ISO 10436:1993

Petroleum and natural gas industries — General-purpose steam turbines for refinery service

Specifies the minimum requirements. Requirements are specified in the third edition of API Standard 611 (Std 611), August 1988, which is adopted as ISO 10436. For the purposes of international standardization, modifications have been made that are outlined.

Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Turbines à vapeur tous usages pour service en raffinerie

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 22-Dec-1993
• Withdrawal Date: 22-Dec-1993
• ICS: 27.040 - Gas and steam turbines. Steam engines
• ICS: 75.180.20 - Processing equipment
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 67/SC 6 - Processing equipment and systems
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 67/SC 6 - Processing equipment and systems
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Start Date: 10-Feb-2004
• Completion Date: 12-Feb-2026

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL
ISO
STANDARD
First edition
1993-12-15
Petroleum and natura1 gas industries -
General-purpose steam turbines for
refinery Service
- Turbines 2 vapeur tous usages
Industries du p6 trole et du gaz na turel
pour Service en raffinerie
Reference number
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national Standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work
of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Esch member body interested in a subject for
which a technical committee has been established has the right to be re-
presented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(1 EC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard ISO 10436 was prepared by the American Petro-
leum Institute (API) (as STD 61 1, 3rd edition) and was adopted, under a
special “fast-track procedure ”, by Technical Committee lSO/TC 67, Mate-
rials, equipment and offshore structures for Petroleum and natura/ gas in-
dustries, in parallel with its approval by the ISO member bodies.
0 ISO 1993
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronie or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without Permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case Postale 56 l CH-l 211 Geneve 20 l Switzerland
Printed in Switzerland
ii
0 ISO
Introduction
International Standard ISO 10436:1993 reproduces the content of
API Std 611, 3rd edition, 1988. ISO, in endorsing this API document, re-
cognizes that in certain respects the latter does not comply with all current
ISO rules on the presentation and content of an International Standard.
Therefore, the relevant technical body, within lSO/TC 67, will review
these rules.
This Standard is not intended to obviate the need for Sound engineering
judgement as to when and where this Standard should be utilized and
users of this Standard should be aware that-additional or differing require-
ments may be needed to meet the needs for the particular Service in-
tended.
Standards referenced herein may be replaced by other international or
national Standards that tan be shown to meet or exceed the requirements
of the referenced Standards.
Appendices A to E form an integral patt of the requirements of this stan-
dard.
. . .
Ill
This page intentionally lefi blank

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 0 ISO
Petroleum and natura1 gas industries -
General-purpose steam turbines for refinery Service
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the minimum requirements for general-purpose steam turbines for use in
Petroleum refinery Service.
2 Requirements
Requirements are specified in:
“API Standard 611 (Std 61 l), Third Edition, August 1988, General-Purpose Steam Turbines For ßefinery
Sewice” ,
which is adopted as ISO 10436.
For the purposes of international standardization, however, modifications shall apply to specific clauses and para-
graphs of publication API Std 611. These modifications are outlined below.
Page 6
Information contained in Special Notes is relevant to the API publication only.
Page 13
Subclause 1.5.1
The referenced Standards indicated hereafter are available under the following ISO references:
API Std 612 as ISO 10437
API Std 614 as ISO 10438 (at present under study).

(Blank Page)
General-Purpose Steam Turbines
For Refinery Service
API STANDARD 611
THIRD EDITION, AUGUST 1988
American Petroleum Institute
1220 L Street, Northwest
Washington, D.C. 20005
General-Purpose Steam Turbines
For Refinery Service
Refining Department
API STANDARD 611
THIRD EDITION, AUGUST 1988
American
Petroleum
Institute
SPECIAL NOTES
1. API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A
GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUM-
STANCES? LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS
SHOULD BE REVIEWED.
2. API 1s NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS,
MANUFACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN
AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CON-
CERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR
UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR
FEDERAL LAWS.
3. INFORMATION CONCERNING SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKS AND
PROPER PRECAUTIONS WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR MATERIALS
AND CONDITIONS SHOULD BE OBTAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THE
MANUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER OF THAT MATERIAL, OR THE
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET.
4. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE
CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR
OTHERWISE, FOR. THE MANUFACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY
METHOD, APPAR,6ITUS, OR PRODUCT COVERED BY LE ’ITERS PATENT.
NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN THE PUBLICATION BE
CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABILITY FOR
INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT.
5. GENERALLY, API STANDARDS ARE REVIEWED AND REVISED,
REAFFIRMED, OR WITHDRAWN AT LEAST EVERY FIVE YEARS.
