SIST EN IEC 62631-2-1:2018
(Main)Dielectric and resistive properties of solid insulating materials - Part 2-1: Relative permittivity and dissipation factor - Technical Frequencies (0.1 Hz - 10 MHz), AC Methods (IEC 62631-2-1:2018)
Dielectric and resistive properties of solid insulating materials - Part 2-1: Relative permittivity and dissipation factor - Technical Frequencies (0.1 Hz - 10 MHz), AC Methods (IEC 62631-2-1:2018)
This part of IEC 62631 describes test methods for the determination of permittivity and
dissipation factor properties of solid insulating materials (AC methods from 0,1 Hz up to
10 MHz).
NOTE This part of the standard mainly considers measuring setups with guard-electrodes.
Dielektrische und resistive Eigenschaften fester Elektroisolierstoffe - Teil 2-1: Relative Permittivität und Verlustfaktor - Technische Frequenzen (0,1 Hz bis 10 MHz) – Wechselspannungsverfahren
Propriétés diélectriques et résistives des matériaux isolants solides - Partie 2-1: Permittivité relative et facteur de dissipation - Fréquences techniques (0,1 Hz à 10 MHz), méthodes en courant alternatif (IEC 62631-2-1:2018)
L'IEC 62631-2-1:2018 décrit des méthodes d'essai pour déterminer les propriétés de la permittivité et du facteur de dissipation de matériaux isolants solides (méthodes en courant alternatif de 0,1 Hz à 10 MHz).
Cette première édition annule et remplace la première édition de l'IEC 60250, publiée en 1969. Cette édition constitue une révision technique.
Cette édition inclut les modifications techniques majeures suivantes par rapport à l'édition précédente:
a. fréquences techniques réservées aux méthodes en courant alternatif;
b. mise à jour des mesures appliquées aux matériaux diélectriques solides.
Dielektrične in uporovne lastnosti trdnih izolacijskih materialov - 2-1. del: Relativna permitivnost in faktor izgube - Tehnične frekvence (0,1 Hz – 10 MHz), metode AC (IEC 62631-2-1:2018)
Ta del standarda IEC 62631 opisuje preskusne metode za določitev lastnosti permitivnosti in faktorja izgube trdnih izolacijskih materialov (AC metode od 0,1 Hz in 10 MHz.
OPOMBA Ta del standarda v glavnem obravnava načine merjenja z varovalnimi elektrodami.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN IEC 62631-2-1:2018
01-julij-2018
'LHOHNWULþQHLQXSRURYQHODVWQRVWLWUGQLKL]RODFLMVNLKPDWHULDORYGHO
5HODWLYQDSHUPLWLYQRVWLQIDNWRUL]JXEH7HKQLþQHIUHNYHQFH +]±0+]
PHWRGH$& ,(&
Dielectric and resistive properties of solid insulating materials - Part 2-1: Relative
permittivity and dissipation factor - Technical Frequencies (0.1 Hz - 10 MHz), AC
Methods (IEC 62631-2-1:2018)
Propriétés diélectriques et résistives des matériaux isolants solides - Partie 2-1:
Permittivité relative et facteur de dissipation - Fréquences techniques (0,1 Hz à 10 MHz),
méthodes en courant alternatif (IEC 62631-2-1:2018)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 62631-2-1:2018
ICS:
29.035.01 Izolacijski materiali na Insulating materials in
splošno general
SIST EN IEC 62631-2-1:2018 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN IEC 62631-2-1:2018
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SIST EN IEC 62631-2-1:2018
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 62631-2-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
April 2018
ICS 17.220.99; 29.035.01
English Version
Dielectric and resistive properties of solid insulating materials -
Part 2-1: Relative permittivity and dissipation factor - Technical
frequencies (0,1 Hz to 10 MHz) - AC Methods
(IEC 62631-2-1:2018)
Propriétés diélectriques et résistives des matériaux isolants Dielektrische und resistive Eigenschaften fester
solides - Partie 2-1: Permittivité relative et facteur de Elektroisolierstoffe Teil 2-1: Dielektrizitätszahl und der
dissipation - Fréquences techniques (0,1 Hz à 10 MHz) - Verlustfaktor Technische Frequenzen (0,1 Hz - 10 MHz) -
Méthodes en courant alternatif Wechselspannungsverfahren
(IEC 62631-2-1:2018) (IEC 62631-2-1:2018)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2018-04-03. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN IEC 62631-2-1:2018 E
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SIST EN IEC 62631-2-1:2018
EN IEC 62631-2-1:2018 (E)
European foreword
The text of document 112/412/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 62631-2-1, prepared by IEC/TC 112
"Evaluation and qualification of electrical insulating materials and systems" was submitted to the IEC-
CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as EN IEC 62631-2-1:2018.
