SIST ETS 300 454:1998

• Abstract:

  Standard for Electronic News Gathering (ENG), wireless microphones, wideband transmitter & optional narrow band frequency modulation receiver

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-1998
• ICS: 33.060.99 - Other equipment for radiocommunications
• Technical Committee: RES - Radio equipment and systems
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 01-Oct-1998
• Due Date: 01-Oct-1998
• Completion Date: 01-Oct-1998
• Ref Project: ETSI ETS 300 454 ed.1 (1995-12) - Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Wide band audio links; Technical characteristics and test methods

SIST ETS 300 454:1998 is the Slovenian version of ETS 300 454 Edition 1, published by SIST and based on an ETSI European Telecommunications Standard. It specifies the technical characteristics and test methods for wide band audio links, including professional one-way and two-way systems and equipment with extra facilities. It is written for manufacturers, test laboratories, and approval bodies that need to type test this radio equipment.

What does SIST ETS 300 454:1998 specify?

SIST ETS 300 454:1998 specifies minimum performance, measurement methods, and presentation rules for wide band audio links operating between 25 MHz and 3 GHz. In practice, it tells a manufacturer or test lab how to classify the equipment, how to set up tests, and how to judge compliance.

The document is organized into clauses on scope, references, definitions, functional characteristics, general presentation rules, test conditions, general test arrangements, transmitter measurements, receiver measurements, and measurement uncertainty. It also includes three annexes that provide the radiated measurement site, the necessary bandwidth test method, and a graphical guide to sample and frequency selection.

Annex	What it covers
Annex A	Normative radiated measurement arrangements and test sites
Annex B	Normative measurement of Necessary Bandwidth (BN)
Annex C	Informative selection of equipment and frequencies for single and multi-frequency testing

The scope excludes wide band audio links using TDMA, frequency hopping, spread spectrum, or similar modulation methods. It also excludes radiated emissions below 25 MHz and points readers to the EMC standard for wireless microphones and similar RF audio link equipment.

What are the key requirements of SIST ETS 300 454:1998?

SIST ETS 300 454:1998 focuses on how to present equipment for test, how to measure the main RF parameters, and what limits apply. For a buyer or test engineer, the important point is that the standard is both a product specification and a test procedure document.

Equipment presentation and sample selection

Clause 5 requires the applicant to declare the channel bandwidth(s) from the preferred set of 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 kHz, and to state the audio input limiting threshold. The applicant must also provide interface information for dc, RF, and audio connections, plus any control settings needed for valid measurements. This matters because the test laboratory needs a reproducible setup, not just the product itself.

Clause 5 also defines alignment range categories AR1 and AR2 and gives different sample-selection rules for single-channel, two-channel, and multichannel equipment. The frequencies chosen for test must cover the centre, lowest, and highest relevant points, depending on the equipment category. In practice, this prevents a manufacturer from testing only the easiest channel.

Mechanical, electrical, and marking rules

Clause 5 requires sound engineering practice and control arrangements that do not make harmful interference more likely. Controls that could increase interference if misadjusted must only be accessible with tools or partial disassembly. For integral-antenna equipment, approval applies only with the antenna originally supplied for the type test, and the equipment must carry durable identification markings.

Test conditions and test power

Clause 6 sets normal and extreme test conditions. Normal tests are run at 15 °C to 35 °C and 20 % to 75 % relative humidity, while extreme temperature tests are carried out at -10 °C and +45 °C. The equipment is tested with a controlled test power source, and the report must state the voltage conditions used. This matters because radio performance can change with temperature and supply voltage.

Transmitter performance

Clause 8 covers the main transmitter checks: frequency error, carrier power, channel bandwidth, spurious emissions, and transient frequency behaviour. The carrier power limit is 25 W conducted or 25 W effective radiated power (erp), and the transmitter output spectrum must fit the declared channel-bandwidth mask. The document also defines how to measure transient behaviour when the transmitter is switched on, switched off, or changed between channels.

Receiver emissions and measurement uncertainty

Clause 9 covers receiver spurious emissions, both as conducted power into a load and as radiated power from the enclosure or integral antenna. Clause 10 then sets the measurement uncertainty levels that the test system should not exceed, so the test report can support a defensible pass/fail decision. In practice, this is important for accredited laboratories and certification work.

What terms does SIST ETS 300 454:1998 define?

SIST ETS 300 454:1998 defines the terms that control how equipment is classified and tested.