SOMETIMES A ONE-TIME EXTENSION OF UP TO TWO YEARS WILL BE
ADDED TO THIS REVIEW CYCLE. THIS PUBLICATION WILL NO
LONGER BE IN EFFECT FIVE YEARS AFTER ITS PUBLICATION DATE AS
AN OPERATIVE API STANDARD OR, WHERE AN EXTENSION HAS BEEN
GRANTED, UPON REPUBLICATION. STATUS OF THE PUBLICATION
CAN BE ASCERTAINED FROM THE API AUTHORING DEPARTMENT
[TELEPHONE [phone]. A CATALOG OF API PUBLICATIONS AND
MATERIALS IS PUBLISHED ANNUALLY AND UPDATED QUARTERLY
BY API, 1220 L STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005.
Copyright 0 1988 American Petroleum Institute

This Standard is based on the accumulated knowledge and experience of
manufacturers and users of steam turbines. The objective of this publication is
to provide a purchase specification to facilitate the manufacture and procurement
of generalpurpose steam turbines for use in Petroleum refinery Service.
The primary purpose of API Standards for mechanical equipment is to establish
minimum mechanical requirements. This limitation in scope is one of Charter as
opposed to interest and concern. Energy conservation is of concern and has
become increasingly important in all aspects of equipment design, application,
and Operation. Thus, innovative energy-conserving approaches should be ag-
gressively pursued by the manufacturer and the user during these Steps. Alternative
approaches that may result in improved energy utilization should be thoroughly
investigated and brought forth. This is especially true of new equipment proposals,
since the evaluation of purchase Options will be based increasingly on total life
costs as opposed to acquisition tost alone. Equipment manufacturers, in particular,
are encouraged to suggest alternatives to those specified when such approaches
achieve improved energy effectiveness and reduce total life costs without sacrifice
of safety or reliability.
This Standard requires the purchaser to specify certain details and features.
Although it is recognized that the purchaser may desire to modify, delete, or
amplify sections of this Standard, it is strongly recommended that all modifications,
deletions, and amplifications be made by supplementing this Standard, rather than
by rewriting or incorporating sections of this Standard into another complete
Standard.
API Standards are published as an aid to procurement of standardized equipment
and materials. These Standards are not intended to inhibit purchasers or Producers
from purchasing or producing products made to specifications other than those
of API.
API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has
been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data
contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or
guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any
liability or responsibility for loss or darnage resulting from its use or for the
Violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication
may conflict.
Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the director of the
Refining Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20005.
. . .
Ill
IMPORTANT INFORMATION CONCERNING USE OF
ASBESTOS OR ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS
Asbestos is specified or referenced for certain components of the equipment
described in some API Standards. It has been of great usefulness in minimizing
fire hazards associated with Petroleum processing. It has also been a universal
sealing material, compatible with most refining fluid Services.
Certain serious adverse health effects are associated with asbestos, among
them the serious and often fatal diseases of lung cancer, asbestosis, and
mesothelioma (a cancer of the ehest and abdominal linings). The degree of
exposure to asbestos varies with the product and the work practices involved.
Consult the most recent edition of the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and
Health Standard for Asbestos, Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite, 29 Code
of Federal Regufations Section 1910.1001; the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, National Emission Standard for Asbestos, 40 Code of Federal Regulations
Sections 61.140 through 61.156; and the proposed rule by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) proposing labeling requirements and phased banning
of asbestos products, published at 51 Feder-a/ Register 3738-3759 (January 29,
1986; the most recent edition should be consulted).
There are currently in use and under development a number of Substitute
materials to replace asbestos in certain applications. Manufacturers and users
are encouraged to develop and use effective Substitute materials which tan meet
the specifications for, and operating requirements of, the equipment to which
they would apply.
SAFETY AND HEALTH INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO PARTICU-
LAR PRODUCTS OR MATERIALS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM THE EM-
PLOYER, THE MANUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER OF THAT PRODUCT OR
MATERIAL, OR THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET.

ISO 10436:1+993(E)
CONTENTS
Page
SECTION l-GENERAL
1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Alternative Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Conflicting Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 Referenced Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SECTION 2-BASIC DESIGN
21 . General .
22 PressureCasings .
.........................................
2:3 Casing Appurtenances
...........................................
24 Casing Connections
.................................
2:5 Extemal Fortes and Moments.
............................................
26 . Rotating Elements
27 . Seals .
28 . Dynamits .
................................
29 Bearings and Bearing Housings.
..................................................
2:10 Lubrication
....................................................
2.11 Materials
...............................
2.12 Nameplates and Rotation Arrows
SECTION 3-ACCESSORIES
....................................................
3.1 Gear Units
..........................................
3.2 Couplings and Guards
...............................................
3.3 Mounting Plates
3.4 Controls and Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......................................
3.5 Piping and Appurtenances
..................................................
3.6 Special Tools.
.........................................
