SIST ISO 4308-1:2012
Cranes and lifting appliances - Selection of wire ropes - Part 1: General
Cranes and lifting appliances - Selection of wire ropes - Part 1: General
This part of ISO 4308 specifies two methods for the selection of wire rope to be used on lifting appliances as designated in ISO 4306-1, one based on the value of the rope selection factor C and the other based on the value of the coefficient of utilization Zp. This part of ISO 4308 establishes the minimum requirements for acceptable strength and performance levels of wire ropes with respect to the design, application and maintenance of the lifting appliance. This part of ISO 4308-1 establishes the minimum requirements for the diameters of drums and sheaves that are to be associated with the selected wire rope. A non-exhaustive list of types of lifting appliance to which this part of ISO 4308 is applicable is given in Annex A. Annex B provides some examples of rope selection. Annex C gives factors, additional to those mentioned above, which may need consideration when selecting the wire rope. Annex D specifies the selection method for the diameter of the compensating sheave when used in relation to hoists.
Grues et appareils de levage - Choix des câbles - Partie 1: Généralités
L'ISO 4308-1:2003 spécifie deux méthodes pour le choix des câbles en acier utilisés avec les appareils de levage définis dans l'ISO 4306-1, l'une basée sur basée sur la valeur du coefficient de choix du câble C, et l'autre sur la valeur du coefficient d'utilisation Zp.
L'ISO 4308-1:2003 fixe les prescriptions minimales pour ces câbles, de façon qu'ils puissent avoir une résistance et des niveaux de performance compatibles avec le calcul, l'utilisation et la maintenance de l'appareil de levage.
L'ISO 4308-1:2003 établit les prescriptions minimales pour le diamètre du tambour et des poulies qui sont associés au câble choisi.
Une liste non exhaustive des types d'appareils de levage auxquelles l'ISO 4308-1:2003 s'applique est donnée en Annexe A.
L'annexe B donne des exemples de choix de câbles.
L'annexe C donne des coefficients supplémentaires à ceux mentionnés ci-dessus, qui peuvent être pris en considération lors du choix d'un câble.
L'annexe D donne une méthode pour le choix du diamètre des poulies de compensation utilisées avec les treuils.
Žerjavi in dvigalna oprema - Izbira dvigalnih vrvi - 1. del: Splošno
Ta del standarda ISO 4308 določa dve metodi za izbiro dvigalne vrvi, ki se uporablja pri dvigalni opremi, kot je določeno v standardu ISO 4306-1, pri čemer ena temelji na vrednosti dejavnika pri izbiri vrvi C, druga pa na vrednosti koeficienta uporabnosti Zp. Ta del standarda ISO 4308 določa minimalne zahteve za sprejemljive ravni trdnosti in delovanja dvigalnih vrvi v zvezi z zasnovo, uporabo in vzdrževanjem dvigalne opreme. Ta del standarda ISO 4308-1 določa minimalne zahteve za premere bobnov in ožlebljenih kolesc, ki se bodo uporabljali z izbrano dvigalno vrvjo. Neizčrpen seznam vrst dvigalne opreme, za katero se ta del standarda ISO 4308 uporablja, je naveden v dodatku A. Dodatek B navaja nekaj primerov izbire vrvi. V dodatku C so navedeni dejavniki poleg že navedenih dejavnikov, ki se lahko upoštevajo pri izbiri dvigalne vrvi. Dodatek D določa metodo izbire za premer izravnalnega ožlebljenega kolesca, kadar se uporablja z dvigali.
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 4308-1
Third edition
2003-05-01
Cranes and lifting appliances — Selection
of wire ropes —
Part 1:
General
Grues et appareils de levage — Choix des câbles —
Partie 1: Généralités
Reference number
ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
©
ISO 2003
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2003
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references. 1
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Type of rope. 2
5 Duty conditions. 2
6 Selection procedure. 3
6.1 Calculation of C values.3
6.2 Z values . 3
p
6.3 Calculation of minimum rope diameter . 4
6.4 Calculation of minimum breaking force . 4
7 Diameter of rope drums and sheaves. 5
8 Stationary ropes. 6
9 Dangerous conditions. 6
10 Care, maintenance, examination and discard. 6
Annex A (normative) Lifting appliances to which this part of ISO 4308 is applicable . 7
Annex B (informative) Examples of wire rope selection . 8
Annex C (informative) Other selection aspects. 9
Annex D (normative) Hoists — Diameter of compensating sheaves. 21
Bibliography . 22
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved iii
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ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 4308-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 96, Cranes, Subcommittee SC 3, Selection of wire
ropes.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 4308-1:1986), which has been technically
revised.
ISO 4308 consists of the following parts, under the general title Cranes and lifting appliances — Selection of
wire ropes:
Part 1: General
Part 2: Mobile cranes — Coefficient of utilization
iv © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
Cranes and lifting appliances — Selection of wire ropes —
Part 1:
General
1 Scope
This part of ISO 4308 specifies two methods for the selection of wire rope to be used on lifting appliances as
designated in ISO 4306-1, one based on the value of the rope selection factor C and the other based on the
value of the coefficient of utilization Z
p
This part of ISO 4308 establishes the minimum requirements for acceptable strength and performance levels
of wire ropes with respect to the design, application and maintenance of the lifting appliance.
This part of ISO 4308-1 establishes the minimum requirements for the diameters of drums and sheaves that
are to be associated with the selected wire rope.
A non-exhaustive list of types of lifting appliance to which this part of ISO 4308 is applicable is given in
Annex A.
Annex B provides some examples of rope selection.
Annex C gives factors, additional to those mentioned above, which may need consideration when selecting
the wire rope.
Annex D specifies the selection method for the diameter of the compensating sheave when used in relation to
hoists.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2408:1985, Steel wire ropes for general purposes — Characteristics
ISO 4301-1:1986, Cranes and lifting appliances — Classification — Part 1: General
ISO 4306-1:1990, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General
ISO 4309, Cranes — Wire ropes — Care, maintenance (including installation), inspection
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 1
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ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this part of ISO 4308, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
parallel-closed rope
stranded rope consisting of at least two layers of strand laid helically in one closing operation around a strand
or fibre centre
3.2
rotation-resistant rope
multi-strand rope
non-rotating rope
stranded rope designed to generate reduced levels of torque and rotation when loaded
NOTE 1 Rotation-resistant ropes generally comprise an assembly of two or more layers of strands laid helically around
a centre, the direction of lay of the outer strands being opposite to that of the underlying layer.
NOTE 2 Ropes having three or four strands can also be designed to exhibit rotation-resistant properties.
3.3
single-layer rope
stranded rope consisting of one layer of strands laid helically around a core
3.4
stranded rope
assembly of several strands, laid helically in one or more layers around a core (single-layer rope) or centre
(rotation-resistant or parallel-closed rope)
NOTE Single-layer ropes consisting of three and four strands may or may not have a core.
4 Type of rope
Where possible, the wire rope selected shall be in accordance with ISO 2408.
Selection of wire rope not specified by ISO 2408 is permitted, but in such cases the supplier of the wire rope
shall show, to the user, documentation which is supported by the rope-maker’s technical file for the product,
that clearly demonstrates that the product has acceptable strength and performance levels with respect to the
design of mechanisms, application and maintenance of the appliance.
5 Duty conditions
The mechanisms of lifting appliances shall be classified according to the duty conditions laid down in
ISO 4301-1.
2 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
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ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
6 Selection procedure
6.1 Calculation of C values
The value of the rope selection factor, C, is a function of the coefficient of utilization, Z , and is given by
p
Equation (1):
Z
p
C = (1)
K′ ⋅
R
o
where
C is the rope selection factor (minimum);
′
K is the empirical factor for minimum breaking load of a given rope construction (see Table 3 of
ISO 2408:1985 or as otherwise provided by the rope supplier);
1)
R is the minimum tensile strength of the wire used in the rope, in newtons per square millimetre ;
o
Z is the minimum practical coefficient of utilization.
p
6.2 Z values
p
Table 1 gives the values of Z which shall be used for each classification group of mechanism in order to meet
p
the minimum requirements of this part of ISO 4308. It also gives the calculated values of C corresponding to
2
′
the rope type (6 × 36 WS - IWRC) with R = 1 770 N/mm and with an empirical factor K = 0,356.
o
2
′
Table 1 — Z values and C values (for R = 1 770 N/mm and K = 0,356)
p o
Classification of
Z value C value
p
mechanism
M1 3,15 0,071
M2 3,35 0,073
M3 3,55 0,075
M4 4,0 0,080
M5 4,5 0,085
M6 5,6 0,094
M7 7,1 0,106
M8 9,0 0,120
NOTE Whilst Equation (1) shows the exact relationship between C and Z , the values shown in Table 1 have been
p
corrected by rounding to three decimal places.
