ISO 28564-2:2016
(Main)Public information guidance systems
Public information guidance systems
ISO 28564-2:2016 gives a range of guidelines for various stages of preparation, design, construction, inspection, updating and testing which comprise a location sign or a direction sign used in public places and working areas. ISO 28564-2:2016 is applicable to the design and use of location signs and direction signs used in all sorts of public places, such as shopping centres, stores, hospitals, bus and railway stations, airports, sporting, exhibition halls and entertainment complexes, urban areas, parks, gardens and countryside, public attractions, museums and commercial office buildings. The design and use of location signs and direction signs in working areas can also resort to the content for reference. It is not applicable to those sectors (for example, traffic signs on a public highway), which are subject to regulations or specified design principles. However, in a given public environment or within a wayfinding and signing design brief, public information sometimes needs to be associated with other messaging, so many of the principles contained in this part of ISO 28564 can be relevant in the planning of a coordinated scheme.
Systèmes de guidage destinés à l'information du public
General Information
Standards Content (sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 28564-2
First edition
2016-09-01
Public information guidance
systems —
Part 2:
Guidelines for the design and use of
location signs and direction signs
Systèmes de guidage destinés à l’information du public —
Partie 2: Lignes directrices pour la conception et l’utilisation des
panneaux de direction et de localisation
Reference number
ISO 28564-2:2016(E)
ISO 2016
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 28564-2:2016(E)
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All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
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ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 28564-2:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 General ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
5 Preparation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
5.1 Need.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
5.2 Brief .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
5.3 Information to be included in the brief.............................................................................................................................. 2
5.4 Gathering data ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.5 Positioning .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
5.6 Planning strategy .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
6 Design principles, characteristics and layout of visual elements ...................................................................... 4
6.1 Design principles ................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
6.1.1 Legibility and conspicuity ........................................................................................................................................ 4
6.1.2 Consistency ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4
6.1.3 Simplicity ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
6.1.4 Prioritization of messages ....................................................................................................................................... 5
6.1.5 Use of languages ............................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.1.6 Use of jargon and abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... 5
6.1.7 Inclusivity (for all potential user groups) .................................................................................................. 5
6.1.8 Environmental sensitivity ........................................................................................................................................ 5
6.2 Characteristics ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.2.1 Graphical symbols .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.2.2 Arrows ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.2.3 Text and numerals .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.2.4 Colour ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
6.2.5 Containing shape ............................................................................................................................................................. 8
6.3 Layout ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
6.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
6.3.2 Relationship of symbols, arrows and text .................................................................................................. 8
7 Sign carrier ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................13
7.1 Materials ....................................................................................................................................................................................................13
7.2 Glare and reflections .......................................................................................................................................................................13
7.3 Illumination ............................................................................................................................................................................................13
7.4 Sustainability .........................................................................................................................................................................................13
8 Inspection and updating ............................................................................................................................................................................14
9 Testing ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................14
Annex A (informative) Examples of location signs and direction signs in typical environments ......15
Annex B (informative) Performance tests for a way finding system of location signs and
direction signs ......................................................................................................................................................................................................20
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iii---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 28564-2:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 145, Graphical symbols, Subcommittee SC 1,
Public information symbols.ISO 28564 consists of the following parts, under the general title Public information guidance systems:
— Part 1: Design principles and element requirements for location plans, maps and diagrams
— Part 2: Guidelines for the design and use of location signs and direction signs
The following part is under preparation:— Part 3: Guidelines for the design and use of information index signs
Additional parts will be developed in due course.
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
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ISO 28564-2:2016(E)
Introduction
Continued growth in travel and mobility within and between countries has generated a growing range
of wayfinding guidance systems and styles containing a wide variety of information. Such systems
serve various purposes, such as enabling users to— understand the range of facilities and points of interest present,
— understand the physical relationship between these facilities and points of interest, and
— determine the best way to reach a required facility or point of interest given their mobility
circumstances.This part of ISO 28564 is concerned with location signs and direction signs used to support wayfinding.