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be (dop) 2019-01-03
implemented at national level by
publication of an identical national
standard or by endorsement
(dow) 2021-04-03
• latest date by which the national
standards conflicting with the
document have to be withdrawn
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 62631-2-1:2018 was approved by CENELEC as a
European Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated:
IEC 60216-1 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60216-1.
IEC 60216-4-1:2006 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60216-4-1:2006 (not modified).
IEC 60247 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60247.
IEC 60505 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60505.
IEC 62631-1 NOTE Harmonized as EN 62631-1.
IEC 60455 series NOTE Harmonized as EN 60455 series.
IEC 60464 series NOTE Harmonized as EN 60464 series.
IEC 61212 series NOTE Harmonized as EN 61212 series.
ISO 291 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 291.
ISO 294-1 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 294-1.
ISO 294-3 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 294-3.
ISO 295 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 295.
2
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EN IEC 62631-2-1:2018 (E)
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
NOTE 1 Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant
EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available here:
www.cenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60212 - Standard conditions for use prior to and EN 60212 -
during the testing of solid electrical
insulating materials
ISO 4593 - Plastics - Film and sheeting - - -
Determination of thickness by mechanical
scanning
3
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SIST EN IEC 62631-2-1:2018
IEC 62631-2-1
®
Edition 1.0 2018-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Dielectric and resistive properties of solid insulating materials –
Part 2-1: Relative permittivity and dissipation factor – Technical frequencies
(0,1 Hz to 10 MHz) – AC methods
Propriétés diélectriques et résistives des matériaux isolants solides –
Partie 2-1: Permittivité relative et facteur de dissipation – Fréquences techniques
(0,1 Hz à 10 MHz) – Méthodes en courant alternatif
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 17.220.99; 29.035.01 ISBN 978-2-8322-5414-1
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agréé.
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
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SIST EN IEC 62631-2-1:2018
– 2 – IEC 62631-2-1:2018 © IEC 2018
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 3
INTRODUCTION . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 Method of test . 7
4.1 General theory . 7
4.2 Power supply (voltage) . 10
4.3 Equipment . 10
4.3.1 Accuracy . 10
4.3.2 Choice of measuring methods . 10
4.3.3 Measurement setup with applied electrodes to the material . 11
4.4 Calibration . 14
4.5 Test specimen . 14
4.5.1 General . 14
4.5.2 Recommended dimensions of test specimen and electrode
arrangements . 15
4.5.3 Manufacturing of test specimen . 15
4.5.4 Number of test specimen . 15
4.5.5 Conditioning and pre-treatment of test specimen . 16
4.6 Procedures for specific materials . 16
5 Test procedure . 16
5.1 General . 16
5.2 Calculation of permittivity and relative permittivity . 16
5.2.1 Relative permittivity . 16
5.2.2 The dielectric dissipation factor tan δ . 16
6 Report . 16
7 Repeatability and reproducibility . 17
Annex A (informative) Basic fundamentals . 18
A.1 Error for the effective area in guard ring electrodes – Examples with d =
1
25 mm, 50 mm or 100 mm and w = 1 mm . 18
A.2 Computation of edge correction of effective area . 19
A.3 Determining H and calculating B . 20
Bibliography . 21
Figure 1 – Dielectric dissipation factor . 8
Figure 2 – Equivalent circuit diagrams . 9
Figure 3 – Cylindrical electrode with guard ring for plate designed specimen . 12
Figure 4 – Specimen with liquid electrodes . 13
Figure A.1 – Area error of h in e with Ɛ = 1 . 18
% r
Figure A.2 – Area error of h in e with Ɛ = ∞ . 18
% r
Figure A.3 – Error calculation for different Ɛ and d . 18
r 1
Figure A.4 – Flow chart for the computation of edge correction of effective area . 19
Figure A.5 – Factor H versus gap and height . 20
Table 1 – Test specimen . 15
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IEC 62631-2-1:2018 © IEC 2018 – 3 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
DIELECTRIC AND RESISTIVE PROPERTIES
OF SOLID INSULATING MATERIALS –
Part 2-1: Relative permittivity and dissipation factor –
Technical frequencies (0,1 Hz to 10 MHz) – AC methods
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62631-2-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 112:
Evaluation and qualification of electrical insulating materials and systems.
This first edition cancels and replaces the first edition IEC 60250, published in 1969. This
edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) technical frequencies confined to AC methods;
b) update on measurements on solid dielectric materials.