′
For ropes having a tensile strength R and an empirical factor K different from those shown above, different
o
values of C may be calculated using Equation (1) and substituted in Equation (2) indicated in 6.3.
2 6 2
1) 1 N/mm = 10 N/m = 1 MPa
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 3
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ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
6.3 Calculation of minimum rope diameter
The minimum diameter of the rope, d , in millimetres, is given by Equation (2):
min
dC= S (2)
min
where
d is the calculated minimum diameter of the rope, and is the value used in the selection process for
min
calculating the drum and sheave diameters;
C is the rope selection factor;
S is the maximum rope tension, in newtons, obtained by taking into account the following factors:
rated working load of the appliance;
mass of the pulley block and/or other lifting attachments;
mechanical advantage of reeving;
efficiency of the rope reeving;
the increase in force in the rope caused by the rope inclination at the upper extreme position
of the hook, if the rope inclination with respect to the drum axis exceeds 22,5°.
The nominal diameter of the rope selected (d) shall be within the range: d to d × 1,25.
min min
6.4 Calculation of minimum breaking force
The minimum breaking force, F , in newtons, of the particular rope intended for use is given by Equation (3):
min
F =⋅SZ (3)
min p
where
S is the maximum rope tension, in newtons, as established in 6.3;
Z is the minimum practical coefficient of utilization.
p
Examples of rope selection are given in Annex B.
4 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
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ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
7 Diameter of rope drums and sheaves
The minimum pitch circle diameter of the rope drums and rope sheaves shall be calculated using the minimum
rope diameter established in 6.3 and by applying the respective values of h , h as shown in Table 2 and the
1 2
rope type factor t, as shown in Table 3, as applicable, and which relates to the classification of the mechanism,
in Equations (4) and (5):
DhW ⋅⋅td (4)
11 min
or
DhW ⋅⋅td (5)
22 min
where
D is the minimum pitch circle diameter of the drum;
1
D is the minimum pitch circle diameter of the sheave;
2
d is the minimum diameter of the rope, calculated in accordance with 6.3;
min
h is the selection factor for the drum (ratio of the pitch circle diameter of the drum to the calculated
1
diameter of the rope);
h is the selection factor for the sheave (ratio of the pitch circle diameter of the sheave to the
2
calculated diameter of the rope);
t is the rope type factor in accordance with Table 3. The rope type factor takes into account the
different bending fatigue performance of different types of rope.
Table 2 — Selection factors h and h
1 2
Drums Sheaves
Classification of mechanism
h h
1 2
M1 11,2 12,5
M2 12,5 14,0
M3 14,0 16,0
M4 16,0 18,0
M5 18,0 20,0
M6 20,0 22,4
M7 22,4 25,0
M8 25,0 28,0
For hoists, the minimum pitch circle diameter of any compensating sheave shall be calculated in accordance
with Annex D.
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 5
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ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
Table 3 — Rope type factor t for various rope types
Rope type factor
Number of outer strands in the rope
t
3 to 5 1,25
6 to 10 1,00
8 to 10 plastic impregnation 0,95
a
10 and greater RR 1,00
a
Rotation-resistant rope
8 Stationary ropes
Stationary ropes are fixed at both ends and are not subject to coiling on a drum or over a sheave. Their
selection is made in accordance with 6.4, with Z values modified as in Table 4, where the maximum rope
p
tension, S, shall be established by the manufacturer of the mechanism who shall take account of both the
static forces.
Table 4 — Z values for stationary ropes
p
Classification of mechanism Z value
p
M1 2,5
M2 2,5
M3 3,0
M4 3,5
M5 4,0
M6 4,5
M7 5,0
M8 5,0
9 Dangerous conditions
For dangerous conditions, for example the handling of molten metal,
a) no classification group lower than M5 shall be used,
b) the Z value shall be increased by 25 % up to a maximum of 9,0 or, alternatively, the C value for the next
p
higher classification group shall be adopted when selecting the rope.
10 Care, maintenance, examination and discard
The selection of the ropes, drums and sheaves according to this part of ISO 4308 does not alone ensure safe
operation of the rope for indefinite periods.
The instructions on care, maintenance (including installation), examination and discard for wire ropes given in
ISO 4309 shall be adopted.
6 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
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ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
Annex A
(normative)
Lifting appliances to which this part of ISO 4308 is applicable
This part of ISO 4308 is applicable to the following non-exhaustive list (extracted from ISO 4306-1) of cranes
and lifting appliances:
a) overhead travelling cranes;
b) hoists-wire rope;
c) portal or semi-portal cranes;
d) portal or semi-portal bridge cranes;
e) cable and portal cable cranes (hoist and trolley mechanisms only);
f) mobile cranes;
g) tower cranes;
h) railway cranes;
i) floating cranes;
j) deck cranes;
k) derrick and guy derrick cranes;
l) derrick cranes with rigid bracing;
m) cantilever cranes (pillar, jib, wall or walking).
The cranes can be used for hook, grabbing, magnet, ladle, bucket or stacking duties, and can be operated
manually, electrically or hydraulically.
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 7
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ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
Annex B
(informative)
Examples of wire rope selection
B.1 Example 1
A lifting appliance is intended to operate under duty conditions defined in the classification of mechanisms as
M4. The maximum rope tension has been established as 79 kN.
2
The type and grade of the rope to be selected has a K′ value of 0,356 and R value of 1 770 N/mm . From
o
Table 1, the C value is 0,080.
From 6.3 using Equation (2):
1/2
d = 0,080 × (79 000)
min
= 22,486 mm
For practical purposes, the minimum diameter of the rope selected is not to be less than 22,5 mm or greater
than 28,1 mm.
From 6.4 using Equation (3):
Minimum breaking force F = 79 × 4 = 316 kN
min
For practical purposes, the minimum breaking force of the rope selected shall not be less than 316 kN.
B.2 Example 2
The parameters required are similar to those indicated in Example 1, but on this occasion the constructor of
the appliance wishes to employ a smaller rope size to reduce equipment mass, and therefore selects a rope
2
type and grade having a K′ value of 0,497 and R value of 1 960 N/mm .
o
From 6.1 using Equation (1):
1/2
C = [4/(0,497 × 1 960)]
= 0,064 1
corrected to 0,065 (Renard number from R40 series)
1/2
d = 0,065 × (79 000)
min
= 18,270 mm
For practical purposes, the nominal diameter of the rope selected shall not be less than 19 mm or greater than
22 mm.
From 6.4, using Equation (3) as in Example 1:
Minimum breaking force F = 79 × 4 = 316 kN
min
8 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
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ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
Annex C
(informative)
Other selection aspects
C.1 General
In addition to the selection procedure (Clause 6) and the determination of the diameter of rope drums and
sheaves (Clause 7), other factors may need consideration when selecting the rope class, construction and
type. The final rope selection may have an influence on the design of the mechanism.
C.2 Types of drum and rope selection
C.2.1 Types of drum
C.2.1.1 General
Drums may be either smooth or grooved.
For maximum rope life, the drum should hold the rope in a single layer. In cases where this is not possible,
due to space restrictions, two or more layers are required to accommodate all of the rope.
A grooved drum provides better rope coiling performance and less rope wear than a smooth drum where
multi-layer coiling has to be used.
When multi-layer coiling must be used, it should be realized that after the first layer is coiled onto a drum, the
rope has to cross the underlying rope in order to advance across the drum in the second layer. The points at
which the turns in the upper layer cross those in the lower layer are known as the cross-over points, and the
rope in those areas is susceptible to increased abrasion and crushing.
The drum flanges should project above the last layer of rope by a minimum of 1,5 times the rope diameter.
The direction of coiling of the rope on the drum is important. It should be related to the direction of lay of the
rope (see Figure C.1) and applies to both smooth and grooved surfaces.
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 9
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ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
a) Right-hand-lay rope – underwind
Start rope at right-hand flange for right-hand-lay rope
b) Left-hand-lay rope – underwind
Start rope at left-hand flange for left-hand-lay rope
c) Right-hand-lay rope – overwind
Start rope at left-hand flange for right-hand-lay rope
d) Left-hand-lay rope – overwind
Start rope at right-hand flange for left-hand-lay rope
NOTE Thumb indicates the side of the rope anchorage.
Figure C.1 — Correct method for locating the rope anchorage point on a drum
C.2.1.2 Smooth drums
Coiling of a wire rope on a smooth drum requires a great deal of care.
