SIST EN ISO 19144-2:2024
(Main)Geographic information - Classification systems - Part 2: Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) (ISO 19144-2:2023)
Geographic information - Classification systems - Part 2: Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) (ISO 19144-2:2023)
This document specifies a Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) expressed as a UML metamodel that allows different Land Cover classification systems to be described based on physiognomic aspects. This document recognizes that a number of Land Cover classification systems exist. It provides a common reference structure for the comparison and integration of data for any generic Land Cover classification system, but does not intend to replace those classification systems.
Geoinformation - Klassifizierungssysteme - Teil 2: Meta-Beschreibungssprache für Landbedeckung (ISO 19144-2:2023)
Titre manque - Partie 2: Métalangage de couverture du sol (LCML) (ISO 19144-2:2023)
Le présent document spécifie un métalangage pour l'occupation des sols (LCML) exprimé sous forme d'un métamodèle UML qui permet de décrire différents systèmes de classification d'occupation du sol d'après leurs aspects physionomiques. Le présent document reconnaît qu'il existe un grand nombre de systèmes de classification d'occupation du sol. Il donne une structure de référence commune pour la comparaison et l'intégration de données pour tout système générique de classification d'occupation du sol, mais n'est pas destiné à remplacer ces systèmes de classification.
Geografske informacije - Klasifikacijski sistemi - 2. del: Metajezik za pokrovnost (LCML) (ISO 19144-2:2023)
Ta dokument določa metajezik za pokrovnost (LCML), ki je izražen kot metamodel UML
in omogoča opis različnih klasifikacijskih sistemov za pokrovnost na osnovi fizionomije. Ta dokument priznava, da obstaja več klasifikacijskih sistemov za pokrovnost. Podaja splošno referenčno strukturo za primerjavo in integracijo podatkov za kateri koli splošen klasifikacijski sistem za pokrovnost, vendar ne namerava nadomestiti teh klasifikacijskih sistemov.
General Information
Overview - EN ISO 19144-2:2023 (Land Cover Meta Language, LCML)
EN ISO 19144-2:2023 defines the Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) as a UML metamodel for describing land cover classification systems based on physiognomic (appearance-based) attributes. Published by CEN/ISO, LCML provides a common reference structure to document, compare and integrate diverse land cover classification schemes without replacing existing national or thematic systems. The standard supports consistent metadata, semantic mapping and interoperability of land cover data across organisations and countries.
Key topics and technical requirements
- UML metamodel representation: LCML is specified as a UML metamodel to formalize classes, relationships and attributes for land cover descriptions.
- Physiognomic focus: Classification elements are defined by observable surface and vegetation characteristics rather than land use intent.
- Meta-objects and modules: The standard defines LCML objects and packages (e.g., LC_Element, LC_VegetationElement, LC_GrowthForm) and domain subtypes such as:
- LC_WoodyGrowthForm, LC_HerbaceousGrowthForm, LC_LichenAndMoss
- LC_AbioticElement, LC_ArtificialSurfaceElement, LC_NaturalSurfaceElement
- LC_WaterBodyAndAssociatedSurfaceElement, LC_BuiltUpSurface, LC_NonBuiltUpSurface, LC_RocksSurfaceElement, LC_SoilSandDepositsSurfaceElement
- Design rules and layering: Guidance on classification system design, layering of attributes and general rules for class definition to improve comparability.
- Geometric aspects & relation to land use: Discussion of geometric representation of classes and how land cover relates to land use concepts.
- Conformance classes: Defines conformance testing and classes - notably:
- Conformance class 1: Description of a Land Cover classification system
- Conformance class 2: Comparison of Land Cover classification systems
- Interoperability guidance: Mechanisms for documenting, comparing and integrating different classification schemes; reference to ISO 19144-1 where applicable.
Applications and practical value
- Data integration: Harmonize land cover datasets from different sources (national, regional, remote sensing products) for environmental monitoring, land change analysis and modeling.
- Semantic mapping: Support automated or manual crosswalks between classification schemes, improving data interoperability for GIS, remote sensing and decision-support systems.
