SIST EN 508-3:2008

Roofing products from metal sheet - Specification for self-supporting products of steel, aluminium or stainless steel sheet - Part 3: Stainless steel

This Part of EN 508 specifies requirements for self supporting roofing products for discontinuous laying made from stainless steel sheet with or without additional metallic and/or organic coatings.
The standard establishes general characteristics, definitions, classifications and labelling for the products, together with requirements for the materials from which the products can be manufactured. It is intended to be used either by manufacturers to ensure that their products comply with the requirements or by purchasers to verify that the products comply before they are despatched from the factory. It specifies the requirements for products which enable them to meet all normal service conditions.
The standard applies to all discontinuously laid self supporting external profiled sheets for roofing with the exception of tiles with a surface area less than 1 m2 and produced by stamping. These profiled roof sheets are designed to keep wind, rain and snow out of the building and to transfer any resultant loads and infrequent maintenance loads to the structure.
No requirements for supporting construction, design of roof system and execution of connections and flashings are included.

Dachdeckungsprodukte aus Metallblech - Festlegungen für selbsttragende Bedachungselemente aus Stahlblech, Aluminiumblech oder nichtrostendem Stahlblech - Teil 3: Nichtrostendes Stahlblech

Dieser Teil von EN 508 legt Anforderungen an selbsttragende Dacheindeckungsprodukte zur überlappenden Verlegung fest, die aus nicht rostendem Stahl, mit oder ohne zusätzliche metallische und/oder organische Beschichtung, gefertigt wurden.
Die Norm legt die allgemeinen Merkmale, Definitionen, Klassifizierungen und die Beschriftung für die Produkte fest, sowie die Anforderungen an die Werkstoffe, aus denen die Produkte hergestellt werden können. Sie ist dafür bestimmt, entweder vom Hersteller verwendet zu werden, um sicherzustellen, dass seine Produkte den Anforderungen entsprechen, oder vom Käufer, um zu überprüfen, ob die Produkte den Anforderungen entsprechen, bevor sie das Werk verlassen. Die Norm legt die Anforderungen an Produkte fest, unter denen die Produkte allen normalen Einsatzbedingungen gerecht werden können.
Die Norm gilt für alle außen verwendeten, überlappend verlegten, selbsttragenden Profilbleche, sie gilt nicht für Dachpfannen mit einer Oberfläche < 1 m2 und gepresste Dachpfannen. Diese Profilbleche zur Dachein¬deckung sind so ausgelegt, dass das Eindringen von Wind, Regen und Schnee in das Gebäude verhindert wird und dass alle daraus und alle aus nicht ständig durchgeführten Instandhaltungsarbeiten resultierenden Lasten auf das Bauwerk übertragen werden.
Anforderungen an die Unterkonstruktion, die Konstruktion des Dachsystems und an die Ausführung der Verbindungen und an Kehlbleche sind nicht Gegenstand dieser Norm.

Produits de couverture en tôle métallique - Spécification pour les plaques de couverture en tôle d'acier, d'aluminium ou d'acier inoxydable - Partie 3 : Acier inoxydable

Cette partie de l'EN 508 spécifie les prescriptions relatives aux plaques de couverture pour pose en discontinu en tôle d'acier inoxydable avec ou sans revêtement métallique et/ou organique supplémentaire.
La présente norme donne les caractéristiques générales, les définitions, les classifications et l'étiquetage applicables aux produits, de même que les prescriptions relatives aux matériaux à partir desquels les produits peuvent être fabriqués. Elle est destinée à être utilisée soit par des fabricants en vue de démontrer que leurs produits sont conformes aux prescriptions, soit par des acheteurs pour vérifier que les produits sont conformes avant leur expédition de l’usine. Elle spécifie les prescriptions relatives aux produits pour leur permettre de répondre à toutes les conditions normales en service.
La norme s'applique à toutes les plaques profilées extérieures de couverture posées en discontinu à l'exception des tuiles de surface intérieure à 1 m² et produites par estampage. Ces plaques profilées sont conçues pour empêcher le vent, la pluie et la neige de pénétrer dans le bâtiment et pour transmettre à la structure porteuse les charges qui en résultent ainsi que les charges non permanentes dues aux opérations d'entretien.
Elle ne comporte aucune exigence relative à la structure porteuse, à la conception du système de toiture et à la réalisation des assemblages et des finitions.

