ISO/IEC 29182-6:2014
(Main)Information technology — Sensor networks: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) — Part 6: Applications
Information technology — Sensor networks: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) — Part 6: Applications
ISO/IEC 29182-6:2014, describes and provides a compilation of sensor network applications for which International Standardized Profiles (ISPs) are needed, guidelines for the structured description of sensor network applications, and examples for structured sensor network applications. It does not cover ISPs for which drafting rules are described in ISO/IEC TR 10000. Due to the generic character of ISO/IEC 29182, fully developed ISPs will not be included in this International Standard.
Technologies de l'information — Réseaux de capteurs: Architecture de référence pour réseaux de capteurs — Partie 6: Applications
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INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 29182-6
First edition
2014-08-01
Information technology — Sensor
networks: Sensor Network Reference
Architecture (SNRA) —
Part 6:
Applications
Technologies de l’information — Réseaux de capteurs: Architecture de
référence pour réseaux de capteurs —
Partie 6: Applications
Reference number
ISO/IEC 29182-6:2014(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2014
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ISO/IEC 29182-6:2014(E)
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ISO/IEC 29182-6:2014(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
5 An overview of sensor network applications . 2
6 Guidelines for the description of sensor network applications . 4
6.1 Introduction . 4
6.2 General information . 4
6.3 Architecture . 4
7 Example: Management of mobile assets in hospitals . 5
7.1 Introduction . 5
7.2 General information . 5
7.3 Architecture . 7
8 Example: Container monitoring in the global supply chain .10
8.1 Introduction .10
8.2 General information .11
8.3 Architecture .13
Bibliography .17
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ISO/IEC 29182-6:2014(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee,
ISO/IEC JTC 1.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction
and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology.
ISO/IEC 29182 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Sensor
networks: Sensor Network Reference Architecture (SNRA):
— Part 1: General overview and requirements
— Part 2: Vocabulary and terminology
— Part 3: Reference architecture views
— Part 4: Entity models
— Part 5: Interface definitions
— Part 6: Applications
— Part 7: Interoperability guidelines
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ISO/IEC 29182-6:2014(E)
Introduction
A wide range of applications has been proposed for sensor networks. In practice however, sensor networks
have been built and deployed for a relatively small number of applications. This is partly due to the lack
of a business case for certain applications and partly due to technical challenges in building a non-trivial
sensor network of reasonable complexity. The main reason for this impediment is that multidisciplinary
expertise, such as sensors, communications and networking, signal processing, electronics, computing,
and cyber security is required to design a sensor network. Presently, the design process is so complex
that one can leverage little from one sensor network design to another. It appears as if one has to start
from almost scratch every time one wishes to design and deploy a sensor network. Yet, upon closer
inspection, there are many commonalities in instantiations of sensor networks that realize various
applications. These commonalities include similarities in the choice of network architecture, and the
entities/functional blocks that are used in the architecture.
The purpose of the ISO/IEC 29182 series is to
— provide guidance to facilitate the design and development of sensor networks,
— improve interoperability of sensor networks, and
— make sensor networks plug-and-play, so that it becomes fairly easy to add/remove sensor nodes
to/from an existing sensor network.
The ISO/IEC 29182 series can be used by sensor network designers, software developers, and service
providers to meet customer requirements, including any applicable interoperability requirements.
The ISO/IEC 29182 series comprises seven parts. Brief descriptions of these parts are given next.
ISO/IEC 29182-1 provides a general overview and the requirements for the sensor network reference
architecture.
ISO/IEC 29182-2 provides definitions for the terminology and vocabulary used in the reference
architecture.
ISO/IEC 29182-3 presents the reference architecture from various viewpoints, such as business,
operational, system, technical, functional, and logical views.
ISO/IEC 29182-4 categorizes the entities comprising the reference architecture into two classes of
physical and functional entities and presents models for the entities. ISO/IEC 29182-5 provides detailed
information on the interfaces among various entities in the reference architecture.
This part of ISO/IEC 29182 provides detailed information on the development of International
Standardized Profiles.
ISO/IEC 29182-7 provides design principles for the reference architecture that take the interoperability
requirements into account.
There are no requirements for compliance in ISO/IEC 29182-1 to ISO/IEC 29182-7. Users should ensure
that the sensor nodes and the related sensor network are compliant with the application or deployment
governing body.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 29182-6:2014(E)
Information technology — Sensor networks: Sensor
Network Reference Architecture (SNRA) —
Part 6:
Applications
1 Scope
This part of the ISO/IEC 29182 series, describes and provides
— a compilation of sensor network applications for which International Standardized Profiles (ISPs)
are needed,
— guidelines for the structured description of sensor network applications, and
— examples for structured sensor network applications.