3.7 Insulation and Jacketing
SECTION 4-INSPECTION AND TESTING
4.1 General.
4.2 Inspection .
4.3 Testing .
.......................................
4.4 Preparation for Shipment
SECTION 5--VENDOR ’S DATA
5.1 Proposals.
5.2 Contract Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDIX A-GENERAL-PURPOSE STEAM TURBINE DATA
SHEETS.
APPENDIX B-DAMPED UNBALANCED RESPONSE ANALYSIS. .
APPENDIX C-RESIDUAL UNBALANCE WORK SHEET. . . . . . . . . .
APPENDIX D-MINIMUM PRESSURIZED LUBE-OIL SYSTEM. . . .
APPENDIX E-VENDOR DRAWING AND DATA REQUIREMENTS .
Figures
l-Rotor Response Plot. . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D-l-Minimum Pressurized Lube-Oil System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V
Tables
l-Arithmetic Average Roughness Height (RJ . 7
2-SpeedGovernors . 18
.....................
3-Minimum Requirements for Piping Materials. 2 1
........................
A-Maximum Severity of Defects in Castings 23
Vi
ISO 10436:7993(E)
General-Purpose Steam Turbines for Refinery Service
SECTION l-GENERAL
1.4.1 Axially split refers to casing joints that are
1.1 Scope
parallel to the shaft centerline.
1.1.1 This Standard covers the minimum require-
ments for generalpurpose steam turbines for refinery
1.4.2 A circulating oil System withdraws oil from the
Service. These requirements include basic design,
housing of bearings equipped with oil rings and cools
materials, related lubrication Systems, controls, aux-
it in an external oil cooler before it is returned to the
iliary equipment, and accessories.
bearing housing.
Note: A bullet (0) at the beginning of a Paragraph indicates that
either a decision is required or further information is to be provided
1.4.3 Hydrodynamit bearings are bearings that use
by the purchaser. This information should be indicated on the data
the principles of hydrodynamic lubrication. Their sur-
sheets (see Appendix A); otherwise, it should be stated in the
quotation request or in the Order. faces are oriented so that relative motion forms an oil
wedge to support the load without journal-to-bearing
1.1.2 Steam turbines are classified as general- or
contact.
special-purpose according to Service requirements. The
purchaser will specify the type of turbine that is best 1.4.4 Maximum allowable Speed (in revolutions per
suited to his needs. minute) is the highest Speed at which the manufactur-
er ’s design will permit continuous Operation (see note
1 -1.2.1 General-purpose turbines are horizontal or
to 2.1.4, Item e).
vertical turbines used to drive equipment that is usually
spared, is relatively small in size (power), or is in 1.4.5 Maximum allowable temperature is the maxi-
noncritical Service. They are generally used where mum continuous temperature for which the manu-
steam conditions will not exceed a pressure of 700 facturer has designed the equipment (or any part to
pounds per Square inch gauge (48 bar gauge) and a which the term is referred) when operating at the
temperature of 750 ’F (400°C) or where Speed will not maximum allowable working pressure (see note to
exceed 6000 revolutions per minute. 2.1.4, Item e).
1 .1.2.2 Special-purpose turbines are horizontal tur- 1.4.6 Maximum allowable working pressure is the
maximum continuous pressure for which the manu-
bines used to drive equipment that is usually not
spared, is relatively large in size (power), or is in facturer has designed the equipment (or any part to
which the term is referred) when operating at the
critical Service. The use of special-purpose turbines is
maximum allowable temperature (see note to 2.1.4,
not limited by steam conditions or turbine Speed.
Requirements for special-purpose turbines are defined Item e).
in API Standard 612.
1.4.7 Maximum continuous Speed (in revolutions per
minute) is the Speed at least equal to 105 percent of
1.2 Alternative Designs
the highest Speed required by any of the specified
The vendor may offer alternative designs. Equivalent
operating conditions.
metric dimensions, fasteners, and flanges may be
1.4.8 Maximum exhaust pressure is the highest ex-
substituted as mutually agreed upon by the purchaser
haust steam pressure at which the turbine is required
and the vendor.
to operate continuously .
1.3 Conflicting Requirements
1.4.9 Maximum exhaust casing pressure is the high-
est exhaust steam pressure that the purchaser requires
In case of conflict between this Standard and the
the casing to contain, with steam supplied at maximum
inquiry or Order, the information included in the Order
inlet conditions.
shall govern.
1.4.10 Maximum inlet pressure and temperature re-
1.4 Definition of Terms
fer to the highest inlet steam pressure and temperature
conditions at which the turbine is required to operate
Terms used in this Standard are defined in 1.4.1
continuously .
through 1.4.26.