• Carrier grid - an evenly spaced frequency raster used to assign carrier frequencies.
• Channel bandwidth - the declared bandwidth that contains the transmitter necessary bandwidth with safety margin for adjacent-channel operation.
• Integral antenna - an antenna that the manufacturer declares to be an indispensable part of the equipment.
• Limiter threshold - the audio input level where transmitter limiter action begins, measured with a 500 Hz sine signal.
• Occupied bandwidth - the part of the channel bandwidth actually needed by the modulated signal.
• RF port - a connection point intended for an RF cable and treated as 50 Ω unless the manufacturer states otherwise.
• Wide band audio link - a radio microphone system with sufficient power for wireless connection over greater distances, often used in portable applications.
• AR1 / AR2 - the two alignment-range categories used to decide how many samples and channels must be tested.

Who uses SIST ETS 300 454:1998?

SIST ETS 300 454:1998 is used by manufacturers of professional wireless microphones, ENG links, and other wide band audio link systems when they prepare products for approval or market access. It is also used by accredited test laboratories that perform type tests and by national regulatory authorities that review the results.

Frequency management authorities can use it to compare equipment characteristics with available spectrum plans. Buyers and integrators use it to check whether a product has the test basis they need for professional audio links that must operate reliably over long periods.

What changed in SIST ETS 300 454:1998 from the previous edition?

SIST ETS 300 454:1998 corresponds to ETS 300 454 Edition 1.

Which standards are used with SIST ETS 300 454:1998?

SIST ETS 300 454:1998 cites several documents that support its test methods and scope.

• I-ETS 300 422 - background reference for wireless microphones in the 25 MHz to 3 GHz range.
• CEPT Recommendation T/R 71-03 - type testing and approval procedures for radio equipment intended for non-public systems.
• prETS 300 445 - EMC standard for wireless microphones and similar RF audio link equipment.
• CEPT Recommendation T/R 20-06 - source for transmitters and receivers for low power cordless microphone systems.
• ITU-R Recommendation 559-2 - objective measurement of RF protection ratios and the noise basis used for Necessary Bandwidth testing.
• IEC 244 - measurement methods for radio transmitters, used in the BN procedure.
• ETR 028 - method basis for the measurement uncertainty values.

What does the SIST ETS 300 454:1998 document contain?

SIST ETS 300 454:1998 contains tables, figures, procedures, and measurement setups that a laboratory can follow for type testing. It includes the channel bandwidth designation table, the transmitter frequency-error and carrier-power limits, the spectral mask for channel bandwidth, and the spurious-emission limits for transmitter and receiver. It also gives the limiting-threshold determination method and the transient-frequency masks used for switch-on, switch-off, and channel-change tests.

Annex A describes outdoor and indoor radiated test sites, antenna arrangements, substitution methods, and guidance for body-worn equipment. Annex B sets out the measurement setup for Necessary Bandwidth, including the audio generator, noise source, demodulator, and spectrum analyser configuration. Annex C gives a graphical guide to selecting equipment and test frequencies for single-frequency, two-frequency, and multi-frequency equipment.

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-1998
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]QDþLOQRVWLLQSUHVNXãDOQHPHWRGH
Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Wide band audio links; Technical characteristics
and test methods
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ETS 300 454 Edition 1
ICS:
33.060.99 Druga oprema za radijske Other equipment for
komunikacije radiocommunications
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN ETS 300 454
TELECOMMUNICATION December 1995
STANDARD
Source: ETSI TC-RES Reference: DE/RES-08-0304
ICS: 33.020,33.060.20
audio, data, radio mic, testing
Key words:
Radio Equipment and Systems (RES);
Wide band audio links;
Technical characteristics and test methods
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
ETSI Secretariat
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis CEDEX - FRANCE
Postal address:
650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis - Valbonne - FRANCE
Office address:
c=fr, a=atlas, p=etsi, s=secretariat - [e-mail]
X.400: Internet:
Tel.: [phone] - Fax: [phone]
Copyright Notification: No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the
foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1995. All rights reserved.
New presentation - see History box

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ETS 300 454: December 1995
Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation and publication of this document, errors in content,
typographical or otherwise, may occur. If you have comments concerning its accuracy, please write to
"ETSI Editing and Committee Support Dept." at the address shown on the title page.

