SIST EN ISO 13165-2:2023
(Main)Water quality - Radium-226 - Part 2: Test method using emanometry (ISO 13165-2:2022)
Water quality - Radium-226 - Part 2: Test method using emanometry (ISO 13165-2:2022)
This document specifies a test method to determine radium-226 (226Ra) activity concentration in all types of water by emanometry.
The test method specified is suitable for the determination of the soluble, suspended and total 226Ra activity concentration in all types of water with soluble 226Ra activity concentrations greater than 0,02 Bq l−1.
The decay chains of 238U and 232Th are given in Annex A. Figure A.1 shows the 238U and its decay chain.
Wasserbeschaffenheit - Radium 226 - Teil 2: Verfahren mittels Emanometrie (ISO 13165-2:2022)
Dieses Dokument legt die Bestimmung der Aktivitätskonzentration von Radium 226 (226Ra) in allen Arten von Wasser mittels Emanometrie fest.
Das beschriebene Verfahren eignet sich zur Bestimmung der Gesamtaktivitätskonzentration von löslichem, suspendiertem 226Ra in allen Arten von Wasser mit löslichen 226Ra Aktivitätskonzentrationen von mehr als 0,02 Bq l−1.
Die Zerfallsketten von 238U und 232Th sind in Anhang A aufgeführt. Bild A.1 zeigt das 238U und seine Zerfallskette.
Qualité de l'eau - Radium 226 - Partie 2: Méthode d'essai par émanométrie (ISO 13165-2:2022)
Le présent document spécifie une méthode d’essai pour la détermination de l’activité volumique du radium-226 (226Ra), dans tous types d’eaux par émanométrie.
La méthode d’essai spécifiée est applicable pour la détermination de l’activité volumique du 226Ra soluble, total et particulaire dans tous types d’eaux d’activité volumique en 226Ra soluble supérieure à 0,02 Bq l−1.
Les chaînes de désintégration de 238U et de 232Th sont données dans l’Annexe A. La Figure A.1 illustre le 238U et sa chaîne de désintégration.
Kakovost vode - Radij Ra-226 - 2. del: Preskusna metoda z emanometrijo (ISO 13165-2:2022)
Ta dokument določa preskusno metodo za določanje koncentracije aktivnosti radija-226 (226Ra) v vseh vrstah vode z emanometrijo.
Navedena preskusna metoda je primerna za določanje koncentracije topne, suspendirane in skupne aktivnosti 226Ra v vseh vrstah vode s koncentracijo aktivnosti topnega 226Ra nad 0,02 Bq l−1.
Razpadni verigi 238U in 232Th sta podani v dodatku A. Slika A.1 prikazuje 238U in njegovo razpadno verigo.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 13165-2:2023
01-februar-2023
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 13165-2:2020
Kakovost vode - Radij Ra-226 - 2. del: Preskusna metoda z emanometrijo (ISO
13165-2:2022)
Water quality - Radium-226 - Part 2: Test method using emanometry (ISO 13165-
2:2022)
Wasserbeschaffenheit - Radium 226 - Teil 2: Verfahren mittels Emanometrie (ISO 13165
-2:2022)
Qualité de l'eau - Radium 226 - Partie 2: Méthode d'essai par émanométrie (ISO 13165-
2:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 13165-2:2022
ICS:
13.060.60 Preiskava fizikalnih lastnosti Examination of physical
vode properties of water
17.240 Merjenje sevanja Radiation measurements
SIST EN ISO 13165-2:2023 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 13165-2:2023
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SIST EN ISO 13165-2:2023
EN ISO 13165-2
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
October 2022
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.060.60; 17.240 Supersedes EN ISO 13165-2:2020
English Version
Water quality - Radium-226 - Part 2: Test method using
emanometry (ISO 13165-2:2022)
Qualité de l'eau - Radium 226 - Partie 2: Méthode Wasserbeschaffenheit - Radium 226 - Teil 2: Verfahren
d'essai par émanométrie (ISO 13165-2:2022) mittels Emanometrie (ISO 13165-2:2022)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 July 2022.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 13165-2:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 13165-2:2023
EN ISO 13165-2:2022 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 13165-2:2023
EN ISO 13165-2:2022 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 13165-2:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147 "Water
quality" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 230 “Water analysis” the secretariat of
which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2023, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by April 2023.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 13165-2:2020.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 13165-2:2022 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 13165-2:2022 without any
modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 13165-2:2023
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SIST EN ISO 13165-2:2023
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13165-2
Second edition
2022-09
Water quality — Radium-226 —
Part 2:
Test method using emanometry
Qualité de l'eau — Radium-226 —
Partie 2: Méthode d'essai par émanométrie
Reference number
ISO 13165-2:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
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SIST EN ISO 13165-2:2023
