Guidelines for treated wastewater use for irrigation projects — Part 4: Monitoring

ISO 16075-4:2016 provides recommendations regarding: · monitoring the quality of treated wastewater (TWW) for irrigation; · monitoring irrigated plants; · monitoring the soil with regard to salinity; · monitoring natural water sources in neighbouring environments; · monitoring the quality of water in storage reservoirs. It puts emphasis on sampling methods and their frequency. Regarding the methods of analysis, ISO 16075-4:2016 refers to standard methods or, where not available, to other bibliographical references.

Lignes directrices pour l'utilisation des eaux usées traitées en irrigation — Partie 4: Surveillance

L'ISO 16075-4:2016 fournit des recommandations concernant: - la surveillance de la qualité des eaux usées traitées (abrégées en EUT) pour l'irrigation; - la surveillance des cultures irriguées; - la surveillance de la salinité du sol; - la surveillance des sources d'eau naturelle dans les environs; - la surveillance de la qualité de l'eau dans les réservoirs de stockage. L'ISO 16075-4:2016 met l'accent sur les méthodes et la fréquence d'échantillonnage. Concernant les méthodes d'analyse, il se réfère à des méthodes normalisées ou, lorsque celles-ci font défaut, à d'autres références bibliographiques.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
12-Dec-2016
Withdrawal Date
12-Dec-2016
Current Stage
9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
Completion Date
24-May-2021
Ref Project

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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16075-4
First edition
2016-12-15
Guidelines for treated wastewater use
for irrigation projects —
Part 4:
Monitoring
Lignes directrices pour l’utilisation des eaux usées traitées pour
l’irrigation —
Partie 4: Surveillance
Reference number
ISO 16075-4:2016(E)
©
ISO 2016

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 16075-4:2016(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 16075-4:2016(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General . 1
3.2 Use of treated wastewater (TWW) . 3
3.3 Wastewater quality . 4
3.4 Irrigation systems . 5
3.5 Wastewater system related components . 7
3.6 Abbreviated terms . 8
4 Monitoring of the quality of TWW for irrigation . 9
4.1 General . 9
4.2 Sampling procedure .10
4.2.1 Sampling from an irrigation system .11
4.2.2 Sampling from a storage reservoir .12
4.2.3 Composite sample . .12
4.2.4 Sample handling .12
4.3 TWW monitoring plan .12
4.4 Analytical methods for TWW .15
5 Monitoring of the irrigated crops .15
5.1 General .15
5.2 Frequency of monitoring .15
5.2.1 Field crops and vegetables .15
5.2.2 Perennial crops.16
6 Monitoring of the soil with regard to salinity .16
6.1 Soil sampling .16
6.2 Frequency of the soil sampling .16
6.3 Sampling procedure .17
6.3.1 Drip irrigation .17
6.3.2 Sprinkler and micro-jet irrigation .17
6.3.3 Sample preparation .17
6.4 Soil test methods .17
7 Receiving environment monitoring .18
7.1 General .18
7.2 Monitoring program purpose .18
7.3 Groundwater sampling .18
7.4 Surface water sampling .19
8 Quality assurance and quality control .19
Bibliography .21
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iii

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ISO 16075-4:2016(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee ISO/TC 282, Water reuse,
Subcommittee SC 1, Treated wastewater reuse for irrigation.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16075 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

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ISO 16075-4:2016(E)

Introduction
The increasing water scarcity and water pollution control efforts in many countries have made treated
municipal and industrial wastewater a suitable economic means of augmenting the existing water
supply, especially when compared to expensive alternatives such as desalination or the development
of new water sources involving dams and reservoirs. Water reuse makes it possible to close the water
cycle at a point closer to cities by producing “new water” from municipal wastewater and reducing
wastewater discharge to the environment. The reuse of treated wastewater could be also a beneficial
solution to improve water body’s quality, such as for example avoiding wastewater treatment plants
discharge upstream sensitive areas (shellfish aquaculture area, swimming area).
An important new concept in water reuse is the “fit-to-purpose” approach, which entails the production
of reclaimed water quality that meets the needs of the intended end-users. In the situation of reclaimed
water for irrigation, the reclaimed water quality may induce an adaptation of the type of plant grown.
Thus, the intended water reuse applications should govern the degree of wastewater treatment
required, and inversely, the reliability of wastewater reclamation processes and operation.
Treated wastewater (TWW, also referred to as reclaimed water or recycled water) can be used for
various non-potable purposes. The dominant applications for the use of TWW include agricultural
irrigation, landscape irrigation, industrial reuse and groundwater recharge. More recent and rapidly
growing applications are for various urban uses, recreational and environmental uses and indirect and
direct potable reuse.
Agricultural irrigation was, is and will likely remain the largest TWW consumer with recognized
benefits and contribution to food security. Urban water recycling, in particular landscape irrigation,
is characterized by fast development and will play a crucial role for the sustainability of cities in the
future, including energy footprint reduction, human well-being and environmental restoration.
It is worth noting again, that the suitability of TWW for a given type of reuse depends on the
compatibility between the wastewater availability (volume) and water irrigation demand throughout
the year, as well as on the water quality and the specific use requirements. Water reuse for irrigation
can convey some risks for health and environment, depending on the water quality, the irrigation
water application method, the soil characteristics, the climate conditions and the agronomic practices.
Consequently, public health and potential agronomic and environmental adverse impacts need to be
considered as priority elements in the successful development of water reuse projects for irrigation. To
prevent such potential adverse impacts, the development and application of international guidelines for
the reuse of TWW is essential.
The main water quality factors that determine the suitability of TWW for irrigation are pathogen
content, salinity, sodicity, specific ion toxicity, other chemical elements and nutrients. Local health
authorities are responsible for establishing water quality threshold values depending on authorized
uses and they are also responsible for defining practices to ensure health and environmental protection
taking in account local specificities.
From an agronomic point of view, the main limitation in using TWW for irrigation arises from its
quality. Treated wastewater, unlike water supplied for domestic and industrial purposes contains
higher concentrations of inorganic suspended and dissolved materials (total soluble salts, sodium,
chloride, boron, heavy metals), which can damage the soil and irrigated crops. As dissolved salts are
not removed by conventional wastewater treatment technologies and appropriate good management,
agronomic and irrigation practices should be used to avoid or minimize potential negative impacts.
The presence of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) may become an advantage due to
possible saving in fertilizers. However, the amount of nutrients provided by TWW along the irrigation
period is not necessarily synchronized with crop requirements, and the availability of nutrients
depends on the chemical forms.
This document provides guidance for healthy, hydrological, environmental and good operation,
monitoring and maintenance of water reuse projects for unrestricted and restricted irrigation of
agricultural crops, gardens and landscape areas using treated wastewater. The quality of supplied
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ISO 16075-4:2016(E)

