SIST EN 14653-1:2005
(Main)Manually operated hydraulic shoring systems for groundwork support - Part 1: Product specifications
Manually operated hydraulic shoring systems for groundwork support - Part 1: Product specifications
This document specifies constructional and structural requirements for manually operated hydraulic shoring systems made from steel and aluminium for groundwork support.
It specifies characteristic resistances for the equipment.
Manuell gesteuerte hydraulische Grabenverbaugeräte - Teil 1: Produktfestlegungen
Dieses Dokument legt konstruktionstechnische und bautechnische Anforderungen an manuell gesteuerte
hydraulische Grabenverbaugeräte aus Stahl und Aluminium fest.
Sie legt die charakteristischen Festigkeiten der Konstruktionen fest.
Composants des blindages de tranchées - Partie 1: Spécifications du produit
Ročno upravljane hidravlične naprave za razpiranje izkopov – 1. del: Specifikacija proizvodov
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 14653-1:2005
01-julij-2005
5RþQRXSUDYOMDQHKLGUDYOLþQHQDSUDYH]DUD]SLUDQMHL]NRSRY±GHO 6SHFLILNDFLMD
SURL]YRGRY
Manually operated hydraulic shoring systems for groundwork support - Part 1: Product
specifications
Manuell gesteuerte hydraulische Grabenverbaugeräte - Teil 1: Produktfestlegungen
Composants des blindages de tranchées - Partie 1: Spécifications du produit
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 14653-1:2005
ICS:
93.020 Zemeljska dela. Izkopavanja. Earthworks. Excavations.
Gradnja temeljev. Dela pod Foundation construction.
zemljo Underground works
SIST EN 14653-1:2005 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 14653-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
April 2005
ICS 93.020
English version
Manually operated hydraulic shoring systems for groundwork
support - Part 1: Product specifications
Composants des blindages de tranchées - Partie 1: Manuell gesteuerte hydraulische Grabenverbaugeräte - Teil
Spécifications du produit 1: Produktfestlegungen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 February 2005.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 14653-1:2005: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword. 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope. 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions. 6
4 Symbols . 22
5 General requirements. 23
6 Materials. 23
7 Requirements . 25
8 Special requirements for hydraulic components . 35
9 Assessment . 39
10 Instruction manual. 39
11 Marking . 42
12 Conformity . 42
Annex A (normative) Partial safety factors . 45
Annex B (informative) Relating site conditions to Characteristic Resistances . 46
Annex C (normative) Examples of a hydraulic leg curve and waler frame strut
repositioning . 47
Annex D (normative) Ram acceptance test. 52
Annex E (normative) Designation checklist. 54
Bibliography . 58
2
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 14653-1:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 53
“Temporary works equipment”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2005, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by October 2005.
This European Standard with the general title Manually operated hydraulically shoring systems for
groundwork support consists of the following parts:
Part 1: Product specifications
Part 2: Assessment by calculation or test
These standards are to be read in conjunction with EN 12811-2 and EN 12811-3.
This document includes a Bibliography.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
3
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
Introduction
Hydraulically operated shoring systems comprise prefabricated equipment that supports sheeting to
the sides of excavations. This document covers two types of equipment whose adjustment in length is
by hydraulic or by a combination of hydraulic and mechanical means:
a) hydraulic bracing frames;
b) hydraulic waler frames.
A variety of components which when assembled form a full system. The prefabricated components
are used to make frame assemblies of different dimensions and structural capacities.
Hydraulic bracing frames and waler frames have two strength classification classes - Class A and
Class B.
Class B hydraulic bracing frame legs have a further restriction limiting the length of a single leg to
20 m.
The instruction manual is intended to provide all the necessary information on the safe use of the
systems.
This document gives specific requirements on the main characteristics of manually operated hydraulic
pumps, hoses and associated equipment, but does not provide requirements for their specification or
assessment in EN 14653-2.
This equipment is frequently used in conjunction with supplementary equipment, e.g. knee braces and
intermediate hydraulic bracing struts.
The characteristic resistance values specified in this document form various reference levels.
Annex A gives information about the values of Partial safety factor for materials γ and Partial safety
M
factor for actions γ . Annex B gives information on their use under site conditions.
F
4
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
1 Scope
This document specifies constructional and structural requirements for manually operated hydraulic
shoring systems made from steel and aluminium for groundwork support.
