ISO 21028-1:2026
(Main)Cryogenic vessels — Toughness requirements for materials at cryogenic temperature — Part 1: Temperatures below ‒80 °C
- Abstract
This document specifies the toughness requirements of metallic materials for use at a temperature below −80 °C to ensure their suitability for cryogenic vessels. This document does not apply to unalloyed steels and cast materials.
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 22-Sep-2026
- Technical Committee
- ISO/TC 220 - Cryogenic vessels
- Drafting Committee
- ISO/TC 220 - Cryogenic vessels
- Current Stage
- 6060 - International Standard published
- Start Date
- 23-Sep-2026
- Due Date
- 13-Mar-2026
- Completion Date
- 23-Sep-2026
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ISO 21028-1:2026 - Cryogenic vessels — Toughness requirements for materials at cryogenic temperature — Part 1: Temperatures below ‒80 °C
ISO 21028-1:2026 - Récipients cryogéniques — Exigences de ténacité pour les matériaux à température cryogénique — Partie 1: Températures inférieures à ‒80 °C
ISO 21028-1:2026 is an International Standard from ISO for cryogenic vessels. It specifies toughness requirements for metallic materials used below −80 °C so designers, manufacturers, and inspectors can judge whether the material is suitable for cryogenic service.
This third edition is organized around general rules, steel requirements, separate treatment for aluminium and copper alloys, test methods, and acceptance criteria. It is intended for people who select materials, qualify welds, and verify low-temperature performance.
What does ISO 21028-1:2026 specify?
ISO 21028-1:2026 specifies the toughness requirements of metallic materials for use at temperatures below −80 °C in cryogenic vessels. It excludes unalloyed steels and cast materials.
The document is structured into:
- Clause 1 - Scope
- Clause 2 - Normative references
- Clause 3 - Terms and definitions
- Clause 4 - Toughness requirements
- Bibliography
Clause 4 is the technical core. It covers general rules, steel requirements, the treatment of aluminium or aluminium alloys and copper or copper alloys, test methods, and acceptance criteria for impact energy and lateral expansion.
What are the key requirements of ISO 21028-1:2026?
ISO 21028-1:2026 requires either producer assurance or impact testing to show that the material is tough enough at cryogenic temperature. For welded vessels, welding procedure qualification and production weld tests also need impact testing when the product standard calls for it.
Material selection and applicability
For steels, the material used for the vessel, the welds, and the heat-affected zone shall meet the required impact energy or lateral expansion at the minimum working temperature. The standard also says that more stringent requirements in product or welding standards take precedence, so users must check the whole chain of requirements, not only this document.
Selected materials that are not covered by EN harmonized material standards and are not subject to a European approval for pressure equipment materials (EAM) shall go through a Particular Material Appraisal procedure. In practice, this means unusual or non-standard materials need extra technical justification before use.
Special treatment by material family
ISO 21028-1:2026 separates steels from aluminium or aluminium alloys and copper or copper alloys. Aluminium and copper alloys are treated as inherently tough enough at low temperature, so impact tests are not required under this document.
For pressure-strengthened vessels, the standard points users to ISO 21009-1:2022, Annex C, or ISO 20421-1:2019, Annex D, depending on the vessel type. That means the low-temperature toughness check has to be aligned with the vessel design route being used.
Test methods and sampling
ISO 21028-1:2026 bases the toughness check on Charpy pendulum impact testing using V-notch test pieces. It also gives rules for thinner material, reduced-section specimens, and the lower thickness limit below which impact testing is not carried out on plates or their welds.
The document gives specimen preparation rules and shows where to take test pieces from weld metal and heat-affected zones, with layouts that change with material thickness. In practice, this tells laboratories exactly where to cut samples so the test reflects the welded joint that will be used in service.
Acceptance and retest rules
ISO 21028-1:2026 sets acceptance criteria for both impact energy and lateral expansion. The results are judged on the average of three specimens, with limited allowance for a single lower result, and it gives a second-stage retest route if the first set is borderline.
For lateral expansion, the document allows a retest and even reheat treatment if the required values are not reached. This matters because it gives manufacturers a controlled path for deciding whether a batch can be recovered or must be rejected.
What terms does ISO 21028-1:2026 define?
- Minimum working temperature - the lowest temperature likely to be reached by the vessel or one of its components during operation.
- Heat-affected zone - the part of the base metal whose properties are altered by welding heat.
- Impact energy - the energy absorbed by the test piece in the Charpy impact test.
- Lateral expansion - the permanent sideways deformation measured opposite the notch after impact testing.
- Heat (lot) - the batch of material used when the document calls for testing each heat.