TWW should reflect the possible uses according to crop sensitivity (health-wise and agronomy-wise),
water sources (the hydrologic sensitivity of the project area), the soil and climate conditions.
This document refers to factors involved in water reuse projects for irrigation regardless of size,
location and complexity. It is applicable to intended uses of TWW in a given project, even if such uses
will change during the project’s lifetime; as a result of changes in the project itself or in the applicable
legislation.
The key factors in assuring the health, environmental and safety of water reuse projects in irrigation are:
— meticulous monitoring of TWW quality to ensure the system functions as planned and designed;
— design and maintenance instructions of the irrigation systems to ensure their proper long-term
operation;
— compatibility between the TWW quality, the distribution method and the intended soil and crops to
ensure a viable use of the soil and undamaged crop growth;
— compatibility between the TWW quality and its use to prevent or minimize possible contamination
of groundwater or surface water sources.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16075-4:2016(E)
Guidelines for treated wastewater use for irrigation
projects —
Part 4:
Monitoring
1 Scope
This document provides recommendations regarding:
— monitoring the quality of treated wastewater (TWW) for irrigation;
— monitoring irrigated plants;
— monitoring the soil with regard to salinity;
— monitoring natural water sources in neighbouring environments;
— monitoring the quality of water in storage reservoirs.
It puts emphasis on sampling methods and their frequency. Regarding the methods of analysis, this
document refers to standard methods or, where not available, to other bibliographical references.
NOTE In cases where a monitoring plan already exists, these recommendations can be integrated into this
plan. This is notably the case when a broader approach of risk management is implemented, such as the water
safety plans (serving as a model for sanitation safety plans) developed by WHO.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1 General
3.1.1
aquifer
underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand or silt)
from which groundwater can be extracted
3.1.2
background water
freshwater (3.1.10) supplied for domestic, institutional, commercial and industrial use, from which
wastewater (3.1.22) is created
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ISO 16075-4:2016(E)

3.1.3
barrier
any means including physical or process steps, that reduces or prevents the risk of human infection, by
preventing contact between the TWW and the ingested produce or other means that, for example, reduces
the concentration of microorganisms in the TWW or prevents their survival on the ingested produce
3.1.4
environment
surroundings in which an organization (3.1.13) operates, including air, water, land, natural resources,
flora, fauna, humans and their interrelation
3.1.5
environmental aspect
element of an organization’s (3.1.13) activities, projects or products (3.1.15) that can interact with the
environment (3.1.4)
3.1.6
environmental impact
any change to environmental quality, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partly resulting from an
organization’s (3.1.13) activities, projects or products (3.1.15)
3.1.7
environmental parameter
quantifiable attribute of an environmental aspect (3.1.5)
3.1.8
fodder crops
crops not for human consumption such as: pastures and forage, fibre, ornamental, seed, forest and
turf crops
3.1.9
food crops
crops which are intended for human consumption, often further classified as to whether the food crop
is to be cooked, processed or consumed raw
3.1.10
freshwater
naturally occurring water on the Earth’s surface (in ice, lakes, rivers and streams) and underground as
groundwater in aquifers (3.1.1)
Note 1 to entry: Freshwater includes desalinated seawater and desalinated brackish water, but excludes seawater
and brackish water.
3.1.11
irrigation project
design, development, construction, selection of equipment, operation and monitoring of works to
provide suitable TWW irrigation
3.1.12
non-potable water
NPW
water that is not of drinking water quality
Note 1 to entry: It generally refers to wastewater (3.1.22) or TWW, but can also include other waters of non-
drinking quality.
3.1.13
organization
group of people and facilities with an arrangement of responsibilities, authorities and relationships
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ISO 16075-4:2016(E)

3.1.14
process
set of interrelated or interacting activities which transform inputs into outputs
Note 1 to entry: Inputs to a process are generally outputs of other processes.
Note 2 to entry: Processes in an organization (3.1.13) are generally planned and carried out under controlled
conditions to add value.
3.1.15
product
any goods or services
Note 1 to entry: This includes interconnected and/or interrelated goods or services.
3.1.16
public health aspect
element of an organization’s (3.1.13) activities, projects or products (3.1.15) that can interact with the
public health
3.1.17
public health impact
any change to public health, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partly resulting from an
organization’s (3.1.13) activities, projects or products (3.1.15)
3.1.18
public health parameter
quantifiable attribute of a public health aspect (3.1.16)
3.1.19
soil
layer of unconsolidated material consisting of weathered material particles, dead and living organic
matter, air space and the soil solution (3.1.20)
3.1.20
soil solution
liquid phase of the soil (3.1.19) and its solutes
3.1.21
stakeholder
individual, group or organization (3.1.13) that has an interest in an organization or activity
Note 1 to entry: Usually a stakeholder can affect or is affected by the organization or the activity.
3.1.22
wastewater
wastewater collected principally by municipalities, that may include spent or used water from domestic,
institutional, commercial or industrial sources, and can include storm water
3.1.23
water reuse
use of treated wastewater (3.1.22) for beneficial use; synonymous also to water reclamation and water
recycling
3.2 Use of treated wastewater (TWW)
3.2.1
agriculture
science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil (3.1.19) for the growing of crops and the
rearing of animals to provide food or other products (3.1.15)
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ISO 16075-4:2016(E)

3.2.2
landscape
all the visible features of an area of land, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal such as
public and private gardens, parks, road vegetation including lawns and turfed recreational areas
3.2.3
restricted irrigation
use of TWW for non-potable applications in settings where public access is controlled or restricted by
physical or institutional barriers
3.2.4
restricted urban irrigation
irrigation of areas in which public access during irrigation can be controlled, such as some golf courses,
cemeteries, and highway medians
3.2.5
unrestricted irrigation
use of TWW for non-potable applications in settings where public access is not restricted
3.2.6
unrestricted urban irrigation
irrigation of areas in which public access during irrigation is not restricted, such as some gardens and
playgrounds
3.3 Wastewater quality
3.3.1
category A: very high quality TWW
raw wastewater (3.3.6) which has undergone physical and biological treatment, filtration (3.5.3) and
disinfection (3.5.2), and its quality is according to the description in ISO 16075-2:2015, Table 1
3.3.2
category B: high quality TWW
raw wastewater (3.3.6) which has undergone physical and biological treatment, filtration (3.5.3) and
disinfection (3.5.2), and its quality is according to the description in ISO 16075-2:2015, Table 1
3.3.3
category C: good quality TWW
raw wastewater (3.3.6) which has undergone physical and biological treatment, and its quality is
according to the description in ISO 16075-2:2015, Table 1
3.3.4
category D: medium quality TWW
raw wastewater (3.3.6) which has undergone physical and biological treatment, and its quality is
according to the description in ISO 16075-2:2015, Table 1
3.3.5
category E: extensively TWW
raw wastewater (3.3.6) which has undergone natural biological treatment process (3.1.14) with
long (minimum 10 to 15 days) retention time and its quality is according to the description in
ISO 16075-2:2015, Table 1
3.3.6
raw wastewater
wastewater (3.1.22) which has not undergone any treatment
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ISO 16075-4:2016(E)