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SIST EN IEC 62631-2-1:2018
– 4 – IEC 62631-2-1:2018 © IEC 2018
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
112/412/FDIS 112/417/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts in the IEC 62631 series, published under the general title Dielectric and
resistive properties of solid insulating materials, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
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IEC 62631-2-1:2018 © IEC 2018 – 5 –
INTRODUCTION
Tan δ, also called loss tangent, or dissipation factor is a basic parameter for the quality of
insulating materials. The measurement of capacitance and loss angle is a classical method
well established in the industry over 100 years.
The dissipation factor (tan δ) is dependent on several parameters, such as electrode design,
material characteristics, environmental issues, moisture, temperature, voltage applied, and
highly dependent on frequencies, the accuracy of measuring apparatus and other parameters
applied to the measured specimen.
The frequency range is limited, depending on the test cell and electrode design, the
dimension of the samples and connection leads. In this standard the parameters for the
frequencies applied are therefore limited in the range of very low frequency (VLF) from less
than 1 Hz and up to 10 MHz. However, measuring instruments can provide a broader
frequency range, whereby the usable and suitable frequency range is limited by the whole test
setup.
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DIELECTRIC AND RESISTIVE PROPERTIES
OF SOLID INSULATING MATERIALS –
Part 2-1: Relative permittivity and dissipation factor –
Technical frequencies (0,1 Hz to 10 MHz) – AC methods
1 Scope
This part of IEC 62631 describes test methods for the determination of permittivity and
dissipation factor properties of solid insulating materials (AC methods from 0,1 Hz up to
10 MHz).
NOTE This part of the standard mainly considers measuring setups with guard-electrodes.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their
content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition
cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
IEC 60212, Standard conditions for use prior to and during the testing of solid electrical
insulating materials
ISO 4593, Plastics – Film and sheeting – Determination of thickness by mechanical scanning
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
electrical insulating material
solid with negligibly low electric conductivity, used to separate conducting parts at different
electrical potentials
Note 1 to entry: The term "electrical insulating material" is sometimes used in a broader sense to designate also
insulating liquids and gases. Insulating liquids are covered by IEC 60247.
3.2
dielectric properties
comprehensive behaviour of an insulating material measured with AC comprising the
capacitance, absolute permittivity, relative permittivity, relative complex permittivity, dielectric
dissipation factor
3.3
absolute permittivity
electric flux density divided by the electric field strength
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IEC 62631-2-1:2018 © IEC 2018 – 7 –
3.4
relative permittivity
ratio of the absolute permittivity to the permittivity of a vacuum ε
0
3.5
relative complex permittivity
permittivity in a complex number representation, under steady sinusoidal field conditions
3.6
dielectric dissipation factor tan δ (loss tangent)
numerical value of the ratio of the imaginary to the real part of the complex permittivity
3.7
capacitance C
property of an arrangement of conductors and dielectrics which permits the storage of
electrical charge when a potential difference exists between the conductors
3.8
voltage application
application of a voltage between electrodes
Note 1 to entry: Voltage application is sometimes referred to as electrification.
3.9
measuring electrodes
conductors applied to, or embedded in, a material to make contact with it to measure its
dielectric or resistive properties
Note 1 to entry: The design of the measuring electrodes depends on the specimen and the purpose of the test.
4 Method of test
4.1 General theory
The measured permittivity (formerly known as dielectric constant) ε of an insulating material is
the product of its relative permittivity ε and the permittivity of a vacuum ε :
r 0
ε=ε ⋅ε (1)
0 r
The permittivity is expressed in farad per meter (F/m); the permittivity of vacuum ε has the
0
following value:
F
−12
ε = 8,854187817⋅10 (2)
0
m
Relative permittivity is the ratio of the absolute permittivity to the permittivity of a vacuum ε .
0
In the case of constant fields and alternating fields of sufficiently low frequency the relative
permittivity of an isotropic or quasi-isotropic dielectric is equal to the ratio of the capacitance
of a capacitor, in which the space between and around the electrodes is entirely and
exclusively filled with the dielectric, to the capacitance of the same configuration of electrodes
in vacuum.
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In practical engineering it is usual to employ the term permittivity when referring to relative
permittivity. The relative permittivity ε of an insulating material is the quotient of capacitance
r
C of a capacitive test specimen (capacitor), in which the space between the two electrodes is
x
entirely and exclusively filled with the insulating material in question, and the capacitance C
0
of the same configuration of electrodes in vacuum:
C
x
ε = (3)
r
C
0
The relative permittivity ε of dry air free from carbon dioxide, at normal atmospheric pressure
r
in Pa, equals 100053 Pa, so that in practice, the capacitances C of the configuration of
a
electrodes in air can normally be used instead of C to determine the relative permittivity ε
0 r
with sufficient accuracy.