- V-notch - the notched test-piece shape used for the impact test in this standard.
Who uses ISO 21028-1:2026?
ISO 21028-1:2026 is used by cryogenic vessel manufacturers, material suppliers, welding engineers, inspection personnel, and quality or procurement teams. It helps them select materials, qualify welded joints, check certificates, and decide whether test results support acceptance, retest, or rejection.
It is relevant wherever metallic materials are chosen for equipment that will operate below −80 °C. That includes design and fabrication work, welding qualification, and material verification for cryogenic vessels.
What changed in ISO 21028-1:2026 from the previous edition?
ISO 21028-1:2026 replaces ISO 21028-1:2016. The foreword states that this third edition was technically revised.
The stated changes are:
- addition of normative references
- addition of Table 1 in 4.2
Which standards are used with ISO 21028-1:2026?
- ISO 148-1 - gives the Charpy pendulum impact test method used for the toughness testing in this standard.
- ISO 21009-1:2022 - provides requirements for static vacuum-insulated vessels, including Annex C for pressure-strengthened vessels.
- ISO 20421-1:2019 - provides requirements for large transportable vacuum-insulated vessels, including Annex D for pressure-strengthened vessels.
- ISO 15608 - provides the welding grouping system used to classify steel groups in the toughness requirements.
- EN 13445-2:2021 - contributes material-related provisions and the specimen preparation rule used for test-piece location.
What does the ISO 21028-1:2026 document contain?
ISO 21028-1:2026 contains the toughness requirements table for steels, including minimum impact energy and lateral expansion by steel group and test temperature. It also contains three figures that show where to take test pieces from welds and heat-affected zones at different thickness ranges.
Clause 4.5 explains the test-piece shape, thickness handling, and specimen locations. Clause 4.6 gives the acceptance criteria and the retest or reheat-treatment paths. The bibliography points readers to related aluminium and copper product standards for context.
Relations
- Effective Date
- 12-Feb-2026
- Effective Date
- 18-Jun-2022
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ISO 21028-1:2026 - Cryogenic vessels — Toughness requirements for materials at cryogenic temperature — Part 1: Temperatures below ‒80 °C
ISO 21028-1:2026 - Récipients cryogéniques — Exigences de ténacité pour les matériaux à température cryogénique — Partie 1: Températures inférieures à ‒80 °C
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Frequently Asked Questions
ISO 21028-1:2026 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Cryogenic vessels — Toughness requirements for materials at cryogenic temperature — Part 1: Temperatures below ‒80 °C". This standard covers: This document specifies the toughness requirements of metallic materials for use at a temperature below −80 °C to ensure their suitability for cryogenic vessels. This document does not apply to unalloyed steels and cast materials.
This document specifies the toughness requirements of metallic materials for use at a temperature below −80 °C to ensure their suitability for cryogenic vessels. This document does not apply to unalloyed steels and cast materials.
ISO 21028-1:2026 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 23.020.40 - Cryogenic vessels. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO 21028-1:2026 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to FprEN ISO 21028-1, ISO 21028-1:2016. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ISO 21028-1:2026 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
International
Standard
ISO 21028-1
Third edition
Cryogenic vessels — Toughness
2026-09
requirements for materials at
cryogenic temperature —
Part 1:
Temperatures below ‒80 °C
Récipients cryogéniques — Exigences de ténacité pour les
matériaux à température cryogénique —
Partie 1: Températures inférieures à ‒80 °C
Reference number
© ISO 2026
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Toughness requirements . 2
4.1 General .2
4.2 Steels . . .2
4.3 Aluminium or aluminium alloys .3
4.4 Copper or copper alloys .3
4.5 Test methods .3
4.5.1 General .3
4.5.2 Test piece locations .3
4.5.3 Test piece locations for welds and heat-affected zones .3
4.6 Acceptance criteria .5
4.6.1 For impact energy.5
4.6.2 For lateral expansion .5
Bibliography . 7
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 220, Cryogenic vessels, in collaboration with
the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 268, Cryogenic vessels
and specific hydrogen technologies applications, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation
between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 21028-1:2016), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— addition of normative references;
— addition of Table 1 in 4.2.
A list of all parts in the ISO 21028 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
The use of materials at low temperatures entails special problems which should be addressed. Consideration
should be given, in particular, to changes in mechanical characteristics, expansion and contraction
phenomena and the thermal conduction of the various materials. Austenitic stainless steel can transform
from the austenitic to the martensitic phase when cooled down, leading to dimensional change that should
be considered during design.