- Documentation & metadata: Provide a structured, machine-readable description of classification systems for catalogues, inventories and spatial data infrastructures (SDIs).
- Quality assurance & comparison: Enable reproducible comparisons of mapping products and support conformance testing of classification implementations.
Who should use this standard
- GIS and remote sensing specialists, national mapping agencies, land monitoring programmes, environmental analysts, standards implementers, and software vendors building classification, cataloguing or semantic integration tools.
Related standards
- ISO 19144-1 (relation noted in the standard)
- Other ISO/TC 211 geographic information standards for metadata, data quality and interoperability.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2024
Geografske informacije - Klasifikacijski sistemi - 2. del: Metajezik za pokrovnost
(LCML) (ISO 19144-2:2023)
Geographic information - Classification systems - Part 2: Land Cover Meta Language
(LCML) (ISO 19144-2:2023)
Geoinformation - Klassifizierungssysteme - Teil 2: Meta-Beschreibungssprache für
Landbedeckung (ISO 19144-2:2023)
Titre manque - Partie 2: Métalangage de couverture du sol (LCML) (ISO 19144-2:2023)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 19144-2:2023
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN ISO 19144-2
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 35.240.70
English Version
Geographic information - Classification systems - Part 2:
Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) (ISO 19144-2:2023)
Information géographique - Systèmes de classification - Geoinformation - Klassifizierungssysteme - Teil 2:
Partie 2: Métalangage pour l'occupation des sols Meta-Beschreibungssprache für Landbedeckung (ISO
(LCML) (ISO 19144-2:2023) 19144-2:2023)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 April 2023.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 19144-2:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 19144-2:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211
"Geographic information/Geomatics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 287
“Geographic Information” the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2024, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2024.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 19144-2:2023 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 19144-2:2023 without any
modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19144-2
Second edition
2023-12
Geographic information —
Classification systems —
Part 2:
Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)
Information géographique — Systèmes de classification —
Partie 2: Métalangage pour l’occupation des sols (LCML)
Reference number
ISO 19144-2:2023(E)
ISO 19144-2:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 19144-2:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . vi
Introduction .viii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 4
4 Conformance . 4
4.1 Conformance requirements and testing . 4
4.2 Conformance classes . 4
4.3 Conformance class 1 — Description of a Land Cover classification system . 4
4.4 Conformance class 2 — Comparison of Land Cover classification systems . 4
5 Notation . 4
6 Context . 5
7 Conceptual basis .7
7.1 Definition adopted for Land Cover . 7
7.2 Geometric aspects of classification . 7
7.3 Relationship to Land Use . 8
7.4 LCML approach to class definition . 8
7.4.1 LCML basic principle . 8
7.4.2 Land cover classification system design criteria . 8
7.4.3 General rules for classification . 9
7.4.4 Land cover metalanguage-elements . 9
7.4.5 Layering . . . 9
7.4.6 Packages . 9
8 LCML objects .10
8.1 Overview of LCML objects . 10
8.2 Relation to ISO 19144-1 . 11
8.3 Composition of a LC_LandCover object . 11
8.4 Elements of the LCML metamodel .12
8.5 High level structure .12
8.5.1 High level structure subtypes .12
8.5.2 High level structure classes . .12
8.6 Land Cover Meta Language object structure . 13
8.6.1 Land Cover Meta Language object structure subtypes .13