This part of ISO/IEC 29182 does not cover ISPs for which drafting rules are described in ISO/IEC TR 10000.
Due to the generic character of ISO/IEC 29182 fully developed ISPs will not be included in this
International Standard.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 29182-1, Information technology — Sensor networks: Sensor Network Reference Architecture
(SNRA) — Part 1: General overview and requirements
ISO/IEC 29182-2, Information technology — Sensor networks: Sensor Network Reference Architecture
(SNRA) — Part 2: Vocabulary and terminology
ISO/IEC 29182-3, Information technology — Sensor networks: Sensor Network Reference Architecture
(SNRA) — Part 3: Reference architecture views
ISO/IEC 29182-4, Information technology — Sensor networks: Sensor Network Reference Architecture
(SNRA) — Part 4: Entity models
ISO/IEC 29182-5, Information technology — Sensor networks: Sensor Network Reference Architecture
(SNRA) — Part 5: Interface definitions
ISO/IEC 29182-7, Information technology — Sensor networks: Sensor Network Reference Architecture
(SNRA) — Part 7: Interoperability guidelines
ISO/IEC TR 10000-1, Information technology — Framework and taxonomy of International Standardized
Profiles — Part 1: General principles and documentation framework
ISO/IEC TR 10000-2, Information technology — Framework and taxonomy of International Standardized
Profiles — Part 2: Principles and Taxonomy for OSI Profiles
ISO/IEC TR 10000-3, Information technology — Framework and taxonomy of International Standardized
Profiles — Part 3: Principles and Taxonomy for Open System Environment Profiles
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ISO/IEC 29182-6:2014(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 29182-2 apply.
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
ISP International Standardized Profile
5 An overview of sensor network applications
Sensor network market segments and applications are vast and diverse covering both horizontal
and vertical markets. The sensor network potential market segments and their current and future
applications that employ wired/wireless sensor networks are listed in the following table.
Table 1 — Examples of sensor network market segments and applications
Market segments Sensor network applications
Logistics and supply — Cold chain monitoring
chain management
— Monitoring of hazardous goods and chemicals
— Theft prevention in distribution systems for high value goods
— Container monitoring in global supply chains
— Monitoring of electronically sealed freight containers
— Decentralized control of material flow systems
Energy & utility distri- — Smart grid systems
bution industry
— Automated meter reading
Automation, monitor- — Automation of manufacturing processes
ing, and control of
— Quality control of production processes
industrial production
processes — Machine condition monitoring
— Inventory tracking and surveillance
— Personnel tracking at production sites
— Control of manufacturing robots
Health care and — Monitoring of vital physiological parameters
medical applications at
— Position and posture monitoring
home and in hospitals
— Hospital personnel and patient tracking
Care for elderly and/or — Monitoring of activity patterns for early detection and prevention of hazardous
disabled people conditions
— Fall prevention and detection
— Body position and posture monitoring
— Remote monitoring and adaptation of habitat conditions (temperature, humidity,
etc.)
— Remote monitoring of water consumption
— Remote monitoring of emotions
— Automation of medication management
— Nutrition monitoring
— Early warning systems for the prevention and detection of emerging chronical con-
ditions like Alzheimer and Parkinson
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ISO/IEC 29182-6:2014(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Market segments Sensor network applications
Critical infrastructure — Monitoring of structural integrity for bridges, tunnels, and gymnasiums
protection and public
— Early warning systems for detection of emerging forest fires
safety
— Landslide monitoring and early warning systems
— Video surveillance, for example, at airports
— Monitoring of personnel and environmental conditions in mines
— Localization and monitoring of fire fighters and other emergency responders
Automation and — Building energy conservation systems
control of commercial
— Remote monitoring of habitat for an enhanced feel of security
buildings and smart
homes
— Monitoring and control of temperature, humidity, heating, light, etc.
Automation and — Precision agriculture
control of agricultural
— Crop disease management
processes
— Nutrient management
Intelligent transporta- — Parking management systems
tion and traffic
— Harbour freight intelligent management systems
— Advanced travellers information system
— Advanced public transportation systems
— Commercial vehicle operation systems
— Advanced vehicle and highway information and management systems
Environmental moni- — Monitoring of permafrost soil for early detection of problems
toring, forecasting,
— Detection of water pollution in nature reserves
and protection
— Temperature monitoring of coral reefs
— Sea floor monitoring and mapping
— Detection of gas leakage in the chemical industry
— Weather observation and reporting
— Monitoring of ambient parameters in forest soils
— Remote ecological sensor networks for endangered species
— Environmental pollution monitoring, seismic sensing, and flood monitoring
Facility management — Monitoring and control of offices and large buildings
— Monitoring and control of industrial sites
— Smoke, gas, and fire detection
— Security systems for art work, windows, and doors
Asset management — Management of mobile assets in hospitals
— Blood bag monitoring and status tracking
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ISO/IEC 29182-6:2014(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Market segments Sensor network applications
Defence and military — Battlefield monitoring
applications
— Military vehicle operations and maintenance
— Monitoring of troop movements
— Locating snipers
Homeland security — Container security in global supply chains
— Monitoring of infrastructure like transport and energy systems
— Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear threat detection
— Border control and virtual fences used as anti-intrusion systems
Some of these applications have already been described in larger detail in ISO/IEC JTC1 SGSN N149,
SGSN Technical Document Version 3.