ISO 13165-2:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
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Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
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SIST EN ISO 13165-2:2023
ISO 13165-2:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Symbols . 2
4 Principle . 3
5 Reagents and equipment . 4
5.1 Reagents . 4
5.2 Equipment . 4
6 Sampling and storage . 4
6.1 Sampling . 4
6.2 Sample storage . 5
7 Procedures . 5
7.1 Sample preparation . 5
7.2 Measurement conditions . 5
7.3 Counting procedure . 6
8 Quality assurance and quality control programme . 6
8.1 General . 6
8.2 Influence parameters . 6
8.3 Instrument verification and calibration . 6
8.4 Method verification . 7
8.5 Demonstration of analyst capability . 7
9 Expression of results . 7
226
9.1 Activity concentration of water-soluble Ra . 7
9.2 Standard uncertainty of activity concentration . 8
9.2.1 General . 8
9.2.2 Decision threshold . 8
9.2.3 Detection limit . 8
9.3 Limits of the coverage intervals . 9
9.3.1 Limits of the probabilistically symmetric coverage interval . 9
9.3.2 Shortest coverage interval . 9
9.4 Example . 9
10 Test report .10
238 232
Annex A (informative) Decay chains of U and Th .12
Annex B (informative) Bubbler .14
Annex C (informative) Glass scintillation cell coated with silver-activated zinc sulfide .15
Bibliography .16
iii
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SIST EN ISO 13165-2:2023
ISO 13165-2:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee SC 3,
Radioactivity measurements, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
Technical Committee CEN/TC 230, Water analysis, in accordance with the Agreement on technical
cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 13165-2:2014), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— a common introduction has been added;
— the shortest coverage interval in accordance with the new ISO 11929 series has been introduced;
— the test report has been modified.
A list of all parts in the ISO 13165 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
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SIST EN ISO 13165-2:2023
ISO 13165-2:2022(E)
Introduction
Radioactivity from several naturally-occurring and anthropogenic sources is present throughout
the environment. Thus, water bodies (e.g. surface waters, ground waters, sea waters) can contain
radionuclides of natural, human-made, or both, origins.
40 3 14
— Natural radionuclides, including K, H, C, and those originating from the thorium and uranium
226 228 234 238 210
decay series, in particular Ra, Ra, U, U and Pb, can be found in water for natural reasons
(e.g. desorption from the soil and washoff by rain water) or can be released from technological
processes involving naturally occurring radioactive materials (e.g. the mining and processing of
mineral sands or phosphate fertilizers production and use).
— Human-made radionuclides such as transuranium elements (americium, plutonium, neptunium,
3 14 90
curium), H, C, Sr and gamma emitting radionuclides can also be found in natural waters.
Small quantities of these radionuclides are discharged from nuclear fuel cycle facilities into the
environment as a result of authorized routine releases. Some of these radionuclides used for
medical and industrial applications are also released into the environment after use. Anthropogenic
radionuclides are also found in waters as a result of past fallout contaminations resulting from
the explosion in the atmosphere of nuclear devices and accidents such as those that occurred in
Chernobyl and Fukushima.
Radionuclide activity concentration in water bodies can vary according to local geological
characteristics and climatic conditions and can be locally and temporally enhanced by releases from
[1]
nuclear installation during planned, existing and emergency exposure situations . Drinking water can
thus contain radionuclides at activity concentrations which can present a risk to human health.
The radionuclides present in liquid effluents are usually controlled before being discharged into
[2]
the environment and water bodies. Drinking waters are monitored for their radioactivity as
[3]
recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) so that proper actions can be taken to ensure
that there is no adverse health effect to the public. Following these international recommendations,
national regulations usually specify radionuclide authorized concentration limits for liquid effluent
discharged to the environment and radionuclide guidance levels for waterbodies and drinking waters
for planned, existing, and emergency exposure situations. Compliance with these limits can be assessed
[13]
using measurement results with their associated uncertainties as specified by ISO/IEC Guide 98-3
[4]
and ISO 5667-20 .
Depending on the exposure situation, there are different limits and guidance levels that would result
in an action to reduce health risk. As an example, during a planned or existing situation, the WHO
−1 226
guideline for guidance level in drinking water is 1 Bq·l for Ra activity concentration.