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ETS 300 454: December 1995
Contents
Foreword .7
Introduction.7
1 Scope .9
2 Normative references.9
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations.10
3.1 Definitions .10
3.2 Symbols .10
3.3 Abbreviations .11
4 Functional characteristics.11
4.1 Wide band audio link descriptions .11
5 General.11
5.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes .11
5.1.1 Choice of model for type testing.12
5.1.2 Definitions of alignment and switching ranges .12
5.1.3 Definition of the categories of the alignment range (AR1 and AR2) .13
5.1.4 Choice of frequencies.13
5.1.5 Testing of single channel equipment of category AR1.13
5.1.6 Testing of single channel equipment of category AR2.13
5.1.7 Testing of two channel equipment of category AR1.13
5.1.8 Testing of two channel equipment of category AR2.13
5.1.9 Testing of multichannel equipment (more than two channels) of category
AR1 .14
5.1.10 Testing of multichannel equipment (more than two channels) of category
AR2 where the switching range is less than the alignment range.14
5.1.11 Testing of multichannel equipment (more than two channels) of category
AR2 where the switching range is equal to the alignment range .14
5.1.12 Testing of equipment without a permanent external RF port .14
5.1.12.1 Equipment with a permanent internal RF port .14
5.1.12.2 Equipment with a temporary RF port.15
5.2 Mechanical and electrical design.15
5.2.1 General.15
5.2.2 Limiting threshold .15
5.2.3 Controls .15
5.2.4 Integral antenna .15
5.2.5 Marking (equipment identification) .16
5.3 Interpretation of the measurement results.16
6 Test conditions, power sources and ambient conditions.16
6.1 Normal and extreme test conditions .16
6.2 Test power source .16
6.3 Normal test conditions .17
6.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity.17
6.3.2 Normal test power source voltage.17
6.3.2.1 Mains voltage.17
6.3.2.2 Nickel-Cadmium cells.17
6.3.2.3 Other power sources .17
6.4 Extreme Test Conditions .17
6.4.1 Extreme temperatures.17
6.4.1.1 Procedures for tests at extreme temperatures.17
6.4.2 Extreme test power source voltages .18
6.4.2.1 Mains voltage.18

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ETS 300 454: December 1995
6.4.2.2 Rechargeable battery power sources . 18
6.4.2.3 Power sources using other types of batteries . 18
6.4.2.4 Other power sources. 18
7 General conditions. 18
7.1 Normal test modulation . 18
7.2 Artificial antenna. 19
7.3 Test fixture . 20
7.4 Test site and general arrangements for radiated measurements . 20
7.5 Modes of operation of the transmitter . 20
7.6 Arrangement for test signals at the input of the transmitter . 20
7.7 Arrangements for test signals applied to the receiver via a test fixture or a test antenna. 20
8 Methods of measurement and limits for transmitter parameters. 21
8.1 Frequency error. 21
8.1.1 Definition. 21
8.1.2 Method of measurement. 21
8.1.3 Limit . 21
8.2 Carrier power. 21
8.2.1 Definition. 21
8.2.2 Method of measurement for equipment without integral antenna . 21
8.2.3 Method of measurement for equipment with integral antenna . 22
8.2.3.1 Method of measurement under normal test conditions. 22
8.2.3.2 Method of measurement under extreme test conditions. 22
8.2.4 Limit . 22
8.3 Channel bandwidth.23
8.3.1 Definition. 23
8.3.2 Measurement of Necessary Bandwidth (BN). 23
8.3.3 Limits . 24
8.4 Spurious emissions .24
8.4.1 Definitions . 24
8.4.2 Method of measuring the effective radiated power. 24
8.4.3 Limits . 25
8.4.4 Measuring receiver . 25
8.5 Transient frequency behaviour of the transmitter. 25
8.5.1 Definitions . 25
8.5.2 Method of measurement. 26
8.5.3 Method of measurement for frequency changing. 27
8.5.4 Limits . 27
9 Receiver. 27
9.1 Spurious emissions .27
9.1.1 Definitions . 27
9.1.2 Method of measuring the power level in a specified load. 28
9.1.3 Method of measuring the effective radiated power of the enclosure. 28
9.1.4 Method of measuring the effective radiated power. 29
9.2 Limits. 29
10 Measurement uncertainty . 29
Annex A (normative): Radiated measurement . 30
A.1 Test sites and general arrangements for measurements involving the use of radiated fields . 30
A.1.1 Outdoor test site. 30
A.1.1.1 Test support for body worn equipment . 30
A.1.1.2 Standard position. 31
A.1.2 Test antenna . 31
A.1.3 Substitution antenna. 31
A.1.4 Optional additional indoor site . 32
A.2 Guidance on the use of radiation test sites . 32
A.2.1 Measuring distance . 33
A.2.2 Test antenna . 33