It specifies characteristic resistances for the equipment.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 853, Rubber hoses and hose assemblies — Wire braid reinforced hydraulic type — Specification
EN 856, Rubber hoses and hose assemblies — Rubber-covered spiral wire reinforced hydraulic type
— Specification
EN 857, Rubber hoses and hose assemblies — Wire braid reinforced compact type for hydraulic
applications — Specification
EN 1127-1, Explosive atmospheres — Explosion prevention and protection — Part 1: Basic concepts
and methodology
EN 10002-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at ambient temperature
EN 10216 (all parts), Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes — Technical delivery conditions
EN 10217 (all parts), Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes — Technical delivery conditions
EN 10305 (all parts), Steel tubes for precision applications — Technical delivery conditions
EN 12811-2, Temporary works equipment —Part 2: Information on materials
EN 14653-2, Manually operated hydraulically shoring systems for groundwork support —
Part 2: Assessment by calculation or test
ENV 1993-1-1, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings
ENV 1999-1-1, Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures — Part 1-1: General rules — General
rules and rules for buildings
EN ISO 898-1, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel — Part 1:
Bolts, screws and studs (ISO 898-1:1999)
EN ISO 4287, Geometric product specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Terms,
definitions and surface texture parameters (ISO 4287:1997)
ISO 10100, Hydraulic fluid power — Cylinders — Acceptance tests
5
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
rams
3.1.1
hydraulic ram
adjustable component that withstands force and whose length can be varied by the application of
hydraulic pressure (see Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3)
NOTE 1 A separate manually operated pump activates the ram.
NOTE 2 The term ‘ram’ has been adopted to distinguish the component from the more general term ‘cylinder’.
Rams only receive static loading from ground pressure and do not require specific duty cycles or cycle rates.
3.1.2
single acting ram (SA)
hydraulic ram that under hydraulic pressure only extends and cannot retract hydraulically
NOTE 1 A single acting ram can only support compressive forces.
NOTE 2 There are three types of single acting ram available a, b and c (see Figures 1 and 2).
a) Displacement type (D) see Figure 1 a);
b) Piston type (P) see Figure 1 b);
c) Multi-stage rams; these rams may be piston types, displacement types or a combination of both (M).
NOTE 3 A single acting ram may be supplied with a mechanical spring return (SR), which provides a double-
acting action without the requirement for a hydraulic return. The spring takes effect when the hydraulic pressure
is released, (see Figure 2).
6
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EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
Key
1 Cylinder end block 8 Gland
2 Male quick release coupler 9 Piston rod end block
3 Cylinder tube 10 Full bore side of piston
4 Bypass piston 11 ‘O’ ring seal
5 Seal 12 Location of optional valves
6 Piston rod 13 Waler rail
7 Wiper ring
a) Example of a displacement type ram
Key
1 Cylinder end block 8 Gland
2 Male quick release coupler 9 Piston rod end block
3 Cylinder tube 10 Full bore side of piston
4 Sealed piston 11 ‘O’ ring seal
5 Seal 12 Location of optional valves
6 Piston rod 13 Waler rail
7 Wiper ring 14 Blow-off hole
15 Mounting bolt or pin
b) Example of a sealed piston type ram
Figure 1 — Examples of single acting rams
7
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
Key
1 Single acting ram 8 Return spring
2 Outer section 9 Cylinder end block
3 Inner section 10 End block pin
4 Waler rail is positioned at both ends 90º to the 11 Piston rod end block
strut
5 Quick release coupler 12 Non-load bearing mounting bolt
6 Rail pin 13 Retaining clip
7 Alternative locking pin positions 14 Locking pin
Figure 2 — Example of a telescopic waler strut with spring return
3.1.3
double acting ram (DA)
hydraulic ram that both extends and retracts under hydraulic pressure (see Figure 3)
NOTE These rams primarily take compressive loads but also have a tensile capacity.