3.3.7
thermo-tolerant coliforms
group of bacteria whose presence in the environment (3.1.4) usually indicates faecal contamination
(previously called Faecal coliforms)
Note 1 to entry: In order to determine the quality of TWW, one can test for Escherichia coli (E. coli) or for Faecal
coliforms, since the difference in values is not significant.
3.4 Irrigation systems
3.4.1
boom sprinkler
mobile sprinkling machine (3.4.11) composed of two symmetrical pipes (booms), with sprinkler (3.4.24)
nozzles distributed in one of the pipes, with the sprinkler action complemented by a gun sprinkler
placed at each end of both pipes; the nozzles work through a reaction effect (similar to a hydraulic
tourniquet) which drives the boom rotation at a desired speed
3.4.2
centre-pivot and moving lateral irrigation machines
automated irrigation machine consisting of a number of self-propelled towers supporting a pipeline
rotating around a pivot point and through which water supplied at the pivot point flows radially
outward for distribution by sprayers or sprinklers (3.4.24) located along the pipeline
3.4.3
emitter
emitting pipe
dripper
device fitted to an irrigation lateral and intended to discharge water in the form of drops or continuous
flow at flow rates not exceeding 15 l/h except during flushing
3.4.4
gravity flow irrigation systems
irrigation systems (3.4.8), where water is applied directly to the soil (3.1.19) surface and is not under
pressure
3.4.5
in-line emitter
emitter (3.4.3) intended for installation between two lengths of pipe in an irrigation lateral
3.4.6
irrigation gun
large discharge device being either a part circle or full circle sprinkler (3.4.24)
3.4.7
irrigation sprayer
device which discharges water in the form of fine jets or in a fan shape without rotational movement of
its parts
3.4.8
irrigation system
assembly of pipes, components, and devices installed in the field for the purpose of irrigating a
specific area
3.4.9
micro-irrigation system
system capable of delivering water drops, tiny-streams or mini-spray to the plants
Note 1 to entry: Surface and sub-surface drip irrigation and micro-spray irrigation (3.4.10) are the main types of
this system.
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ISO 16075-4:2016(E)

3.4.10
micro-spray irrigation systems
characterized by water point sources similar to sprinkler’s (3.4.24) miniatures (micro-sprinklers),
which are placed along the laterals, with a flow rate between 30 l/h and 150 l/h at pressure heads of
15 m to 25 m, and the corresponding wetted area between 2 m and 6 m
3.4.11
mobile sprinkling machine
sprinkling unit which is automatically moved across the soil (3.1.19) surface during the water application
3.4.12
on-line emitter
emitter (3.4.3) intended for installation in the wall of an irrigation lateral, either directly or indirectly
by means such as tubing
3.4.13
perforating pipe system
emitting pipe [emitter (3.4.3)/emitting pipe] continuous pipe, hose or tubing, including collapsible hose,
with perforations, intended to discharge water in the form of drops or continuous flow at emission
rates not exceeding 15 l/h for each emitting unit
3.4.14
permanent system
stationary fixed-grid irrigation system (3.4.8) [sprinklers (3.4.24)] for which sprinkler set positions are
rigidly fixed by semi-permanent or permanently installed irrigation laterals, for example, portable
solid-set irrigation system, buried irrigation system
3.4.15
portable system
system for which all or part of the network elements can be removed
3.4.16
pressurized irrigation systems
piped network systems under pressure
3.4.17
rotating sprinkler
device which, by its rotating motion around its vertical axis, distributes water over a circular area or
part of a circular area
3.4.18
self-moved system
unit where a lateral is mounted through the centre of a series of wheels and is moved as a whole
Note 1 to entry: Rotating sprinklers (3.4.17)/sprayers are placed on the lateral (also called wheel move).
3.4.19
self-propelled gun traveller
gun sprinkler (3.4.24) on a cart or sled attached to the end of flexible pipe/hose
3.4.20
semi-permanent system
similar to the semi-portable system (3.4.21), but with portable laterals and permanent pumping plant,
main lines and sub-mains
3.4.21
semi-portable system
similar to the portable system (3.4.15), except that the water source and the pumping plant are fixed
6 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

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ISO 16075-4:2016(E)

3.4.22
solid-set system
temporary fixed network, where the laterals are positioned in the field throughout the irrigation season
3.4.23
spray
release of water from a sprinkler (3.4.24)
3.4.24
sprinkler
water distribution device of a variety of sizes and types, for ex
...

DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 16075-4
ISO/TC 282/SC 1 Secretariat: SII
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2015-09-23 2015-12-23
Guidelines for treated wastewater use for irrigation
projects —
Part 4:
Monitoring
Lignes directrices pour l’utilisation des eaux usées traitées pour l’irrigation
ICS: 13.060.01; 13.060.30
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 16075-4:2015(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2015

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 16075-4:2015(E) ISO CD(2) 16075-4

Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 2
3.1 General . 2
3.2 Use of treated wastewater (TWW) . 4
3.3 Wastewater quality . 5
3.4 Irrigation systems . 5
3.5 Wastewater system related components . 8
3.6 Abbreviated terms . 8
4 Monitoring of the quality of TWW for irrigation. 9
4.1 General . 9
4.1.1 Sampling procedure . 10
4.1.2 TWW monitoring plan . 13
4.2 Test methods for TWW for irrigation . 15
5 Monitoring of the irrigated crops . 15
6 Monitoring of the soil with regard to salinity. 16
6.1 Soil Sampling . 16
6.1.1 Frequency of the soil sampling . 16
6.1.2 Sampling procedure . 16
6.2 Soil test methods . 16
7 Receiving Environment Monitoring . 17
7.1 General . 17
7.2 Movement of water through soil . .תרדגומ הניא הינמיסה !האיגש
7.3 Surface water movement . .תרדגומ הניא הינמיסה !האיגש
7.4 Monitoring program purpose . 17
7.5 Quality assurance and quality control . .תרדגומ הניא הינמיסה !האיגש
7.6 Groundwater sampling . 17
7.7    Sampling surface water…………………………………………………………………………………….18
Annex A (informative) Salinity Management (Underground and runoff) . .תרדגומ הניא הינמיסה !האיגש
Bibliography . 20


COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO CD(2) 16075-4
Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 2
3.1 General . 2
3.2 Use of treated wastewater (TWW) . 4
3.3 Wastewater quality . 5
3.4 Irrigation systems . 5
3.5 Wastewater system related components . 8
3.6 Abbreviated terms . 8
4 Monitoring of the quality of TWW for irrigation. 9
4.1 General . 9
4.1.1 Sampling procedure . 10
4.1.2 TWW monitoring plan . 13
4.2 Test methods for TWW for irrigation . 15
5 Monitoring of the irrigated crops . 15
6 Monitoring of the soil with regard to salinity. 16
6.1 Soil Sampling . 16
6.1.1 Frequency of the soil sampling . 16
6.1.2 Sampling procedure . 16
6.2 Soil test methods . 16
7 Receiving Environment Monitoring . 17
7.1 General . 17
7.2 Movement of water through soil . .תרדגומ הניא הינמיסה !האיגש
7.3 Surface water movement . .תרדגומ הניא הינמיסה !האיגש
7.4 Monitoring program purpose . 17
7.5 Quality assurance and quality control . .תרדגומ הניא הינמיסה !האיגש
7.6 Groundwater sampling . 17
7.7    Sampling surface water…………………………………………………………………………………….18
Annex A (informative) Salinity Management (Underground and runoff) . .תרדגומ הניא הינמיסה !האיגש
Bibliography . 20