2 API STANDARD 611
1.4.24 Total indicated runout (TIR), also known as
1.4.11 Minimum allowable Speed (in revolutions per
total indicator reading, is the r-unout of a diameter or
minute) is the lowest Speed at which the manufacturer ’s
face determined by measurement with a dial indicator.
design will permit continuous Operation (see note to
The indicator reading implies an out-of-squareness
2.1.4, Item e).
equal to the reading or an eccentricity equal to half
1.4.12 Minimum exhaust pressure is the lowest ex-
the reading.
haust steam pressure at which the turbine is required
1.4.25 Trip Speed (in revolutions per minute) is the
to operate continuously.
Speed at which the independent emergency overspeed
1.4.13 Minimum inlet pressure and temperature refer
device operates to shut down the turbine. The trip-
to the lowest inlet steam pressure and temperature
Speed setting will vary with the class of govemor (see
conditions at which the turbine is required to operate
3.4.2.7).
continuously .
1.4.26 Unit responsibility refers to the technical re-
1.4.14 NEMA inlet and exhaust conditions are
sponsibility for coordinating the general arrangement
equivalent to the maximum inlet and exhaust steam
of the driver and driven equipment, as well as power
conditions specified on the data sheets.
requirements, Speed, direction of rotation, and so forth;
for designing and laying out lubrication and sealing
1.4.15 Normal applies to the power, Speed, and steam
Systems; for analyzing Vibration and noise data; and
conditions at which the equipment will usually operate.
for supervising and coordinating all required tests and
These conditions are the ones at which the highest
material reports for all equipment within the scope of
efficiency is desired.
this Standard.
1.4.16 Oil mist lubrication refers to lubrication sys-
1.4.27 The use of the word design in any term (such
tems that employ oil mist produced by atomization in
as design power, design pressure, design temperature,
a central supply unit and transported to the bearing
or design Speed) should be avoided in the purchaser ’s
housing by compressed air.
specifications. This terminology should be used only
1.4.17 With purge oil mist lubrication (wet sump),
by the equipment designer and the manufacturer.
the mist only purges the bearing housing. Bearing
lubrication is by conventional oil bath, flinger, or oil
1.5 Referenced Publications
ring.
1.5.1 The following Standards, Codes, and specifi-
1.4.18 With pure oil mist lubrication (dry sump), the
cations are cited in this Standard:
mist both lubricates the bearing and purges the housing.
AFBMA’
Potential maximum power is the approximate
1.4.19
7 Shaft and Housing Fits for Metric Radial
maximum power to which the turbine tan be uprated
Ball and Roller Bearings (Except Tapered
at the specified normal Speed and steam conditions
Roller Bearings) Conforming to Basic
when it is furnished with suitable (larger or additional)
Boundary Plans
nozzles and, possibly , with a larger valve or valves.
9 Load Ratings and Fatigue Life for Ball
Bearings
1.4.20 The pressure casing is the composite of all
20 Metric Ball and Roller Bearings (Except
stationary pressure-containing Parts of the unit, in-
Tapered Roller Bearings) Conforming to
cluding all nozzles and other attached Parts.
Basic Boundary Plans
1.4.21 Radially Split refers to casing joints that are
AGMA*
transverse to the shaft centerline.
514 Load Classifzcation and Service Factors
for Flexible Couplings
1.4.22 Rated applies to the greatest turbine power
515 Balance Classijkation for Flexible Cou-
specified and the corresponding Speed. It includes all
plings
of the margin required by the driven-equipment speci-
90020A86 Bores and Keyways for Flexible Cou-
fications.
plings (Inch Series)
1.4.23 Standby Service refers to a normally idle or
‘Anti-Friction Bearing Manufacturers Association, 1235 Jefferson
idling piece of equipment that is capable sf immediate
Davis Highway, Arlington, Virginia 22202.
automatic or manual start-up and continuous opera-
2American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1901 North Fort Myer
Drive, Arlington, Virginia 22209.
tion.