8
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
Key
1 Cylinder end block
2 Piston rod end block
3 Restrained collar (if fitted)
4 Cylinder tube
5 Piston rod
6 Piston
7 Gland
8 Return feed pipe
9 Piston seal
10 Return feed pipe seal
11 Isolation valve
12 Quick release coupling
13 Piston rod seal
14 Wiper ring
15 Full bore side of piston
16 External diameter of cylinder-D
a
17 Piston rod diameter-D
b
18 Internal diameter of cylinder D
c
19 Return side of piston
a) Example of a double acting ram
b) Example of a double acting ram
with an internal return feed pipe
with an external return hydraulic feel
Figure 3 — Examples of double acting rams
9
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
3.2 ram components (see Figures 1, 2 and 3)
3.2.1
piston (sealed or bypass)
component that transmits the force created by the fluid pressure to the piston rod (see Figures 1
and 3)
3.2.2
piston rod
telescoping inner load bearing component that is terminated with a piston (sealed or bypass type) at
one end and an end block at the other end
3.2.3
cylinder tube
outer cylinder of the ram that resists the internal pressure
3.2.4
cylinder end block
component at the end of the cylinder tube that provides a connection for attaching hydraulic fittings
and isolation valves and connection points to the surrounding structure
NOTE The end block may consist of two parts with a separate block for the hydraulic fittings and valves.
3.2.5
piston rod end block
component at the end of the piston rod that provides a connection point for attaching to the
surrounding structure
3.2.6
gland
component that centralizes the piston rod and may incorporate seals, bearing rings and wiper
rings,(see Figure 4)
10
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
Key
1 Piston rod 6 Wiper ring
2 Cylinder tube 7 ‘O’ ring
3 Gland 8 Gland retaining thread
4 Piston rod seal 9 ‘O’ ring
5 Bearing ring
Figure 4 — Example of a gland
3.2.7
mounting fasteners
3.2.7.1
load bearing mounting fastener
pin or bolt that transfers the full load of the ram from the piston rod end block or from the cylinder end
block to the surrounding structure, (see Figure 5)
NOTE The pinhole diameter normally provides a clearance tolerance and not an interference fit for the pin.
3.2.7.2
non-load bearing mounting fastener
pin or bolt that retains a ram in position only (see Figure 5)
11
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
Key
1 Outer tube of the adjustable leg 6 Mounting structure
2 Inner tube of the adjustable leg 7 Cylinder end block
3 Ram 8 Retaining clips
4 Load bearing mounting block pins 9 Non-load bearing mounting pin
5 Piston rod end block
Figure 5 — Example of mounting blocks and pins
Key
1 Hydraulic bracing frame leg 4 Valve housing and hose connection
2 Corner detail with pin 5 Restraining chain
3 Handling and restraining point 6 Sheet piling
Figure 6 — Example of a hydraulic bracing frame
12
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
3.3
piston stroke
difference between the fully retracted length of the ram and the fully extended length of the ram
3.4
hydraulic bracing frame
four-sided assembly that is designed to resist the applied loading on all sides (see Figure 6)
3.5
hydraulic bracing frame leg
telescopic assembly of components, whose length is adjusted by a hydraulic ram (see Figure 7)
NOTE 1 Each end of the leg has a pin connection. The leg may be capable of extension with an extension bar
using a suitable connection (see Figure 8) .The leg can also have a telescopic mechanical adjustment. Two
strength classifications of frame legs are available Class A and Class B
NOTE 2 Class B hydraulic bracing frame legs are limited to a length of 20,0 m for the purposes of this
document.
Key
1 Inner adjustable tube 6 Ram
2 Outer adjustable tube 7 Cylinder end block pin
3 Female corner connection 8 Piston rod mounting pin
4 Male corner connection 9 Axial load F
K
5 Corner pin
l Maximum pin to pin leg dimension
1
l Minimum overlap of the outer tube to the inner tube
2
h Eccentricity of F related to the centre line of the leg
k
Figure 7 — Example of a hydraulic bracing leg without extension bars
13
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
Key
1 Hydraulic bracing frame leg 5 Ram
2 Handling and restraining points 6 Corner pin
3 Bolted and pinned joint to the extension bar 7 Mounting pin
8 Axial load F
4 Extension bar K
Figure 8 — Example of a hydraulic bracing frame leg with an extension bar
3.6
waler frame
frame comprising two waler rails held apart by at least two hydraulic struts
NOTE The frame in normal use is used horizontally (see Figure 9).
Key
1 Waler rail 4 Pin
2 Hydraulic waler strut 5 Handling and restraining point
3 Restraining chain 6 Sheet piling
Figure 9 — Example of a waler frame
14
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
3.7
waler rail
fixed length structural component used horizontally usually to support piling sheets
NOTE Two strength classifications of waler rail are available Class A and Class B.
3.8
hydraulic waler strut
hydraulic strut that may be lengthened by the addition of extension bars and that is used in
conjunction with waler rails
NOTE These components resist compressive forces only (see Figure 10).