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ETS 300 454: December 1995
A.2.3 Substitution antenna .33
A.2.4 Artificial antenna .33
A.2.5 Auxiliary cables .33
A.3 Further optional alternative indoor test site using an anechoic chamber .33
A.3.1 Example of the construction of a shielded anechoic chamber .33
A.3.2 Influence of parasitic reflections in anechoic chambers .34
A.3.3 Calibration of the shielded anechoic chamber.35
Annex B (normative): Measurement of Necessary Bandwidth (BN) .37
Annex C (informative): Graphic representation of the selection of equipment and frequencies for
testing of single and multi-frequency equipment .38
History.40

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ETS 300 454: December 1995
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ETS 300 454: December 1995
Foreword
This European Telecommunication Standard (ETS) has been produced by the Radio Equipment and
Systems (RES) Technical Committee of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
Every ETS prepared by ETSI is a voluntary standard. This ETS contains text concerning conformance
testing of the equipment to which it relates. This text should be considered only as guidance and does not
make this ETS mandatory.
Annex A provides normative specifications concerning radiated measurements.
Annex B provides the test method for measurement of Necessary Bandwidth (BN).
Transposition dates
Date of adoption of this ETS: 17 November 1995
Date of latest announcement of this ETS (doa): 31 March 1996
Date of latest publication of new National Standard
or endorsement of this ETS (dop/e): 30 September 1996
Date of withdrawal of any conflicting National Standard (dow): 30 September 1996
Annex C presents a graphical representation of the equipment and frequencies for the testing of single
and multi-frequency equipment.
Introduction
I-ETS 300 422 [1] has been a frame which led to many national prescriptions which differed, sometimes
substantially, between European countries and did not directly refer to wide band audio links. The rapidly
increasing use of wireless microphones with increased power for bridging longer distances (hereafter
referred to as wide band audio links) in several European countries with different specifications, and the
way forward to a Europe without borders, makes it necessary to set up common specifications.
This ETS provides the necessary parameters for equipment to obtain common approval throughout
Europe. It should also make it easier for the frequency management authorities to find harmonized
frequency allocations which, together with common technical specifications, will greatly reduce the present
problems of multi-national use.
In preparing this ETS, much attention has been given to assure a low interference probability, while at the
same time allowing a maximum flexibility and service to the end-user. The close relationship between
radio microphones and wide band audio links has led to many identical characteristics. Nevertheless it
was found to be better to create a separate ETS due to the higher power and the many extra facilities
which were developed during recent years for this special use. This ETS does not include performance
characteristics that may be required by the user or requirements for interfacing equipment.
Type test measurements should be performed in one of the accredited test laboratories, accepted by the
various National regulatory authorities in order to grant type approval, provided the National regulatory
requirements are met. This is in compliance with CEPT Recommendation T/R 71-03 [2].
In addition, national administrations may accept a "certificate of conformity" based on a type test report. If
equipment available on the market is required to be checked it should be tested in accordance with the
methods of measurement specified in this ETS.

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ETS 300 454: December 1995
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ETS 300 454: December 1995
1 Scope
This ETS specifies the minimum performance and the methods of measurement of wide band audio links.
This ETS covers the minimum characteristics considered necessary in order to make the best use of the
available frequencies. It does not necessarily include all the characteristics which may be required by a
user, nor does it necessarily represent the optimum performance achievable.
This ETS applies to modulation systems operating on radio frequencies between 25 MHz and 3 GHz.
Although analogue FM is at present used for the majority of wide band audio links, this ETS does not
preclude any other constant carrier modulation technique, e.g. Gaussian Filtered Minimum Shift Keying
(GMSK) or Generalised Tamed Frequency Modulation (GTFM), provided that the modulation spectrum lies
within the specified spectral mask.
This ETS does not cover wide band audio links employing Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA),
frequency hopping and spread spectrum or similar forms of modulation.
This ETS does not cover radiated emissions below 25 MHz. Specifications related to Electro-Magnetic
Compatibility (EMC) are contained within prETS 300 445 [3].
This ETS has been developed from CEPT Recommendation T/R 20-06 [4].
Additional standards or specifications may be required for equipment intended to interface with the Public
Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). This facility may be submitted to regulatory conditions.
This ETS may be used by accredited test laboratories for type testing of the equipment. The performance
of the equipment submitted for type testing should be representative for the performance of the
corresponding production models.
This ETS also contains instructions for the presentation of equipment for type testing purposes.
The types of equipment covered by this ETS are as follows (see clause 4):
- professional wide band audio links for one-way transmission;
- professional wide band audio links for two-way transmission;
- professional wide band audio links with extra facilities.
2 Normative references
This ETS incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed
hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications
apply to this ETS only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest
edition or the publication referred to applies.
[1] I-ETS 300 422: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Technical
characteristics and test methods for wireless microphones in the 25 MHz to
3 GHz frequency range".
[2] CEPT Recommendation T/R 71-03: "Procedures for type testing and approval
for radio equipment intended for non-public systems".
[3] Final draft prETS 300 445: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES);
Electro-Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for wireless microphones and
similar Radio Frequency (RF) audio link equipment".
[4] CEPT Recommendation T/R 20-06: "Transmitters and receivers for low power
cordless microphone systems".
[5] ITU-R Recommendation 559-2: "Objective measurement of radio-frequency
protection ratios in LF, MF and HF broadcasting".

