTE 2 An independent method of measurement is called standard reference method (SRM) in EN 14181.

ISO 9096:2017 describes a reference method for the measurement of particulate matter (dust) concentration in waste gases of concentrations from 20 mg/m3 to 1 000 mg/m3 under standard conditions. ISO 9096:2017 is applicable to the calibration of automated monitoring systems (AMS). If the emission gas contains unstable, reactive or semi-volatile substances, the measurement will depend on the filtration temperature. In-stack methods can be more applicable than out-stack methods for the calibration of automated monitoring systems.

ISO 18466:2016 enables the determination of the biogenic fraction in CO2 in stack gas using the balance method. The balance method uses a mathematical model that is based on different operating data of the Waste for Energy (WfE) plant (including stack gas composition) and information about the elementary composition of biogenic and fossil matter present in the fuel used. NOTE Use only mixed fuels when using the calculation method.

ISO 17179:2016 specifies the fundamental structure and the most important performance characteristics of automated measuring systems for ammonia (NH3) to be used on stationary source emissions, for example, combustion plants where SNCR/SCR NOx control systems (deNOx systems) are applied. The procedures to determine the performance characteristics are also specified. Furthermore, it describes methods and equipment to determine NH3 in flue gases including the sampling system and sample gas conditioning system. It describes extractive systems, based on direct and indirect measurement methods, and in situ systems, based on direct measurement methods, in connection with a range of analysers that operate using, for example, the following principles: - ammonia conversion to, or reaction with NO, followed by chemiluminescence (CL) NOx difference measurement for ammonia (differential NOx); - ammonia conversion to, or reaction with NO, followed by non-dispersive ultraviolet (NDUV) spectroscopy NOx difference measurement for ammonia (differential NOx); - Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy; - non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) spectroscopy with gas filter correlation (GFC); - tuneable laser spectroscopy (TLS). The method allows continuous monitoring with permanently installed measuring systems of NH3 emissions, and is applicable to measurements of NH3 in dry or wet flue gases, for process monitoring, long term monitoring of the performance of deNOx systems and/or emission monitoring. Other equivalent instrumental methods can be used, provided they meet the minimum requirements proposed in ISO 17179:2016. The measuring system can be calibrated with certified gases, in accordance with ISO 17179:2016, or comparable methods. The differential NOx technique using CL has been successfully tested on some power plants where the NOx concentration and NH3 concentration in flue gas after deNOx systems are up to 50 mg (NO)/m3 and 10 mg (NH3)/m3, respectively. AMS based on FTIR, NDIR with GFC and TLS has been used successfully in this application for measuring ranges as low as 10 mg (NH3)/m3.

ISO 17211:2015 describes the method for the sampling and determination of selenium compounds in both vapour phase and solid phase that are entrained in flue gases carried in stacks or ducts. The selenium content in flue gas is expressed as a mass concentration of elemental selenium in the stack gas. Particulate and gaseous selenium compounds are captured by a filter and an absorber solution, respectively. The total concentration of selenium compounds in flue gas is expressed as the sum of both concentrations. The concentrations of selenium in both samples are determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) or graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Hydride generation (HG) techniques coupled to atomic spectrometry can also be used such as HG-AAS, HG-AFS (atomic fluorescence spectrometry), HG-ICP-OES and HG-ICP-MS. The detection limit for gaseous selenium compounds is 0,3 μg/m3 using HG-ICP-MS at a sampling volume of 0,12 m3. The detection limit for particulate selenium compounds is 0,001 2 μg/m3 using this technique at a sampling volume of 2,0 m3.

ISO 14385:2014 specifies procedures for establishing quality assurance for automated measuring systems (AMS) installed on industrial plants for the determination of the concentration of greenhouse gases in flue and waste gas and other flue gas parameters. ISO 14385:2014 specifies the following: ? a procedure to maintain and demonstrate the required quality of the measurement results during the normal operation of an AMS, by checking that the zero and span characteristics are consistent with those determined using the relevant procedure in ISO 14956; ? a procedure for the annual surveillance tests (AST) of the AMS in order to evaluate a) that it functions correctly and its performance remains valid and b) that its calibration function and variability remain as previously determined. ISO 14385:2014 is designed to be used after the AMS has been accepted according to the procedures specified in ISO 14956. ISO 14385:2014 is restricted to quality assurance (QA) of the AMS and does not include QA of the data collection and recording system of the plant.