Pločevina za pokrivanje streh - Specifikacije za samonosilne proizvode iz jeklene, aluminijeve pločevine ali pločevine iz nerjavnega jekla - 3. del: Nerjavno jeklo

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Public Enquiry End Date: 30-Mar-2008
• Publication Date: 05-Oct-2008
• Withdrawal Date: 24-Oct-2021
• ICS: 77.140.50 - Flat steel products and semi-products
• ICS: 91.060.20 - Roofs
• Technical Committee: IKER - Ceramics
• Current Stage: 9900 - Withdrawal (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 20-Oct-2021
• Due Date: 12-Nov-2021
• Completion Date: 25-Oct-2021
• Ref Project: EN 508-3:2008 - Roofing products from metal sheet - Specification for self-supporting products of steel, aluminium or stainless steel sheet - Part 3: Stainless steel

Relations

• Replaces: SIST EN 508-3:2002 - Roofing products from metal sheet - Specification for self-supporting products of steel, aluminium or stainless steel sheet - Part 3: Stainless steel
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2008
• Replaced By: SIST EN 508-3:2021 - Roofing and cladding products from metal sheet - Specification for self-supporting products of steel, aluminium or stainless steel sheet - Part 3: Stainless steel
• Effective Date: 20-Oct-2021
• Replaced By: SIST EN 508-3:2021 - Roofing and cladding products from metal sheet - Specification for self-supporting products of steel, aluminium or stainless steel sheet - Part 3: Stainless steel
• Effective Date: 08-Jun-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 508-3:2008
01-november-2008
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 508-3:2002
3ORþHYLQD]DSRNULYDQMHVWUHK6SHFLILNDFLMH]DVDPRQRVLOQHSURL]YRGHL]MHNOHQH
DOXPLQLMHYHSORþHYLQHDOLSORþHYLQHL]QHUMDYQHJDMHNODGHO1HUMDYQRMHNOR
Roofing products from metal sheet - Specification for self-supporting products of steel,
aluminium or stainless steel sheet - Part 3: Stainless steel
Dachdeckungsprodukte aus Metallblech - Festlegungen für selbsttragende
Bedachungselemente aus Stahlblech, Aluminiumblech oder nichtrostendem Stahlblech -
Teil 3: Nichtrostendes Stahlblech
Produits de couverture en tôle métallique - Spécification pour les plaques de couverture
en tôle d'acier, d'aluminium ou d'acier inoxydable - Partie 3 : Acier inoxydable
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 508-3:2008
ICS:
77.140.50 3ORãþDWLMHNOHQLL]GHONLLQ Flat steel products and semi-
SROL]GHONL products
91.060.20 Strehe Roofs
SIST EN 508-3:2008 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 508-3:2008

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SIST EN 508-3:2008
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 508-3
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
July 2008
ICS 91.060.20 Supersedes EN 508-3:2000
English Version
Roofing products from metal sheet - Specification for self-
supporting products of steel, aluminium or stainless steel sheet -
Part 3: Stainless steel
Produits de couverture en tôle métallique - Spécification Dachdeckungsprodukte aus Metallblech - Festlegungen für
pour les plaques de couverture en tôle d'acier, d'aluminium selbsttragende Bedachungselemente aus Stahlblech,
ou d'acier inoxydable - Partie 3 : Acier inoxydable Aluminiumblech oder nichtrostendem Stahlblech - Teil 3:
Nichtrostendes Stahlblech
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 May 2008.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 508-3:2008: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN 508-3:2008
EN 508-3:2008 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword.4
Introduction .5
1 Scope .6
2 Normative references .6
3 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations.6
3.1 General.6
3.2 Materials .6
3.3 Profiles.7
3.4 Product geometry .9
3.5 Symbols and abbreviations .13
4 Requirements.13
4.1 General.13
4.2 Materials .13
4.2.1 Grades.13
4.2.2 Chemical composition .14
4.2.3 Physical properties.14
4.2.4 Surface finishes of stainless steel.14
4.2.5 Tin coated stainless steel .14
4.2.6 Organic coated stainless steel.14
4.3 Products .15
4.3.1 Mechanical resistance.15
4.3.2 Calculation and tests of mechanical resistance.15
4.3.3 Dimensions.15
4.3.4 Dimensional tolerances for the profiled sheets .16
4.3.5 Safety in case of fire.16
5 Test methods.16
5.1 Material properties.16
5.2 Structural properties .16
6 Designation .16
7 Marking, labelling and packaging .17
7.1 Marking and labelling .17
7.2 Packaging and special ordering conditions .17
7.3 Transport, storage and handling.17
Annex A (informative) Physical properties.18
Annex B (normative) Dimensional tolerances .19
B.1 Tolerances for trapezoidal sheets.19
B.1.1 General.19
B.1.2 Depth of profile .19
B.1.3 Depth of stiffeners .20
B.1.4 Pitch .20
B.1.5 Widths of crown and valley .21
B.1.6 Cover width .21
B.1.7 Radius of bends.22
B.1.8 Deviation from straightness .23
B.1.9 Deviation from squareness.24
B.1.10 Length .24
B.1.11 Deviation of side lap.25
2