Relative complex permittivity is permittivity in a complex number representation under steady
sinusoidal field conditions expressed as
' " − jδ
ε =ε − jε =⋅ε ⋅ e (4)
r r r
r
where ε' and ε'' have positive values.
r r
ε
NOTE 1 The complex permittivity is customarily quoted either in terms of ε' and ε'' , or in terms of ε
r r r
r
and tan δ. If ε' > ε'' then ε ≈ ε' which are both called relative permittivity.
r r r r
NOTE 2 ε'' is termed loss index.
r
I
I
δ
U
I
0
ϕ
I U
w
IEC
Figure 1 – Dielectric dissipation factor
The dielectric dissipation factor tan δ (loss tangent) is the numerical value of the ratio of the
imaginary to the real part of the complex permittivity.
"
ε
r
tanδ= (5)
'
ε
r
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SIST EN IEC 62631-2-1:2018
IEC 62631-2-1:2018 © IEC 2018 – 9 –
R C
s s
R
p
C
p
IEC
Figure 2 – Equivalent circuit diagrams
Thus, the dielectric dissipation factor tan δ of an insulating material is the tangent of the
angle δ by which the phase difference ϕ between the applied voltage and the resulting current
deviates from π/2 rad when the solid insulating material is exclusively used as dielectric in a
capacitive test specimen (capacitor) (compare with Figure 1). The dielectric dissipation factor
can also be expressed by an equivalent circuit diagram using an ideal capacitor with a
resistor in series or parallel connection (see Figure 2).
1
(6)
tanδ=ωC ⋅ R =
s s
ωC ⋅ R
p p
with
C
p 1
= (7)
2
C
s 1+ tan δ
and
R
p 1
= 1+ (8)
2
R
tan δ
s
NOTE 3 R and R respectively are not directly related to but affected by the volume and the surface resistance of
S P
an insulating material. Therefore the dielectric dissipation factor may also be affected by these resistive materials
properties.
Capacitance C is the property of an arrangement of conductors and dielectrics which permits
the storage of electrical charge when a potential difference exists between the conductors.
C is the ratio of a quantity q of charge to a potential difference U. A capacitance value is
always positive. The unit is farad when the charge is expressed in coulomb and the potential
in volts.
q
C= (9)
U
This general method describes common values for general measurements. If a method for a
specific type of material is described in this standard, the specific method shall be used.
The measurement of permittivity and dielectric dissipation factor is to be done carefully and
under consideration of the electric properties of the measuring circuit as well as the specific
electric properties of the material.
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NOTE 4 To carry out the test, in most cases the use of high voltage is necessary. Care shall be taken to prevent
from electric shock.
The basic principles of apparatus and methods are not described here. Some references to
the literature is given in the bibliography.
4.2 Power supply (voltage)
The power source shall provide a stable sinusoidal voltage. For the measuring duration the
measured value of the supplied voltage shall be maintained within ± 5 %.
The voltage wave shape shall approximate to a sinusoid with the difference of the magnitudes
of the positive and negative peak values being less than 2 %.
The deviation of the sinusoidal shape (the ratio of peak to r.m.s. values equals 2 ) shall be
within ± 5 %.
Preferred voltages are 0,1 V; 0,5 V; 10 V; 100 V; 500 V; 1 000 V; 2 000 V.
Higher voltages may be applicable in order to perform tests at operating field strength. Other
voltage levels shall be documented in the report.
NOTE Partial discharge can lead to erroneous measurements when a specific inception voltage is exceeded. In
air, below 340 V no partial discharges will occur.
4.3 Equipment
4.3.1 Accuracy
The measuring device should be capable of determining the unknown permittivity and
dielectric dissipation factor in accordance with the expected material properties. The accuracy
of the measuring system must be documented in the report.
NOTE The user can choose the measuring system accuracy according to the requirements of the measuring
results.
4.3.2 Choice of measuring methods
4.3.2.1 General
Methods for measuring the permittivity and dissipation factor can be divided into three groups:
• null method
• impedance analyser method
• digital phase shift method
4.3.2.2 Null method
For measurements of permittivity and dissipation factor, substitution techniques can be used
that is, the bridge is balanced by adjustment mainly in one arm of the network, with and
without the specimen connected. The networks normally used are the Schering bridge, the
transformer bridge (i.e. a bridge with ratio arms coupled by mutual inductance) and the
parallel-T. The transformer bridge has the advantage of allowing the use of a guard electrode
without any additional components or operations; it has no disadvantages in comparison with
the other networks.
4.3.2.3 Impedance analyser method
There exist a lot of commercially available instruments (impedance analyzers or LCR meters).
These instruments determine the impedance of the specimen as the ratio of the measured
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IEC 62631-2-1:2018 ©
...
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