Any loo
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 4308-1:2012
01-oktober-2012
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 4308-1:1997
Žerjavi in dvigalna oprema - Izbira dvigalnih vrvi - 1. del: Splošno
Cranes and lifting appliances - Selection of wire ropes - Part 1: General
Grues et appareils de levage - Choix des câbles - Partie 1: Généralités
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 4308-1:2003
ICS:
53.020.30 Pribor za dvigalno opremo Accessories for lifting
equipment
SIST ISO 4308-1:2012 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 4308-1:2012
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST ISO 4308-1:2012
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 4308-1
Third edition
2003-05-01
Cranes and lifting appliances — Selection
of wire ropes —
Part 1:
General
Grues et appareils de levage — Choix des câbles —
Partie 1: Généralités
Reference number
ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
©
ISO 2003
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2003
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references. 1
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Type of rope. 2
5 Duty conditions. 2
6 Selection procedure. 3
6.1 Calculation of C values.3
6.2 Z values . 3
p
6.3 Calculation of minimum rope diameter . 4
6.4 Calculation of minimum breaking force . 4
7 Diameter of rope drums and sheaves. 5
8 Stationary ropes. 6
9 Dangerous conditions. 6
10 Care, maintenance, examination and discard. 6
Annex A (normative) Lifting appliances to which this part of ISO 4308 is applicable . 7
Annex B (informative) Examples of wire rope selection . 8
Annex C (informative) Other selection aspects. 9
Annex D (normative) Hoists — Diameter of compensating sheaves. 21
Bibliography . 22
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 4308-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 96, Cranes, Subcommittee SC 3, Selection of wire
ropes.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 4308-1:1986), which has been technically
revised.
ISO 4308 consists of the following parts, under the general title Cranes and lifting appliances — Selection of
wire ropes:
Part 1: General
Part 2: Mobile cranes — Coefficient of utilization
iv © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 4308-1:2012
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
Cranes and lifting appliances — Selection of wire ropes —
Part 1:
General
1 Scope
This part of ISO 4308 specifies two methods for the selection of wire rope to be used on lifting appliances as
designated in ISO 4306-1, one based on the value of the rope selection factor C and the other based on the
value of the coefficient of utilization Z
p
This part of ISO 4308 establishes the minimum requirements for acceptable strength and performance levels
of wire ropes with respect to the design, application and maintenance of the lifting appliance.
This part of ISO 4308-1 establishes the minimum requirements for the diameters of drums and sheaves that
are to be associated with the selected wire rope.
A non-exhaustive list of types of lifting appliance to which this part of ISO 4308 is applicable is given in
Annex A.
Annex B provides some examples of rope selection.
Annex C gives factors, additional to those mentioned above, which may need consideration when selecting
the wire rope.
Annex D specifies the selection method for the diameter of the compensating sheave when used in relation to
hoists.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2408:1985, Steel wire ropes for general purposes — Characteristics
ISO 4301-1:1986, Cranes and lifting appliances — Classification — Part 1: General
ISO 4306-1:1990, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General
ISO 4309, Cranes — Wire ropes — Care, maintenance (including installation), inspection
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this part of ISO 4308, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
parallel-closed rope
stranded rope consisting of at least two layers of strand laid helically in one closing operation around a strand
or fibre centre
3.2
rotation-resistant rope
multi-strand rope
non-rotating rope
stranded rope designed to generate reduced levels of torque and rotation when loaded
NOTE 1 Rotation-resistant ropes generally comprise an assembly of two or more layers of strands laid helically around
a centre, the direction of lay of the outer strands being opposite to that of the underlying layer.
NOTE 2 Ropes having three or four strands can also be designed to exhibit rotation-resistant properties.
3.3
single-layer rope
stranded rope consisting of one layer of strands laid helically around a core
3.4
stranded rope
assembly of several strands, laid helically in one or more layers around a core (single-layer rope) or centre
(rotation-resistant or parallel-closed rope)
NOTE Single-layer ropes consisting of three and four strands may or may not have a core.
4 Type of rope
Where possible, the wire rope selected shall be in accordance with ISO 2408.
Selection of wire rope not specified by ISO 2408 is permitted, but in such cases the supplier of the wire rope
shall show, to the user, documentation which is supported by the rope-maker’s technical file for the product,
that clearly demonstrates that the product has acceptable strength and performance levels with respect to the
design of mechanisms, application and maintenance of the appliance.
5 Duty conditions
The mechanisms of lifting appliances shall be classified according to the duty conditions laid down in
ISO 4301-1.
2 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
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SIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
6 Selection procedure
6.1 Calculation of C values
The value of the rope selection factor, C, is a function of the coefficient of utilization, Z , and is given by
p
Equation (1):
Z
p
C = (1)
K′ ⋅
R
o
where
C is the rope selection factor (minimum);
′
K is the empirical factor for minimum breaking load of a given rope construction (see Table 3 of
ISO 2408:1985 or as otherwise provided by the rope supplier);
1)
R is the minimum tensile strength of the wire used in the rope, in newtons per square millimetre ;
o
Z is the minimum practical coefficient of utilization.
p
6.2 Z values
p
Table 1 gives the values of Z which shall be used for each classification group of mechanism in order to meet
p
the minimum requirements of this part of ISO 4308. It also gives the calculated values of C corresponding to
2
′
the rope type (6 × 36 WS - IWRC) with R = 1 770 N/mm and with an empirical factor K = 0,356.
o
2
′
Table 1 — Z values and C values (for R = 1 770 N/mm and K = 0,356)
p o
Classification of
Z value C value
p
mechanism
M1 3,15 0,071
M2 3,35 0,073
M3 3,55 0,075
M4 4,0 0,080
M5 4,5 0,085
M6 5,6 0,094
M7 7,1 0,106
M8 9,0 0,120
NOTE Whilst Equation (1) shows the exact relationship between C and Z , the values shown in Table 1 have been
p
corrected by rounding to three decimal places.
′
For ropes having a tensile strength R and an empirical factor K different from those shown above, different
o
values of C may be calculated using Equation (1) and substituted in Equation (2) indicated in 6.3.
2 6 2
1) 1 N/mm = 10 N/m = 1 MPa
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 3
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SIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
6.3 Calculation of minimum rope diameter
The minimum diameter of the rope, d , in millimetres, is given by Equation (2):
min
dC= S (2)
min
where
d is the calculated minimum diameter of the rope, and is the value used in the selection process for
min
calculating the drum and sheave diameters;
C is the rope selection factor;
S is the maximum rope tension, in newtons, obtained by taking into account the following factors:
rated working load of the appliance;
mass of the pulley block and/or other lifting attachments;
mechanical advantage of reeving;
efficiency of the rope reeving;
the increase in force in the rope caused by the rope inclination at the upper extreme position
of the hook, if the rope inclination with respect to the drum axis exceeds 22,5°.
The nominal diameter of the rope selected (d) shall be within the range: d to d × 1,25.
min min
6.4 Calculation of minimum breaking force
The minimum breaking force, F , in newtons, of the particular rope intended for use is given by Equation (3):
min
F =⋅SZ (3)
min p
where
S is the maximum rope tension, in newtons, as established in 6.3;
Z is the minimum practical coefficient of utilization.
p
Examples of rope selection are given in Annex B.
4 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
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SIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
7 Diameter of rope drums and sheaves
The minimum pitch circle diameter of the rope drums and rope sheaves shall be calculated using the minimum
rope diameter established in 6.3 and by applying the respective values of h , h as shown in Table 2 and the
1 2
rope type factor t, as shown in Table 3, as applicable, and which relates to the classification of the mechanism,
in Equations (4) and (5):
DhW ⋅⋅td (4)
11 min
or
DhW ⋅⋅td (5)
22 min
where
D is the minimum pitch circle diameter of the drum;
1
D is the minimum pitch circle diameter of the sheave;
2
d is the minimum diameter of the rope, calculated in accordance with 6.3;
min
h is the selection factor for the drum (ratio of the pitch circle diameter of the drum to the calculated
1
diameter of the rope);
h is the selection factor for the sheave (ratio of the pitch circle diameter of the sheave to the
2
calculated diameter of the rope);
t is the rope type factor in accordance with Table 3. The rope type factor takes into account the
different bending fatigue performance of different types of rope.
Table 2 — Selection factors h and h
1 2
Drums Sheaves
Classification of mechanism
h h
1 2
M1 11,2 12,5
M2 12,5 14,0
M3 14,0 16,0
M4 16,0 18,0
M5 18,0 20,0
M6 20,0 22,4
M7 22,4 25,0
M8 25,0 28,0
For hoists, the minimum pitch circle diameter of any compensating sheave shall be calculated in accordance
with Annex D.