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ETS 300 454: December 1995
[6] IEC 244: "Methods of measurement for radio transmitters".
[7] ETR 028: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Uncertainties in the
measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of this ETS, the following definitions apply:
carrier grid: An evenly spaced raster in a given frequency band for the allocation of carrier frequencies.
The minimum distance of two carriers in use is a multiple of the raster dependent on type and usage of the
equipment.
channel bandwidth: A frequency band of defined width (as a multiple of the carrier grid) including safety
margin for operation on adjacent channels, located symmetrically around a carrier frequency in the carrier
grid.
conducted measurements: Those measurements which are made using a direct 50 Ω connection to the
equipment under test.
integral antenna: An antenna, with or without a connector, designed as, and declared as by the
manufacturer, an indispensable part of the equipment.
integral microphone: A microphone, designed as, and declared as by the manufacturer, an indispensable
fixed part of the equipment.
limiter threshold: The audio input (output) level at which the transmitter audio limiter action may be said
to commence. It is specified with any accessible variable gain controls set according to the manufacturer's
instructions, with a sinusoidal input signal of 500 Hz.
occupied bandwidth: That part of the channel bandwidth which is required for the modulated signal.
The occupied bandwidth has to be smaller than the channel bandwidth following standardized limits.
port: A port is any connection point on or within the Equipment Under Test (EUT) intended for the
connection of cables to or from that equipment.
radiated measurements: Those measurements which involve measurement of a radiated field.
Radio Frequency (RF) port: An RF port is any connection point on or within EUT intended for the
connection of RF cable. The RF port will be treated as a 50 Ω connection point unless otherwise specified
by the manufacturer.
wide band audio link: A radio microphone of sufficient power to allow wireless (sometimes referred to as
link radio microphone) connection over greater distances mainly for portable use. It may include in one
mechanical unit more transmitting and receiving facilities than only for high quality audio application.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this ETS, the following symbols apply:
E Field strength
Eo Reference field strength, annex A
R Distance, annex A
Ro Reference distance, annex A

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ETS 300 454: December 1995
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of this ETS, the following abbreviations apply:
AR1 Alignment Range category 1 (subclause 5.1.3)
AR2 Alignment Range category 2 (subclause 5.1.3)
B declared channel Bandwidth (see table 1)
erp effective radiated power
EMC Electro-Magnetic Compatibility
EUT Equipment Under Test
GMSK Gaussian Filtered Minimum Shift Keying
GTFM Generalised Tamed Frequency Modulation
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
RBW Resolution BandWidth
RF Radio Frequency
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
Tx Transmitter
VBW Video BandWidth
μPa micro Pascal
4 Functional characteristics
4.1 Wide band audio link descriptions
Wide band audio links covered by this ETS are privately owned, and operated, communications systems
for high quality reproduction of the audio input and/or related data or control signals. The equipment
operates on a continuous carrier basis and will often be in operation for many hours. A wide band audio
link system will at least consist of one transmitter and the corresponding receiver. The number depends on
the application, e.g. live news contributions from a widespread area of an actual event may make it
necessary to use several systems on separate simultaneous frequencies.
The radio part of the transmitter and receiver are made up exclusively from equipment that has been
approved according to this ETS. When radio equipment or parts covered by other standards are included
in the wide band audio link these shall fulfil the specifications of the applicable standards. As an example
modular solutions may include, beside the main wide band transmitter, an additional receiver for narrow
band communication and/or a monitor receiver for foldback signals. At the receiver end of this link, a wide
band receiver, coupled with a narrow band transmitter, would be required.
Other equipment that may be connected to it shall fulfil the standards applicable to that equipment (if any).
Wide band audio links normally use wide band frequency modulation to achieve the necessary audio
performance. For the majority of applications the modulated transmitter signal covers a bandwidth allowing
channel spacing of 200 kHz. This allows for the use of stereo multiplex encoded signals to transmit without
the need for two separate wide band channels.
5 General
5.1 Presentation of equipment for testing purposes
Each equipment submitted for type testing shall fulfil the requirements of this ETS on all channels over
which it is intended to operate.
The applicant shall complete the appropriate application form when submitting equipment for type testing.