6 Guidelines for the description of sensor network applications
6.1 Introduction
ISO/IEC 29182-1/2/3/4/5 provide an overall reference architecture for sensor networks. This reference
architecture allows the deduction of questions, which have to be answered during the design of a sensor
network application. The following sub-clauses describe which information is needed.
6.2 General information
For a structured description of sensor network applications the following information is needed:
— Purpose:
The purpose of the application has to be described in a first level of detail from the user’s point of
view (“What is the main problem which is addressed by the sensor network-based solution?”).
— General requirements:
General requirements relevant to the application shall be addressed. A broad variety of general
requirements is presented in ISO/IEC 29182-1 (“Which requirements have to be met by the solution
from a general perspective?”).
— Main characteristics:
Main characteristics relevant to the application shall be addressed. The main characteristics of a
sensor network are presented in ISO/IEC 29182-1 (“How can the sensor network be characterized
from a general point of view?”).
— Information exchange between sensor network and application server:
The information exchanged shall be described (“What kind of information is transferred between
sensor network and backend application?).
6.3 Architecture
For a structured description of sensor network applications the following information is needed:
— General description:
A figure describing the sensor network application is required. A top level description of relevant
data shall be given (“What does the system look like from large distance?”).
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ISO/IEC 29182-6:2014(E)
— Physical entities:
The physical entities of the sensor network should be named and described briefly. A detailed list
of physical entities can be found in ISO/IEC 29182-4 (“What are the main hardware elements which
are working together?”).
— Operation process:
The process of sensor network operation should be described following Figure 8 in ISO/IEC 29182-
3. Each one of the steps named in the figure has to be commented (“How do the different physical
entities work together in order to fulfil the purpose?”).
— Necessary functions:
The software modules which are needed for the application should be named and explained briefly.
A list of potential functional entities is presented in ISO/IEC 29182-4. They have to be assigned to
the different physical entities named above (“Which physical entity has to provide which application
function?).
— Communication network architecture:
The network topology of the sensor network should be explained. Basic topologies are described in
ISO/IEC 29182-1 (“Who is talking with whom and when?”).
— Relevant interfaces:
The interfaces should be listed for which standards are needed. Possible interfaces are described in
ISO/IEC 29182-5 (“Where are base standards needed?”).
7 Example: Management of mobile assets in hospitals
7.1 Introduction
In the following sub-clauses the design questions mentioned above are answered for the management
of mobile assets in hospitals. There are a number of technical solutions for this application problem. The
following solution is using a simple sensor network where asset location is determined based on signal
strength measurements and multi-lateration. There are other means of locating mobile assets which are
not addressed here.
7.2 General information
7.2.1 Purpose
Hospitals use a large number of expensive mobile assets. In order to manage those assets their positions
have to be known. The purpose of a sensor network-based application is to determine the position of a
given asset within the hospital.
7.2.2 General requirements
The following table shows the main requirements of the needed sensor network:
Table 2 — Main requirements of the needed sensor network
Requirement Description
Connectivity to other The sensor network has to be integrated into the already existing IT landscape.
networks Depending on the complexity of the area which has to be monitored one or more gate-
ways are needed.
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ISO/IEC 29182-6:2014(E)
Table 2 (continued)
Requirement Description
Deployment and cover- The sensor network is used to locate assets within typical hospital buildings. Bed
age rooms, storage rooms, corridors, halls, operating theatres, and patient preparation
rooms have to be covered. Deployment has to be done by IT departments.
Support of heterogene- In principle, the sensor network is homogeneous. It has to be ensured that the network
ous sensor networks does not interfere with other wireless networks which are used in the hospital envi-
ronment. Cooperation with such networks has to be ensured.
Sensor node mobility Assets are mobile and can be moved between rooms and different floors. The sensor
support network has to support full mobility of nodes attached to assets.
Power and energy The lifetime of the battery has to be maximized. The lifetime has direct effects on the
management business case and on the acceptance of the system.