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 5
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SIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
Table 3 — Rope type factor t for various rope types
Rope type factor
Number of outer strands in the rope
t
3 to 5 1,25
6 to 10 1,00
8 to 10 plastic impregnation 0,95
a
10 and greater RR 1,00
a
Rotation-resistant rope
8 Stationary ropes
Stationary ropes are fixed at both ends and are not subject to coiling on a drum or over a sheave. Their
selection is made in accordance with 6.4, with Z values modified as in Table 4, where the maximum rope
p
tension, S, shall be established by the manufacturer of the mechanism who shall take account of both the
static forces.
Table 4 — Z values for stationary ropes
p
Classification of mechanism Z value
p
M1 2,5
M2 2,5
M3 3,0
M4 3,5
M5 4,0
M6 4,5
M7 5,0
M8 5,0
9 Dangerous conditions
For dangerous conditions, for example the handling of molten metal,
a) no classification group lower than M5 shall be used,
b) the Z value shall be increased by 25 % up to a maximum of 9,0 or, alternatively, the C value for the next
p
higher classification group shall be adopted when selecting the rope.
10 Care, maintenance, examination and discard
The selection of the ropes, drums and sheaves according to this part of ISO 4308 does not alone ensure safe
operation of the rope for indefinite periods.
The instructions on care, maintenance (including installation), examination and discard for wire ropes given in
ISO 4309 shall be adopted.
6 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
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SIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
Annex A
(normative)
Lifting appliances to which this part of ISO 4308 is applicable
This part of ISO 4308 is applicable to the following non-exhaustive list (extracted from ISO 4306-1) of cranes
and lifting appliances:
a) overhead travelling cranes;
b) hoists-wire rope;
c) portal or semi-portal cranes;
d) portal or semi-portal bridge cranes;
e) cable and portal cable cranes (hoist and trolley mechanisms only);
f) mobile cranes;
g) tower cranes;
h) railway cranes;
i) floating cranes;
j) deck cranes;
k) derrick and guy derrick cranes;
l) derrick cranes with rigid bracing;
m) cantilever cranes (pillar, jib, wall or walking).
The cranes can be used for hook, grabbing, magnet, ladle, bucket or stacking duties, and can be operated
manually, electrically or hydraulically.
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 7
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SIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
Annex B
(informative)
Examples of wire rope selection
B.1 Example 1
A lifting appliance is intended to operate under duty conditions defined in the classification of mechanisms as
M4. The maximum rope tension has been established as 79 kN.
2
The type and grade of the rope to be selected has a K′ value of 0,356 and R value of 1 770 N/mm . From
o
Table 1, the C value is 0,080.
From 6.3 using Equation (2):
1/2
d = 0,080 × (79 000)
min
= 22,486 mm
For practical purposes, the minimum diameter of the rope selected is not to be less than 22,5 mm or greater
than 28,1 mm.
From 6.4 using Equation (3):
Minimum breaking force F = 79 × 4 = 316 kN
min
For practical purposes, the minimum breaking force of the rope selected shall not be less than 316 kN.
B.2 Example 2
The parameters required are similar to those indicated in Example 1, but on this occasion the constructor of
the appliance wishes to employ a smaller rope size to reduce equipment mass, and therefore selects a rope
2
type and grade having a K′ value of 0,497 and R value of 1 960 N/mm .
o
From 6.1 using Equation (1):
1/2
C = [4/(0,497 × 1 960)]
= 0,064 1
corrected to 0,065 (Renard number from R40 series)
1/2
d = 0,065 × (79 000)
min
= 18,270 mm
For practical purposes, the nominal diameter of the rope selected shall not be less than 19 mm or greater than
22 mm.
From 6.4, using Equation (3) as in Example 1:
Minimum breaking force F = 79 × 4 = 316 kN
min
8 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
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SIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
Annex C
(informative)
Other selection aspects
C.1 General
In addition to the selection procedure (Clause 6) and the determination of the diameter of rope drums and
sheaves (Clause 7), other factors may need consideration when selecting the rope class, construction and
type. The final rope selection may have an influence on the design of the mechanism.
C.2 Types of drum and rope selection
C.2.1 Types of drum
C.2.1.1 General
Drums may be either smooth or grooved.
For maximum rope life, the drum should hold the rope in a single layer. In cases where this is not possible,
due to space restrictions, two or more layers are required to accommodate all of the rope.
A grooved drum provides better rope coiling performance and less rope wear than a smooth drum where
multi-layer coiling has to be used.
When multi-layer coiling must be used, it should be realized that after the first layer is coiled onto a drum, the
rope has to cross the underlying rope in order to advance across the drum in the second layer. The points at
which the turns in the upper layer cross those in the lower layer are known as the cross-over points, and the
rope in those areas is susceptible to increased abrasion and crushing.
The drum flanges should project above the last layer of rope by a minimum of 1,5 times the rope diameter.
The direction of coiling of the rope on the drum is important. It should be related to the direction of lay of the
rope (see Figure C.1) and applies to both smooth and grooved surfaces.
© ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 9
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SIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E)
a) Right-hand-lay rope – underwind
Start rope at right-hand flange for right-hand-lay rope
b) Left-hand-lay rope – underwind
Start rope at le
...
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Žerjavi in dvigalna oprema - Izbira dvigalnih vrvi - 1. del: SplošnoGrues et appareils de levage - Choix des câbles - Partie 1: GénéralitésCranes and lifting appliances - Selection of wire ropes - Part 1: General53.020.30Pribor za dvigalno opremoAccessories for lifting equipmentICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:ISO 4308-1:2003oSIST ISO 4308-1:2012en,fr01-januar-2012oSIST ISO 4308-1:2012SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
oSIST ISO 4308-1:2012
Reference numberISO 4308-1:2003(E)© ISO 2003
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO4308-1Third edition2003-05-01Cranes and lifting appliances — Selection of wire ropes — Part 1: General Grues et appareils de levage — Choix des câbles — Partie 1: Généralités
oSIST ISO 4308-1:2012
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ii © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
oSIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E) © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword.iv 1 Scope.1 2 Normative references.1 3 Terms and definitions.2 4 Type of rope.2 5 Duty conditions.2 6 Selection procedure.3 6.1 Calculation of C values.3 6.2 Zp
values.3 6.3 Calculation of minimum rope diameter.4 6.4 Calculation of minimum breaking force.4 7 Diameter of rope drums and sheaves.5 8 Stationary ropes.6 9 Dangerous conditions.6 10 Care, maintenance, examination and discard.6 Annex A (normative)
Lifting appliances to which this part of ISO 4308 is applicable.7 Annex B (informative)
Examples of wire rope selection.8 Annex C (informative)
Other selection aspects.9 Annex D (normative)
Hoists — Diameter of compensating sheaves.21 Bibliography.22
oSIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E) iv © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 4308-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 96, Cranes, Subcommittee SC 3, Selection of wire ropes. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 4308-1:1986), which has been technically revised. ISO 4308 consists of the following parts, under the general title Cranes and lifting appliances — Selection of wire ropes: =Part 1: General =Part 2: Mobile cranes — Coefficient of utilization
oSIST ISO 4308-1:2012
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4308-1:2003(E) © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 1 Cranes and lifting appliances — Selection of wire ropes — Part 1: General 1 Scope This part of ISO 4308 specifies two methods for the selection of wire rope to be used on lifting appliances as designated in ISO 4306-1, one based on the value of the rope selection factor C and the other based on the value of the coefficient of utilization Zp
This part of ISO 4308 establishes the minimum requirements for acceptable strength and performance levels of wire ropes with respect to the design, application and maintenance of the lifting appliance. This part of ISO 4308-1 establishes the minimum requirements for the diameters of drums and sheaves that are to be associated with the selected wire rope. A non-exhaustive list of types of lifting appliance to which this part of ISO 4308 is applicable is given in Annex A. Annex B provides some examples of rope selection. Annex C gives factors, additional to those mentioned above, which may need consideration when selecting the wire rope. Annex D specifies the selection method for the diameter of the compensating sheave when used in relation to hoists. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 2408:1985, Steel wire ropes for general purposes — Characteristics ISO 4301-1:1986, Cranes and lifting appliances — Classification — Part 1: General ISO 4306-1:1990, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General ISO 4309, Cranes — Wire ropes — Care, maintenance (including installation), inspection oSIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E) 2 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this part of ISO 4308, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 parallel-closed rope stranded rope consisting of at least two layers of strand laid helically in one closing operation around a strand or fibre centre 3.2 rotation-resistant rope
multi-strand rope non-rotating rope stranded rope designed to generate reduced levels of torque and rotation when loaded
NOTE 1 Rotation-resistant ropes generally comprise an assembly of two or more layers of strands laid helically around a centre, the direction of lay of the outer strands being opposite to that of the underlying layer. NOTE 2 Ropes having three or four strands can also be designed to exhibit rotation-resistant properties. 3.3 single-layer rope stranded rope consisting of one layer of strands laid helically around a core
3.4 stranded rope assembly of several strands, laid helically in one or more layers around a core (single-layer rope) or centre (rotation-resistant or parallel-closed rope) NOTE Single-layer ropes consisting of three and four strands may or may not have a core. 4 Type of rope Where possible, the wire rope selected shall be in accordance with ISO 2408. Selection of wire rope not specified by ISO 2408 is permitted, but in such cases the supplier of the wire rope shall show, to the user, documentation which is supported by the rope-maker’s technical file for the product, that clearly demonstrates that the product has acceptable strength and performance levels with respect to the design of mechanisms, application and maintenance of the appliance. 5 Duty conditions The mechanisms of lifting appliances shall be classified according to the duty conditions laid down in ISO 4301-1. oSIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E) © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 3 6 Selection procedure 6.1 Calculation of C values The value of the rope selection factor, C, is a function of the coefficient of utilization, Zp, and is given by Equation (1): poZC = K
R′⋅ (1) where C is the rope selection factor (minimum); K′ is the empirical factor for minimum breaking load of a given rope construction (see Table 3 of ISO 2408:1985 or as otherwise provided by the rope supplier); Ro is the minimum tensile strength of the wire used in the rope, in newtons per square millimetre1); Zp is the minimum practical coefficient of utilization. 6.2 Zp
values Table 1 gives the values of Zp which shall be used for each classification group of mechanism in order to meet the minimum requirements of this part of ISO 4308. It also gives the calculated values of C corresponding to the rope type (6 × 36 WS - IWRC) with Ro = 1 770 N/mm2 and with an empirical factor K′ = 0,356. Table 1 — Zp values and C values (for Ro = 1 770 N/mm2 and K′ = 0,356) Classification of mechanism Zp value C value M1 3,15 0,071 M2 3,35 0,073 M3 3,55 0,075 M4 4,0 0,080 M5 4,5 0,085 M6 5,6 0,094 M7 7,1 0,106 M8 9,0 0,120
NOTE Whilst Equation (1) shows the exact relationship between C and Zp, the values shown in Table 1 have been corrected by rounding to three decimal places. For ropes having a tensile strength Ro and an empirical factor K′=different=from=those=shown=above,=different=val×es=of=C may be calculated using Equation (1) and substituted in Equation (2) indicated in 6.3.