The purpose of this part of ISO 28564 is to provide guidance on the design and use of location signs
and direction signs to enable users to assimilate required information swiftly and accurately and act
upon the information shown safely and conveniently. It is not the intention to limit design freedom
unnecessarily, but to set guidelines and, where appropriate, specifications which reflect relevant
research and best practice.Where appropriate, location signs and direction signs are used in association with fixed location plans,
maps and diagrams (see ISO 28564-1), information index signs (see ISO 28564-3 ), hand-held maps,
mobile electronic devices, as well as human assistance, as part of an integrated wayfinding system.
1) Under preparation.© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved v
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28564-2:2016(E)
Public information guidance systems —
Part 2:
Guidelines for the design and use of location signs and
direction signs
1 Scope
This part of ISO 28564 gives a range of guidelines for various stages of preparation, design, construction,
inspection, updating and testing which comprise a location sign or a direction sign used in public places
and working areas.This part of ISO 28564 is applicable to the design and use of location signs and direction signs used in
all sorts of public places, such as shopping centres, stores, hospitals, bus and railway stations, airports,
sporting, exhibition halls and entertainment complexes, urban areas, parks, gardens and countryside,
public attractions, museums and commercial office buildings. The design and use of location signs and
direction signs in working areas can also resort to the content for reference.It is not applicable to those sectors (for example, traffic signs on a public highway), which are subject
to regulations or specified design principles. However, in a given public environment or within a
wayfinding and signing design brief, public information sometimes needs to be associated with other
messaging, so many of the principles contained in this part of ISO 28564 can be relevant in the planning
of a coordinated scheme.2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 17724, Graphical symbols — Vocabulary3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 17724 and the following apply.
3.1location sign
sign used to identify the location of a place, facility or function
3.2
direction sign
sign used to indicate the route to a place, facility or function
3.3
visual element
component used in a sign including graphical symbol, arrow, text, numeral, illustration, colour and shape
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ISO 28564-2:2016(E)
4 General
For a specific destination, using only a few location signs can be effective. It might be necessary to
use numerous direction signs as part of a route. In either case, a design objective should be to use the
minimum number of signs necessary to provide effective guidance.5 Preparation
5.1 Need
The need for a location sign or a direction sign (or both) can arise for various reasons, for example
a) known difficulties experienced by users in finding a place, facility or function, or
NOTE Sometimes the solution to an apparent problem is best resolved by the re-design of the facility
and fittings, the control of other environmental factors or the role, training and deployment of staff rather
than by the inclusion, amendment or removal of a sign.b) changes in an environment or construction of a new environment.
5.2 Brief
Before design work is undertaken, the requirements and objectives should be clearly understood and
expressed in a brief. Even where a small number of signs, or even a single sign, is involved, a brief should
be prepared.The brief is the responsibility of the client and should define the following:
a) the physical area to be covered;
b) its relationship to adjacent areas;
c) the information to be shown as determined by the tasks that expected users wish to accomplish;
d) any special requirements concerning presentation of information, the nature and constraints of
the site.If relevant, the brief should also define the requirements for maps and locations plans (see ISO 28564-1),
information index signs (see ISO 28564-3 ), and requirements or methods for coordination with
location signs and direction signs.5.3 Information to be included in the brief
The following information of the covered area should be included:
— the characteristics of the expected users;
— the types and positions of the facilities in the area;
— the routes and decision points relating to specific destinations;
— the possible setting position and the anticipated normal viewing distances;
— accessibility and other user requirements;
— additional information, if appropriate, e.g. travel time and distance;
— the proportion of the expected users for whom the use of the local languages can be insufficient;
2) Under preparation.2 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
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ISO 28564-2:2016(E)
— any statutory or regulatory requirements.