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ETS 300 454: December 1995
Table 1: Channel bandwidth designation (channel allocation within 25 kHz carrier grid)
Declared channel bandwidth Designation
50 kHz L
75 kHz M
100 kHz P
150 kHz Q
200 kHz R
The applicant shall state:
- the channel bandwidth(s) within which the equipment is designed to operate chosen from table 1;
and
- the audio input limiting threshold (see subclause 5.2.2).
The applicant shall also supply all relevant interface information to allow:
- dc connection;
- RF connection;
- audio connection;
- the limiting threshold for the transmitter; and
- the setting of any input audio - level controls for normal operation, for a sinusoidal input signal of
500 Hz. The manufacturer shall specify the settings of any other controls necessary to avoid
invalidating the measurement.
The applicant should also supply an operating manual for the device(s).
To simplify and harmonise the type testing procedures between the different test laboratories,
measurement shall be performed, according to this ETS, on samples of equipment defined in
subclauses 5.1.1 to 5.1.12.2.
For audio links which are intended to use a variety of audio capsules the manufacturer shall supply the test
sample with an audio test fixture to substitute the audio capsule with suitable input and output impedances.
These subclauses are intended to give confidence that the requirements set out in this ETS have been met
without the necessity of performing measurements on all channels.
5.1.1 Choice of model for type testing
The applicant shall provide one or more production model(s) of the equipment, including all antennae
which are required to be covered by the type testing.
If type approval is given on the basis of tests on a preliminary model, the corresponding production models
shall be identical in all respects with the preliminary model tested.
In the case of wide band audio link equipment without a permanent external RF port, (see
subclause 5.1.12).
5.1.2 Definitions of alignment and switching ranges
The applicant shall, when submitting equipment for test, state the alignment ranges for the receiver and
transmitter.
The alignment range is defined as the frequency range over which the receiver and the transmitter can be
programmed and/or realigned to operate with a single oscillator frequency multiplication, without any
physical change of components other than:
- programmable read only memories supplied by the manufacturer or the manufacturer's nominee;
- crystals;
- frequency setting elements (for the receiver and transmitter).

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ETS 300 454: December 1995
The applicant shall also state the switching range of the receiver and the transmitter (which may differ).
The switching range is the maximum frequency range over which the receiver or the transmitter can be
operated without reprogramming or realignment.
5.1.3 Definition of the categories of the alignment range (AR1 and AR2)
The alignment range for the receiver and transmitter, which may be different, falls into one of two
categories, (see annex C):
AR1 this corresponds to a limit of less than or equal to 10 % of the highest frequency of the alignment
range, which is equal to or less than 500 MHz, or less than 5 % where the highest alignment
frequency is above 500 MHz; or
AR2 this corresponds to a limit of greater than or equal to 10 % of the highest frequency of the alignment
range, which is equal to or less than 500 MHz, or greater than 5 % where the highest alignment
frequency is above 500 MHz.
5.1.4 Choice of frequencies
The frequencies for testing shall be chosen by the applicant, in accordance with subclauses 5.1.5 to
5.1.11.
5.1.5 Testing of single channel equipment of category AR1
Full tests shall be carried out on a channel within 100 kHz of the centre frequency of the alignment range
on one sample of the equipment.
5.1.6 Testing of single channel equipment of category AR2
Three samples shall be tested. Tests shall be carried out on a total set of three channels.
Sample one shall be within 100 kHz of the highest frequency of the alignment range.
Sample two shall be within 100 kHz of the lowest frequency of the alignment range.
Sample three shall be within 100 kHz of the centre frequency of the alignment range.
Full tests shall be carried out on all three channels.
5.1.7 Testing of two channel equipment of category AR1
One sample shall be submitted to enable tests to be carried out on both channels.
The frequency of the upper channel shall be within 100 kHz of the highest frequency of the switching
range. The frequency of the lower channel shall be within 100 kHz of the lowest frequency of the switching
range. In addition the average of the frequencies of the two channels shall be within 100 kHz of the centre
frequency of the alignment range.
Full tests shall be carried out on both channels.
5.1.8 Testing of two channel equipment of category AR2
Three samples of the equipment shall be tested. Tests shall be carried out on a total of four channels.
The highest frequency of the switching range of one sample shall be within 100 kHz of the centre
frequency of the alignment range. The frequency of the upper channel shall be within 100 kHz of the
highest frequency of the switching range and the frequency of the lower channel shall be within 100 kHz of
the lowest frequency of the switching range.
Full tests shall be carried out on both channels.