NOTE 1 The guidance level (GL) is the activity concentration with an intake of 2 l per day of drinking water
−1
for one year that results in an effective dose of 0,1 mSv·a for members of the public. This is an effective dose
that represents a very low level of risk and which is not expected to give rise to any detectable adverse health
[3]
effects .
[5]
In the event of a nuclear emergency, the WHO Codex Guideline Levels mentioned that the activity
concentrations can be greater.
NOTE 2 The Codex GLs apply to radionuclides contained in food destined for human consumption and traded
internationally, which have been contaminated following a nuclear or radiological emergency. These GLs apply to
food after reconstitution or as prepared for consumption, i.e. not to dried or concentrated foods, and are based
[5]
on an intervention exemption level of 1 mSv in a year for members of the public (infant and adult) .
Thus, the test method can be adapted so that the characteristic limits, decision threshold, detection
limit and uncertainties ensure that the radionuclide activity concentrations test results can be verified
to be below the guidance levels required by a national authority for either planned/existing situations
[6][7]
or for an emergency situation .
Usually, the test methods can be adjusted to measure the activity concentration of the radionuclide(s) in
either wastewaters before storage or in liquid effluents before being discharged to the environment. The
v
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SIST EN ISO 13165-2:2023
ISO 13165-2:2022(E)
test results enable the plant/installation operator to verify that, before their discharge, wastewaters/
liquid effluent radioactive activity concentrations do not exceed authorized limits.
The test method(s) described in this document can be used during planned, existing and emergency
exposure situations as well as for wastewaters and liquid effluents with specific modifications that can
increase the overall uncertainty, detection limit, and threshold.
The test method(s) can be used for water samples after proper sampling, sample handling and test
sample preparation (see the relevant part of the ISO 5667 series).
This document has been developed to support the need of test laboratories carrying out these
measurements, that are sometimes required by national authorities, as they can be required to obtain a
specific accreditation for radionuclide measurement in drinking water samples.
This document is one of a series of International Standards on test methods dealing with the
measurement of the activity concentration of radionuclides in water samples.
vi
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SIST EN ISO 13165-2:2023
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13165-2:2022(E)
Water quality — Radium-226 —
Part 2:
Test method using emanometry
WARNING — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice.
This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to
determine the applicability of any other restrictions.
IMPORTANT — It is essential that tests conducted in accordance with this document be carried
out by suitably qualified staff.
1 Scope
226
This document specifies a test method to determine radium-226 ( Ra) activity concentration in all
types of water by emanometry.
226
The test method specified is suitable for the determination of the soluble, suspended and total Ra
226
activity concentration in all types of water with soluble Ra activity concentrations greater than
−1
0,02 Bq l .
238 232 238
The decay chains of U and Th are given in Annex A. Figure A.1 shows the U and its decay chain.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5667-3, Water quality — Sampling — Part 3: Preservation and handling of water samples
ISO 11929-1, Determination of the characteristic limits (decision threshold, detection limit and limits of
the coverage interval) for measurements of ionizing radiation — Fundamentals and application — Part 1:
Elementary applications
ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories
ISO 80000-10, Quantities and units — Part 10: Atomic and nuclear physics
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 80000-10 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
1
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SIST EN ISO 13165-2:2023
ISO 13165-2:2022(E)
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the symbols given in ISO 80000-10 and Table 1 apply.