8.6.2 Land Cover Meta Language object structure classes . 16
8.7 LC_Element . 24
8.7.1 LC_Element subtypes . 24
8.7.2 LC_Element classes.25
8.8 LC_VegetationElement . 25
8.8.1 LC_VegetationElement subtypes . 25
8.8.2 LC_VegetationElement classes . 25
8.9 LC_GrowthForm .26
8.9.1 LC_GrowthForm subtypes . 26
8.9.2 LC_GrowthForm classes . 27
8.10 LC_WoodyGrowthForm .28
8.10.1 LC_WoodyGrowthForm subtypes .28
8.10.2 LC_WoodyGrowthForm classes .29
8.11 LC_HerbaceousGrowthForm . 32
8.11.1 LC_HerbaceousGrowthForm subtypes . 32
8.11.2 LC_HerbaceousGrowthForm classes . 32
iii
ISO 19144-2:2023(E)
8.12 LC_LichenAndMoss .34
8.12.1 LC_LichenAndMoss subtypes .34
8.12.2 LC_LichenAndMoss classes .34
8.13 LC_AbioticElement . 35
8.13.1 LC_AbioticElement subtypes . 35
8.13.2 LC_AbioticElement classes . 35
8.14 LC_ArtificialSurfaceElement . 36
8.14.1 LC_ArtificialSurfaceElement subtypes .36
8.14.2 LC_ArtificialSurface classes . 36
8.15 LC_NaturalSurfaceElement .36
8.15.1 LC_NaturalSurfaceElement subtypes .36
8.15.2 LC_NaturalSurfaceElement classes . 37
8.16 LC_WaterBodyAndAssociatedSurfaceElement . 37
8.16.1 LC_WaterBodyAndAssociatedSurfaceElement subtypes . 37
8.16.2 LC_WaterBodyAndAssociatedSurfaceElement classes .38
8.17 LC_BuiltUpSurface . 41
8.17.1 LC_BuiltUpSurface subtypes . 41
8.17.2 LC_BuiltUpSurface classes . 42
8.18 LC_NonBuiltUpSurface . 43
8.18.1 LC_NonBuiltUpSurface subtypes . 43
8.18.2 LC_NonBuiltUpSurface classes .44
8.19 LC_RocksSurfaceElement . 45
8.19.1 LC_RocksSurface subtypes . 45
8.19.2 LC_RocksSurfaceElement classes . 45
8.20 LC_SoilSandDepositsSurfaceElement .46
8.20.1 LC_SoilSandDepositsSurfaceElement subtypes .46
8.20.2 LC_SoilSandDepositsSurfaceElement classes . 47
8.21 LC_ClassCharacteristic . 50
8.21.1 LC_ClassCharacteristic subtypes .50
8.21.2 LC_ClassCharacteristic classes . 51
8.22 LC_LandCoverElementCharacteristic . 53
8.22.1 LC_LandCoverElementCharacteristic subtypes .53
8.22.2 LC_LandCoverElementCharacteristic classes .54
8.23 LC_GrowthFormCharacteristic . . 55
8.23.1 LC_GrowthFormCharacteristic subtypes . 55
8.23.2 LC_GrowthFormCharacteristic classes . 57
8.24 LC_NameAttributionCriteria . 59
8.24.1 LC_NameAttributionCriteria subtypes . 59
8.24.2 LC_NameAttributionCriteria classes .60
8.25 LC_CultivatedAndManagedVegetationCharacteristic . 61
8.25.1 LC_CultivatedAndManagedVegetationCharacteristic subtypes . 61
8.25.2 LC_CultivatedAndManagedVegetationCharacteristic classes . 62
8.26 LC_ArtificialSurfaceCharacteristic .65
8.26.1 LC_ArtificialSurfaceCharacteristic subtypes .65
8.26.2 LC_ArtificialSurfaceCharacteristic classes .66
8.27 LC_WaterAndAssociatedSurfaceCharacteristic . 67
8.27.1 LC_WaterAndAssociatedSurfaceCharacteristic subtypes . 67
8.27.2 LC_WaterAndAssociatedSurfaceCharacteristic classes .68
8.28 LC_ValueObject permitted numeric values . 69
8.28.1 LC_ValueObject general description. 69
8.28.2 LC_ValueObject types . 71
9 Extension of the LCML .74
9.1 Extension process .74
9.2 Registration of extensions .74
9.3 Backward compatibility through registration . 75
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .76
iv
ISO 19144-2:2023(E)
Annex B (informative) The relationship of the LCML to the General Feature Model of ISO
19109 .78
Annex C (informative) Examples of the use of LCML .81
Annex D (informative) Glossary of Land Cover meta-elements . 112
Annex E (informative) Backward compatibility . 131
Annex F (informative) The vertical and horizontal characterization of Land Cover features .134
Bibliography . 144
v
ISO 19144-2:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics,
in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC
287, Geographic Information, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO
and CEN (Vienna Agreement), and in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations (UN FAO).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 19144-2:2012), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— This revision of ISO 19144-2:2012 has divided the original International Standard into additional
parts.