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ISO CD(2) 16075-4
Foreword
 ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
 International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
 The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO should not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
 ISO 16075-4 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 282, Water reuse, Subcommittee SC01,
Treated Wastewater Use for Irrigation.
 This second/third/. edition cancels and replaces the first/second/. edition (), [clause(s) / subclause(s) /
table(s) / figure(s) / annex(es)] of which [has / have] been technically revised.
 ISO 16075 consists of the following parts, under the general title Guidelines for Treated Wastewater Use
for Irrigation Projects:
 Part 1: The Basis of a Reuse Project for Irrigation
 Part 2: Development of the project
 Part 3: Components of a reuse project for irrigation
 Part 4: Monitoring
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ISO CD(2) 16075-4
Introduction
The increasing water scarcity and water pollution control efforts in many countries have made treated
municipal and industrial wastewater a suitable economic means of augmenting the existing water supply,
especially when compared to expensive alternatives such as desalination or the development of new water
sources involving dams and reservoirs. Water reuse makes it possible to close the water cycle at a point
closer to cities by producing “new water” from municipal wastewater and reducing wastewater discharge to the
environment.
An important new concept in water reuse is the “fit-to-purpose” approach, which entails the production of
reclaimed water quality that meets the needs of the intended end-users. In the situation of reclaimed water for
irrigation, the reclaimed water quality may induce an adaptation of the type of plant grown. Thus, the intended
water reuse applications should govern the degree of wastewater treatment required, and inversely, the
reliability of wastewater reclamation processes and operation.
Treated wastewater can be used for various non-potable purposes. The dominant applications for the use of
treated wastewater (also referred to as reclaimed water or recycled water) include agricultural irrigation,
landscape irrigation, industrial reuse and groundwater recharge. More recent and rapidly growing applications
are for various urban uses, recreational and environmental uses and indirect and direct potable reuse.
Agricultural irrigation was, is and will likely remain the largest TWW consumer with recognized benefits and
contribution to food security. Urban water recycling, in particular landscape irrigation, is characterized by fast
development and will play a crucial role for the sustainability of cities in the future, including energy footprint
reduction, human wellbeing and environmental restoration.
It is worth noting again, that the suitability of treated wastewater for a given type of reuse depends on the
compatibility between the wastewater availability (volume) and water irrigation demand throughout the year,
as well as on the water quality and the specific use requirements. Water reuse for irrigation can convey some
risks for health and environment, depending on the water quality, the irrigation water application method, the
soil characteristics, the climate conditions and the agronomic practices. Consequently, the public health and
potential agronomic and environmental adverse impacts must be considered as priority elements in the
successful development of water reuse projects for irrigation. To prevent such potential adverse impacts, the
development and application of international guidelines for the reuse of treated wastewater is essential.
The main water quality factors that determine the suitability of treated wastewater for irrigation are pathogen
content, salinity, sodicity, specific ion toxicity, other chemical elements and nutrients. Local health authorities
are responsible for establishing water quality threshold values depending on authorized uses and they are
also responsible for defining practices to ensure health and environmental protection taking in account local
specificities.
From an agronomic point of view, the main limitation in using treated wastewater for irrigation arises from its
quality. Treated wastewater, unlike water supplied for domestic and industrial purposes contains higher
concentrations of inorganic suspended and dissolved materials (total soluble salts, sodium, chloride, boron,
heavy metals), which can damage the soil and irrigated crops. Dissolved salts are not removed by
conventional wastewater treatment technologies and appropriate good management, agronomic and irrigation
practices should be used to avoid or minimize potential negative impacts.
The presence of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) may become an advantage due to possible
saving in fertilizers. However, the amount of nutrients provided by treated wastewater along the irrigation
period is not necessarily synchronized with crop requirements, and the availability of nutrients depends on the
chemical forms.
This Guideline provides guidance for healthy, hydrological, environmental and good operation, monitoring and
maintenance of water reuse projects for unrestricted and restricted irrigation of agricultural crops, gardens and
landscape areas using treated wastewater. The quality of supplied treated wastewater should reflect the
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ISO CD(2) 16075-4
possible uses according to crop sensitivity (health-wise and agronomy-wise), water sources (the hydrologic
sensitivity of the project area), the soil and climate conditions.
This Guideline refers to factors involved in water reuse projects for irrigation regardless of size, location and
complexity. It is applicable to intended uses of treated wastewater in a given project, even if such uses will
change during the project’s lifetime; as a result of changes in the project itself or in the applicable legislation.
The key factors in assuring the health, environmental and safety of water reuse projects in irrigation are:
 Meticulous monitoring of treated wastewater quality to ensure the system functions as planned and
designed;
 Design and maintenance instructions of the irrigation systems to ensure their proper long-term operation;
 Compatibility between the treated wastewater quality, the distribution method and the intended soil and
crops to ensure a viable use of the soil and undamaged crop growth;
 Compatibility between the treated wastewater quality and its use to prevent or minimize possible
contamination of groundwater or surface water sources.

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ISO CD(2) 16075-4
Guidelines for Treated Wastewater Use for Irrigation Projects —
Part 4: Monitoring
1 Scope
This part of the international standard provides recommendations regarding:
 Monitoring the quality of treated wastewater (hereinafter TWW) for irrigation;
 Monitoring irrigated plants;
 Monitoring the soil with regard to salinity;
 Monitoring natural water sources in neighboring environment;
 Monitoring the quality of water in storage reservoirs.
It puts emphasis on sampling methods and on the frequency. Regarding the methods of analysis, the guide
refers to standard methods or, when not available, to other bibliographical references.
NOTE In cases where a monitoring plan already exists, these recommendations may be integrated into this plan.
This is notably the case when a broader approach of risk management is implemented, such as the Water Safety Plans
(serving as a model for sanitation safety plans) developed by WHO.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5667-1, Water quality — Sampling — Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and
sampling techniques
ISO 5667-4, Water quality — Sampling — Part 4: Guidance on sampling from lakes, natural and man-made
ISO 5667-6, Water quality — Sampling — Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and streams
ISO 5667-10, Water quality — Sampling — Part 10: Guidance on sampling of waste waters
ISO 5667-11, Water quality — Sampling — Part 11: Guidance on sampling of groundwaters
ISO 5667-20:2008, Water quality — Sampling — Part 20: Guidance on the use of sampling data for decision
making — Compliance with thresholds and classification systems
ISO 5667-22:2010, Water quality — Sampling — Part 22: Guidance on the design and installation of
groundwater monitoring points
ISO 5667-23:2011, Water quality — Sampling — Part 23: Guidance on passive sampling in surface waters
ISO 15175:2004, Soil quality — Characterization of soil related to groundwater protection
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3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 General