5.4 Gathering data
When the facilities within the area to be covered are in the planning stage, information should be
obtained, as appropriate, from architects, designers, engineers and other professionals with knowledge
relevant to the task.When the facility is already in use, additional information can be obtained by
a) observing users’ behaviour,
b) consulting with users,
c) consulting with local police, shopkeepers, reception, information desk staff and others who might
have experience of wayfinding issues within the area to be covered, andd) reviewing any existing location signs and direction signs in the area to be covered and in
adjacent areas.NOTE A site visit is normally needed to gain familiarity with the environment and, where possible, to
observe and document relevant behavioural patterns.Once gathered, the data should be reconciled with the brief.
5.5 Positioning
Examples of the positioning of location signs and direction signs are shown in Annex A.
Location signs and direction signs are typically positioned as follows:a) fixed to, applied on or projected from vertical surfaces (see Annex A);
b) suspended from ceilings, roofs or soffits (see Figure A.1);
c) projected from floors or attached to existing floor projections (see Annex A).
Location signs should be positioned above or immediately adjacent to the destination. Direction signs
should be placed at or prior to decision points (such as crossings, junctions) and elsewhere to give
reassurance or minimize confusion.Placement height and angle should be carefully considered to take into account whether users are
standing or seated and their direction of approach to the sign.In an existing environment, careful consideration should be given to how viewing of the signs can be
affected by— existing signs and other features (for example, lighting, advertising),
— ambient and natural lighting, and
— physical obstructions.
In an environment yet to be designed or constructed, the building design and the plan for location signs
and direction signs should be coordinated, as far as practical to ensure the following:
— building structure, services and other facilities do not compromise the optimum location for and
visual perception and clarity of signs;— building structure allows for the fixing and erection of signs in necessary locations;
— optimum ambient and natural lighting conditions for the reading and interpretation of signs.
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ISO 28564-2:2016(E)
5.6 Planning strategy
Having gathered the necessary information, a strategy defining the content, number and placement of
signs required to address the brief should be prepared. Normally, the strategy takes the form of a plan
or elevation showing the physical position (and possibly the scale) of signs, together with an associated
schedule with specifications for the signs indicated on the plan or elevation. The strategy should also
identify other required changes (for example, the removal or alteration of existing signs).
NOTE For complex projects, or where the signs involved are large and costly, other techniques, such as 3D or
video modelling, are appropriate.6 Design principles, characteristics and layout of visual elements
6.1 Design principles
6.1.1 Legibility and conspicuity
The visual elements should be clear, legible and conspicuous by ensuring, for example,
a) the use of highly legible fonts,b) the use of standardized graphical symbols where available,
c) contrast with the background upon which the sign is placed and the environment within which it sits,
d) contrast with other environmental visual elements, including advertising or commercial signs and
decorative colour schemes, ande) appropriate spacing and scaling.
6.1.2 Consistency
When a series of location signs and direction signs is required, an integrated design philosophy should
be followed with the same terminologies and graphical principles (for example, font style, size and
weight, colour and placement) throughout (see Annex A).The design philosophy should be consistent with associated location plans, maps and diagrams (see
ISO 28564-1), with information index signs (see ISO 28564-3 ), and with hand-held maps and IT
applications.NOTE Consistency is important to promote user familiarity and comprehension of the signs.
6.1.3 SimplicityThe design should be as simple as practicable. The following should be taken into account.
a) The display on an individual sign of only the number of messages which can be assimilated simply
and accurately by the intended users.NOTE If more messages are required at a given location, it can be appropriate to use more than one sign.
b) Use of the simplest expression for each message to be conveyed.c) Use of the minimum number of visual elements necessary for effective comprehension.
3) Under preparation.4 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
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ISO 28564-2:2016(E)
6.1.4 Prioritization of messages
The relative importance of different messages should be conveyed using varied techniques, for example,
different fonts, size, weight, colour, separation rules, or sequential placement. In some cases, separate
signs for different information categories can be appropriate.6.1.5 Use of languages
The use of the local languages may be sufficient when international travellers or clients are not a
concern. For situations that require international understanding, English should be used in addition to
the official local languages.6.1.6 Use of jargon and abbreviations
Jargon should be avoided. Specialized terms and abbreviations should be used only where the intended
users are known to be familiar with them.NOTE In environments with multiple user groups, a sign provided for a specific audience is also read by
others who could be confused by the use of unfamiliar or ambiguous terms and abbreviations.