However, the most important property to consider is material toughness at low temperatures.
v
International Standard ISO 21028-1:2026(en)
Cryogenic vessels — Toughness requirements for materials at
cryogenic temperature —
Part 1:
Temperatures below ‒80 °C
1 Scope
This document specifies the toughness requirements of metallic materials for use at a temperature below
−80 °C to ensure their suitability for cryogenic vessels.
This document does not
...
Norme
internationale
ISO 21028-1
Troisième édition
Récipients cryogéniques —
2026-09
Exigences de ténacité pour
les matériaux à température
cryogénique —
Partie 1:
Températures inférieures à ‒80 °C
Cryogenic vessels — Toughness requirements for materials at
cryogenic temperature —
Part 1: Temperatures below ‒80 °C
Numéro de référence
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2026
Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut
être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Genève
Tél.: +41 22 749 01 11
E-mail: copyright@iso.org
Web: www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse
ii
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction .v
1 Domaine d'application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Exigences de ténacité . 2
4.1 Généralités .2
4.2 Aciers .2
4.3 Aluminium ou alliages d'aluminium .3
4.4 Cuivre ou alliages de cuivre .3
4.5 Méthodes d'essai .3
4.5.1 Généralités .3
4.5.2 Position des éprouvettes .4
4.5.3 Position des éprouvettes pour les soudures et les zones affectées thermiquement .4
4.6 Critères d'acceptation .6
4.6.1 Pour l'énergie de rupture en flexion par choc .6
4.6.2 Pour l'expansion latérale .6
Bibliographie . 8
iii
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux
de normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général
confiée aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire
partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents
critères d'approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a
été rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir
www.iso.org/directives).
L’ISO attire l’attention sur le fait que la mise en application du présent document peut entraîner l’utilisation
d’un ou de plusieurs brevets. L’ISO ne prend pas position quant à la preuve, à la validité et à l’applicabilité de
tout droit de brevet revendiqué à cet égard. À la date de publication du présent document, l’ISO n’avait pas
reçu notification qu’un ou plusieurs brevets pouvaient être nécessaires à sa mise en application. Toutefois,
il y a lieu d’avertir les responsables de la mise en application du présent document que des informations
plus récentes sont susceptibles de figurer dans la base de données de brevets, disponible à l'adresse
www.iso.org/brevets. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir identifié tout ou partie de
tels droits de propriété.
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données pour
information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l'ISO liés à l'évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l'adhésion de
l'ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles techniques au
commerce (OTC), voir www.iso.org/avant-propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 220, Récipients cryogéniques, en
collaboration avec le comité technique CEN/TC 268, Récipients cryogéniques et applications spécifiques
des technologies de l’hydrogène, du Comité européen de normalisation (CEN) conformément à l'Accord de
coopération technique entre l'ISO et le CEN (Accord de Vienne).
Cette troisième édition annule et remplace la deuxième édition (ISO 21028-1:2016), qui a fait l'objet d'une
révision technique.
Les principales modifications sont les suivantes:
— ajout de références normatives;
— ajout du Tableau 1 au 4.2.
Une liste de toutes les parties de la série ISO 21028 se trouve sur le site web de l'ISO.
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes se
trouve à l’adresse www.iso.org/fr/members.html.
iv
Introduction
L'utilisation de matériaux à basse température comporte des difficultés spécifiques qu'il convient de
prendre en compte, notamment en prêtant une attention particulière aux modifications des caractéristiques
mécaniques, aux phénomènes de dilatation et de contraction et à la conduction thermique des divers
matériaux. Lorsqu'il est refroidi, l'acier austénitique inoxydable peut passer de la phase austénitique à la
phase martensitique, ce qui entraîne des modifications dimensionnelles dont il convient de tenir compte au
stade de la conception.
Toutefois, la principale propriété à prendre en considération est la ténacité des matériaux à basse
température.
v
Norme internationale ISO 21028-1:2026(fr)
Récipients cryogéniques — Exigences de ténacité pour les
matériaux à température cryogénique —
Partie 1:
Températures inférieures à ‒80 °C
1 Domaine d'application
Le présent document spécifie les exigences de ténacité des matériaux métalliques utilisables à une
température inférieure à −80 °C, pour assurer leur aptitude à l'emploi pour les récipients cryogéniques.
Le présent document ne s'applique ni aux aciers non alliés ni aux matériaux moulés.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants sont cités dans le texte de sorte qu'ils constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur
contenu, des exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour
les références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels
amendements).
ISO 148-1, Matériaux métalliques — Essai de flexion par choc sur éprouvette Charpy — Partie 1: Méthode d’essai
ISO 21009-1:2022, Récipients cryogéniques — Récipients isolés sous vide statiques — Partie 1:
...