1) 1 N/mm2 = 106 N/m2 = 1 MPa oSIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E) 4 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 6.3 Calculation of minimum rope diameter
The minimum diameter of the rope, dmin , in millimetres, is given by Equation (2): mindCS= (2) where dmin is the calculated minimum diameter of the rope, and is the value used in the selection process for calculating the drum and sheave diameters; C is the rope selection factor; S is the maximum rope tension, in newtons, obtained by taking into account the following factors: =rated working load of the appliance; =mass of the pulley block and/or other lifting attachments; =mechanical advantage of reeving; =efficiency of the rope reeving; =the increase in force in the rope caused by the rope inclination at the upper extreme position of the hook, if the rope inclination with respect to the drum axis exceeds 22,5°. The nominal diameter of the rope selected (d) shall be within the range: dmin to dmin × 1,25. 6.4 Calculation of minimum breaking force The minimum breaking force, Fmin, in newtons, of the particular rope intended for use is given by Equation (3): minpFSZ=⋅ (3) where S is the maximum rope tension, in newtons, as established in 6.3; Zp is the minimum practical coefficient of utilization. Examples of rope selection are given in Annex B. oSIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E) © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 5 7 Diameter of rope drums and sheaves The minimum pitch circle diameter of the rope drums and rope sheaves shall be calculated using the minimum rope diameter established in 6.3 and by applying the respective values of h1, h2 as shown in Table 2 and the rope type factor t, as shown in Table 3, as applicable, and which relates to the classification of the mechanism, in Equations (4) and (5): 11minDhtd⋅⋅W (4) or 22minDhtd⋅⋅W (5) where D1 is the minimum pitch circle diameter of the drum; D2 is the minimum pitch circle diameter of the sheave; dmin is the minimum diameter of the rope, calculated in accordance with 6.3; h1 is the selection factor for the drum (ratio of the pitch circle diameter of the drum to the calculated diameter of the rope); h2 is the selection factor for the sheave (ratio of the pitch circle diameter of the sheave to the calculated diameter of the rope); t is the rope type factor in accordance with Table 3. The rope type factor takes into account the different bending fatigue performance of different types of rope. Table 2 — Selection factors h1 and h2 Drums Sheaves Classification of mechanism h1 h2 M1 11,2 12,5 M2 12,5 14,0 M3 14,0 16,0 M4 16,0 18,0 M5 18,0 20,0 M6 20,0 22,4 M7 22,4 25,0 M8 25,0 28,0 For hoists, the minimum pitch circle diameter of any compensating sheave shall be calculated in accordance with Annex D. oSIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E) 6 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved Table 3 — Rope type factor t for various rope types Number of outer strands in the rope Rope type factor t 3 to 5 1,25 6 to 10 1,00 8 to 10 plastic impregnation 0,95 10 and greater RRa 1,00 a Rotation-resistant rope 8 Stationary ropes Stationary ropes are fixed at both ends and are not subject to coiling on a drum or over a sheave. Their selection is made in accordance with 6.4, with Zp values modified as in Table 4, where the maximum rope tension, S, shall be established by the manufacturer of the mechanism who shall take account of both the static forces. Table 4 — Zp values for stationary ropes Classification of mechanism Zp value M1 2,5 M2 2,5 M3 3,0 M4 3,5 M5 4,0 M6 4,5 M7 5,0 M8 5,0 9 Dangerous conditions For dangerous conditions, for example the handling of molten metal, a) no classification group lower than M5 shall be used, b) the Zp value shall be increased by 25 % up to a maximum of 9,0 or, alternatively, the C value for the next higher classification group shall be adopted when selecting the rope. 10 Care, maintenance, examination and discard The selection of the ropes, drums and sheaves according to this part of ISO 4308 does not alone ensure safe operation of the rope for indefinite periods. The instructions on care, maintenance (including installation), examination and discard for wire ropes given in ISO 4309 shall be adopted. oSIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E) © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 7 Annex A (normative)
Lifting appliances to which this part of ISO 4308 is applicable This part of ISO 4308 is applicable to the following non-exhaustive list (extracted from ISO 4306-1) of cranes and lifting appliances: a) overhead travelling cranes; b) hoists-wire rope; c) portal or semi-portal cranes; d) portal or semi-portal bridge cranes; e) cable and portal cable cranes (hoist and trolley mechanisms only); f) mobile cranes; g) tower cranes; h) railway cranes; i) floating cranes; j) deck cranes; k) derrick and guy derrick cranes; l) derrick cranes with rigid bracing; m) cantilever cranes (pillar, jib, wall or walking). The cranes can be used for hook, grabbing, magnet, ladle, bucket or stacking duties, and can be operated manually, electrically or hydraulically. oSIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E) 8 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved Annex B (informative)
Examples of wire rope selection B.1 Example 1 A lifting appliance is intended to operate under duty conditions defined in the classification of mechanisms as M4. The maximum rope tension has been established as 79 kN. The type and grade of the rope to be selected has a K′ value of 0,356 and Ro value of 1 770 N/mm2. From Table 1, the C value is 0,080. From 6.3 using Equation (2): dmin = 0,080 × (79 000)1/2 = 22,486 mm For practical purposes, the minimum diameter of the rope selected is not to be less than 22,5 mm or greater than 28,1 mm. From 6.4 using Equation (3): Minimum breaking force Fmin = 79 × 4 = 316 kN For practical purposes, the minimum breaking force of the rope selected shall not be less than 316 kN. B.2 Example 2 The parameters required are similar to those indicated in Example 1, but on this occasion the constructor of the appliance wishes to employ a smaller rope size to reduce equipment mass, and therefore selects a rope type and grade having a K′ value of 0,497 and Ro value of 1 960 N/mm2. From 6.1 using Equation (1): C = [4/(0,497 × 1 960)]1/2 = 0,064 1 corrected to 0,065 (Renard number from R40 series) dmin = 0,065 × (79 000)1/2 = 18,270 mm For practical purposes, the nominal diameter of the rope selected shall not be less than 19 mm or greater than 22 mm. From 6.4, using Equation (3) as in Example 1: Minimum breaking force Fmin = 79 × 4 = 316 kN oSIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E) © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved 9 Annex C (informative)
Other selection aspects C.1 General In addition to the selection procedure (Clause 6) and the determination of the diameter of rope drums and sheaves (Clause 7), other factors may need consideration when selecting the rope class, construction and type. The final rope selection may have an influence on the design of the mechanism. C.2 Types of drum and rope selection C.2.1 Types of drum C.2.1.1 General Drums may be either smooth or grooved. For maximum rope life, the drum should hold the rope in a single layer. In cases where this is not possible, due to space restrictions, two or more layers are required to accommodate all of the rope. A grooved drum provides better rope coiling performance and less rope wear than a smooth drum where multi-layer coiling has to be used. When multi-layer coiling must be used, it should be realized that after the first layer is coiled onto a drum, the rope has to cross the underlying rope in order to advance across the drum in the second layer. The points at which the turns in the upper layer cross those in the lower layer are known as the cross-over points, and the rope in those areas is susceptible to increased abrasion and crushing. The drum flanges should project above the last layer of rope by a minimum of 1,5 times the rope diameter. The direction of coiling of the rope on the drum is important. It should be related to the direction of lay of the rope (see Figure C.1) and applies to both smooth and grooved surfaces. oSIST ISO 4308-1:2012