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SIST EN 508-3:2008
EN 508-3:2008 (E)
B.1.12 Curve radius and angles.25
B.2 Tolerances for sinusoidal profiles.26
B.3 Tolerances on tiles .26
B.3.1 General .26
B.3.2 Depth of tile.27
B.3.3 Web angular displacement (Figure B.12).28
B.3.4 Pitch.28
B.3.5 Width of crown and valley (Figure B.14).29
B.3.6 Cover width .29
B.3.7 Radius of bends.29
B.3.8 Deviation from straightness.30
B.3.9 Deviation from squareness .31
B.3.10 Length.31
B.3.11 Contraction or bulging.31
B.4 Methods for measuring profiles.32
B.4.1 General .32
B.4.2 Depth of profile .32
B.4.3 Depth of stiffeners.33
B.4.4 Pitch.33
B.4.5 Width of crown and valley .34
B.4.6 Cover width .34
B.4.7 Radius of bends.34
B.4.8 Straightness.34
B.4.9 Squareness .34
B.4.10 Length.35
B.4.11 Side laps.35
B.4.12 Side lap ripple .35
Annex C (informative) Test methods for concentrated load .37
Bibliography.38

3

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SIST EN 508-3:2008
EN 508-3:2008 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 508-3:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 128 “Roof covering
products for discontinuous laying and products for wall cladding”, the secretariat of which is held by NBN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by January 2009.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 508-3:2000.
EN 508 Roofing products from metal sheet - Specification for self-supporting products of steel, aluminium or
stainless steel sheet consists of the following parts:
 Part 1: Steel;
 Part 2: Aluminium;
 Part 3: Stainless steel.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
4

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SIST EN 508-3:2008
EN 508-3:2008 (E)
Introduction
Figure 1 indicates the position of this standard in the CEN framework of standards
concerning roofing products of metal.
Roofing products of

metal




 Self-supporting products  Fully supported products



EN 14782





Copper /
Steel Aluminium Stainless steel
Zinc
EN 508-1 EN 508-2 EN 508-3
EN 506

Figure 1 — Framework of standards
In this standard the performance of the product has been defined in terms of calculation and a number of type
tests.
The performance of a roof constructed with these products depends not only on the properties of the product
as required by this standard, but also on the design, construction and performance of the roof as a whole in
relation to the environment and conditions of use.
5

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SIST EN 508-3:2008
EN 508-3:2008 (E)
1 Scope
This Part of EN 508 specifies requirements for self-supporting roofing products for discontinuous laying made
from stainless steel sheet with or without additional metallic and/or organic coatings.
The standard establishes general characteristics, definitions, classifications and labelling for the products,
together with requirements for the materials from which the products can be manufactured. It is intended to be
used either by manufacturers to ensure that their products comply with the requirements or by purchasers to
verify that the products comply before they are despatched from the factory. It specifies the requirements for
products which enable them to meet all normal service conditions.
The standard applies to all discontinuously laid self-supporting external profiled sheets for roofing with the
2
exception of tiles with a surface area less than 1 m and produced by stamping. These profiled roof sheets are
designed to keep wind, rain and snow out of the building and to transfer any resultant loads and infrequent
maintenance loads to the structure.
No requirements for supporting construction, design of roof system and execution of connections and
flashings are included.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 10088-1, Stainless steels - Part 1: List of stainless steels
EN 10088-2, Stainless steels - Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion
resisting steels for general purposes
EN 10202, Cold reduced tinmill products – Electrolytic tinplate and electrolytic chromium/chromium oxide
coated steel
EN ISO 9445, Continuously cold-rolled stainless steel narrow strip, wide strip, plate/sheet and cut lengths -
Tolerances on dimensions and form (ISO 9445:2002)
3 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 General
3.1.1
self-supporting product
Product which will, by virtue of its material and shape, support all applied loadings (e.g. snow, wind, foot
traffic) and transmit these loadings to spaced structural supports.
3.2 Materials
3.2.1
stainless steel
steel sheets with at least a content of 10,5 % chromium and max 1,2 % carbon
NOTE For roofing products the stainless steel grades are:
6