— Material from ISO 19144-2:2012, Clause 9, on registration has been removed and is intended to be
1)
included in ISO 19144-4.
2)
— Material related to Land Use has been removed and is intended to be included in ISO/TS 19144-3.
— The high-level model has been changed to promote the attribute of cover and elementSpreadingGeometry
to the LC_Element level with the addition of the new attribute, density.
— Various changes have been made to certain types and classes (see Annex E).
— Several of the definitions from ISO 19144-2:2012 have been improved in a backward compatible
manner and UML and textual errors in the previous model have been corrected.
1) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/PWI 19144-4:2023.
2) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/AWI TS 19144-3:2023.
vi
ISO 19144-2:2023(E)
— A new Annex E has been added describing the changes to ISO 19144-2:2012 in more detail and
addressing backward compatibility.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19144 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
vii
ISO 19144-2:2023(E)
Introduction
Efficient assessment of Land Cover and the ability to monitor change are fundamental to the
sustainable management of natural resources, environmental protection, food security and successful
humanitarian programmes. Such information is also required to help with raising levels of nutrition,
improving agricultural productivity, enhancing the lives of rural populations and contributing to the
sustainable growth of the world economy. However, in the past, policymakers and planners have not
had access to reliable and comparable Land Cover data, both for lower-income countries and sometimes
also at the regional and global levels.
Access has been limited by two factors: lack of mapping activities and lack of commonality between
systems. The solution has been to carry out separate regional mapping projects using national or
regional Land Cover classification systems. However, it has been difficult to compare or to exchange
information between current systems.
The aim of this document is to enable the comparison of information from existing classification
systems in a meaningful way without replacing them. The aim is to complement the development of
future classification systems that can offer more reliable collection methods for particular national or
regional purposes by allowing them to be described in a consistent manner.
A critical factor in implementing such global activities is the availability of an international standard
for the documentation of Land Cover classification systems. This then provides a reliable basis for
interaction without replacing the increasing number of national, regional and global Land Cover
mapping and monitoring activities. This enables comparisons of Land Cover classes to be made
regardless of mapping scale, Land Cover type, data collection method or geographic location.
Another critical factor is the availability of a common reference for Land Cover classification systems.
This document provides a metalanguage expressed as a UML model that allows different Land Cover
classification systems to be described.
This document establishes a metalanguage for a set of objects and rules (language) to describe Land
Cover features based on physiognomy that can be part of different Land Cover Legends (nomenclature).
This provides a framework for comparing different systems and nomenclatures such as CORINE,
Africover, Anderson (USGS), Global Map and national systems, without replacing them. This is not a
description of a nomenclature, nor is it a description of a specific set of classes.
3)
An additional part of the ISO 19144 series (ISO/TS 19144-3) addresses Land Use aspects. Land Use by
human activity is different from Land Cover. Land Cover is based on the physiognomic aspects of the
plants and other elements covering the observed surface of the Earth. Land Use identifies the human
activities, such as agriculture, mining or other actions taken by humans to modify the Earth cover. Land
use is primarily defined in terms of human economic functions which result in a series of different
human activities. In this context, Land Cover defines biophysical Earth objects on which human
activities take place. The two types of classifications are closely related and in some Classification
Systems they are sometimes mixed. The Land Use Metalanguage described in ISO 19144-3 can be used
alone to simply describe Land Use, or it can be combined with the Land Cover Metalanguage to be able
to describe classification systems that have mixed aspects of both Land Cover and Land Use.
4)
Another part of the ISO 19144 series (ISO 19144-4) is intended to include a description of the
registration and implementation aspects for Land Cover Land Use Classification. This allows code
lists and other details used in the Land Cover and Land Use systems to be registered. Code lists allow
attribute values and other characteristics to be open-ended and registration allows these elements to
be defined.
[45]
EXAMPLE Soil types can make use of the UN FAO soil classification list of soil types, or the more recent
[59] [60]
World Reference Base for Soil Resources, or the USDA soil taxonomy or the European Soils Bureau legend.