3.1.1
aquifer
an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand or silt) from
which groundwater can be extracted

3.1.2
background water
the freshwater supplied for domestic, institutional, commercial and industrial use, from which wastewater is
created
3.1.3
barrier
any means including physical or process steps, that reduces or prevents the risk of human infection, by
preventing contact between the TWW and the ingested produce or other means that, for example, reduces the
concentration of microorganisms in the TWW or prevents their survival on the ingested produce

3.1.4
environment
surroundings in which an organization operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna,
humans and their interrelation

3.1.5
environmental aspect
element of an organization's activities, projects or products that can interact with the environment

3.1.6
environmental impact
any change to environmental quality, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partly resulting from an
organization's activities, projects or products

3.1.7
environmental parameter
quantifiable attribute of an environmental aspect

3.1.8
fodder crops
crops not for human consumption such as: pastures and forage, fiber, ornamental, seed, forest and turf crops

3.1.9
food crops
crops which are intended for human consumption, often further classified as to whether the food crop is to be
cooked, processed or consumed raw

3.1.10
freshwater
naturally occurring water on the Earth's surface (in ice, lakes, rivers and streams) and underground as
groundwater in aquifers
NOTE: freshwater includes desalinated seawater and desalinated brackish water, but excludes seawater and
brackish water

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ISO CD(2) 16075-4
3.1.11
irrigation project
design, development, construction, selection of equipment, operation and monitoring of works to provide
suitable TWW irrigation

3.1.12
non-potable water (NPW)
water that is not of drinking water quality. It generaly refers to wastewater or TWW, but can also include other
waters of non-drinking quality

3.1.13
organization
group of people and facilities with an arrangement of responsibilities, authorities and relationships

3.1.14
process
a set of interrelated or interacting activities which transform inputs into outputs
NOTE 1 inputs to a process are generally outputs of other processes.
NOTE 2 processes in an organization are generally planned and carried out under controlled conditions to
add value.

3.1.15
product
any goods or services
NOTE This includes interconnected and/or interrelated goods or services.

3.1.16
public health aspect
element of an organization's activities, projects or products that can interact with the public health

3.1.17
public health impact
any change to public health, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partly resulting from an organization's
activities, projects or products

3.1.18
public health parameter
quantifiable attribute of a public health aspect

3.1.19
soil
layer of unconsolidated material consisting of weathered material particles, dead and living organic matter, air
space and the soil solution

3.1.20
soil solution
liquid phase of the soil and its solutes

3.1.21
stakeholder
individual, group or organization that has an interest in an organization or activity
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NOTE usually a stakeholder can affect or is affected by the organization or the activity

3.1.22
wastewater
wastewater collected principally by municipalities, that may include spent or used water from domestic,
institutional, commercial or industrial sources, and can include storm water

3.1.23
water reuse
the use of treated wastewater for beneficial use; synonymous also to water reclamation and water recycling
3.2 Use of treated wastewater (TWW)
3.2.1
agriculture
the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of
animals to provide food or other products

3.2.2
landscape
all the visible features of an area of land, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal such as public
and private gardens, parks, road vegetation including lawns and turfed recreational areas

3.2.3
restricted irrigation
the use of TWW for non-potable applications in settings where public access is controlled or restricted by
physical or institutional barriers

3.2.4
restricted urban irrigation
irrigation of areas in which public access during irrigation can be controlled, such as some golf courses,
cemeteries, and highway medians

3.2.5
unrestricted irrigation
the use of TWW for non-potable applications in settings where public access is not restricted

3.2.6
unrestricted urban irrigation
irrigation of areas in which public access during irrigation is not restricted, such as some gardens and
playgrounds

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ISO CD(2) 16075-4
3.3 Wastewater quality
3.3.1
category A: very high quality TWW
raw wastewater which has undergone physical and biological treatment, filtration and disinfection, and its
quality is according to the description in ISO 16075-2, Table 1

3.3.2
category B: high quality TWW
raw wastewater which has undergone physical and biological treatment, filtration and disinfection, and its
quality is according to the description in ISO 16075-2, Table 1

3.3.3
category C: good quality TWW
raw wastewater which has undergone physical and biological treatment, and its quality is according to the
description in ISO 16075-2, Table 1

3.3.4
category D: medium quality TWW
raw wastewater which has undergone physical and biological treatment, and its quality is according to the
description in ISO 16075-2, Table 13.3.5
3.3.5. category E: extensively TWW
raw wastewater which has undergone natural biological treatment process with long (minimum 10-15 days)
retention time and its quality is accordingly to the description in ISO 16075-2, Table 1

3.3.6
raw wastewater
wastewater which has not undergone any treatment

3.3.7
thermo-tolerant coliforms
group of bacteria whose presence in the environment usually indicates faecal contamination (previously called
faecal coliforms). In order to determine the quality of TWW, one can test for Escherichia coli (E. coli) or for
Faecal coliforms, since the difference in values is not significant
3.4 Irrigation systems

3.4.1
boom sprinkler
a mobile sprinkling machine composed by two symmetrical pipes (booms), with sprinkler nozzles distributed in
one of the pipes, with the sprinkler action complemented by a gun sprinkler placed at each end of both pipes;
the nozzles work through a reaction effect (similar to a hydraulic tourniquet) which drives the boom rotation at
a desired speed
3.4.2
center-pivot and moving lateral irrigation machines
automated irrigation machine consisting of a number of self-propelled towers supporting a pipeline rotating
around a pivot point and through which water supplied at the pivot point flows radially outward for distribution
by sprayers or sprinklers located along the pipeline
3.4.3
emitter (emitting pipe/dripper)
device fitted to an irrigation lateral and intended to discharge water in the form of drops or continuous flow at
flow rates not exceeding 15 l/h except during flushing
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3.4.4
gravity flow irrigation systems
irrigation systems, where water is applied directly to the soil surface and is not under pressure
3.4.5
in-line emitter
emitter intended for installation between two lengths of pipe in an irrigation lateral
3.4.6
irrigation gun
large discharge device being either a part circle or full circle sprinkler

3.4.7
irrigation sprayer
device which discharges water in the form of fine jets or in a fan shape without rotational movement of its
parts

3.4.8
irrigation system
assembly of pipes, components, and devices installed in the field for the purpose of irrigating a specific area

3.4.9
micro-irrigation system
a system capable of delivering water drops, tiny-streams or minispray to the plants. Surface and sub-surface
drip irrigation (3.4.3) and micro-spray irrigation (3.4.10) are the main types of this system

3.4.10
micro-spray irrigation systems
this system is characterized by water point sources similar to sprinkler´s miniatures (micro-sprinklers), which
are placed along the laterals, with a flow rate between 30 and 150 L/h at pressure heads of 15-25 m, and the
corresponding wetted area between 2 and 6 m

3.4.11
mobile sprinkling machine
sprinkling unit which is automatically moved across the soil surface during the water applic
...

NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 16075-4
Première édition
2016-12-15
Lignes directrices pour l’utilisation
des eaux usées traitées en
irrigation —
Partie 4:
Surveillance
Guidelines for treated wastewater use for irrigation projects —
Part 4: Monitoring
Numéro de référence
ISO 16075-4:2016(F)
©
ISO 2016

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ISO 16075-4:2016(F)

DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2016, Publié en Suisse
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée
sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie, l’affichage sur
l’internet ou sur un Intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Les demandes d’autorisation peuvent être adressées à l’ISO à
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Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
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copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – Tous droits réservés

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ISO 16075-4:2016(F)

Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction .v
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
3.1 Généralités . 1
3.2 Utilisation des eaux usées traitées (EUT) . 4
3.3 Qualité des eaux usées. 4
3.4 Systèmes d’irrigation . 5
3.5 Éléments associés aux stations d’épuration des eaux usées . 7
3.6 Abréviations . 9
4 Surveillance de la qualité des EUT destinées à l’irrigation .10
4.1 Généralités .10
4.2 Mode opératoire d’échantillonnage .10
4.2.1 Échantillonnage à partir d’un système d’irrigation .12
4.2.2 Échantillonnage dans un réservoir de stockage .13
4.2.3 Échantillon composite . .13
4.2.4 Manipulation des échantillons .14
4.3 Plan de surveillance des EUT .14
4.4 Méthodes d’analyse relatives aux EUT .16
5 Surveillance des cultures irriguées .16
5.1 Généralités .16
5.2 Fréquence de surveillance .16
5.2.1 Cultures de plein champ et légumes .16
5.2.2 Cultures pérennes .16
6 Surveillance de la salinité du sol .17
6.1 Échantillonnage du sol .17
6.2 Fréquence d’échantillonnage du sol .17
6.3 Mode opératoire d’échantillonnage .18
6.3.1 Irrigation par goutte-à-goutte .18
6.3.2 Irrigation par arrosage et par mini-diffuseurs .18
6.3.3 Préparation des échantillons .18
6.4 Méthodes d’analyse des sols .18
7 Surveillance du milieu récepteur .18
7.1 Généralités .18
7.2 Objectif du programme de surveillance .19
7.3 Échantillonnage des eaux souterraines .19
7.4 Échantillonnage des eaux de surface .20
8 Assurance qualité et contrôle qualité .20
Bibliographie .22
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ISO 16075-4:2016(F)

Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux.
L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www.
iso.org/directives).
L’attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l’élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l’Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l’ISO (voir www.iso.org/brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la signification des termes et expressions spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation
de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion de l’ISO aux principes de l’Organisation
mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien
suivant: www.iso.org/iso/fr/avant-propos.html
Le comité chargé de l’élaboration du présent document est le Comité technique ISO/TC 282, Recyclage
des eaux, sous-comité SC 1, Recyclage des eaux usées traitées à des fins d’irrigation.
Une liste de toutes les parties de la série ISO 16075 peut être consultée sur le site web de l’ISO.
iv © ISO 2016 – Tous droits réservés

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ISO 16075-4:2016(F)

Introduction
Avec les efforts croissants déployés par de nombreux pays pour pallier la rareté et la pollution de
leurs ressources en eau, les eaux usées municipales et industrielles traitées sont devenues un moyen
économique judicieux pour augmenter les quantités disponibles, en particulier si on les compare à
des alternatives coûteuses telles que le dessalement ou le développement de nouvelles sources d’eau
impliquant la construction de barrages et de réservoirs. La réutilisation de l’eau permet de fermer le
cycle de l’eau plus près des villes, en produisant une «eau neuve» à partir des eaux usées municipales
et en réduisant les rejets d’eaux usées dans l’environnement. La réutilisation des eaux usées traitées
pourrait également être une solution avantageuse pour améliorer la qualité des masses d’eau, par
exemple en évitant les rejets des stations d’épuration des eaux usées en amont de zones sensibles (zones
d’aquaculture (fruits de mer), zones de natation).
Un nouveau concept, important, en matière de réutilisation des eaux usées est l’approche «adaptée
aux besoins», qui implique la production d’eau réutilisée d’une qualité répondant aux besoins des
utilisateurs finaux prévus. Dans le cas de l’eau réutilisée destinée à l’irrigation, la qualité de l’eau peut
conduire à adapter les types de végétaux cultivés. Il convient donc que les applications prévues de
réutilisation de l’eau dictent le degré de traitement requis pour les eaux usées, et réciproquement, de
même que la fiabilité des processus de réutilisation des eaux usées et de leur mise en œuvre.
Les eaux usées traitées (EUT, que l’on qualifie également d’eaux réutilisées ou d’eaux recyclées)
peuvent être utilisées à différentes fins comme eau non potable. Les principales applications utilisant
les eaux usées traitées comprennent l’irrigation des terres agricoles, l’irrigation des espaces verts, la
réutilisation industrielle et la recharge de nappe. Des applications plus récentes, qui se développent
rapidement, ciblent différents usages: urbain, récréatif, environnemental, ainsi que la réutilisation
directe et indirecte pour la production d’eau potable.
L’irrigation des terres agricoles a toujours été et restera probablement le secteur qui consomme le plus
d’eaux usées traitées, les avantages de cette pratique et sa contribution à la sécurité alimentaire étant
reconnus. Le recyclage de l’eau pour des applications urbaines, et notamment l’irrigation des espaces
verts, se caractérise par un essor rapide et jouera un rôle décisif pour le développement durable des
villes dans le futur, y compris du point de vue de la réduction de l’empreinte énergétique, du bien-être
de la population et de la restauration de l’environnement.
Il est utile de rappeler que l’adéquation des eaux usées traitées à un type de réutilisation donné
dépend de la correspondance entre la disponibilité des eaux usées (leur volume) et la demande en
eau d’irrigation tout au long de l’année, ainsi que de la qualité de l’eau et des exigences spécifiques
d’utilisation. La réutilisation de l’eau pour l’irrigation peut comporter certains risques pour la santé
et l’environnement, en fonction de la qualité de l’eau, de la méthode d’application de l’eau d’irrigation,
des caractéristiques du sol, des conditions climatiques et des pratiques agronomiques. Par conséquent,
la santé publique et les impacts négatifs potentiels sur l’agriculture et l’environnement doivent être
considérés comme des aspects prioritaires pour le développement de projets de réutilisation de l’eau
pour l’irrigation qui donnent des résultats probants. Pour prévenir de tels impacts négatifs potentiels,
l’élaboration et l’application de lignes directrices internationales pour la réutilisation des eaux usées
traitées sont essentielles.
Les principaux facteurs déterminant, sur le plan qualitatif, l’adéquation des eaux usées traitées pour
l’irrigation sont la teneur en agents pathogènes, la salinité, la sodicité, la toxicité d’ions spécifiques, les
autres éléments chimiques et les nutriments. Il incombe aux autorités sanitaires locales d’établir des
valeurs seuils de qualité de l’eau en fonction des utilisations autorisées et de définir des pratiques pour
garantir la protection sanitaire et environnementale en tenant compte des spécificités locales.
D’un point de vue agronomique, la principale limitation à l’utilisation des eaux usées traitées en irrigation
est liée à leur qualité. Les eaux usées traitées, contrairement à l’eau destinée à des usages domestiques
et industriels, contiennent de plus fortes concentrations de matières inorganiques en suspension et
dissoutes (sels totaux solubles, sodium, chlorures, bore, métaux lourds), qui peuvent nuire au sol et
aux cultures irriguées. Les sels dissous n’étant pas éliminés par les techniques conventionnelles de
traitement des eaux usées, il convient d’adopter de bonnes pratiques en matière de gestion, d’agronomie
et d’irrigation pour éviter ou réduire le plus possible les impacts négatifs potentiels.
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ISO 16075-4:2016(F)