ANSI3 A 120 Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped Zinc-
Bl.1 Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and Coated (Galvanized) Welded and Seam-
UNR Thread Forms) less, for Ordinary Uses
B16.1 Cast Iran Pipe Flanges and Flanged A 153 Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel
Fittings, Ciass 25, 12.5, 250, and 800 Hardware
Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Steel
B16.5 A 181 Forgings, Carbon Steel for General Pur-
Nickel Alloy and Other Special Alloys
pose Piping
B16.11 Forged Steel Fittings, Socket- Welding
A 193 Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting
and Threaded
Materials for High-Temperature Service
B16.42 Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged
A 194 Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts
Fittings, Class ISO and 300
for High-Pressure and High-Tempera-
BH.1 Keys and Keyseats
ture Service
Y 14.2M Line Conventions and Lettering
A 197 Cupola Malleable Iran
A 269 Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stain-
API
less Steel Tubing for General Service
Spec 5L Specification for Line Pipe
A 278 Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Con-
RP 550 Manual on Installation of ReJinery In-
taining Parts for Temperatures Up to
struments and Control Systems
650°F (345°C)
Std 612 Special-Purpose Steam Turbines for Re-
A 307 Carbon Steel Externally Threaded Stan-
finery Services
dard Fasteners
Std 614 Lubrication, Shaft-Sealing, and Control-
A 312 Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stain-
Oil Systems for Special-Purpose Appli-
less Steel Pipe
ca tions
High-Strength Belts for Structural Steel
A 325
Std 615 Sound Control of Mechanical Equipment
Joints
for ReJinery Services
A 338 Malleable Iron Flanges, Pipe Fittings,
Std 670 Vibration, Axial-Position, and Bearing-
and Valve Parts for Railroad, Marine,
Temperature Monitoring Systems
and Other Heavy Duty Service at
Std 677 General-Purpose Gear Units for Refinery
Temperatures Up to 650°F (345°C)
Services
A 388 Ultrasonic Examination of Heavy Steel
Std 678 Accelerometer-Based Vibration Moni-
Forgings
toring System
A 395 Ferritic Ductile Iran Pressure-Retaining
ASME4
Castings for Use at Elevated Tempera-
B1.20.1 Pipe Threads, General Purpose
tures
B31.3 Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery
A 515 Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel,
Piping
for Intermediate- and Higher-Tempera-
Performance Test Code-Steam Tur-
PTC6
ture Service
bines
A 536 Ductile Iron Castings
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V, “Non-
E 94 Guides for Radiographit Testing
destructive Examination,” Section VIII,
E 125 Reference Photographs for Magnetit
“Pressure Vessels,” and Section IX,
Particle Indications on Ferrous Castings
“ Welding and Brazing Qualifications”
E 142 Method for Controlling Quality of Ra-
_ ASTM5
diographic Tes ting
A 53 Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-
E 709 Magnetit Particle Examination
Coated Welded and Seamless
AWS6
A 105 Forgings, Carbon Steel, for Piping Com-
D1.l Structural Welding Code-Steel
ponents
A 106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-
MSS’
Temperature Service
SP 55 Qua& Standard for Steel Castings-
Visual Method
3American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New
York, New York 10018.
‘American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, (jAmerican Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami,
New York, New York 10017. Florida 33 135.
sAmerican Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Rate Street, ‘Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103. Industry, 127 Park Street, N.E., Vienna, Virginia 22180.
API STANDARD 611
OSHA ’O
NEMAs
MG 1 Motors and Generators Occupational Safety and Health Standards of the
SM 23 Steam Turbines for Mechanical Drive U.S. Department of Labor
Service
1.5.2 The purchaser and the vendor shall mutually
NFPA9 determine the measures that must be taken to comply
70 National Electrical Code, Chapter 5, Ar- with any federal, state, or local Codes, regulations,
“Hazardous (Classified) LO-
title 500, ordinances, or rules that are applicable to the equip-
ment.
cations,” and Article 501, “Class 1 LO-
cations”
SECTION 2-BASIC DESIGN
2.1 General
e. Operating with variations from rated steam condi-
2.1 .l The equipment (including auxiliaries) covered
tions in accordance with NEMA SM 23.
by this Standard shall be designed and constructed for
a minimum Service life of 20 years and at least 3 years
Note: Regardless of the design limit of any turbine component, the
turbine should not be operated or rerated outside the nameplate
of uninterrupted Operation. It is recognized that this
limits without consultation with the manufacturer.
is a design criterion.
2.1.5 Equipment shall be designed to run without
2.1.2 The vendor shall assume responsibility for the
darnage up to the trip Speed and relief valve settings.
engineering Coordination of the equipment and all
auxiliary Systems included in the scope of the Order.
2.1.6 Single-Stage turbines shall be suitable for im-
mediate start-up to full load without a preliminary
2.1.3 The equipment ’s normal operating Point will
warmup period. The purchaser will allow for proper
be specified on the data sheets.
drainage of the inlet piping, turbine casing, steam
2.1.4 Turbines shall be capable of the following:
ehest, and packing glands.
Note: Consultation with the manufacturer is recommended, since
a. Operating at normal power and Speed under normal
additional considerations may be required when Single-Stage turbines
steam conditions. The manufacturer ’s certified steam
are to be applied for immediate automatic unattended start-up.
rate shall be at these conditions.
2.1.7 The turbine wheel or wheels for Single-Stage
l b. Delivering rated power at its corresponding Speed
with coincident minimum inlet and maximum exhaust and multistage units shall be located between the
bearings. Other arrangements require specific pur-
conditions as specified on the data sheets. To prevent
chaser approval.
oversizing or to obtain higher operating efficiency, the
purchaser may desire to limit maximum turbine ca-
2.1.8 Oil reservoirs and housings that enclose moving
pability by specifying normal or a selected percentage
lubricated Parts (such as bearings, shaft Seals, highly
of rated power instead of rated power.
polished Parts, instruments, and control elements) shall
Note: Rated power may be achieved by using a hand valve or valves
be designed to minimize contamination by moisture,
under normal steam conditions and an additional hand valve or
dust, and other foreign matter during periods of op-
valves under minimum inlet and maximum exhaust steam conditions.
eration and idleness.