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Description Unit
−1
c Concentration Bq·l
226 −1
c Ra activity concentration in water Bq·l
A
∗
−1
Decision threshold Bq·l
c
A
#
−1
Detection limit Bq·l
c
A
−1
Lower and upper limits of the probabilistically symmetric coverage interval Bq·l
cc,
AA
<>
−1
Lower and upper limits of the shortest coverage interval Bq·l
cc,
AA
222
f Correction factor for ingrowth of Rn in the bubbler —
a
222
f Correction factor for the decay of Rn in the detection volume —
d
i Different steps of the measurement procedure, i = 0,1 and 2 —
k Quantile of the standardized normal distribution for the false positive decision —
1−α
k
Quantile of the standardized normal distribution for the false negative decision —
1−β
Quantile of the standardized normal distribution for the probability p (for instance, p
k —
p
= 1 − α, 1− β or 1 − γ /2)
Quantile of the standardized normal distribution for the probability q (for instance, q
k —
q
= 1 − α, 1− β or 1 − γ/ 2)
n Number of counting cycle —
Number of alpha-emitters present in the cell per becquerel of radon after a waiting
n (t) time period between the filling time and the counting time of the cell (n is approxi- —
α α
mately 3 at a waiting time of 3 h for 1 Bq of radon)
N Number of background counts —
0
N Number of gross counts —
Average of number of background counts —
N
0
Average of number of gross counts —
N
p Probability (for instance p = 1 − α , 1− β or 1- γ /2) —
q Probability —
t Counting time (common to N, N ) s
c 0
t Time of the different steps of the measurement procedure, i = 0,1 and 2 s
i
−1
U Expanded uncertainty calculated by U = ku(c ) with k = 2 Bq·l
A
u Relative standard uncertainty —
rel
−1
u(c ) Standard uncertainty associated with the measurement result Bq·l
A
# #
—
u(c ) Standard uncertainty of the c
A A
uc Standard uncertainty of c as a function of its true value —
()
A
A
ũ(ã) Standard uncertainty of a as a function of its true value —
w Estimate of the calibration factor —
V Volume of the test sample l
y Primary measurement result of measurand —
α Probability of a false positive decision —
β Probability of a false negative decision —
2
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SIST EN ISO 13165-2:2023
ISO 13165-2:2022(E)
TTaabbllee 11 ((ccoonnttiinnueuedd))
Symbol Description Unit
−1
ρ Density g·l
Total efficiency including degassing efficiency and counting efficiency of the system
pulses
222
ε
for a count carried out with a radioactive equilibrium between Rn and its short-
−1 −1
·s ·Bq
lived decay products
Φ Distribution function of the standardized normal distribution —
222 −1
λ Decay constant of the Rn s
ω Auxiliary quantity —
4 Principle
222
This test method is based on the emanation and scintillation counting of Rn, a gaseous daughter
226
product of Ra, from a solution (see Reference [8]).
226
The measurement of Ra activity concentration in water is carried out following two separate steps,
the sample preparation followed by the measurement of the test sample.
The preparation consists of:
— dissolution when total or particulate radium shall be assayed;
— filtration when soluble radium shall to be measured.
It is followed by pre-concentration, if necessary, and an accumulation of decay products without an
initial separation.
After filtration and acidification, the test sample is placed in a bubbler (see Figure B.1) and stored for
222
ingrowth of Rn.
After a suitable ingrowth period, the radon gas is removed from the solution by purging with the radon-
free gas and transferring it to a scintillation cell, whose internal surface is coated with silver-activated
zinc sulfide, ZnS(Ag) (see Figure C.1 and Reference [10]).
222 218 214
The alpha-particles produced by the decay of Rn and its short-lived decay products ( Po, Po)
transfer their energy as they pass through the scintillation medium. As they return to their ground
state, the excitated electrons in the scintillation medium emit photons from the ZnS(Ag) coating that
can be detected by a photomultiplier (PMT). The photomultiplier converts the photons into electrical
pulses that are then counted. The pulse count is directly proportional to the activity concentration of
radon and its decay products present in the scintillation cell.
226
The soluble Ra activity concentration is calculated, taking into account the known steady-state
226 222 222
between Ra and Rn after transferring Rn into a scintillation cell.
Given its high power of emanation, radon can also escape from particles suspended in water. In the
case of the analysis of raw water, it is therefore advisable to dissolve the particulate fraction (see
Reference [9]).
Ot
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
01-julij-2021
Kakovost vode - Radij Ra-226 - 2. del: Preskusna metoda z emanometrijo (ISO/DIS
13165-2:2021)
Water quality - Radium-226 - Part 2: Test method using emanometry (ISO/DIS 13165-
2:2021)
Wasserbeschaffenheit - Radium 226 - Teil 2: Verfahren mittels Emanometrie (ISO/DIS
13165-2:2021)
Qualité de l'eau - Radium 226 - Partie 2: Méthode d'essai par émanométrie (ISO/DIS
13165-2:2021)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 13165-2
ICS:
13.060.60 Preiskava fizikalnih lastnosti Examination of physical
vode properties of water
17.240 Merjenje sevanja Radiation measurements
oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 13165-2
ISO/TC 147/SC 3 Secretariat: AFNOR
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2021-05-28 2021-08-20
Water quality — Radium-226 —
Part 2:
Test method using emanometry
Qualité de l'eau — Radium 226 —
Partie 2: Méthode d'essai par émanométrie
ICS: 13.060.60; 17.240
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2021
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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
ISO/DIS 13165-2
ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/
iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee SC 3,
Radioactivity measurements.