ISO 14385-1:2014 specifies the procedures for establishing quality assurance for automated measuring systems (AMS) installed on industrial plants for the determination of the concentration of greenhouse gases in flue and waste gas and other flue gas parameters. ISO 14385-1:2014 specifies a procedure to calibrate the AMS and determine the variability of the measured values obtained by an AMS, which is suitable for the validation of an AMS following its installation. ISO 14385-1:2014 is designed to be used after the AMS has been accepted according to the procedures specified in ISO 14956.

ISO 13833:2013 specifies sampling methods and analysis methods for the determination of the ratio of biomass- and fossil-derived carbon dioxide (CO2) in the CO2 from exhaust gases of stationary sources, based on the radiocarbon (14C isotope) method. The lower limit of application is a biogenic to total CO2 fraction of 0,02. The working range is a biogenic to total CO2 fraction of 0,02 to 1,0.

ISO 25597:2013 specifies procedures for the extraction and measurement of filterable particulate matter from stationary source flue gas samples by: a) the use of cyclone samplers; b) the measurement of condensed particulate matter using dilution sampling technique, which simulates the interaction of stack gas components with the atmosphere as they mix after the stack exit. ISO 25597:2013 provides for the use of two types of sampling train. 1) Basic sampling train, a basic sampling train to measure filterable particles using sampling cyclones that can distinguish between particle sizes in the range of 2,5 μm and 10 μm. This method is especially suitable for measurements of particle mass concentrations above 50 mg/m3 as a half-hourly average at standard conditions (293 K, 1 013 hPa, dry gas) and applies to primary particulate matter (PM) emissions equal to or less than an aerodynamic diameter of nominally 10 μm (PM10) from stacks or ducts. 2) Dilution sampling train, a dilution sampling train that utilizes a dilution chamber that mixes flue gas with conditioned dilution air to simulate the interaction of the stack gas components with ambient air. This simulation process may lead to the condensation of particulate matter that might not otherwise be produced in the basic sampling train. The dilution sampling train uses in-stack sampling cyclones to measure filterable particles in the same manner as the basic sampling train, but in addition, utilizes additional PM2,5 and/or PM10 cyclones in the sampling train to measure particles formed in the dilution chamber. This method is intended for the measurement of mass concentrations of particles smaller than 2,5 μm aerodynamic diameter (PM2,5) using weighing techniques. The method can be used to measure mass concentrations of particles with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 μm aerodynamic diameter (PM10) or particles with aerodynamic diameters between 2,5 μm and 10 μm. In this method, the dilution sampling train can be used in combination with the basic sampling train, using PM10 and/or PM2,5 depending upon the test objectives. The dilution sampling system is intended for applications where measurement is required of particles similar in characteristics to materials formed when a flue gas exhaust mixes with ambient air. Particulate matter filter samples collected using dilution sampling can be further analysed to provide chemical composition data that are applicable for developing PM2,5 or PM10 emission inventories, visibility impact assessments, health risk assessments, and source?receptor studies related to PM2,5 and PM10 emissions. This method is not applicable to the determination of ultrafine particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 0,1 μm. This method has been applied to emission sources with low moisture and saturated moisture stack gases; however, it is not applicable to effluents where entrained water droplets are present. It is recognized that there are some combustion processes and situations that can limit the applicability of ISO 25597:2013. Where such conditions exist, caution and competent technical judgment are required, especially when dealing with any of the following: i) high-vacuum, high-pressure or high-temperature gas streams above 260 °C; ii) fluctuations in velocity, temperature or concentration due to uncontrollable variation in the process; iii) gas stratification due to the non-mixing of gas streams. There are also limitations specific to each sampling technique. Stacks with entrained moisture droplets can have droplet sizes larger than the cut sizes for the cyclones. These water droplets normally contain particles and dissolved solids that become PM10 and PM2,5 following evaporation of the water. For dilution sampling, a known limitation of this method concerns the presence of particles in the dilution air at very low concentrations, contributing to measurement background. This can be significant for certain very clean sources, e.g. ga