[19]
3) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/AWI TS 19144-3:2023.
4) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/PWI 19144-4:2023.
viii
ISO 19144-2:2023(E)
Appropriate references to externally managed lists or lists established particularly for the ISO 19144
series can be registered. In addition, whole classification systems described using the Land Cover or
Land Use parts of the ISO 19144 series (i.e. this document and ISO 19144-3) can be registered.
This document is a joint International Standard with the UN Food and Agriculture Organization.
Permission has been granted to ISO by the UN FAO to make a derived work based on any material
developed or copyright UN FAO.
In this document UML attributes names are given in italics.
In accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, 2018, Rules for the structure and drafting of
International Standards, in International Standards the decimal sign is a comma on the line. However,
the General Conference on Weights and Measures (Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures) at its
meeting in 2003 passed unanimously the following resolution:
“The decimal marker shall be either a point on the line or a comma on the line.”
In practice, the choice between these alternatives depends on customary use in the language concerned.
In the technical areas of geodesy and geographic information it is customary for the decimal point
always to be used, for all languages. That practice is used throughout this document.
ix
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19144-2:2023(E)
Geographic information — Classification systems —
Part 2:
Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)
1 Scope
This document specifies a Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) expressed as a UML metamodel that
allows different Land Cover classification systems to be described based on physiognomic aspects. This
document recognizes that a number of Land Cover classification systems exist. It provides a common
reference structure for the comparison and integration of data for any generic Land Cover classification
system, but does not intend to replace those classification systems.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19109, Geographic information — Rules for application schema
ISO 19103, Geographic information — Conceptual schema language
ISO 19123-1, Geographic information — Schema for coverage geometry and functions Part 1: Fundamentals
ISO 19144-1, Geographic information — Classification systems — Part 1: Classification system structure
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 19144-1 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
NOTE 1 The technical terms applying to plant physiognomy, and terms from other disciplines used to establish
the classifiers in the classification system are not defined in this document.
NOTE 2 The term "class" is used in the ISO 19144 series to represent a construct in a classification system.
However, the term has several meanings in other contexts, including in the UML modelling language. Where
possible, attributes or other identifiers are needed to distinguish between the various use of the term "class".
3.1.1
abstract test suite
ATS
set of conformance classes that define tests for all requirements of a specification
Note 1 to entry: Evidence of conformance to all or part of a standard, awarded for passing one or more of the
conformance test classes specified in that standard.
ISO 19144-2:2023(E)
[SOURCE: ISO 19105:2022, 3.3]
3.1.2
area of incidence
substratum area entirely topped by the entire Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) basic element itself
or by its canopy effect
3.1.3
area of pertinence
area where a specific Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) element extends
3.1.4
characteristic
distinguishing qualitive attribute of a metalanguage basic element
3.1.5
class
description of a set of objects that share the same attributes, operations, methods, relationships,
and semantics
[SOURCE: ISO 19103:2015, 4.7]
3.1.6
class
result of a classification process as part of a classification system which subdivides
concepts within a given topic area
3.1.7
cover
area of incidence of a Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) basic element over the
substratum in the area of pertinence of the basic element
3.1.8
element portioning
percent value of the area of pertinence of a single Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)
basic element when two or more LCML basic elements are considered in the same stratum
Note 1 to entry: The sum of the whole portioning values for all elements considered within a stratum must always
be equal to 100 %.
Note 2 to entry: Element portioning is distinct from strata portioning.
3.1.9
grid
covering of a multi-dimensional region using quadrilateral shapes (in the 2D case) or their
n-dimensional generation (in the nD case) with no overlaps and gaps
[SOURCE: ISO 19123-1:2023, 3.1.28, modified — Notes 1 and 2 have been removed.]
3.1.10
land cover
observed (bio)physical cover on the Earth’s surface
Note 1 to entry: Land cover is distinct from land use.