A list of all parts in the ISO 13165 series can be found on the ISO website.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 13165-2:2014), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
new common introduction
introduction of the shortest coverage interval in accordance with the new ISO 11929 series
modification of the test report.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/
iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee SC 3,
Radioactivity measurements.
A list of all parts in the ISO 13165 series can be found on the ISO website.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 13165-2:2014), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
new common introduction
introduction of the shortest coverage interval in accordance with the new ISO 11929 series
modification of the test report.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021(E)
Introduction
Radioactivity from several naturally-occurring and anthropogenic sources is present throughout the
environment. Thus, water bodies (e.g. surface waters, ground waters, sea waters) can contain
radionuclides of natural, human-made, or both origins.
40 3 14
Natural radionuclides, including K, H, C, and those originating from the thorium and uranium
226 228 234 238 210
decay series, in particular Ra, Ra, U, U and Pb, can be found in water for natural
reasons (e.g. desorption from the soil and washoff by rain water) or can be released from
technological processes involving naturally occurring radioactive materials (e.g. the mining and
processing of mineral sands or phosphate fertilizers production and use).
Human-made radionuclides such as transuranium elements (americium, plutonium, neptunium,
3 14 90
curium), H, C, Sr, and gamma emitting radionuclides can also be found in natural waters. Small
quantities of these radionuclides are discharged from nuclear fuel cycle facilities into the
environment as a result of authorized routine releases. Some of these radionuclides used for
medical and industrial applications are also released into the environment after use.
Anthropogenic radionuclides are also found in waters as a result of past fallout contaminations
resulting from the explosion in the atmosphere of nuclear devices and accidents such as those
that occurred in Chernobyl and Fukushima.
Radionuclide activity concentration in water bodies can vary according to local geological characteristics
and climatic conditions and can be locally and temporally enhanced by releases from nuclear installation
[1]
during planned, existing, and emergency exposure situations . Drinking water may thus contain
radionuclides at activity concentrations which could present a risk to human health.
The radionuclides present in liquid effluents are usually controlled before being discharged into the
[2]
environment and water bodies. Drinking waters are monitored for their radioactivity as recommended
[3]
by the World Health Organization (WHO) so that proper actions can be taken to ensure that there is no
adverse health effect to the public. Following these international recommendations, national regulations
usually specify radionuclide authorized concentration limits for liquid effluent discharged to the
environment and radionuclide guidance levels for waterbodies and drinking waters for planned, existing,
and emergency exposure situations. Compliance with these limits can be assessed using measurement
[13] [4]
results with their associated uncertainties as specified by ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 and ISO 5667-20 .
Depending on the exposure situation, there are different limits and guidance levels that would result in
an action to reduce health risk. As an example, during a planned or existing situation, the WHO guideline
226
for guidance level in drinking water is 1 Bq/l for Ra activity concentration.
NOTE 1 The guidance level is the activity concentration with an intake of 2 l/d of drinking water for one year that
results in an effective dose of 0,1 mSv/a for members of the public. This is an effective dose that represents a very
[3]
low level of risk and which is not expected to give rise to any detectable adverse health effects .
[5]
In the event of a nuclear emergency, the WHO Codex Guideline Levels mentioned that the activity
concentrations might be greater.
NOTE 2 The Codex guidelines levels (GLs) apply to radionuclides contained in food destined for human consumption
and traded internationally, which have been contaminated following a nuclear or radiological emergency. These
GLs apply to food after reconstitution or as prepared for consumption, i.e. not to dried or concentrated foods, and
[5]
are based on an intervention exemption level of 1 mSv in a year for members of the public (infant and adult) .
Thus, the test method can be adapted so that the characteristic limits, decision threshold, detection limit
and uncertainties ensure that the radionuclide activity concentrations test results can be verified to be
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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021(E)
below the guidance levels required by a national authority for either planned/existing situations or for
[6][7]
an emergency situation .
Usually, the test methods can be adjusted to measure the activity concentration of the radionuclide(s) in
either wastewaters before storage or in liquid effluents before being discharged to the environment. The
test results will enable the plant/installation operator to verify that, before their discharge,
wastewaters/liquid effluent radioactive activity concentrations do not exceed authorized limits.
The test method(s) described in this document may be used during planned, existing and emergency
exposure situations as well as for wastewaters and liquid effluents with specific modifications that could
increase the overall uncertainty, detection limit, and threshold.