6.1.7 Inclusivity (for all potential user groups)The design of signs should optimize readability and legibility for all intended users, including those
with reduced vision or cognitive impairments. The use of tactile elements (for example, relief and
braille) should be considered where appropriate.NOTE 1 Design requirements for partially sighted people are given in ISO 21542.
NOTE 2 In some countries, the requirements for signs to conform to the needs of those with disability are
prescribed in statutes or regulations.Colour combinations should take into account the needs of those with colour-vision deficiency (see
also 6.2.4).Where accessible routes are provided, these shall be indicated.
6.1.8 Environmental sensitivity
In many environments (for example, national parks and gardens, historic buildings and some modern
buildings), it can be appropriate to use structures, materials, colours and fonts sympathetic to that
environment (see Annex A).The location of a facility can use a feature sign with distinctive architectural or design characteristics.
This is less likely for a sequence of direction signs. In all cases, the design should not compromise the
swift, accurate, and safe comprehension of the information.6.2 Characteristics
6.2.1 Graphical symbols
Using graphical symbols can improve the understanding of a message expressed in text. If a language is
used that is unknown to the reader of the message, adding graphical symbols can help to overcome the
language barrier. When used alone, graphical symbols can allow a smaller sign size.
Graphical symbols should be taken from ISO 7001, ISO 7010 and ISO 20712-1. If a new graphical symbol
is required, ISO 22727 should be used to guide the design process. Consideration should be given to
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ISO 28564-2:2016(E)
comprehension testing in accordance with ISO 9186-1, perceptual quality testing in accordance with
ISO 9186-2 and to symbol referent association testing in accordance with ISO 9186-3.
NOTE 1 Graphical symbols in ISO 7001 and ISO 7010 are included in the ISO online browsing platform (www.
iso.org/obp).NOTE 2 Information on procedures, criteria of acceptability and templates for public information symbols is
given on the website of ISO/TC 145/SC1 and ISO/TC 145/SC2 as http://www.iso.org/tc145/sc1 and http://www.
iso.org/tc145/sc2.Images, icons and branding symbols can be used when
— they can be perceived, read and understood at the relevant viewing distances and conditions,
— they are likely to be readily recognizable by the intended users, and— their use is not likely to compromise the effectiveness of the sign or the balance and priority of all
messages on the sign.6.2.2 Arrows
Arrows in direction signs should be used in conjunction with symbols or text (or both) to indicate the
direction of movement a person should take to reach the indicated destination. The representation of
the arrow should be as defined in ISO 7001 and shown in Figure 1. Arrows should be organized on the
sign or the sign positioned so that the arrows unambiguously convey the intended route. The meanings
of different arrow orientations are shown in Table 1.Figure 1 — Direction arrow (ISO 7001, PI PF 030)
6 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
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ISO 28564-2:2016(E)
Table 1 — Use of direction arrows
Arrow Meaning
Progress to the right
Progress to the left
Progress forward from here
Progress forward and through from here
Progress forward and up from here
Progress up to the right
Progress forward and across to the right
Progress down to the right
Progress up to the left
Progress forward and across to the left
Progress down to the left
Progress down from here
6.2.3 Text and numerals
Text may be used
a) to support graphical symbols when the information conveyed by the graphical symbols requires
qualification or expansion,b) when no graphical symbol is available,
c) when the use of a graphical symbol is inappropriate, or
d) to ensure visual balance in signs with multiple messages or a sequence of signs.
When appropriate to the language used, an upper and lower case format for text is recommended.