ISO 16911-1:2013 specifies a method for periodic determination of the axial velocity and volume flow rate of gas within emissions ducts and stacks. It is applicable for use in circular or rectangular ducts with measurement locations meeting the requirements of EN 15259. Minimum and maximum duct sizes are driven by practical considerations of the measurement devices described within ISO 16911-1:2013. ISO 16911-1:2013 requires all flow measurements to have demonstrable metrological traceability to national or international primary standards. To be used as a standard reference method, the user is required to demonstrate that the performance characteristics of the method are equal to or better than the performance criteria defined in ISO 16911-1:2013 and that the overall uncertainty of the method, expressed with a level of confidence of 95 %, is determined and reported. The results for each method defined in ISO 16911-1:2013 have different uncertainties within a range of 1 % to 10 % at flow velocities of 20 m/s. Methods further to these can be used provided that the user can demonstrate equivalence, based on the principles of CEN/TS 14793.

ISO 16911-2:2013 describes specific requirements for automated measuring system (AMS) flow monitoring. It is partly derived from EN 14181 which is the general document on the quality assurance of AMSs and is applicable in conjunction with that document. ISO 16911-2:2013 specifies conditions and criteria for the choice, mounting, commissioning and calibration of AMSs used for determining the volume flow rate from a source in ducted gaseous streams. ISO 16911-2:2013 is applicable by correlation with the manual reference methods described in ISO 16911-1. ISO 16911-2:2013 is primarily developed for monitoring emissions from waste incinerators and large combustion plants. From a technical point of view, it can be applied to other processes for which flow rate measurement is required with a defined and minimized uncertainty.

ISO 13199:2012 specifies the principle, the essential performance criteria and quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) procedures of an automatic method for measuring total volatile organic compound (TVOC) content in waste gases of stationary sources, using a non-dispersive infrared absorption (NDIR) analyser equipped with a catalytic converter which oxidizes VOC to carbon dioxide. This method is suitable for the measurement of TVOC emissions from non-combustion processes. This method allows continuous monitoring with permanently installed measuring systems, as well as intermittent measurements of TVOC emissions. The method has been tested on field operation for painting and printing processes, where TVOC concentrations in the waste gases were from about 70 mg/m3 to 600 mg/m3.

ISO 13271:2012 specifies a standard reference method for the determination of PM10 and PM2,5 mass concentrations at stationary emission sources by use of two-stage virtual impactors. The measurement method is especially suitable for in-stack measurements of particle mass concentrations in flue gas. The method can also be used for flue gas which contains highly reactive compounds (e.g. sulfur, chlorine, nitric acid) at high temperature or in the presence of high humidity. The International Standard is applicable to higher dust concentrations. Coarse particles are separated into the nozzles with negligible rebound and entrainment phenomena of collected coarse particulates. For the same reason, the artefacts due to high concentrations in gases or emissions are quite limited. ISO 13271:2012 is not applicable to the determination of the total mass concentration of dust.

ISO 11057:2011 specifies a standard reference test method for the comparative characterization of pulse-jet cleanable filter media, to be used in filter elements (e.g. bag filters, pocket filters, cartridge filters) applied in dry gas cleaning under standardized test conditions. The main purpose of testing is to gain information about both the operational performance and the particle emission of cleanable filter media. It should be noted that while one test apparatus and operating method has been chosen and described herein, it is recognized that other apparatus and operating arrangements can be found acceptable. In order for a candidate apparatus to become an equivalent apparatus, a comparison has to be performed with the standard reference apparatus according to a specified procedure. The test procedure, the characteristics of the required test facility, and the test conditions, as well as the evaluation and presentation of the results, are specified. The results obtained from this test method are not intended for prediction of the absolute performance of full-scale filter facilities. However, they are helpful for the selection and development of appropriate cleanable filter media and the identification of suitable operating parameters. Additional tasks such as verifying filter media concerning PM2,5 emissions, the classification of different media according to their filtration performance or the cleanability and durability of filter elements (i.e. projection of bag lifetime) can be addressed using the test method specified.

ISO 25139:2011 specifies a manual method for the determination of the concentration of methane emissions from stationary sources. ISO 25139:2011 specifies an independent method of measurement, which is validated for mass concentrations up to 1 500 mg/m3.