ISO 4308-1:2003(E) 10 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
a) Right-hand-lay rope – underwind Start rope at right-hand flange for right-hand-lay rope
Start rope at left-hand flange for left-hand-lay rope b) Left-hand-lay rope – underwind
Start rope at left-hand flange for right-hand-lay rope c) Right-hand-lay rope – overwind
Start rope at right-hand flange for left-h
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 4308-1
Troisième édition
2003-05-01
Version corrigée
2003-11-01
Grues et appareils de levage — Choix des
câbles —
Partie 1:
Généralités
Cranes and lifting appliances — Selection of wire ropes —
Part 1: General
Numéro de référence
ISO 4308-1:2003(F)
©
ISO 2003
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ISO 4308-1:2003(F)
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ii © ISO 2003 — Tous droits réservés
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ISO 4308-1:2003(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos. iv
1 Domaine d'application. 1
2 Références normatives. 1
3 Termes et définitions . 2
4 Type de câble . 2
5 Conditions de service. 2
6 Choix de la méthode . 2
6.1 Calculs des valeurs de C. 2
6.2 Valeurs de Z . 3
p
6.3 Calcul du diamètre minimal du câble. 3
6.4 Calcul de la charge de rupture minimale. 4
7 Diamètre des tambours et des poulies . 4
8 Câbles dormants . 5
9 Conditions dangereuses . 6
10 Précautions, maintenance, examen et dépose . 6
Annexe A (normative) Appareils de levage auxquels la présente partie de l'ISO 4308 s'applique . 7
Annexe B (informative) Exemples de choix de câbles. 8
Annexe C (informative) Autres aspects de choix . 9
Annexe D (normative) Palans ― Diamètre des poulies de compensation . 21
Bibliographie . 22
© ISO 2003 — Tous droits réservés iii
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ISO 4308-1:2003(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 4308-1 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 96, Appareils de levage à charge suspendue,
sous-comité SC 3, Choix des câbles.
Cette troisième édition annule et remplace la deuxième édition (ISO 4308-1:1986), qui a fait l'objet d'une
révision technique.
L'ISO 4308 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Grues et appareils de levage —
Choix des câbles:
Partie 1: Généralités
Partie 2: Grues mobiles — Coefficient d'utilisation
Cette version corrigée inclut la rectification suivante sur la page de couverture: il s’agit de la troisième édition,
2003-05-01, et non de la première édition.
iv © ISO 2003 — Tous droits réservés
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 4308-1:2003(F)
Grues et appareils de levage — Choix des câbles —
Partie 1:
Généralités
1 Domaine d'application
La présente partie de l'ISO 4308 spécifie deux méthodes pour le choix des câbles en acier utilisés avec les
appareils de levage définis dans l'ISO 4306-1, l'une basée sur la valeur du coefficient de choix du câble C et
l'autre sur la valeur du coefficient d'utilisation Z .
p
La présente partie de l'ISO 4308 fixe les prescriptions minimales pour ces câbles, de façon qu'ils puissent
avoir une résistance et des niveaux de performance compatibles avec le calcul, l'utilisation et la maintenance
de l'appareil de levage.
La présente partie de l'ISO 4308 établit les prescriptions minimales pour le diamètre du tambour et des
poulies qui sont associés au câble choisi.
Une liste non exhaustive des types d'appareils de levage auxquels la présente partie de l'ISO 4308 s'applique
est donnée en Annexe A.
L'Annexe B donne des exemples de choix de câbles.
L'Annexe C donne des coefficients supplémentaires à ceux mentionnés ci-dessus, qui peuvent être pris en
considération lors du choix d'un câble.
L'Annexe D donne une méthode pour le choix du diamètre des poulies de compensation utilisées avec les
treuils.
2 Références normatives
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables pour l'application du présent document. Pour les
références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du
document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels amendements).
ISO 2408:1985, Câbles en acier pour usages courants — Caractéristiques
ISO 4301-1:1986, Grues et appareils de levage — Classification — Partie 1: Généralités
ISO 4306-1:1990, Appareils de levage à charge suspendue — Vocabulaire — Partie 1: Généralités
ISO 4309, Appareils de levage à charge suspendue — Câbles — Entretien, maintenance (y compris le
montage), examen et dépose
© ISO 2003 — Tous droits réservés 1
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ISO 4308-1:2003(F)
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins de la présente partie de l'ISO 4308, les termes et définitions suivants s'appliquent.
3.1
câble disposé en parallèle
câble toronné comportant au moins deux couches de torons disposés en hélice en un câblage autour d'un
toron ou d'une âme textile
3.2
câble antigiratoire
câble à contre-couche
câble multitorons
câble non tournant
câble toronné conçu pour générer des niveaux de torsion ou de rotation réduits lorsqu'il est soumis à une
charge
NOTE 1 Les câbles antigiratoires se composent généralement d'un assemblage de deux ou de plusieurs couches de
torons disposés en hélice autour d'une âme, le sens de câblage des torons extérieurs étant contraire à celui de la couche
sous-jacente.
NOTE 2 Les câbles à trois ou à quatre torons peuvent également être conçus pour avoir des propriétés antigiratoires.
3.3
câble à une couche
câble toronné composé d'une couche de torons disposés en hélice autour d'une âme
3.4
câble toronné
assemblage de plusieurs torons, disposés en hélice en une ou en plusieurs couches, autour d'une âme (câble
à une couche) ou d'un centre (câble antigiratoire ou câble disposé en parallèle)
NOTE Les câbles toronnés composés de torons extérieurs peuvent ou non avoir une âme.
4 Type de câble
Dans la mesure du possible, les câbles choisis doivent être conformes à l'ISO 2408.
Toutefois, le choix des câbles non spécifiés dans l'ISO 2408 est permis, mais dans de tels cas le fournisseur
des câbles doit montrer à l'utilisateur la documentation à l'appui du dossier technique de fabrication du câble,
qui démontre clairement que le produit a un niveau de performance et une résistance suffisants concernant
les calculs des mécanismes, l'utilisation et la maintenance de l'appareil.
5 Conditions de service
Les mécanismes des grues et des appareils de levage doivent être classés d'après les conditions de services
décrites dans l'ISO 4301-1.
6 Choix de la méthode
6.1 Calculs des valeurs de C
La valeur du coefficient de choix du câble, C, est une fonction du coefficient d'utilisation, Z , et est donnée par
p
l'Équation (1):
Z
p
C = (1)
K′ ⋅ R
o
2 © ISO 2003 — Tous droits réservés
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ISO 4308-1:2003(F)
où
C est le coefficient (minimal) de choix du câble;
K′ est le coefficient empirique de charge de rupture minimale d'un câble de construction donnée (voir
Tableau 3 de l'ISO 2408:1985 ou sinon donné par le fournisseur du câble);
1)
R est la résistance à la traction minimale du fil utilisé dans le câble, en newtons par millimètre carré ;
o
Z est le coefficient minimal d'utilisation pratique.
p
6.2 Valeurs de Z
p
Le Tableau 1 donne les valeurs de Z qui doivent être utilisées pour chaque classe de mécanismes afin de
p
satisfaire les prescriptions minimales de la présente partie de l'ISO 4308. Il donne également les valeurs
2
calculées de C correspondant au type de câble (6 × 36 WS-IWRC) avec R = 1 770 N/mm et avec un
o
coefficient empirique K′ = 0,356.
2
Tableau 1 — Valeurs de Z et de C (pour R = 1 770 N/mm et K′ = 0,356)
p o
Classe de mécanisme Valeur de Z Valeur de C
p
M1 3,15 0,071
M2 3,35 0,073
M3 3,55 0,075
M4 4,0 0,080
M5 4,5 0,085
M6 5,6 0,094
M7 7,1 0,106
M8 9,0 0,120
NOTE Bien que l'Équation (1) donne la relation exacte entre C et Z , les valeurs données dans le Tableau 1 ont été
p
arrondies au troisième chiffre après la virgule.