(See 3.4.1.4 for information about using hand valves at other
operating conditions .)
2.1.9
All equipment shall be designed to permit rapid
and economical maintenance. Major Parts such as
C. Continuously operating at maximum continuous
casing components and bearing housings shall be
Speed and at any Speed within the range specified.
designed (shouldered or cylindrically doweled) and
d. Continuously operating at rated power and Speed
manufactured to ensure accurate alignment on reas-
under maximum inlet steam conditions and maximum
sembly .
or minimum exhaust steam conditions.
*National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 2101 L Street,
N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037.
*OOccupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department
9National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy,
of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20210.
Massachusetts 02269.
GENERAL-PURPOSE STEAM TURBINES FOR REFINERY SERVICE
2.1 .lO The turbine and other equipment within the 2.1.16 When specified, the equipment feet shall be
scope of the Order shall perform on the test stand and equipped with vertical jackscrews.
on the permanent foundation within the specified
2.1 .17 Equipment feet shall be drilled with Pilot holes
acceptance criteria. After installation, the Performance
for use in final doweling.
of the combined units shall be the joint responsibility
of the purchaser and the vendor. 2.1 .18 Spare Parts for the machine and all furnished
auxiliaries shall meet all the criteria of this Standard.
2.1 .l 1 Unless otherwise specified, cooling water sys-
tems shall be designed for the following conditions:
2.2 Pressure Casings
Velocity over heat 5-8 ft./s 1.5-2.5 ds
exchanger surfaces 2.2.1 All pressure Parts shall be at least suitable for
Maximum allowable 275 psig ~5.2 bar (ga)
Operation at the most severe coincident conditions of
working pressure
pressure and temperature expected for the specified
Test pressure Ill5 psig ~7.9 bar (ga)
Maximum pressure 15 psi 1 bar steam conditions.
drop
Maximum inlet tem- 90°F 32°C 2.2.2 The hoop-stress values used in the design of
perature
the casing shall not exceed the maximum allowable
Maximum outlet 120°F 49OC
stress values in tension specmed in Section VIII,
temperature
Maximum tempera- 30°F 17°C Division 1, of the ASME Code at the maximum
ture rise
operating temperature of the material used.
Fouling factor on 0.002 hr-ft*- “F/Btu 0.35 m*KkW
water side
Axially Split casings shall use a metal-to-metal
2.2.3
Shell corrosion al- 0.125 in. 3.2 mm
joint (with a suitable joint compound) that is tightly
lowance
maintained by suitable bolting. Gaskets (including
Provision shall be made for complete venting and
string type) shall not be used on the axial joint. When
draining of the System.
gasketed joints are used on radially Split casings, they
Note: To avoid condensation, the minimum inlet water temperature
shall be securely maintained by confming the gaskets.
to the bearing housings should preferably be above the ambient air
temperature. 2.2.4 Axially Split horizontal turbines shall be de-
signed to permit inspection and removal of the rotor
2.1.12 Control of the Sound pressure level (SPL) of
and wearing Parts without removing the casing from
all equipment fumished shall be a joint effort of the
its foundation or disconnecting inlet or exhaust steam
purchaser and the vendor. Unless otherwise specified,
piping (except when up-exhaust is specified). Axially
the equipment furnished by the vendor shall conform
Split multistage turbine casings may also be Split
to the requirements of API Standard 615 and the
radially between high- and low-pressure portions.
maximum allowable Sound pressure level specified.
2.2.5 Radially Split horizontal turbines shall be de-
2.1 .13 Motors, electrical components, and electrical
signed to permit inspection and replacement of the
installations shall be suitable for the area classification
bearings and outer glands without removing the casing
(class, group, and division) specified by the purchaser
from its foundation or disconnecting inlet or exhaust
on the data sheets and shall meet the requirements of
steam piping.