La présence de nutriments (azote, phosphore et potassium) peut s’avérer avantageuse du fait des
économies d’engrais qu’il est possible de réaliser. Cependant, la quantité de nutriments fournie par les
eaux usées traitées tout au long de la période d’irrigation ne coïncide pas forcément avec les besoins des
cultures et la disponibilité des nutriments dépend de leur forme chimique.
Le présent document fournit des préconisations pour assurer le déroulement, la surveillance et la
maintenance dans de bonnes conditions, sur les plans sanitaire, hydrologique et environnemental, des
projets de réutilisation de l’eau pour l’irrigation non restreinte et restreinte de cultures agricoles, de
jardins et d’espaces verts avec des eaux usées traitées. Il convient que la qualité des eaux usées traitées
fournies corresponde aux utilisations possibles en fonction de la sensibilité des cultures (sur le plan
sanitaire et sur le plan agronomique), des sources d’eau (sensibilité hydrologique de la zone concernée
par le projet), du sol et des conditions climatiques.
Le présent document concerne les facteurs entrant en ligne de compte dans les projets de réutilisation
de l’eau pour l’irrigation, indépendamment de leur taille, de leur complexité et de leur situation
géographique. Il est applicable aux utilisations des eaux usées traitées prévues dans un projet
donné, même si ces utilisations sont amenées à changer pendant la durée de vie du projet, du fait de
modifications apportées au projet lui-même ou à la législation en vigueur.
Les principaux facteurs entrant en jeu pour assurer la sécurité, en matière de santé et d’environnement,
des projets de réutilisation de l’eau en irrigation sont les suivants:
— une surveillance méticuleuse de la qualité des eaux usées traitées pour garantir le fonctionnement
du système conformément aux prévisions et à la conception;
— des instructions de conception et de maintenance des systèmes d’irrigation pour garantir leur bon
fonctionnement à long terme;
— la compatibilité entre la qualité des eaux usées traitées, la méthode de distribution et le type de sol
et de cultures à irriguer pour garantir une exploitation viable du sol et une croissance normale des
cultures;
— l’adéquation entre la qualité des eaux usées traitées et leur utilisation pour empêcher ou réduire au
minimum une éventuelle contamination des sources d’eaux souterraines ou d’eaux de surface.
vi © ISO 2016 – Tous droits réservés

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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 16075-4:2016(F)
Lignes directrices pour l’utilisation des eaux usées traitées
en irrigation —
Partie 4:
Surveillance
1 Domaine d’application
Le présent document fournit des recommandations concernant:
— la surveillance de la qualité des eaux usées traitées (abrégées en EUT) pour l’irrigation;
— la surveillance des cultures irriguées;
— la surveillance de la salinité du sol;
— la surveillance des sources d’eau naturelle dans les environs;
— la surveillance de la qualité de l’eau dans les réservoirs de stockage.
Le présent document met l’accent sur les méthodes et la fréquence d’échantillonnage. Concernant les
méthodes d’analyse, il se réfère à des méthodes normalisées ou, lorsque celles-ci font défaut, à d’autres
références bibliographiques.
NOTE Dans les cas où un plan de surveillance existe déjà, les présentes recommandations peuvent être
intégrées à ce plan. C’est le cas notamment lorsqu’une approche de gestion du risque de plus grande portée est
mise en œuvre, par exemple les plans de gestion de la sécurité sanitaire de l’eau (qui servent de modèle aux plans
de sécurité sanitaire de l’assainissement) élaborés par l’Organisation mondiale de la santé.
2 Références normatives
Le présent document ne contient aucune référence normative.
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s’appliquent.
L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l’adresse http://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l’adresse http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1 Généralités
3.1.1
aquifère
couche souterraine de roche perméable ou de matériaux non consolidés (gravier, sable ou limon)
contenant de l’eau, dont on peut extraire de l’eau souterraine
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ISO 16075-4:2016(F)

3.1.2
eau fraîche initiale
eau douce (3.1.10) à usages domestique, institutionnel, commercial et industriel, à partir de laquelle les
eaux usées (3.1.22) sont produites
3.1.3
barrière
tout moyen, y compris des dispositifs physiques ou des étapes d’un processus, réduisant ou prévenant
le risque d’infection humaine en empêchant le contact entre les EUT et les produits agricoles ingérés, ou
autre moyen réduisant par exemple la concentration de microorganismes dans les EUT ou empêchant
leur survie sur les produits ingérés
3.1.4
environnement
cadre de fonctionnement d’une organisation (3.1.13), incluant l’air, l’eau, la terre, les ressources
naturelles, la flore, la faune, les êtres humains et leurs relations
3.1.5
aspect environnemental
élément des activités, projets ou produits (3.1.15) d’une organisation (3.1.13) pouvant interagir avec
l’environnement (3.1.4)
3.1.6
impact environnemental
tout changement qualitatif, négatif ou positif, intervenant dans l’environnement, résultant en totalité
ou en partie des activités, projets ou produits (3.1.15) d’une organisation (3.1.13)
3.1.7
paramètre environnemental
attribut quantifiable d’un aspect environnemental (3.1.5)
3.1.8
cultures fourragères
cultures non destinées à la consommation humaine, telles que les cultures pastorales, ornementales,
forestières, les cultures pour la production de fourrage et de plantes à fibres, les cultures de semences
et de gazon
3.1.9
cultures vivrières
cultures destinées à la consommation humaine, souvent réparties en sous-catégories selon que les
produits sont destinés à être cuits, transformés ou consommés crus
3.1.10
eau douce
eau naturellement présente à la surface de la terre (dans la glace, les lacs, les rivières et les ruisseaux) et
sous terre sous forme d’eau souterraine dans les aquifères (3.1.1)
Note 1 à l’article: L’eau douce inclut l’eau de mer et l’eau saumâtre après leur dessalement, mais exclut l’eau de mer
et l’eau saumâtre.
3.1.11
projet d’irrigation
conception, développement, construction, sélection de matériels, exploitation et contrôle du
fonctionnement des installations pour fournir une irrigation appropriée par des EUT
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ISO 16075-4:2016(F)