Pour les câbles ayant une résistance à la traction R et un coefficient empirique K′ différents de ceux montrés
o
ci-dessus, des valeurs différentes de C peuvent être calculées en utilisant l'Équation (1) et introduites dans
l'Équation (2) indiquée en 6.3.
6.3 Calcul du diamètre minimal du câble
Le diamètre minimal du câble, d , en millimètres, est donné par l'Équation (2):
min
dC= S (2)
min
où
d est le diamètre minimal calculé du câble et la valeur utilisée dans la procédure de choix du diamètre
min
du tambour et de la poulie;
C est le coefficient de choix du câble;
2 6 2
1) 1 N/mm = 10 N/m = 1 MPa
© ISO 2003 — Tous droits réservés 3
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ISO 4308-1:2003(F)
S est la tension maximale du câble, en newtons, qui s'obtient en tenant compte des facteurs suivants:
la charge nominale d'utilisation de l'appareil;
la masse du moufle et/ou des autres accessoires de levage;
la démultiplication mécanique due au mouflage;
le rendement du mouflage;
l'augmentation de la force dans le câble due à l'inclinaison du câble dans la position supérieure
maximale du crochet, si l'inclinaison du câble par rapport au tambour excède 22,5°.
Le diamètre nominal du câble choisi (d) doit être compris entre: d et d × 1,25.
min min
6.4 Calcul de la charge de rupture minimale
La charge de rupture minimale, F , en newtons d'un câble particulier que l'on veut utiliser est donnée par
min
l'Équation (3):
FS=⋅ Z (3)
min p
où
S est la tension maximale du câble, en newtons, telle que définie en 6.3;
Z est le coefficient minimal d'utilisation pratique.
p
Des exemples de choix de câbles sont donnés dans l'Annexe B.
7 Diamètre des tambours et des poulies
Le diamètre primitif minimal des tambours et des poulies doit être calculé en utilisant le diamètre minimal du
câble établit en 6.3 et en appliquant les valeurs respectives de h , h telles que décrites dans le Tableau 2 et
1 2
le coefficient de type du câble t, tel que décrit dans le Tableau 3, le cas échéant, et qui sont fonction de la
classification du mécanisme, dans les Équations (4) et (5):
DhW ⋅⋅td (4)
11 min
ou
DhW ⋅⋅td (5)
22 min
où
D est le diamètre primitif du tambour;
1
D est le diamètre primitif de la poulie;
2
d est le diamètre minimal du câble calculé selon 6.3;
min
h est le coefficient de choix pour le tambour (rapport du diamètre primitif du tambour au diamètre
1
calculé du câble);
h est le coefficient de choix pour la poulie (rapport du diamètre primitif de la poulie au diamètre calculé
2
du câble);
t est le coefficient de type du câble selon le Tableau 3. Le coefficient de type du câble prend en
compte les différentes performances à la fatigue, à la flexion des différents types de câbles.
4 © ISO 2003 — Tous droits réservés
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ISO 4308-1:2003(F)
Tableau 2 — Facteurs de choix h et h
1 2
Classification des Tambours Poulies
mécanismes h h
1 2
M1 11,2 12,5
M2 12,5 14,0
M3 14,0 16,0
M4 16,0 18,0
M5 18,0 20,0
M6 20,0 22,4
M7 22,4 25,0
M8 25,0 28,0
Pour les treuils, le diamètre primitif de n'importe quelle poulie de compensation doit être calculé
conformément à l'Annexe D.
Tableau 3 — Coefficient de type du câble t pour différents types de câbles
Nombre de torons extérieurs dans le câble Coefficient de type du câble
t
3 à 5 1,25
6 à 10 1,00
8 à 10, imprégnation par plastique 0,95
a
W 10 RR 1,00
a
Câble antigiratoire.
8 Câbles dormants
Les câbles dormants sont fixés aux extrémités des câbles et ne sont pas soumis à un enroulement sur un
tambour ou sur une poulie. Leur choix est effectué conformément à 6.4 avec des valeurs de Z suivant le
p
Tableau 4, où la tension du câble maximale, S, doit être établie par le fabricant du mécanisme qui doit prendre
en compte également les forces statiques.
Tableau 4 — Valeurs de Z pour les câbles dormants
p
Classification des Valeur de Z
p
mécanismes
M1 2,5
M2 2,5
M3 3,0
M4 3,5
M5 4,0
M6 4,5
M7 5,0
M8 5,0
© ISO 2003 — Tous droits réservés 5
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ISO 4308-1:2003(F)
9 Conditions dangereuses
Pour des conditions dangereuses, par exemple la manutention de métal en fusion,
a) on ne doit pas utiliser de classe inférieure à M5,
b) la valeur de Z doit être augmentée de 25 % jusqu'à un maximum de 9,0, ou alors la valeur de C doit être
p
égale à celle du groupe supérieur le plus proche, lors du choix du câble.
10 Précautions, maintenance, examen et dépose
Le choix des câbles, des tambours et des poulies conformément à la présente partie de l'ISO 4308 n'assure
pas à lui seul un fonctionnement sûr des câbles pendant des périodes indéterminées.
Il est important que les instructions sur les précautions à prendre, la maintenance (y compris le montage),
l'examen et la dépose des câbles spécifiés dans l'ISO 4309 soient adoptées.
6 © ISO 2003 — Tous droits réservés
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ISO 4308-1:2003(F)
Annexe A
(normative)
Appareils de levage auxquels la présente partie de l'ISO 4308 s'applique
La présente partie de l'ISO 4308 s'applique aux grues et appareils de levage énumérés dans la liste suivante
(extraite de l'ISO 4306-1), qui n'est pas exhaustive:
a) ponts roulants;
b) treuils à câbles;
c) grues sur portique ou semi-portiques;
d) ponts portiques ou semi-portiques;
e) blondins et ponts portiques à câbles (treuil et mécanisme de translation uniquement);
f) grues mobiles;
g) grues à tour;
h) grues sur voies ferrées;
i) grues flottantes;
j) grues de bord;
k) grues derrick et grues derrick à haubans;
l) grues derrick à appui rigide;
m) grues à potence (sur colonne, flèche, mur ou vélocipède).
Les appareils de levage peuvent être à crochet, à grappin, à électro-aimant, à benne, et ils peuvent être
actionnés manuellement, électriquement ou hydrauliquement.
© ISO 2003 — Tous droits réservés 7
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ISO 4308-1:2003(F)
Annexe B
(informative)
Exemples de choix de câbles
B.1 Exemple 1
Un appareil de levage destiné à travailler dans les conditions définies comme M4 dans le classement des
mécanismes. La tension maximale du câble a été établie à 79 kN.
2
Le type et la classe du câble à choisir présentent une valeur K′ de 0,356 et une valeur R de 1 770 N/mm .
o
Dans le Tableau 1, la valeur de C est de 0,080.
D’après 6.3, en utilisant l’Équation (2):
1/2
d = 0,080 × (79 000)
min
= 22,486 mm
Pour des raisons pratiques, le diamètre minimal du câble choisi ne doit pas être inférieur à 22,5 mm ou
supérieur à 28,1 mm.
D'après 6.4, en utilisant l'Équation (3):
Charge de rupture minimale F = 79 × 4 = 316 kN
min
Pour des raisons pratiques, la charge de rupture minimale du câble choisi ne doit pas être inférieure à 316 kN.
B.2 Exemple 2
Des paramètres similaires à ceux indiqués dans l'Exemple 1 sont exigés, mais à cette occasion, le
constructeur de l'appareil de levage désire employer un câble plus petit pour réduire la masse des
équipements et, pour cela, choisit un câble de construction et de résistance à la traction correspondant à une
2
valeur K′ de 0,497 et de valeur de R de 1 960 N/mm .
o
D'après 6.1, en utilisant l'Équation (1)
1/2
C = [4/(0,497 × 1 960)]
= 0,064 1
arrondie à 0,065 (nombre Renard de la série R40)
1/2
d = 0,065 × (79 000)
min
= 18,270 mm
Pour des raisons pratiques, le diamètre nominal du câble choisi ne doit pas être inférieur à 19 mm ou
supérieur à 22 mm.
D'après 6.4, en utilisant l'Équation (3) comme dans l'Exemple 1:
Charge de rupture minimale F = 79 × 4 = 316 kN
min
8 © ISO 2003 — Tous droits réservés
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ISO 4308-1:2003(F)
Annexe C
(informative)
Autres aspects de choix
C.1 Généralités
En plus de la procédure de sélection (Article 6) et de la détermination du diamètre des tambours à câbles et
des poulies (Article 7), d'autres coefficients peuvent être pris en considération lors du choix de la classe du
câble, de sa construction et de son type. Le choix final du câble peut avoir une influence sur la conception du
mécanisme.