Quality of service sup- There has to be a timely response to a location enquiry and the location estimate
port needs to be precise.
Dynamic adaptation The sensor network has to support a dynamic topology due to the mobility of the sen-
sor nodes which are attached to the assets.
Context-awareness The function of the system is limited to identification and locating of mobile assets
in the hospital environment. There are no specific requirements concerning context-
awareness.
Scalability Limited scalability is needed due to the mobility of nodes and sometimes large number
of assets besides the patient beds or in the storage rooms.
Privacy In case the location information for an asset can be logically linked to a patient, the
location information is private. Therefore, privacy regulations have to be taken into
account during the design of the sensor network-based solution.
Security The probability of attacks is limited. Standard security mechanisms are in order. Nev-
ertheless, a risk analysis should be carried out during the design of a sensor network-
based solution. Results of the analysis can provide more information concerning
necessary security mechanisms.
Sensor network man- There are no special requirements concerning the management of the sensor network.
agement
Discovery capabilities The network topology is dynamic. Therefore, nodes have to have the capability to
detect the presence of other nodes. Apart from that there are no special requirements
concerning discovery capabilities. The nodes are implemented by the IT department of
the hospital. The department has to make sure that the new nodes fit into the system.
Service discovery is not necessary either.
Routing In order to minimize the costs of the system, a multi-hop routing algorithm is needed.
Apart from that, there are no special requirements concerning routing.
7.2.3 Main characteristics
The following table shows the main characteristics of the needed sensor network:
Table 3 — Main characteristics of the needed sensor network
Characteristic Description
Service provisioning In hospitals medical devices move within the building. Especially in emergency situa-
for individual require- tions such movements are not controlled or documented. In order to make the devices
ments available, the position has to be determined. Today, this is done often manually. The
sensor network application described here automates the locating process.
Data gathering and Here, the location of a device is determined by the node which is attached to the device
pre-processing itself. The position is then sent to a central computer using the sensor network.
Collaborative informa- Limited collaborative information processing is needed in this application during the
tion processing locating process. Nodes attached to the assets and fixed anchor nodes have to work
together in order to determine the position.
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ISO/IEC 29182-6:2014(E)
Table 3 (continued)
Characteristic Description
Maintenance-free All nodes can be accessed by maintenance staff. Therefore, maintenance-free opera-
operation tion is not needed.
Dynamic network In case that an anchor node drops out the network should reconfigure itself automati-
topology cally so that the functions of the system are not disabled.
Energy efficiency and Since maintenance-free operation is not necessary, energy efficiency and operating
operating life time lifetime does not play a major role. However, long operating lifetime between mainte-
nance cycles are needed in order to create a good business case.
Self-adaption Self-adaption is not necessary. The different nodes do not change their role within the
application context.
7.2.4 Information exchange between sensor network and application server
The following information is exchanged between the sensor network and the application server:
— Identification number of asset
— Identification number of node attached to asset
— Position request
— Position information
7.3 Architecture
7.3.1 General description
Figure 1 shows the typical structure of a sensor network-based system for management of mobile assets
in the hospital environment (one floor).
Asset nodes are attached to mobile assets; anchor nodes are distributed in rooms, corridors etc. In this
case the connection between the sensor network and the asset management application server is realized
by a single gateway. In the case of more complex installations more than one gateway can be used in
order to make the system more robust. Each asset node continuously senses the signal strengths of
anchor nodes in reach, calculates its own position and connects to the strongest anchor node in order to
send the location information to the backend application. Anchor nodes use a multi-hop communication
protocol in order to forward information from the asset nodes via a chain of anchor nodes to the nearest
gateway and vice versa. In principle, the topology of the network can change dynamically depending on
the signal strengths of neighbouring nodes. In case that the asset management application asks for the
position of a node, the position is determined by the node of interest and routed back to the application
server. The same structure exists on every floor of the hospital building. All gateways are connected
with the application server by wire.
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ISO/IEC 29182-6:2014(E)
Figure 1 — Asset management based on sensor network
7.3.2 Physical entities
The following physical entities are needed to set up the system:
— Asset nodes:
Small nodes which are attached to mobile assets. Each node consists of a processor, a power supply, a
wireless communication module, and antenna and memory. Additional sensors or actuators are not
needed. The antenna acts as a sensor measuring the strength of signals coming from anchor nodes.
Batteries are used as power supplies. During maintenance process batteries have to be changed or
recharged.
— Anchor nodes:
Nodes which are attached to walls or ceiling. Each node consists of a processor, a power supply,
a wireless communication module, and antenna and memory. Additional sensors or actuators are
not needed. Batteries are used as power supplies. During maintenance process batt
...
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