Arabic numerals should be used. Numerals may also be provided in the local script but should normally
be supported by Arabic numerals.6.2.4 Colour
Colour may be used to distinguish a sign from its background or the sign message from the sign face or
for both reasons. Colour may be used for message elements or for the sign background to differentiate
types of messages or component parts of the message.In all cases, the selection of colours should ensure good contrast. Care should be exercised to avoid
excessive visual complexity. The selection of colours should also consider the need of users with colour
vision deficiency.NOTE The perception of colour can be affected by ambient light sources and conditions (for example, street
lighting).© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 7
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ISO 28564-2:2016(E)
Colour-coded design features used within a location plan should be considered as an element within
the signage system. For example, if a colour is used to identify zones, facilities or points of interest, this
should be reflected within the wayfinding strategy to promote user familiarity.The combination of safety colours and shapes specified in ISO 3864-1 and ISO 3864-3 should be avoided
to ensure no confusion w...
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 28564-2
ISO/TC 145/SC 1 Secretariat: BSI
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2015-03-26 2015-06-26
Public information guidance systems —
Part 2:
Design principles and requirements for location signs and
direction signs
Systèmes de guidage destinés à l’information du public —
Partie 2: Principes de conception et exigences pour panneaux de direction et de localisation
ICS: 01.080.10THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 28564-2:2015(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2015
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 28564-2:2015(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2015
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 28564-2:2015(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 General ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
5 Preparation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
5.1 Need.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
5.2 Brief .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
5.3 Gathering data ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.4 Information to be included in the brief.............................................................................................................................. 3
5.5 Positioning .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
5.6 Planning strategy .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
6 Design principles, characteristics and layout of visual elements ...................................................................... 4
6.1 Design principles ................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
6.1.1 Legibility ................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
6.1.2 Consistency ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4
6.1.3 Simplicity ................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
6.1.4 Prioritization of messages ....................................................................................................................................... 5
6.1.5 Use of languages ............................................................................................................................................................... 5
6.1.6 Use of jargon and abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... 5
6.1.7 Inclusivity (for all potential user groups) .................................................................................................. 5
6.1.8 Handling environmental sensitivity ................................................................................................................ 5
6.2 Characteristics ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.2.1 Graphical symbols .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.2.2 Arrows ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
6.2.3 Text and numerals .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
6.2.4 Colour ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
6.2.5 Containing shape ............................................................................................................................................................. 8
6.3 Layout ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
6.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
6.3.2 Relationship of symbols, arrows and text .................................................................................................. 8
7 Sign carrier ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................13
7.1 Materials ....................................................................................................................................................................................................13
7.2 Glare and reflections .......................................................................................................................................................................13
7.3 Illumination ............................................................................................................................................................................................13
7.4 Sustainability .........................................................................................................................................................................................13
8 Inspection and updating ............................................................................................................................................................................13
9 Testing ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
Annex A (informative) Examples of location signs and direction signs in typical environments ......14
Annex B (informative) Performance tests for a wayfinding system of location signs and
direction signs ......................................................................................................................................................................................................18
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................25
© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved iii---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 28564-2:2015(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 28564-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 145, Graphical symbols, Subcommittee SC 1,
Public information symbols.ISO 28564 consists of the following parts, under the general title Public information guidance systems:
— Part 1: Design principles and element requirements for location plans, maps and diagrams;
— Part 2: Guidelines for the design and use of location signs and direction signs.
Additional parts will be developed in due course.iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 28564-2:2015(E)
Introduction
Continued growth in travel and mobility within and between countries has generated a growing range
of wayfinding guidance systems and styles containing a wide variety of information. Such systems serve
various purposes, such as enabling users to:− understand the range of facilities and points of interest present;
− understand the physical relationship between these facilities and points of interest; and
− determine the best way to reach a required facility or point of interest given their mobility
circumstances.This part of ISO 28564 is concerned with location signs and direction signs used to support wayfinding.