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SIST EN 508-3:2008
EN 508-3:2008 (E)
 ferritic;
 austenitic with or without molybdenum;
 austenitic ferritic (duplex); and
 higher alloyed grades.
3.2.2
terne coated stainless steel
stainless steel continuously hot dip coated with a lead-tin alloy
3.2.3
tin coated stainless steel
stainless steel continuously coated with tin by electrodeposition
3.2.4
organic coated stainless steel
stainless steel, terne coated stainless steel or tin coated stainless steel which is continuously (factory-)painted
by roller or spray process
NOTE EN 10169-1 refers to this type of coated steel.
3.3 Profiles
3.3.1
trapezoidal profiled sheet
self-supporting sheet which is designed to allow it to be side and end lapped, the crowns of which may be
rounded and, in addition, the crowns, webs and valleys may be stiffened
NOTE See Figures 2 to 5.

Figure 2 — Part of typical trapezoidal profile

Figure 3 — Part of typical trapezoidal profile with rounded crowns

Figure 4 — Part of typical trapezoidal profile with stiffened crown and web
7

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SIST EN 508-3:2008
EN 508-3:2008 (E)

Figure 5 — Part of typical trapezoidal profile with stiffened valley
3.3.2
sinusoidal profiled sheet
self-supporting sheet which is designed to allow it to be side and end lapped, comprising a series of arc
shaped crowns and valleys interconnected with tangential webs
NOTE See Figure 6.

Figure 6 — Part of typical sinusoidal profiled sheet
3.3.3
standing seam and concealed fix sheet
self-supporting sheet profiled in such a way that the fixings are hidden within the construction and are not
exposed to the weather
NOTE 1 See Figures 7 and 8.
NOTE 2 The profile shape is designed to allow the formation of side laps on site.
NOTE 3 As these types of roof covering products are used in proprietary roofing systems, no structural requirements
are given within the present standard.
NOTE 4 These products are normally designed by testing.

Figure 7 — Typical standing seam profile
8

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SIST EN 508-3:2008
EN 508-3:2008 (E)

Figure 8 — Typical concealed fix profile
3.3.4
tile profiles
parts of typical tile profiled sheets that can allow the sheet to be side and/or end lapped
NOTE 1  See figures 9a, 9b and 9c.
NOTE 2  The tile profiles may include transverse steps.
NOTE 3 As these types of roof covering products are used in proprietary systems no structural requirements are given
within this standard.
NOTE 4 These products are normally designed by testing.

Figure 9 — Typical tile profiles
3.4 Product geometry
NOTE The names for various parts of typical trapezoidal profiled sheets are given in Figures 10a) and 10b), with
additional definitions for sinusoidal profiles in Figure 11 and tile profiles in Figure 12.
9

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SIST EN 508-3:2008
EN 508-3:2008 (E)


Key
1 Cover width 7 Depth
2 Valley stiffener 8 Valley
3 Rib 9 Pitch
4 Web stiffener 10 Crown
5 Trough 11 Drainage groove
6 Web 12 Crown stiffener
a) Definitions of the parts of typical trapezoidal profiled sheets
10

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SIST EN 508-3:2008
EN 508-3:2008 (E)

Key
1 Bend radius 4 Overlap
2 End lap 5 Underlap
3 Web angle 6 Side lap in principle the same on tiles
b) Definitions of the parts of typical trapezoidal profiled sheets
Figure 10: Definitions of the parts of typical profiled sheets
11

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SIST EN 508-3:2008
EN 508-3:2008 (E)

Key
1 Depth
2 Pitch
Figure 10 — Definitions of the parts of typical sinusoidal profiled sheets

Key
1 Height of the step
2 Length of the step
3 Number of steps
4 End lap
Figure 11 — Definitions of the parts of typical tile
12