Key
1 Waler rail
2 Cylinder end block
3 Rail pin and clip
4 Male quick release valve
5 Ram
6 Ram with extendable over
sleeve
7 Piston rod with mounting
block and pin
8 Extension bar with end shoe
9 End shoe
10 Bolted connection
11 Champfer to aids folding
a) Non-folding type b) Folding type c) Rail pin detail
Figure 10 — Examples of waler struts
3.9
full-bore side of the piston
side of the piston to which the active hydraulic pressure is applied
3.10
return side of the piston
opposite side of the piston to the full bore side of a double acting ram
15
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
3.11
valves
3.11.1
quick release valve coupler (QR)
pair of components, of which one end is male and one end female, that provide hydraulic connections
between rams and hoses
NOTE 1 These couplers are also known as quick-action couplers.
NOTE 2 Both ends of the coupler are self-sealing when disconnected.
NOTE 3 Hydraulic fluid is introduced into a ram through these connections with the convention that the male
end is used to introduce fluid to the extend side of the ram. On double acting rams a female end is provided to
the retract side.
3.11.2
isolation valve (IV)
mechanical operated valve or hydraulic valve positioned on the full bore side of a ram which provides
additional hydraulic isolation and enables a quick release coupler to be reconnected when the ram is
under load
3.11.3
quick release coupler safety valve (SV)
automatic valve that only operates when there is mechanical damage to a quick release coupler
NOTE The purpose of the valve is to prevent a loss of pressure in the ram following accidental damage to a
quick release coupler.
3.11.4
pressure relief valve (PRV)
device, usually proprietary, fitted to protect against unintentional over-pressurization of a ram
3.11.5
pilot operated check valve (POCV)
device, usually proprietary, that ensures that a double acting ram cannot retract unless hydraulic
pressure is applied to the retract side of the piston
3.12
mechanical locking systems for waler struts
3.12.1
mechanically locking clamp (MLC)
mechanical device activated automatically or pre-set manually that prevents the ram from closing
down when there is a loss of hydraulic pressure (see Figure 11)
16
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
Key
1 Manually operated pin to activate locking teeth
2 Direction of the locking cam
3 Spring operated toothed cam (rotates and locks against the ram outer cylinder)
The cam is shown in the open position.
4 Ram outer cylinder tube
5 Locking clamp mounted between the over-sleeve and the ram outer cylinder
6 Ram over-sleeve
Figure 11 — Example of a mechanical clamp system for a waler strut
3.12.2
mechanically locking telescoping over-sleeve (MLOS)
telescoping component that totally encloses a ram strut (see Figure 2)
NOTE A series of pinholes are provided so that a locking pin can be positioned to prevent the strut from
collapsing fully in the event of a loss of hydraulic pressure.
3.13
extension bars
3.13.1
waler strut extension bar
component for in line insertion in a waler strut to increase its length (see Figure 12)
NOTE Three basic types are available:
a) with flanged connectors at each end;
b) with a pinned over-sleeve extension bar where there may be a variety of lengths;
c) with a pinned spigot and socket connection.
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
a) Flange type
b) Oversleeve type
c) Spigot type
Key
1 Male quick release coupler 7 Load bearing pin
2 Non-load bearing mounting pin 8 Spigot
3 Ram 9 Over-sleeve extension bar
4 Extension bar 10 Bolts
5 Bolted flanges 11 Spigot type over-sleeve
6 Cylinder end block 12 Shoe
13 Extendable ram over-sleeve
14 Spigot housing
Figure 12 — Examples of a waler strut extension bars
18
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
3.13.2
hydraulic bracing frame leg extension bar
component for increasing the length of a hydraulic bracing frame leg (see Figure 8)
NOTE The joint between the component and its parent has a moment capacity.
3.14
secondary supports
3.14.1
restraining chain assembly
chain assembly that is designed to support a hydraulic bracing frame leg or a waler rail and is
adjustable in length and is designed to connect to a hydraulic bracing frame leg or to a waler rail
NOTE The restraining chain assembly supports the frame or waler rail by connecting between the top of the
piling sheet and the restraining point on the frame. They are also used to support one or more frames or waler
rails when they are suspended below each other (see Figure 13).