The purpose of this part of ISO 28564 is to provide guidance on the design and use of location signs
and direction signs to enable users to assimilate required information swiftly and accurately, and act
upon the information shown safely and conveniently. It is not the intention to limit design freedom
unnecessarily, but to set guidelines and, where appropriate, specifications which reflect relevant
research and best practice.Where appropriate, location signs and direction signs may be used in association with fixed location
plans, maps and diagrams (see ISO 28564-1), notices and instructions, hand-held maps, mobile electronic
devices as well as human assistance, as part of an integrated wayfinding system.© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 28564-2:2015(E)
Public information guidance systems —
Part 2:
Design principles and requirements for location signs and
direction signs
1 Scope
This Part of ISO 28564 gives guidelines for the design and use of location signs and direction signs in
public areas and working places. It is relevant to such signs in, for example, shopping centres, stores,
hospitals, bus and train stations, airports, sporting and entertainment complexes, urban areas, parks,
gardens and countryside, public attractions, museums and office complexes.It is not applicable to safety signs or to those sectors subject to regulations and/or different/specific
design principles (for example, traffic signs on a public highway). However, in a given public environment,
or within a wayfinding and signing design brief, public information may need to be associated with
other messaging, so many of the principles contained in this standard will be relevant in the planning
of a coordinated scheme.NOTE Public information guidance systems can be used with safety way guidance systems (See ISO 16069).
2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3864-1, Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Part 1: Design principles for safety signs
and safety markingsISO 3864-3, Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Part 3: Design principles for graphical
symbols for use in safety signsISO 7001, Graphical symbols — Public information symbols
ISO 7010, Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Registered safety signs
ISO 9186-1, Graphical symbols — Test methods — Part 1: Method for testing comprehensibility
ISO 9186-2, Graphical symbols — Test methods — Part 2: Method for testing perceptual quality
ISO 17724, Graphical symbols — VocabularyISO 22727, Graphical symbols — Creation and design of public information symbols — Requirements
ISO 28564-1, Public information guidance systems — Part 1: Design principles and element requirements
for location plans, maps and diagrams3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 17724 and the following apply.
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3.1
location sign
sign used to identify the location of a place, facility or function
3.2
direction sign
sign used to indicate the route to a place, facility or function
3.3
visual element
component of a sign including, variously, graphical symbol(s), arrow(s), text, numeral(s), illustration(s),
colour or shape4 General
For a specific destination, using only a few location signs can be effective. It might be necessary to
use numerous direction signs as part of a route. In either case, a design objective should be to use the
minimum number of signs necessary to provide effective guidance.5 Preparation
5.1 Need
The need for a location sign and/or a direction sign can arise for various reasons, e.g.:
a) known difficulties experienced by users in finding a place, facility or function; or
NOTE Sometimes the solution to an apparent problem is best resolved by the re-design of the facility and
fittings, the control of other environmental factors or the role, training and deployment of staff rather than
by the inclusion, amendment or removal of a sign.b) changes in an environment or construction of a new environment.
5.2 Brief
Before design work is undertaken, the requirements and objectives should be clearly understood and
expressed in a brief. Even where a small number of signs – or even a single sign – is involved, a brief
should be prepared.The brief is the responsibility of the client and should define:
a) the physical area to be covered;
b) its relationship to adjacent areas;
c) the information to be shown as determined by the tasks that expected users wish to accomplish;
d) the anticipated normal viewing distances;e) any special requirements concerning information presentation and/or the nature and
constraints of the site.If relevant, the brief should also define the requirement for maps and/or location plans (see ISO 28564-1),
safety signs (see ISO 7010), advisory/information notices and the requirement and/or method for
coordination with location and direction signs.2 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
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5.3 Gathering data
When the facilities within the area to be covered are in the planning stage, information should be
obtained, as appropriate, from architects, designers, engineers and other professionals with knowledge
relevant to the task.When the facility is already in use, additional information may be obtained by:
a) observing users’ behaviour;
b) consulting with users;
c) consulting with local police, shopkeepers, reception/information desk staff and others who might
have experience of wayfinding issues within the area to be covered; andd) reviewing any existing location signs and direction signs in the area to be covered and in adjacent areas.
NOTE A site visit is normally needed to gain familiarity with the environment and, where possible, to observe
and document relevant behavioural patterns.Once gathered, the data should be reconciled with the brief.
5.4 Information to be included in the brief
The following information should be included:
− The characteristics of the expected users.