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SIST EN 508-3:2008
EN 508-3:2008 (E)
3.5 Symbols and abbreviations
X Stainless steel
X. +T Terne coated stainless steel
X .+SE Terne coated stainless steel
SP Polyester paint coating
SP-SI Silicone-modified polyester paint coating
PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride paint coating
PUR Polyurethane paint coating
PUR-PA Polyurethane-modified polyester paint coating
PVC(P) Polyvinylchloride(plastisol) coating applied by coil coating process
PVC(F) Polyvinylchloride (plastisol) film coating
PVF(F) Polyvinylfluoride film coating
PE(F) Polyethylene film coating
PET(F) Polyethylene terephthalate film coating
PP(F) Polypropylene film coating
4 Requirements
4.1 General
The product shall be manufactured from materials complying with Subclause 4.2
NOTE 1 The supplier of the materials is responsible for carrying out the tests necessary to verify that the materials
supplied to the manufacturer comply with the requirements and should provide appropriate inspection documents
(according to EN 10204) on request.
NOTE 2 The symbols and abbreviations to be used to designate the steel grade, the type and mass of the metallic
coating are those of the standards referred to in clause 2.
Product testing shall be provided to a defined schedule and carried out by the manufacturer or by an approved
1)
body. A permanent quality system shall be adopted by the manufacturer .
4.2 Materials
4.2.1 Grades
The grades of stainless steel shall be selected depending on the corrosion conditions of the local environment,
durability requirements and aesthetic considerations.

1
) E.g. quality management system based on EN ISO 9001.
13

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SIST EN 508-3:2008
EN 508-3:2008 (E)
Material for self-supporting roll formed and brake pressed profiles shall be one of the grades of steel as given
in Table 1.
Table 1 — Grades
Steel designation
Steel grade
Steel name Steel number
a
Ferritic with organic coating 1.4000
X6Cr13
a
Ferritic with or without organic coating 1.4016
X6Cr17
X6CrMo17-1 1.4113
X3CrTi17 1.4510
X2CrMoTi18-2 1.4521
Austenitic with or without organic coating X5CrNi18-10 1.4301
Austenitic/Molybdenum with or without organic X5CrNiMo17-12-2 1.4401
coating
a
Profiled sheets made from these grades may not be permitted for use in some countries.
4.2.2 Chemical composition
The chemical composition of stainless steel shall be in accordance with EN 10088-2.
4.2.3 Physical properties
The physical properties for stainless steel shall be in accordance with EN 10088-1.
NOTE Some physical properties are given in Annex A, for information.
4.2.4 Surface finishes of stainless steel
All normal stainless steel finishes can be used including bright finish, 2b according to EN 10088-2, and dull
finish, 2d and 2a according to EN 10088-2 and other low reflective finishes.
4.2.5 Tin coated stainless steel
4.2.5.1 Coating
The coating shall be homogeneous and shall not present any discontinuities which could impair the use of the
product.
After a bend test carried out in accordance with EU 12 with a bend angle of 180° and a diameter of the
mandrel equal to 1t (t thickness of the product), there shall be no peeling of the coating.
4.2.5.2 Coating mass
2
The nominal coating mass shall be the total mass of both surfaces expressed g/m .
2
The nominal coating mass shall be ≥ 10 g/m . The minimum values of the coating mass shall be respectively
2 2
10 g/m and 8 g/m when determined by a triple spot test or a single spot test.
4.2.6 Organic coated stainless steel
The main organic coatings suitable for application to stainless steel substrates are given in Table 2.
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SIST EN 508-3:2008
EN 508-3:2008 (E)
NOTE Further information is given in EN 10169-1, EN 10169-2 and EN 10169-3.
Organic coatings shall be selected dependent upon the processing and service conditions, including specific
climatic conditions.
Table 2 — Organic coatings and specified minimum thicknesses
Coating Symbol Number of layers Minimum permitted nominal
a coating thickness in µm per side
per side
Polyester SP 2 25
Silicone-modified polyester SP-SI 2 25
Polyurethane PUR 2 25
Polyvinylidenefluoride PVDF 2, 3, 4 25
Polyvinylchloride (Plastisol) PVC (P) 2 80
a
Including primer but excluding protective films.
4.3 Products
4.3.1 Mechanical resistance
The product shall resist design loads from snow, wind and maintenance loads. These loads shall be factored
such that they will not impair the performance of the roof.
NOTE The load level, the levels of safety and the permissible deflection are defined in national building regulations.
4.3.2 Calculation and tests of mechanical resistance
The mechanical performance of the product shall be stated by the manufacturer, together with details of how
the values were determined in accordance with the national regulations of the country in which the product is
to be used.
NOTE 1 For calculation and testing either national regulations or EN 1993-1-4 may be used.
NOTE 2 Calculation and test methods referred to in this standard mainly deal with trapezoidal sheets. Tiles, standing
seam sheets and concealed fix sheets are used in proprietary roofing systems, no structural requirements are given within
this standard for these products. These products should normally be designed by testing.
4.3.3 Dimensions
4.3.3.1 General
The dimensions of the product shall be fixed in order that the roof constructed with these products can fulfil its
functions.
4.3.3.2 Thickness
Measurements of the thickness of manu
...