NFPA 70, Articles 500 and 501, as well as local Codes
: Radially Split horizontal turbines may require removal from
Note
specified and fumished by the purchaser (see 3.4.5.4).
permit removal of rotors
their foundations to
2.1.14 The purchaser will specify whether the in-
2.2.6 Casings and supports shall be designed to have
stallation is indoors (heated or unheated) or outdoors
sufficient strength and rigidity to limit any Change of
(with or without a roof), as well as the weather and
shaft alignment at the coupling flange (caused by the
environmental conditions in which the equipment must
worst combination of allowable pressure, torque, and
operate (including maximum and minimum tempera-
piping forces and moments) to 0.002 inch (50 microme-
tures and unusual humidity or dust Problems). The
ters). Supports and alignment bolts shall be rigid
unit and its auxiliaries shall be suitable for Operation
enough to permit the machine to be moved by the use
under these specified conditions.
of lateral and axial jackscrews. Axially Split horizontal
2.1 .15 The arrangement of the equipment, including turbines shall have centerline supports to maintain
piping and auxiliaries, shall be developed jointly by proper alignment with connected equipment. The lower
the purchaser and the vendor. The arrangement shall horizontal mounting surface of each turbine support
provide adequate clearance areas and Safe access for shall be machined parallel within 0.002 inch per foot
Operation and maintenance. (1:6000). Corresponding surfaces shall be coplanar
2.2.11.6 Adequate clearance shall be provided at
within 0.002 inch per foot of distance between surfaces
bolting locations to permit the use of socket or box
(0.17 millimeter per meter).
wrenches.
2.2.7 Drain connections shall be provided for the
2.2.12 The machined finish of the mounting surface
steam ehest, casing, packing glands, and cooling jack-
shall be 125-250 microinches (3.2-6.4 micrometers)
ets.
arithmetic average roughness (RA. Hold-down or foun-
2.2.8 Gauge connections shall be provided for the
dation bolt holes shall be drilled perpendicular to the
steam-ring chamber on Single-valve turbines and for
mounting surface or surfaces and spot faced to a
the first Stage of multistage turbines.
diameter three times that of the hole.
2.2.9 Jackscrews, guide rods (for multistage tur-
2.3 Casing Appurtenances
bines), and casing alignment dowels shall be provided
to facilitate disassembly and reassembly. When jack-
All nozzles or nozzle blocks shall be replaceable.
screws are used to part contacting faces, one of the
All other stationary blading shall be mounted in re-
faces shall be relieved (counterbored or recessed) to
placeable diaphragms or Segments.
prevent a leaking joint or an improper fit caused by
marring of the face. Guide rods shall be of sufficient
2.4 Casing Connections
length to prevent darnage to the intemals or casing
studs by the casing during disassembly and reassembly. l 2.4.1 Inlet and outlet connections shall be flanged or
Lifting lugs or eyebolts shall be provided for lifting machined and studded, oriented as specified on the
only the top half of the casing. Methods of lifting the data sheets, and suitable for the maximum inlet and
assembled machine shall be specified by the vendor. maximum exhaust steam conditions as specified and
defined in 1.4.8 and 1.4.9.
The use of tapped holes in pressure Parts shall
2.2.10
2.4.2 Connections welded to the casing shall meet
be minimized. To prevent leakage in pressure sections
of casings, metal equal in thickness to at least half the the material requirements of the casing, including
nominal bolt diameter, in addition to the allowance impact values, rather than the requirements of the
for corrosion, shall be left around and below the bottom connected piping.
of drilled and tapped holes.
2.4.3 Casing openings for piping connections shall
2.2.11 Bolting shall be fumished as specified in 2.2.11.1 be at least % inch nominal pipe size. Threaded openings
through 2.2.11.6. are permissible in sizes 3/4 inch, 1 inch, and 1% inches
nominal pipe size. Openings shall be installed as
2.2.11.1 The details of threading shall conform to
specified in 2.4.3.1 through 2.4.3.7.
ANSI B1.l.
2.4.3.1 A pipe nipple, preferably not more than 6
2.2.11.2 Studs are preferred to cap screws. inches (150 millimeters) long, shall be connected to
the opening.
2.2.11.3 Studded connections shall be furnished with
2.4.3.2 Pipe nipples shall be a minimum of Schedule
studs and nuts installed. Blind stud holes should be
160 seamless for sizes 1 inch and smaller and a
drilled only deep enough to allow a preferred tap depth
minimum of Schedule 80 seamless for a size of 1%
of 1% times the major diameter of the stud; the first
inches.
1% threads at both ends of each stud shall be removed.
2.4.3.3 Pipe nipples shall be provided with welding-
2.2.11.4 The minimum material quality of bolting for
neck or socket-weld flanges for steam pressures of 180
pressure joints shall be carbon steel (ASTM A 307,
pounds per Square inch gauge (12.4 bar gauge) or
Grade B) for cast iron Parts and a high-temperature
higher.
alloy steel (ASTM A 193, Grade B-7) for steel and
alloy Parts. Carbon steel (ASTM A 325) may be used 2.4.3.4 Threaded connections shall be seal welded;
for Parts where the temperature is below 5OO ’F (260°C). however, seal welding is not permitted on cast iron
Nuts shall conform to ASTM A 194, Grade 2H (or,
equipment, for instrument connections, or where dis-
where space is limited, to ASTM A 307, Grade B,
assembly is required for maintenance. Seal-welded
case-hardened).
joints shall be in accordance with ASME B3 1.3.