C.2 Types de tambours et choix du câble
C.2.1 Type de tambours
C.2.1.1 Généralités
Les tambours peuvent être lisses ou rainurés.
Pour une durée de vie maximale, il convient de laisser une seule couche sur le tambour. Dans le cas où cela
n'est pas possible à cause d'un manque de place, deux ou trois couches sont nécessaires pour recevoir tout
le câble.
Avec un tambour rainuré l'enroulement du câble est meilleur et l'usure du câble est moindre qu'avec un
tambour lisse en cas d'enroulement sur plusieurs couches.
Lors d'un enroulement sur plusieurs couches il faut prendre conscience que celui-ci doit être effectué après
que la première a été enroulée sur le tambour, par un croisement du câble avec le câble sous-jacent afin
d’effectuer une deuxième couche de câble sur le tambour. Les points auxquels les tours dans la couche
supérieure croisent ceux de la couche inférieure sont connus en tant que points de croisement, et le câble en
ces endroits est sujet à des abrasions et à des écrasements accrus.
Il convient que les flasques des tambours dépassent la dernière couche de câble d'au moins 1,5 fois le
diamètre du câble.
Le sens d'enroulement du câble sur le tambour est important. Il convient que le sens d'enroulement prenne en
compte la direction de la couche de câble (voir Figure C.1) et s'applique sur les surfaces aussi bien lisses que
rainurées.
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ISO 4308-1:2003(F)
a) Câblage à droite — enroulement sur
le tambour par en dessous
Démarrer le câble à droite de la flasque pour un câblage à droite
b) Câblage à gauche — enroulement sur
le tambour par en dessous
Démarrer le câble à gauche de la flasque pour un câblage à gauche
c) Câblage à droite — enroulement sur
le tambour par au-dessus
Démarrer le câble à gauche de la flasque pour un câblage à gauche
d) Câblage à gauche — enroulement sur
le tambour par au-dessus
Démarrer le câble à droite de la flasque pour un câblage à droite
NOTE Le pouce indique le côté de l'ancrage du câble.
Figure C.1 — Méthode correcte pour le positionnement du point d'ancrage sur un tambour
C.2.1.2 Tambours lisses
L'enroulement d'un câble sur un tambour lisse nécessite une attention particulière.
Tout relâchement de l'enroulement ou irrégularité dans l'enroulement engendre une usure, un écrasement et
une déformation excessifs du câble.
C.2.1.3 Tambours rainurés
Avec les tambours rainurés, la couche de câble supérieure s'enroule correctement et les rainures donnent un
degré de support du câble, réduisant ainsi la pression de contact.
Il y a deux formes de rainures:
a) rainures en spirale, usinées en spirale continue autour du cylindre, assurant un enroulement satisfaisant
de la première couche de câble;
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ISO 4308-1:2003(F)
b) rainures parallèles, usinées parallèlement aux flasques du tambour.
Une section de la périphérie du cylindre du tambour est soit uniforme soit rainurée en spirale afin de
faciliter le transfert du câble d'une rainure parallèle à la suivante. Cette forme de rainurage est utilisée
pour les enroulement sur plusieurs couches afin de réduire les dommages aux points de croisement.
La relation entre le diamètre du câble et le diamètre du tambour et entre le pas de la rainure du tambour et le
type de rainurage est importante.
Il convient que le contour du fond des rainures soit circulaire et il est recommandé de prendre comme valeur
du rayon de rainure, r, une valeur comprise entre 0,525 d et 0,550 d, avec 0,537 5 d comme optimum
(voir Figure C.2).
d Diamètre nominal du câble
h Profondeur de la rainure
p Pas de la rainure
r Rayon de la rainure
D Diamètre primitif du tambour
1
Figure C.2 — Conception des rainures de tambour
C.2.2 Aide d'enroulement
Lors de l'utilisation des tambours lisses ou des tambours à rainures parallèles et à sections de croisement
lisses, des flancs ou des strips de démarrage peuvent être utilisés pour guider le câble sur le cylindre dans
une position correcte lors de l'enroulement au début du deuxième tour.
De façon similaire, les plaques de côté peuvent être utilisées afin d'assurer un enroulement correct de la
deuxième couche et des suivantes.
Si l'utilisation d'une aide quelconque à l'enroulement est envisagée, il convient de consulter le fabricant du
câble et/ou du tambour.
© ISO 2003 — Tous droits réservés 11
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ISO 4308-1:2003(F)
C.2.3 Choix du câble
Généralement il convient de limiter l'utilisation d'un câble à âme textile à l'utilisation sur un tambour à
enroulement à une seule couche. Lorsqu'un enroulement sur plusieurs couches est nécessaire, il est
recommandé d'utiliser des câbles à âme en acier.
Les câbles à âme en acier sont moins susceptibles de se déformer que ceux avec âme en fibre, lors d'un
enroulement sur plusieurs couches.
Les câbles réalisés avec des torons externes compactés ont une résistance supérieure contre l'écrasement et
la torsion.
Les câbles imprégnés de plastique peuvent être utilisés pour réduire les déformations et l'entrée d'humidité
due aux conditions environnementales.
Il convient de choisir correctement le diamètre de câble en fonction des dimensions des rainures du tambour,
en particulier du pas de la rainure.
C.3 Poulies, galets et choix du câble
C.3.1 Généralités
Les poulies sont utilisées lorsqu'il est nécessaire de modifier la direction du câble dans une machine ou un
système. Il convient que les poulies soient en roue libre et qu'elles soient conçues afin d'offrir un support
adapté au câble tout en évitant des contraintes de flexion, des pressions radiales et des effets d'inertie
excessifs. Lorsque la flexion alternée est utilisée, un laps de temps (0,25 s minimum) est recommandé pour
permettre au câble de récupérer de la flexion avant l'enroulement dans la flexion inverse.
Les poulies et les galets peuvent avoir des surfaces de rainures endommagées prématurément si les câbles
choisis entraînent un dépassement du critère de conception des matériaux impliqués.
Les poulies traditionnelles sont fabriquées à partir de matériaux ferreux, mais l'utilisation de poulies en
plastique ou de poulies avec des inserts en plastique est en augmentation. Pour beaucoup d'utilisations, les
poulies en plastique et à insert augmentent la durée de vie du câble, mais il peut y avoir des changements
dans le mode de détérioration du câble. S'il n'y a aucun moyen pratique de reconnaître les changements dans
le mode de détérioration du câble, il est recommandé d'inclure au moins une poulie d'un matériau ferreux
dans le dispositif d'enroulement.
C.3.2 Profil des rainures de poulies
Pour une durée de vie optimale du câble, il convient d'apparier correctement le profil de rainure des poulies
avec le diamètre du câble.
Si la rainure est trop petite, le câble est «pincé» en entrant en force dans la rainure sous l'influence de la
charge, ce qui endommage le câble ainsi que la poulie.
Si la rainure est trop large, il y a un soutien insuffisant du câble, qui peut s'aplatir ou se déformer sous charge
et accélérer ainsi la détérioration du câble.
Il convient que le rayon de la rainure, r, soit compris dans la plage de 0,525 d à 0,550 d, avec 0,537 5 d
comme optimum, d étant le diamètre du câble.
Il convient que les rainures des poulies aient un fini lisse, exempt d'arête, de profondeur ne dépassant pas
1,5 fois le diamètre nominal du câble. Il convient que le profil au fond des rainures soit circulaire. Il convient
que l'angle entre les côtés de la poulie, ω, (voir Figure C.3) soit compris entre 30° et 60°, mais il peut être
supérieur si l'angle de déviation excède les valeurs recommandées en C.4.
NOTE Pour les grues mobiles, la dernière phrase de ce paragraphe peut ne pas s'appliquer, en particulier en cas
d'enroulement du câble dans un ensemble de poulies télescopiques.
12 © ISO 2003 — Tous droits réservés
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ISO 4308-1:2003(F)
C.3.3 Galets de câble
Des galets de câbles peuvent être installés à des intervalles appropriés lorsque cela est nécessaire pour
supporter le câble sur un long caténaire afin d'empêcher le contact avec la structure de la machine. Les galets
ne sont généralement pas prévus pour dévier ou changer la direction du câble à cause de leur petit diamètre
qui soumettrait le câble à des fortes contraintes de flexion et compression inacceptables et pourraient
engendrer des torsions dans le câble.
La fragilisation de la surface du câble peut être due à l'utilisation des poulies et des galets en acier sur
lesquels un câble fléchit à grande vitesse ou à des changements de vitesse rapides
...
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