− The types and positions of the facilities in the area.
− The routes and decision points relating to specific destinations.
− Accessibility and other user requirements.
− Additional information, if appropriate, e.g. travel time and distance.
− The proportion of the expected users for whom the use of the official local languages might be
insufficient.− Any statutory or regulatory requirements.
5.5 Positioning
Examples of the positioning of location signs and direction signs are shown in Annex A.
Location signs and direction signs are typically positioned as follows:a) Fixed to, applied on or projected from vertical surfaces (see Annex A).
b) Suspended from ceilings, roofs or soffits (see Figure A.1).
c) Projected from floors or attached to existing floor projections (see Annex A).
Location signs should be positioned above or immediately adjacent to the destination. Direction signs
should be placed at or prior to decision points (such as crossings, junctions) and elsewhere to give
reassurance or minimize confusion.Placement height and angle should be carefully considered to take into account whether users are
standing or seated, and their direction of approach to the sign.© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved 3
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In an existing environment, careful consideration should be given to how viewing of the signs can
be affected by:— existing signs and other features (e.g. lighting, advertising);
— ambient and natural lighting;
— physical obstructions.
In an environment yet to be designed/constructed, the building design and the plan for location signs
and direction signs should be coordinated, as far as practical to ensure:— building structure, services and other facilities do not compromise the optimum location for and
visual perception and clarity of signs;— building structure allows for the fixing and erection of signs in necessary locations;
— optimum ambient and natural lighting conditions for the reading and interpretation of signs.
5.6 Planning strategyHaving gathered the necessary information, a strategy defining the content, number and placement of
signs required to address the brief should be prepared. Normally the strategy takes the form of a plan
or elevation showing the physical position (and possibly the scale) of signs, together with an associated
schedule with specifications for the signs indicated on the plan or elevation. The strategy should also
identify other changes required, e.g. the removal or alteration of existing signs.
NOTE For complex projects, or where the signs involved are large and costly, other techniques such as 3D or
video modelling are appropriate.6 Design principles, characteristics and layout of visual elements
6.1 Design principles
6.1.1 Legibility
The visual elements should be clear and legible by ensuring, for example:
a) the use of highly legible fonts;
b) the use of standardized graphical symbols where available;
c) contrast with the background upon which the sign is placed and the environment within which it sits;
d) contrast and compatibility with other environmental graphical elements (e.g. advertising) or with
potentially competing identities;e) appropriate spacing and scaling.
6.1.2 Consistency
When a series of location signs and direction signs is required, an integrated design philosophy should
be followed with the same terminologies and graphical principles (e.g. font style, size and weight, colour
and placement) throughout. See Annex A.It may also be appropriate to ensure similar consistency with associated location plans, maps and
diagrams (see ISO 28564-1), notices and instructions, hand-held maps and IT applications.
NOTE Consistency is important to promote user familiarity and comprehension of the signs.
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6.1.3 Simplicity
The design shall be as simple as possible. The following should be taken into account:
a) The display on an individual sign of only the number of messages which can be assimilated simply
and accurately by the intended users.NOTE If more messages are required at a given location, the use of more than one sign is to be considered;
b) Use of the simplest expression for each message to be conveyed.c) Use of the minimum number of visual elements necessary for effective comprehension.
6.1.4 Prioritization of messagesThe relative importance of different messages should be conveyed using varied techniques e.g. different
fonts, size, weight, colour, separation rules or sequential placement. In some cases separate signs for
different information categories may be appropriate.6.1.5 Use of languages
The use of the official local languages may be sufficient when international travellers or clients are not
a concern. For situations that require international understanding, English should be used in addition
to the official local languages.6.1.6 Use of jargon and abbreviations
Jargon should be avoided. Specialized terms and abbreviations should be used only where the intended
users are known to be familiar with them.NOTE In environments with multiple user groups, a sign provided for a specific audience is also read by
others who could be confused by the use of unfamiliar or ambiguous terms and abbreviations.