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ETS 300 454: December 1995
The frequency of one of the channels of the second sample shall be within 100 kHz of the highest
frequency of the alignment range.
Full tests shall be carried out on this channel.
The frequency of one of the channels of the third sample shall be within 100 kHz of the lowest frequency of
the alignment range.
Full tests shall be carried out on this channel.
5.1.9 Testing of multichannel equipment (more than two channels) of category AR1
One sample of the equipment shall be submitted to enable tests to be carried out on three channels. The
centre frequency of the switching range of the sample shall correspond to the centre frequency of the
alignment range.
Full tests shall be carried out on a frequency within 100 kHz of the centre, lowest and highest frequencies
of the switching range.
5.1.10 Testing of multichannel equipment (more than two channels) of category AR2 where
the switching range is less than the alignment range
Three samples of the equipment shall be tested. Tests shall be carried out on a total of five channels.
The centre frequency of the switching range of one sample shall be within 100 kHz of the centre frequency
of the alignment range. The frequency of the upper channel shall be within 100 kHz of the highest
frequency of the switching range and the frequency of the lower channel shall be within 100 kHz of the
lowest frequency of the switching range.
Full tests shall be carried out on the centre and upper and lower channels.
The frequency of one of the channels of the second sample shall be within 100 kHz of the highest
frequency of the alignment range.
Full tests shall be carried out on this channel.
The frequency of one of the channels of the third sample shall be within 100 kHz of the lowest frequency of
the alignment range.
Full tests shall be carried out on this channel.
5.1.11 Testing of multichannel equipment (more than two channels) of category AR2 where
the switching range is equal to the alignment range
One sample shall be submitted to enable tests to be carried out on three channels.
The centre frequency of the switching range of the sample shall correspond to the centre frequency of the
alignment range.
Full tests shall be carried out on a frequency within 100 kHz of the centre frequency of the switching range
and within 100 kHz of the lowest and also within 100 kHz of the highest frequency of the switching range.
5.1.12 Testing of equipment without a permanent external RF port
To facilitate relative measurements, use can be made of a test fixture as described in subclause 7.3 or the
equipment can be supplied with a permanent internal or temporary internal/external RF port.
5.1.12.1 Equipment with a permanent internal RF port
The way to access a permanent internal RF port shall be stated by the applicant with the aid of a diagram.
The fact that use has been made of the permanent internal RF port shall be recorded in the test report.

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5.1.12.2 Equipment with a temporary RF port
The applicant shall submit two sets of equipment to the test laboratory, one fitted with a temporary 50 Ω RF
connector with the antenna disconnected and the other with the antenna connected. Each equipment shall
be used for the appropriate tests.
The way the temporary RF port is implemented shall be stated by the applicant with the aid of a diagram.
The fact that use has been made of the temporary RF port to facilitate measurements shall be stated in the
test report. The addition of a temporary RF port should not influence the performance of the equipment
under test.
5.2 Mechanical and electrical design
5.2.1 General
The equipment submitted by the applicant shall be designed, constructed and manufactured in accordance
with sound engineering practice, and with the aim of minimising harmful interference to other equipment
and services.
5.2.2 Limiting threshold
The limiting threshold is defined as the minimum audio input level at which the slope of the audio
input/output transfer curve, with the levels expressed in dB, is greater or equal to 4:1 (see figure 1).
For non-linear or companded systems, this point is determined with a complementary audio decoding
module connected to the test demodulator. The measurement is made at 500 Hz with any user accessible
gain controls set according to the manufacturer's instructions.
dB
(Arbitrary reference)
_
+ 10
Audio output
_
level from
_
complimentary
- 10
Slope = 4:1
audio decoding
_
circuits
- 20
Slope = 1:1
_
- 30
|||
||
- 30     - 20     - 10    0 dB(lim)   + 10
Audio input level to transmitter (dB relative to limiting threshold)
Figure 1: Determination of audio input limiting threshold
In the case of a transmitter designed for acoustical input only, with an integral microphone and no limiter, a
sound pressure of 128 dB relative to 20 μPa is regarded as the limiting threshold.
5.2.3 Controls
Those controls which, if maladjusted, might increase the interfering potentialities of the equipment shall
only be accessible by partial or complete disassembly of the device and requiring the use of tools.
5.2.4 Integral antenna
Type approval of equipment with integral antenna only applies to that equipment together with the
antennas originally provided by the manufacturer for type testing.