ISO 25140:2010 specifies the principle, the essential performance criteria, and quality assurance and quality control procedures for an automatic method for measuring methane in the waste gas of stationary sources using flame ionisation detection. It is applicable to measurements of methane in dry or wet waste gases. The method allows continuous monitoring with permanently installed measuring systems as well as intermittent measurements of methane emissions. ISO 25140:2010 does not specify an independent method of measurement.

ISO 21258:2010 specifies a method for sampling, sample conditioning and determination of dinitrogen monoxide (N2O) content in the flue gas emitted from ducts and stacks to atmosphere. It sets out the non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) analytical technique, including the sampling system and sample gas conditioning system. ISO 21258:2010 is a reference method for periodic monitoring and for calibration, adjustment or control of automatic monitoring systems permanently installed on a stack. This reference method has been successfully tested on a sewage sludge incinerator where the N2O concentration in the flue gas was up to about 200 mg/m3.

ISO 23210:2009 specifies a standard reference method for the determination of PM10 and PM2,5 mass concentrations at stationary emission sources by use of two-stage impactors. The measurement method is especially suitable for measurements of mass concentrations below 40 mg/m3 as half-hourly averages in standard conditions (273 K, 1 013 hPa, dry gas). It is an acceptable method for the measurement in the flue gas of different installations, such as cement and steel production plants, as well as combustion processes. ISO 23210:2009 is not applicable to the sampling of flue gases that are saturated with water vapour. ISO 23210:2009 is not applicable where the majority of the particles are likely to exceed PM10, for example, in the case of raw gases or plant operating failures. ISO 23210:2009 cannot be used for the determination of the total mass concentration of dust. ISO 23210:2009 describes the design, use and theory of round-nozzle impactors. It does not exclude other types of impactors, provided these systems meet the performance criteria specified in ISO 23210:2009 in a validation of the impactor performed by an independent testing laboratory.

ISO 10396:2007 specifies procedures and equipment that will permit, within certain limits, representative sampling for the automated determination of gas concentrations of effluent gas streams. The application is limited to the determination of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), or the sum of NO and NO2 as nitrogen oxides.

ISO 15713:2006 is applicable to the measurement of the gaseous fluorides that are entrained in gases carried in stacks or ducts. The gaseous fluoride content is expressed as a mass of hydrogen fluoride in the stack gas. ISO 15713:2006 is applicable to all stacks emitting gases with fluoride concentrations of below 200 mg/m3. It can be used for higher concentrations, but then the absorption efficiency of the bubblers should be checked before the results can be regarded as valid. The detection limit of the method is estimated as 0,1 mg m-3, based on a sample volume of 0,1 m3. All compounds that are volatile at the filtration temperature and produce soluble fluoride compounds upon reaction with water are measured by this method. The method does not measure fluorocarbons. The concentration of fluoride in the adsorbent solution is then measured using an ion selective electrode. The amount of fluoride measured is then expressed as hydrogen fluoride by convention, though this may not reflect the chemical nature of the compounds, which are measured.

ISO 11338-1:2003 describes methods for the determination of the mass concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in flue gas emissions from stationary sources such as aluminium smelters, coke works, waste incinerators, power stations, and industrial and domestic combustion appliances. ISO 11338-1:2003 describes three sampling methods, which are here regarded as of equivalent value, and specifies the minimum requirements for effective PAH sampling. The three sampling methods are the dilution method (A), the heated filter/condenser/adsorber method (B) and the cooled probe/adsorber method (C). All three methods are based on representative isokinetic sampling, as the PAHs are commonly associated with particles in flue gas. Information is provided to assist in the choice of the appropriate sampling method for the measurement application under consideration. ISO 11338-1:2003 is not applicable to the sampling of fugitive releases of PAHs. NOTE Methods for sample preparation, clean-up and analysis are described in ISO 11338-2 and are intended to be combined with one of the sampling methods described in ISO 11338-1 to complete the whole measurement procedure.

ISO 11338-2:2003 specifies procedures for sample preparation, clean-up and analysis for the determination of gas and particle phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in stack and waste gases. The analytical methods are capable of detecting sub-microgram concentrations of PAH per cubic metre of sample, depending on the type of PAH and the flue gas volume sampled. The methods described in ISO 11338-2:2003 are based on either high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). NOTE ISO 11338-1 describes three methods and specifies minimum requirements for the sampling of PAH in stack and waste gases.