6.1.7 Inclusivity (for all potential user groups)The design of signs should optimize readability and legibility for all intended users, including those with
reduced vision or cognitive impairments. The use of tactile elements e.g. Relief and/or Braille should be
considered where appropriate.NOTE 1 Design requirements for partially sighted people are given in ISO 21542.
NOTE 2 In some countries the requirements for signs to conform to the needs of those with disability are
prescribed in statutes or regulations.Colour combinations should take into account the needs of those with colour-vision deficiency (see also
6.2.4).Where accessible routes are provided, these shall be indicated.
6.1.8 Handling environmental sensitivity
In many environments (e.g. national parks and gardens, historic buildings, and some modern
buildings), it can be appropriate to use structures, materials, colours, and fonts sympathetic to that
environment. See Annex A.The location of a facility could require a feature sign with distinctive architectural or design
characteristics. This is less likely for a sequence of direction signs. In all cases the design should not
compromise the swift, accurate, and safe comprehension of the information.© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved 5
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6.2 Characteristics
6.2.1 Graphical symbols
Using graphical symbols usually improves the understanding of a message expressed in text. When
used alone, graphical symbols can avoid the problem of using languages unknown to the reader of the
message and can allow a smaller sign size.Graphical symbols should be taken from ISO 7001 and ISO 7010 when appropriate. If a new graphical
symbol is required, ISO 22727 or ISO 3864-3 shall be used to guide the design process. Consideration
shall be given to comprehension testing in accordance with ISO 9186-1 and to perceptual quality testing
in accordance with ISO 9186-2.NOTE 1 Graphical symbols in ISO 7001 and ISO 7010 are included in the ISO online browsing platform (www.
iso.org/obp).NOTE 2 Information on procedures, criteria of acceptability and templates for public information symbols is
given on the website of ISO/TC 145/SC1 and ISO/TC 145/SC2 as http://www.iso.org/tc145/sc1 and http://www.
iso.org/tc145/sc2.Images, icons and branding symbols may be used when:
− they can be perceived, read and understood at the relevant viewing distances and conditions;
− they are likely to be readily recognizable by the intended users;− their use is not likely to compromise the effectiveness of the sign or the balance and priority of all
messages on the sign.6.2.2 Arrows
Arrows in direction signs shall be used in conjunction with symbols and/or text to indicate the direction
of movement a person should take to reach the indicated destination. The representation of the arrow
shall be as defined in ISO 7001 and shown in Figure 1. Arrows should be organized on the sign or the
sign positioned so that the arrows unambiguously convey the intended route. The meanings of different
arrow orientations are shown in Table 1.Figure 1 — Direction arrow (ISO 7001, PI PF 030)
Table 1 — Use of direction arrows
Progress to the right
Progress to the left
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Table 1 (continued)
Progress forward from here
Progress forward and through from here
Progress forward and up from here
Progress up to the right
Progress forward and across to the right
Progress down to the right
Progress up to the left
Progress forward and across to the left
Progress down to the left
Progress down from here
6.2.3 Text and numerals
Text may be used:
a) to support graphical symbols when the information conveyed by the graphical symbols requires
qualification or expansion;b) when no graphical symbol is available;
c) when the use of a graphical symbol is inappropriate; or
d) to ensure visual balance in signs with multiple messages or a sequence of signs.
When appropriate to the language used, an upper and lower case format for text is recommended.
Arabic numerals should be used. Numerals may also be provided in the local script but should normally
be supported by Arabic numerals.6.2.4 Colour
Colour maybe used to distinguish a sign from its background, and/or the sign message from the sign face.
Colour may be used for message elements or for the sign background to differentiate types of messages
or component parts of the message.In all cases, the selection of colours should ensure good contrast. Care should be exercised to avoid
excessive visual complexity.Colour should not be used as the only means of communicating a message (to the exclusion of symbols,
text, etc.) because interpretation of colours can be difficult for users with colour vision deficiency.
NOTE The perception of colour can be affected by ambient light sources and conditions (e.g. street lighting).
Colour coded design features used within, for example, a location plan...
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