[SOURCE: UN FAO, 2005, LCCS — Land Cover Classification System — Classification concepts and user
[44]
manual]
ISO 19144-2:2023(E)
3.1.11
land cover metalanguage
LCML
logical general model used to describe the characteristics of land cover features used as classifiers and
the more specific rules that constitute a particular classification system
3.1.12
land use
arrangements, activities and inputs people undertake in a certain land cover type to maintain it or
produce change
EXAMPLE “Recreation area” is a land use term that can be applicable to different land cover types, e.g. sandy
surfaces such as a beach; a built-up area such as a pleasure park; woodlands; etc.
Note 1 to entry: The definition of land use in this way establishes a direct link between land cover and the actions
of people in their environment. Multiple land uses can coexist at the same location (e.g. forestry and recreation),
contrary to land cover classes that are mutually exclusive.
[SOURCE: UN FAO. 2005, LCCS — Land Cover Classification System — Classification concepts and user
[44]
manual]
3.1.13
point cloud
collection of data points in 3D space
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 19130-2:2014, 4.51]
3.1.14
physiognomy
general appearance of an object or terrain, without reference to its underlying or
scientific characteristics
3.1.15
property
distinguishing additional physiognomic attribute of a metalanguage basic element
3.1.16
strata portioning
percent value expressing the portion by which a stratum comprises a part of the whole,
where the aggregate of multiple related strata is constrained so that the sum of all of the related strata
(projected in orthogonal plane) equals 100 %
Note 1 to entry: This allows the expression of situations where elements that are obscured by other elements
cannot be seen, for example, the inability to see beneath the tree canopy in views from some types of satellite
imagery.
Note 2 to entry: Strata portioning is distinct from element portioning.
3.1.17
triangulated irregular network
TIN
tessellation composed of triangles
[SOURCE: ISO 19123-1:2023, 3.1.50]
ISO 19144-2:2023(E)
3.2 Abbreviated terms
CEC Commission of the European Communities
CORINE Coordination of Information on the Environment (EU)
LCCS Land Cover Classification System
TDS total dissolved solids
UML unified modeling language
UN FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
UN FAO LCCS UN FAO Land Cover Classification System
XML Extensible Markup Language
XSD XML Schema
4 Conformance
4.1 Conformance requirements and testing
Conformance to this document consists of alignment with the requirements established in 4.2, 4.3, 4.4,
9.2 and 9.3. The abstract test suite given in Annex A describes the applicable methodology for testing
conformance to these requirements.
4.2 Conformance classes
Two conformance classes are identified in this document, one for the description of a Land Cover
classification system and the other for the comparison between two or more Land Cover classification
systems.
4.3 Conformance class 1 — Description of a Land Cover classification system
Requirement 1: The description of Legends or Land Cover Application Schema using this document
shall consist of a set of UML classes with associated attributes that correspond to instantiations of the
metalanguage classes described in Clause 8 or the extended metalanguage classes described through
the mechanism described in Clause 9.
NOTE The levels of instantiation between the Land Cover Meta Language and a Land Cover Classification
System and Application Schema and the relation to the ISO geographic information General Feature Model of
ISO 19109 is described in Annex B.
4.4 Conformance class 2 — Comparison of Land Cover classification systems
Requirement 2: The process of comparison of two Land Cover classification systems shall be
performed by developing descriptions of the two Land Cover classification systems, each in accordance
with Requirement
...
Frequently Asked Questions
SIST EN ISO 19144-2:2024 is a standard published by the Slovenian Institute for Standardization (SIST). Its full title is "Geographic information - Classification systems - Part 2: Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) (ISO 19144-2:2023)". This standard covers: This document specifies a Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) expressed as a UML metamodel that allows different Land Cover classification systems to be described based on physiognomic aspects. This document recognizes that a number of Land Cover classification systems exist. It provides a common reference structure for the comparison and integration of data for any generic Land Cover classification system, but does not intend to replace those classification systems.
This document specifies a Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) expressed as a UML metamodel that allows different Land Cover classification systems to be described based on physiognomic aspects. This document recognizes that a number of Land Cover classification systems exist. It provides a common reference structure for the comparison and integration of data for any generic Land Cover classification system, but does not intend to replace those classification systems.
SIST EN ISO 19144-2:2024 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 07.040 - Astronomy. Geodesy. Geography; 35.240.70 - IT applications in science. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
You can purchase SIST EN ISO 19144-2:2024 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of SIST standards.