3.1.12
eau non potable
ENP
eau ne présentant pas la qualité d’une eau destinée à la consommation
Note 1 à l’article: Ce terme se réfère généralement à des eaux usées (3.1.22) ou des EUT, mais peut inclure
également d’autres eaux de qualité non potable.
3.1.13
organisation
groupe de personnes et d’installations où les responsabilités, les autorités et les relations sont
organisées
3.1.14
processus
ensemble d’activités interreliées ou présentant entre elles des interactions, qui transforment des
intrants en extrants
Note 1 à l’article: Les intrants d’un processus sont généralement les extrants d’autres processus.
Note 2 à l’article: Les processus d’une organisation (3.1.13) sont généralement planifiés et exécutés dans des
conditions contrôlées pour fournir une valeur ajoutée.
3.1.15
produit
n’importe quel type de bien ou de service
Note 1 à l’article: Ceci inclut les biens ou services interconnectés et/ou interreliés.
3.1.16
aspect lié à la santé publique
élément des activités, projets ou produits (3.1.15) d’une organisation (3.1.13) pouvant interagir avec la
santé publique
3.1.17
impact sur la santé publique
tout changement, négatif ou positif, intervenant dans le domaine de la santé publique, résultant en
totalité ou en partie des activités, projets ou produits (3.1.15) d’une organisation (3.1.13)
3.1.18
paramètre de santé publique
attribut quantifiable d’un aspect lié à la santé publique (3.1.16)
3.1.19
sol
couche de matériau non consolidé composée de particules de matériaux altérés, de matière organique
morte et vivante, d’interstices remplis d’air et de la solution du sol (3.1.20)
3.1.20
solution du sol
phase liquide du sol (3.1.19) avec ses éléments dissous
3.1.21
partie prenante
individu, groupe ou organisation (3.1.13) ayant un intérêt dans une organisation ou une activité
Note 1 à l’article: Habituellement, une partie prenante peut influencer ou être influencée par l’organisation ou
l’activité.
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ISO 16075-4:2016(F)

3.1.22
eaux usées
eaux collectées principalement par les municipalités; elles peuvent inclure des eaux résiduaires
d’origine domestique, institutionnelle, commerciale ou industrielle, ainsi que des eaux de pluie
3.1.23
réutilisation de l’eau
utilisation des eaux usées (3.1.22) traitées à des fins utiles; également synonyme de récupération de
l’eau et de recyclage de l’eau
3.2 Utilisation des eaux usées traitées (EUT)
3.2.1
agriculture
science ou pratique d’exploitation de la terre, incluant le travail du sol (3.1.19) pour la culture de produits
et l’élevage d’animaux afin de fournir de la nourriture ou d’autres produits (3.1.15)
3.2.2
espaces verts
tous les éléments visibles d’une parcelle de terrain, souvent considérés du point de vue de leur intérêt
esthétique, tels les jardins publics et privés, les parcs, la végétation des routes, y compris les pelouses et
aires récréatives gazonnées
3.2.3
irrigation restreinte
utilisation d’EUT pour des applications non potables dans des lieux dont l’accès au public est contrôlé ou
restreint par des barrières physiques ou institutionnelles
3.2.4
irrigation urbaine restreinte
irrigation d’aires dont l’accès au public pendant l’irrigation peut être contrôlé (par exemple, certains
terrains de golf, cimetières et terre-pleins centraux d’autoroutes)
3.2.5
irrigation non restreinte
utilisation d’EUT pour des applications non potables dans des lieux dont l’accès au public n’est pas
restreint
3.2.6
irrigation urbaine non restreinte
irrigation d’aires dont l’accès au public pendant l’irrigation n’est pas restreint (par exemple, certains
jardins et aires de jeux)
3.3 Qualité des eaux usées
3.3.1
classe A: EUT de très haute qualité
eaux usées brutes (3.3.6) ayant subi un traitement physique et biologique, une filtration (3.5.3) et une
désinfection (3.5.2), et dont la qualité répond à la description du Tableau 1 de l’ISO 16075-2:2015
3.3.2
classe B: EUT de haute qualité
eaux usées brutes (3.3.6) ayant subi un traitement physique et biologique, une filtration (3.5.3) et une
désinfection (3.5.2), et dont la qualité répond à la description du Tableau 1 de l’ISO 16075-2:2015
3.3.3
classe C: EUT de bonne qualité
eaux usées brutes (3.3.6) ayant subi un traitement physique et biologique, et dont la qualité répond à la
description du Tableau 1 de l’ISO 16075-2:2015
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ISO 16075-4:2016(F)

3.3.4
classe D: EUT de qualité moyenne
eaux usées brutes (3.3.6) ayant subi un traitement physique et biologique, et dont la qualité répond à la
description du Tableau 1 de l’ISO 16075-2:2015
3.3.5
classe E: eaux usées après traitement extensif
eaux usées brutes (3.3.6) ayant subi un processus (3.1.14) de traitement biologique naturel avec un long
temps de séjour (10 j à 15 j au minimum), et dont la qualité répond à la description du Tableau 1 de
l’ISO 16075-2:2015
3.3.6
eaux usées brutes
eaux usées (3.1.22) n’ayant été soumises à aucun traitement
3.3.7
coliformes thermotolérants
groupe de bactéries dont la présence dans l’environnement (3.1.4) indique généralement une
contamination fécale (auparavant nommés coliformes fécaux)
Note 1 à l’article: Pour déterminer la qualité des EUT, on peut rechercher Escherichia coli (E. coli) ou les coliformes
fécaux, car l’écart entre les valeurs n’est pas significatif.
3.4 Systèmes d’irrigation
3.4.1
rampe d’arrosage
machine d’arrosage mobile (3.4.11) composée de deux tuyaux (bras) symétriques et de buses
d’arroseur (3.4.24) réparties sur l’un des tuyaux, l’action d’arrosage étant complétée par un canon
d’arrosage placé à chaque extrémité des deux tuyaux; l’action des buses produit un effet de réaction
(similaire à un tourniquet hydraulique) qui entraîne la rotation des bras à une vitesse voulue
3.4.2
machine d’irrigation à pivot central et déplacement latéral
machine d’irrigation automatique constituée d’un certain nombre de tours automotrices supportant
un tuyau qui tourne autour d’un pivot et par le biais duquel de l’eau fournie au niveau du pivot s’écoule
radialement vers l’extérieur pour être distribuée par des asperseurs ou des arroseurs (3.4.24) situés le
long du tuyau
3.4.3
émetteur
tuyau émetteur
goutteur
dispositif monté sur une conduite latérale d’irrigation et destiné à distribuer l’eau par goutte-à-goutte
ou en flux continu à un débit ne dépassant pas 15 l/h, excepté pendant la purge
3.4.4
système d’irrigation à écoulement gravitaire
système d’irrigation (3.4.8) où l’eau est appliquée directement sur la surface du sol (3.1.19) et n’est pas
sous pression
3.4.5
émetteur intercalé
émetteur (3.4.3) destiné à être installé entre deux longu
...

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