Key
1 Sheet piles
2 Hydraulic bracing frame leg
3 Restraining chains-leg to leg
4 Restraining chains-sheet pile to leg
5 Restraining or handling point
6 Pin
NOTE Alternatively each frame may be supported directly from the sheet pile.
Figure 13 — Example of the use of restraining chains
3.14.2
support bracket
component fixed to sheet piles at a required height so that the hydraulic bracing frame leg or waler rail
is supported at the chosen level
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
3.15
hydraulic shoring fluid
oil (O) or water-based (W) fluid used to operate rams
NOTE Shoring rams are usually operated using water-based fluids consisting of water-soluble oil that is
diluted with water. Anti-freeze is added to suit local conditions.
3.16
attachment points
3.16.1
handling point
point for attaching lifting equipment to aid the assembly of the system and for use in transportation
3.16.2
restraining point
point for connecting restraining chains
3.17
special release tool
tool used to separate a quick release valve coupler between a ram and a hose after installing a frame
into an excavation
NOTE Special release tools are also used to release pressure from a ram by bleeding the male component
of a quick release valve coupler that is mounted on the ram.
3.18
hydraulic pump
manual device for operating a ram by hydraulic means
3.19
hydraulic fluid pressure
3.19.1
characteristic compressive failure pressure F
KC
internal pressure at which compression failure occurs in a ram when extended to approximately 10 %
of its possible range
NOTE 3.19.1 defines cylinder assembly failure pressure of a ram whereas 3.21.3 defines the characteristic
compression resistance of the complete ram with the ram bar fully extended which takes into account ram bar
buckling.
3.19.2
characteristic return failure pressure F
TA
internal return pressure in a double acting ram at failure of the ram
3.19.3
rated pressure F
WK, C
highest stated pressure that the system or part of the system is intended to operate in steady state
conditions
3.20
hydraulic seal
flexible component that is intended to prevents fluid leakage between moving parts
20
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
3.21
characteristic resistances (see Figure 14)
NOTE A hydraulic bracing frame leg may consist of a variety components that can be assembled in a
variety of ways to produce a given leg length. The resistance is not directly related to the length, but the manner
in which the components are assembled can vary the resistance (see Annex C)
3.21.1
characteristic minimum bending resistance R
KB
bending resistance of a hydraulic bracing frame leg or a waler rail when assembled in the weakest
configuration declared in the instruction manual
NOTE The weakest configuration of the system will typically be at a maximum extension of all principal
components and for waler frames with the minimum number of struts. In some configurations a joint in a hydraulic
bracing rail leg may produce the weakest configuration (see Annex C).
3.21.2
characteristic bending resistance R
KB-N
bending resistance of a hydraulic bracing frame leg at a specified length and of a specified assembly
NOTE The leg assembly in some systems is specific and has to be defined by its length and the detail
arrangement of the components in the assembly. For this situation R is used as a special case for defining the
KB-N
characteristic bending resistance (see Annex C).
3.21.3
characteristic axial compression resistance R
KC
axial compressive resistance of a hydraulic bracing frame leg, or a ram or a waler frame strut with the
piston rod of the ram fully extended
3.21.4
characteristic axial tension resistance for the return capacity of a double acting ram R
TA
axial resistance of the return capacity of a double acting ram
3.21.5
characteristic bending resistance of a joint with the outer face in compression R
KB, JC
bending resistance of a hydraulic bracing leg joint under the arrangement of loading given in
Figure 14
NOTE The bending resistance of a joint can have two values, one based upon the detail at the inner face and
the other based on the detail at the outer face. The characteristic bending resistance is the lower of these two
figures.
3.21.6
characteristic bending resistance of a joint with the outer face in tension R
KB, JT
bending resistance of a hydraulic bracing leg joint where the arrangement of loading given in
Figure 14 has been reversed
NOTE There are two cases where the loading shown in Figure 14 can be reversed:
a) when an intermediate strut (or struts) is introduced to the leg;
b) when lifting and installing the leg.
3.21.7
characteristic bending resistance of the main section of a leg R
KB1
bending resistance of the main section of a hydraulic bracing leg
3.21.8
characteristic bending resistance for a leg at a reduction in section R
KB2
bending resistance of a horizontal bracing frame leg where there is a reduction in section
21
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SIST EN 14653-1:2005
EN 14653-1:2005 (E)
3.21.9
characteristic bending resistance of the outer tube of an adjustable leg R
KB, RO
bending resistance of the outer tube of an adjustable telescopic hydraulic bracing fram
...
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