Die SIST EN ISO 19144-2:2024 ist ein bedeutendes Dokument im Bereich der geographischen Informationen, das sich speziell mit Klassifizierungssystemen beschäftigt. Der Titel dieser Norm, "Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)", verdeutlicht die zentrale Rolle, die sie für die Beschreibung und den Vergleich von verschiedenen Landnutzungsklassifizierungssystemen spielt. Der Umfang dieser Norm ist klar umrissen. Sie definiert ein Land Cover Meta Language (LCML), das in Form eines UML-Metamodells ausgedrückt wird. Dadurch wird es möglich, unterschiedliche Land Cover-Klassifizierungssysteme basierend auf physiognomischen Aspekten darzustellen. Diese Standardisierung ist besonders wertvoll, da sie eine gemeinsame Referenzstruktur bereitstellt, die es ermöglicht, Daten über generische Land Cover-Klassifizierungssysteme hinweg zu vergleichen und zu integrieren. Ein herausragendes Merkmal der SIST EN ISO 19144-2:2024 ist ihre Stärke in der Flexibilität. Sie anerkennt die Existenz zahlreicher regionaler und thematischer Land Cover-Klassifizierungssysteme und ermöglicht deren harmonisierte Darstellung ohne den Anspruch, diese Systeme zu ersetzen. Dadurch berücksichtigt die Norm sowohl die Vielfalt in der Praxis als auch die Notwendigkeit einer einheitlichen Schnittstelle für die Zusammenarbeit und den Datenaustausch. Die Relevanz dieser Norm in der geographischen Informationswissenschaft kann nicht überbetont werden. Angesichts der globalen Herausforderungen wie Urbanisierung, Klimawandel und nachhaltige Entwicklung ist eine präzise und standardisierte Datenbasis über Landnutzung unerlässlich. Die SIST EN ISO 19144-2:2024 bietet nicht nur eine technische Grundlage, sondern fördert auch die Zusammenarbeit zwischen verschiedenen Disziplinen, indem sie einen einheitlichen Rahmen für die Erfassung und Analyse von Land Cover-Daten schafft. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die SIST EN ISO 19144-2:2024 einen erheblichen Beitrag zur Standardisierung und Harmonisierung von Land Cover-Klassifizierungssystemen leistet, indem sie eine strukturierte und vergleichbare Grundlage fördert, die für Forscher, Entscheidungsträger und Praktiker von großer Bedeutung ist.
The SIST EN ISO 19144-2:2024 standard presents a comprehensive framework for creating a Land Cover Meta Language (LCML), providing significant advancements in how geographic information is classified. The standard's primary scope revolves around enabling the description of varied Land Cover classification systems through a UML metamodel, particularly focusing on physiognomic aspects. A notable strength of this standard is its ability to facilitate interoperability among various Land Cover classification systems. By establishing a common reference structure, the standard promotes seamless comparison and integration of geographic data, which is essential for researchers, policymakers, and environmental managers. The inclusion of multiple Land Cover classification systems further enhances its applicability and relevance in diverse environmental and geographical contexts. This standard is particularly pertinent in today’s context of increasing environmental challenges and the need for unified data frameworks. It offers a structured approach to data representation, which is critical for effective land management and sustainable development initiatives. The decision not to replace existing classification systems but rather to complement them underscores the standard's utility as a unifying tool in the realm of geographic information systems (GIS). Overall, SIST EN ISO 19144-2:2024 stands out as an essential document for those involved in land cover research and applications, providing a much-needed meta-language that aligns various classification systems within the broader scope of geographic information.