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ETS 300 454: December 1995
5.2.5 Marking (equipment identification)
The equipment shall be marked in a visible place. This marking shall be legible, tamper-proof and durable.
The marking shall include:
- the name of the manufacturer or his trade mark;
- the type designation of the manufacturer;
- serial number;
- operational frequency range;
- national and/or international marking;
- modulation type;
or a normally readable label, plus:
- electronically, in a secure format, containing information as detailed above which is easily readable
by either the receiver provided by the manufacturer or a reading system provided by the
manufacturer with each transmitter.
5.3 Interpretation of the measurement results
The interpretation of the results recorded in the appropriate test report for the measurements described in
this ETS shall be as follows:
- the measured value related to the corresponding limit will be used to decide whether an equipment
meets the requirements of the ETS;
- the measurement uncertainty value for the measurement of each parameter shall be separately
included in the test report;
- the recorded value of the measurement uncertainty shall be, for each measurement, equal to or
lower than the figures in the table of measurement uncertainty as in clause 10.
6 Test conditions, power sources and ambient conditions
6.1 Normal and extreme test conditions
Type tests shall be made under normal test conditions, and also, where stated, under extreme test
conditions.
The test conditions and procedures shall be as specified in subclauses 6.2 to 6.4.2.4.
6.2 Test power source
During type tests the power source of the equipment shall be replaced by a test power source, capable of
producing normal and extreme test voltages as specified in subclauses 6.3.2 and 6.4.2. The internal
impedance of the test power shall be low enough for its effect on the test results to be negligible. For the
purpose of the tests, the voltage of the power source shall be measured at the input terminals of the
equipment.
For battery operated equipment, the battery shall be removed and the test power source shall be suitably
de-coupled and applied as close to the equipment battery terminals as practicable. For radiated
measurements any external power leads should be arranged so as not to affect the measurements.
If necessary the external power supply may be replaced with its own internal batteries at the required
voltage, this shall be stated on the test report.
If the equipment is provided with a power cable or power socket, the test voltage shall be that measured at
the point of connection of the power cable to the equipment.
During tests the power source voltages shall be within a tolerance of < ± 1 % relative to the voltage at the
beginning of each test. The value of this tolerance can be critical for certain measurements. Using a
smaller tolerance will provide a better uncertainty value for these measurements. If internal batteries are

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ETS 300 454: December 1995
used, at the end of each test the voltage shall be within a tolerance of < ± 1 % relative to the voltage at the
beginning of each test.
6.3 Normal test conditions
6.3.1 Normal temperature and humidity
The normal temperature and humidity conditions for tests shall be any convenient combination of
temperature and humidity within the following ranges:
- temperature: + 15° to + 35°C;
- relative humidity: 20 % to 75 %.
When it is impracticable to carry out the tests under the conditions stated above, a note to this effect,
stating the actual temperature and relative humidity during the tests, shall be added to the test report.
6.3.2 Normal test power source voltage
6.3.2.1 Mains voltage
The normal test voltage for equipment to be connected to the mains shall be the nominal mains voltage.
For the purpose of this ETS, the nominal voltage shall be the declared voltage or any of the declared
voltages for which the equipment was designed.
The frequency of the test power source corresponding to the ac mains shall be between 49 and 51 Hz.
6.3.2.2 Nickel-Cadmium cells
When the radio equipment is intended for operation from the usual types of nickel-cadmium cell the
nominal test voltage shall be 1,2 volts per cell.
6.3.2.3 Other power sources
For operation from other power sources or types of battery (primary or secondary), the normal test voltage
shall be that declared by the equipment manufacturer and approved by the test laboratory. Such values
shall be stated in the test report.
6.4 Extreme Test Conditions
6.4.1 Extreme temperatures
For tests at extreme temperatures, measurements shall be made in accordance with the procedures
specified in subclause 6.4.1.1, at the following temperatures:
a) - 10°C;
b) + 45°C.
6.4.1.1 Procedures for tests at extreme temperatures
Before measurements are made the equipment shall have reached thermal balance in the test chamber.
The equipment shall be switched off during the temperature stabilising period. If the thermal balance is not
checked by measurements, a temperature stabilising period of at least one hour shall be allowed.
The sequence of measurements shall be chosen, and the humidity content in the test chamber shall be
controlled so that excessive condensation does not occur.
Before tests at the higher temperatures, the equipment shall be placed in the test chamber and left until
thermal balance is attained. The equipment shall then be switched on for one minute in the transmit
condition, after which the equipment shall meet the specified requirements.

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ETS 300 454: December 1995
For tests at the lower extreme temperature the equ
...