ISO 12141:2002 describes a reference method for the measurement of low dust content in ducted gaseous streams at concentrations below 50 mg/m3 under standard conditions. This method has been validated with special emphasis on the region around 5 mg/m3. ISO 12141:2002 has been developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators. More generally, it may be applied to emissions from other stationary sources, and to higher concentrations. If the gases contain unstable, reactive or semi-volatile substances, the measurement will depend on the sampling and filter treatment conditions.

This International Standard describes the operating principles and the most important performance characteristics of automated flow-measuring systems for determining the volume flowrate in the ducts of stationary sources. Procedures to determine the performance characteristics of automated volume flow-measuring systems are also contained in this International Standard. The performance characteristics are general and not limited to specific measurement principles or instrument systems. NOTE Commercial systems which use the operating principles described and meet the requirements of this International Standard are readily available.

Specifies the fundamental structure and the most important performance characteristics of automated measuring systems for oxides of nitrogen to be used on stationary source emissions, for example combustion plants. The procedures to determine the performance characteristics are also specified.

Specifies conditions and criteria for the automated monitoring of the mass concentration of particulate matter in stationary source gas streams, including performance characteristics and test procedures. Provides the field evaluation test program and its application to automated monitoring systems. Applicable only on a site-specific basis by direct correlation with the manual testing method in ISO 9096.

Specifies manual methods for determining the velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts, stacks and chimneys vented to the atmosphere. Specifies the use of two types of Pitot tubes, type L und type S, for determining the velocity and the volume flowrate for each type of Pitot tube. Applies to gas streams with essentially constant density, temperature, flowrate and pressure at the sampling point.

The principle of the method specified is isokinetically withdrawing a known volume from a moving gas stream, passing the sampled gas through a filter medium to remove particulate matter (including fibres), treating the filter to make it transparent when viewed under a microscope and counting the number of fibres in a precise number of fields viewed using a phase-contrast optical microscope. The method may be used to determine fibre concentrations in flowing gas streams in ducts, chimneys, or flues from a wide range of industrial processes.

Applies to extractive and non-extractive automated sulfur dioxide measuring methods. Specifies 4 main performance characteristics: detection limit, effect of interfering substances, response time, integral performance. Annex A describes determination of the main performance characteristics, annex B lists additional performance characteristics.

The procedure is applicable from a minimum of 30 mg/m3 by reference to sampling periods of mormally 30 min. At mass concentrations greater than 2 000 mg/m3 the volume of the waste gas under investigation passed through the sampling train is 30 litres. Substances, which are known to have an effect on the titration reading are given. All concentrations are based on dry gas at a temperature of 273,1 K and a pressure of 101,3 kPa.

This International Standard describes a reference method for the measurement of particulate matter (dust) concentration in waste gases of concentrations from 20 mg/m 3 to 1000 mg/m 3 under standard conditions. This International Standard is applicable to the calibration of automated monitoring systems (AMS). If the emission gas contains unstable, reactive or semi-volatile substances, the measurement will depend on the filtration temperature. In-stack methods may be more applicable than out-stack methods for the calibration of automated monitoring systems.

ISO 9096:2002 describes a reference method for the measurement of particulate matter (dust) concentration in waste gases of concentrations from 20 mg/m3 to 1000 mg/m3 under standard conditions. ISO 9096:2002 is applicable to the calibration of automated monitoring systems (AMS). If the emission gas contains unstable, reactive or semi-volatile substances, the measurement will depend on the filtration temperature. In-stack methods may be more applicable than out-stack methods for the calibration of automated monitoring systems.

The principle of the method specified is representative sampling of gases in a duct using two methods. In extractive sampling, the gases are conditioned to remove aerosols, particulate matter, and other interfering substances. In non-extractive sampling, the measurements are made in-situ, and no sample conditioning except filtering is required. The application is limited to the determination of O2, CO2, CO, SO2, NO, NO2. Although they are only mentioned briefly, detailed velocity measurements are required to determine the mass flow rates of gases.

The method is applicable to moving gas streams in confined spaces such as ducts, chimneys and flues and can be used to determine concentrations ranging from 0,005 g/m^3 to 10 g/m^3. It is primarily a reference method for the determination of particulate matter emitted from stationary sources and it can also be used for calibrating automatic continuous particulate monitors.