SIST EN ISO 19144-2:2024は、地理情報の分類システムに関する標準であり、特に土地被覆メタ言語（LCML）について詳述しています。この文書は、UMLメタモデルとして表現された土地被覆メタ言語を定義しており、異なる土地被覆分類システムを生理的な側面に基づいて説明することができます。 この標準の強みは、複数の土地被覆分類システムが存在することを考慮し、それらのデータを比較し統合するための共通の参照構造を提供している点です。具体的には、これは土地被覆の多様性に対して柔軟に対応できる設計となっており、既存の分類システムを置き換えるのではなく、むしろ補完する形で作用します。このようなアプローチは、データ利用者にとって非常に重要であり、標準化されたフレームワークの中で異なるデータソースを効果的に活用できることを意味します。 また、SIST EN ISO 19144-2:2024は、土地被覆の特性やそこから得られる情報をより明確にし、それに基づく意思決定を支援するための基盤を提供します。この標準が導入されることで、地理情報の標準化が進み、さまざまな研究や実務におけるデータ統合が容易になるでしょう。 全体として、この標準は地理情報システム分野において、土地被覆の理解を深めるための重要なリソースであり、国際的なデータの整合性を保ちながら、研究者や実務者にとって有用なツールとなるでしょう。こちらのSIST EN ISO 19144-2:2024は、土地被覆データの管理や分析において、非常に意義深いものです。
SIST EN ISO 19144-2:2024 표준은 지리 정보의 분류 시스템을 다루며, 특히 육상 피복 메타 언어(LCML)의 표현을 위한 UML 메타 모델을 명확하게 규정하고 있습니다. 이 표준의 주요 범위는 다양한 육상 피복 분류 시스템이 생리적 측면에 기반하여 설명될 수 있도록 돕는 것입니다. 여러 육상 피복 분류 체계가 존재한다는 점을 인식하고 있으며, 이 표준은 직접적으로 이러한 분류 시스템을 대체하려는 것이 아니라, 이들 간의 데이터 비교 및 통합을 위한 공통 참조 구조를 제공합니다. SIST EN ISO 19144-2:2024의 강점 중 하나는 다양한 육상 피복 분류 시스템의 통합 및 비교를 용이하게 하는 명확한 구조를 제공한다는 점입니다. 이는 연구자와 데이터 분석가들이 서로 다른 데이터 소스를 사용할 때 발생할 수 있는 혼란을 줄여줍니다. 또한, 이 문서는 생리적 특성을 기반으로 한 분류 접근 방식을 통해 보다 정교한 육상 피복 데이터의 이해를 촉진합니다. 이 표준은 현재 환경 변화 및 지속 가능한 개발 목표와 같은 글로벌 이슈에 대응하기 위한 필수적인 도구로 자리잡고 있습니다. 정확한 육상 피복 정보는 농업, 도시 개발, 환경 보호 등 다양한 분야에서 활용되기 때문에, SIST EN ISO 19144-2:2024는 이러한 맥락에서도 매우 중요한 표준이라 할 수 있습니다. 육상 피복 메타 언어(LCML)를 통한 체계적인 데이터 표현이 이루어짐으로써, 지리 정보의 활용도가 한층 높아질 것입니다.
La norme SIST EN ISO 19144-2:2024, intitulée "Geographic information - Classification systems - Part 2: Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)", est une avancée significative dans le domaine de l'information géographique. Son objectif principal est de fournir un langage de métadonnées pour la couverture terrestre, exprimé sous la forme d'un méta-modèle UML. Cela permet une description cohérente des systèmes de classification de la couverture terrestre, basés sur des aspects physiognomoniques. L'un des points forts de cette norme est sa capacité à rassembler et à harmoniser divers systèmes de classification existants. En reconnaissant la diversité des systèmes de classification de la couverture terrestre, la norme offre une structure de référence commune qui facilite la comparaison et l'intégration des données. Ce cadre est particulièrement pertinent pour les utilisateurs et les chercheurs qui travaillent avec des données géographiques issues de différentes sources ou régions. De plus, la norme ne vise pas à remplacer les systèmes de classification existants, mais plutôt à les compléter. Cela en fait un outil précieux pour la communauté scientifique et professionnelle, car elle répond aux besoins d'interopérabilité sans contraindre les utilisateurs à abandonner leurs systèmes préférés. En résumé, la SIST EN ISO 19144-2:2024 se distingue par sa pertinence et sa praticité dans l'univers complexe des systèmes d'information géographique. Son approche structurée favorise un environnement de collaboration interdisciplinaire, tout en respectant la richesse de la classification de la couverture terrestre.
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.
Loading comments...