The test method(s) may be used for water samples after proper sampling, sample handling, and test
sample preparation (see the relevant part of the ISO 5667 series).
This document has been developed to support the need of test laboratories carrying out these
measurements, that are sometimes required by national authorities, as they may have to obtain a specific
accreditation for radionuclide measurement in drinking water samples.
This document is one of a set of International Standards on test methods dealing with the measurement
of the activity concentration of radionuclides in water samples.
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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021(E)
INTERNATIOINAL STANDARD
Water quality — Radium-226 — Part 2: Test method using
emanometry
WARNING — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice.
This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to
determine the applicability of any other restrictions.
IMPORTANT — It is essential that tests conducted in accordance with this document be carried
out by suitably qualified staff.
1 Scope
226
This document specifies the determination of radium-226 ( Ra) activity concentration in all types of
water by emanometry.
226
The method specified is suitable for the determination of the soluble, suspended, and total Ra activity
226 −1
concentration in all types of water with soluble Ra activity concentrations greater than 0,02 Bq l .
228 220
In water containing high activity concentrations of Th, interference from Rn decay products can lead
to overestimation of measured levels (see Figure A.2).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 80000-10, Quantities and units — Part 10: Atomic and nuclear physics
ISO 5667-3, Water quality — Sampling — Part 3: Preservation and handling of water samples
ISO 11929-1, Determination of the characteristic limits (decision threshold, detection limit and limits of the
coverage interval) for measurements of ionizing radiation — Fundamentals and application — Part 1:
Elementary applications
ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 80000-10 and the following
apply.
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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021(E)
3.1.1
reference measurement standard
measurement standard designated for the calibration of other measurement standards for quantities of
a given kind in a given organization or at a given location
3.1.2
working measurement standard
measurement standard that is used routinely to calibrate or verify measuring instruments or measuring
systems
Note 1 to entry: A working measurement standard can be used as a solution of known activity concentration
obtained by precise dilution or dissolution of a reference standard.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the symbols given in ISO 80000-10 and the following apply.
226 -1
c Ra activity concentration in water Bq.l
A
-1
c Decision threshold Bq.l
A
#
-1
c Detection limit Bq.l
A
-1
cc, Lower and upper limits of the probabilistically symmetric coverage interval Bq.l
AA
-1
cc,
Lower and upper limits of the shortest coverage interval Bq.l
AA
222
f Correction factor for ingrowth of Rn in the bubbler
a
222
f Correction factor for the decay of Rn in the detection volume
d
n Number of counting cycle
Number of alpha-emitters present in the cell per becquerel of radon after a
n waiting time period between the filling time and the counting time of the cell
α
(n is approximately 3 at a waiting time of 3 h for 1 Bq of radon)
α
N Number of background counts
0
N Number of gross counts
t Counting time (common to N, N ) s
c 0
ti Time of the different steps of the measurement procedure, i = 0,1 and 2 s
-1
U Expanded uncertainty calculated by U = ku(c ) with k = 2 Bq.l
A
-1
u(c ) Standard uncertainty associated with the measurement result Bq.l
A
V Volume of the test sample, in litre l
total efficiency including degassing efficiency and counting efficiency of the
222
system for a count carried out with a radioactive equilibrium between Rn
and its short-lived decay products, in pulses per second per becquerel
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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021(E)
222 -1
λ decay constant of the Rn s
4 Principle
222
This test method is based on the emanation and scintillation counting of Rn, a gaseous daughter
226
product of Ra, from a solution (see Reference [8]).
226
The measurement of Ra activity concentration in water is carried out following two separate steps, the
sample preparation followed by the measurement of the test sample.
Preparation consists of:
— dissolution when total or particulate radium is to be assayed;
— filtration when soluble radium is to be measured.
It is followed by pre-concentration, if necessary, and an accumulation of decay products without an initial
separation.
After filtration and acidification, the test sample is placed in a bubbler (see Figure B.1) and stored for
222
ingrowth of Rn.
After a suitable ingrowth period, the radon gas is removed from the solution by purging with the radon-
free gas and transferring it to a scintillation cell, whose internal surface is coated with silver-activated
zinc sulfide, ZnS(Ag) (see Figure C.1)(see Reference [10]).
222 218 214
The alpha-particles produced by the decay of Rn and its short-lived decay products ( Po, Po)
transfer their energy as they pass through the scintillation medium. As they return to their ground state,
the excitation electrons in the scintillation medium emit photons from the ZnS(Ag) coating that can be
detected by a photomultiplier
...
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