2.4.3.5 Tapped openings and bosses for pipe threads
2.2.11.5 Slotted-nut or spanner-type bolting shall not
shall conform to ANSI B16.5.
be used unless specifically approved by the purchaser.
2.4.3-6 Pipe threads shall be taper threads that con- Table l-Arithmetic Average Roughness Height (R,)
form to ASME B1.20.1.
Contact Surface
Service Roughness (Rh
Type
2.4.3.7 Openings for socket-welded connections shall ~~
Flat and raised face Vacuum 63-125
conform to ANSI B16.11.
Above atmospheric 125-500
Ring joint All <63
24.4 Openings for nominal pipe sizes of 11/4, 21/2,
31/2, 5, ‘7, and 9 inches shall not be used.
be of rabbeted design, flat-faced with a Provision for
2.4.5 Tapped openings not connected to piping shall
accurate centering and doweling conforming to NEMA
be plugged with solid round-head steel plugs furnished
MG 1, or as specified.
in accordance with ANSI B 16.11. As a minimum, these
plugs shall meet the material requirements of the
2.5 External Fortes and Moments
casing. Plugs that may later require removal shall be
Turbines shall be designed to withstand the extemal
of corrosion-resistant material. Threads shall be lu-
forces and moments calculated in accordance with
bricated. Plastic plugs are not permitted.
NEMA SM 23.
2.4.6 Flanges shall conform to ANSI B16.1 or B16.5,
or B16.42 as applicable, except as specified in 2.4.6.1
2.6 Rotating Elements
through 2.4.6.5.
2.6.1 ROTORS
2.4.6.1 Cast iron flanges shall be flat faced and shall
2.6.1.1 Rotors shall be capable of operating without
have a minimum thickness of Class 250 in accordance
darnage at momentary Speeds up to 110 percent of trip
with ANSI Bl6.1 for sizes 8 inches and smaller.
Speed.
Exhaust flanges 10 inches and larger may be Class
125.
2.6.1.2 Rotors (other than integrally forged shafts
and disks) shall be assembled to prevent movement of
2.4.6.2 Flat-faced flanges are acceptable on all ex-
the disk relative to the shaft when operating at any
haust connections. Flat-faced flanges shall have full
specified start-up or operating condition and any Speed
raised-face thickness.
up to 110 percent of trip Speed. The wheels shall be
2.4.6.3 Flanges that are thicker or have a larger
keyed to the shaft and assembled with a shrink fit.
outside diameter than that required by ANSI B16.1,
2.6.1.3 The purchaser ’s specific approval is required
B16.5, or B16.42, as applicable, are acceptable.
for built-up rotors when blade tip velocities at maxi-
2.4.6.4 The concentricity between the bolt circle and
mum continuous Speed exceed 825 feet per second
the bore of all casing flanges shall be such that the
(250 meters per second) or when Stage inlet steam
surface area for the seating of the machined gasket is
temperatures exceed 825*F (44 IOC).
adequate to accommodate a complete Standard gasket
2.6.2 SHAFTS
that does not protrude into the fluid flow.
2.6.2.1 Shafts shall be accurately finished throughout
2.4.6.5 For the purpose of manufacturing mating
their entire length and shall be ground to a finish of
Parts, the vendor shall supply equipment flange details
32 microinches (0.8 micrometer) R, or better at the
to the purchaser when connections larger than those
coupling and bearing locations and sealing areas for
covered by ANSI B16.5 or B16.42 are supplied. When
carbon ring packing .
specified, the mating Parts shall be furnished by the
vendor.
2.6.2.2 When noncontacting Vibration or axial posi-
2.4.7 The finish of the contact faces of flanges and tion probes are fumished or specified, the rotor shaft
nozzles shall conform to the flange-finish roughness sensing areas to be observed by radial Vibration probes
requirements in Table 1. Milled flanged surfaces are shall be concentric with the bearing journals. All shaft
acceptable with the purchaser ’s approval. sensing areas (both radial Vibration and axial Position)
shall be free from stencil and scribe marks or any
2.4.8 All of the purchaser ’s connections shall be
other surface discontinuity, such as an oil hole or a
accessible for disassembly without moving the ma-
keyway. These areas shall not be metallized, sleeved,
chine.
or plated. The final surface finish shall be 16-32
2.4.9 Mounting flanges for vertical turbines shall be microinches (0.4-0.8 micrometer) R,, preferably ob-
tained by honing or bumishing. These areas shall be
made of cast iron or steel and shall be adequately
properly demagnetized or otherwise treated so that
bolted and ribbed for rigidity. Mounting flanges shall

API STANDAR
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