SIST ISO 2493-1:2013

Paper and board -- Determination of bending resistance -- Part 1: Constant rate of deflection

This part of ISO 2493 specifies procedures, based on the two-point loading principle, for determining the bending resistance of paper and board.

Papier et carton -- Détermination de la résistance à la flexion -- Partie 1: Valeur à gradient de flexion constant

L'ISO 2493-1:2010 sp�cifie les modes op�ratoires, fond�s sur le principe de charge en deux points, destin�s � la d�termination de la r�sistance � la flexion des papiers et cartons.
L'ISO 2493-1:2010 est applicable au mesurage de valeurs de la r�sistance � la flexion comprises entre 20 mN et 10 000 mN. Elle ne s'applique pas aux cartons ondul�s, mais peut s'appliquer � leurs composants.
L'angle de flexion est de 15� et la longueur de flexion est de 50 mm.
Pour les �chantillons pr�sentant une r�sistance � la flexion qui est trop faible pour �tre mesur�e avec une longueur de flexion de 50 mm, il est possible d'utiliser une longueur de flexion plus courte, � savoir de 10 mm.
Pour les cartons qui ont tendance � se d�former de mani�re permanente lorsqu'ils subissent une flexion de 15�, il est possible d'utiliser la moiti� de l'angle de flexion, � savoir 7,5�.

Papir, karton in lepenka - Ugotavljanje upogibne odpornosti - 1. del: Konstantna hitrost upogiba

Ta del standarda ISO 2493 določa postopke na podlagi načela dvotočkovne obremenitve za ugotavljanje upogibne odpornosti papirja, kartona in lepenke.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 24-Feb-2013
• Publication Date: 20-Feb-2013
• ICS: 85.060 - Paper and board
• Technical Committee: VPK - Pulp, paper, board and products
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 01-Feb-2013
• Due Date: 08-Apr-2013
• Completion Date: 21-Feb-2013
• Ref Project: ISO 2493-1:2010 - Paper and board — Determination of bending resistance — Part 1: Constant rate of deflection

Relations

• Replaces: SIST ISO 2493:1996 - Paper and board -- Determination of resistance to bending
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2013

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 2493-1
First edition
2010-11-15

Paper and board — Determination of
bending resistance —
Part 1:
Constant rate of deflection
Papier et carton — Détermination de la résistance à la flexion —
Partie 1: Valeur à gradient de déflexion constant




Reference number
ISO 2493-1:2010(E)
©
ISO 2010

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 2493-1:2010(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.


COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT


©  ISO 2010
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland

ii © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 2493-1:2010(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 Principle .2
5 Apparatus.2
6 Calibration.3
7 Sampling .3
8 Conditioning .3
9 Preparation of test pieces.4
10 Procedure.4
11 Calculation and expression of results .5
12 Test report.5
Annex A (informative) Precision.6
Bibliography.8

© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 2493-1:2010(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 2493-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps, Subcommittee SC 2,
Test methods and quality specifications for paper and board.
This first edition, together with ISO 2493-2, cancels and replaces ISO 2493:1992, which has been technically
revised. In the revision, ISO 2493:1992 was divided into two parts due to different measuring principles. This
part of ISO 2493 describes the constant rate of deflection and ISO 2493-2 describes the Taber-type tester.
This part also gives the possibility to use a smaller bending length and a lower bending angle if needed.
Optional calculation in index form has been added. A precision statement has been added in informative
Annex A.
ISO 2493 consists of the following parts, under the general title Paper and board — Determination of bending
resistance:
⎯ Part 1: Constant rate of deflection
⎯ Part 2: Taber-type tester

iv © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 2493-1:2010(E)
Introduction
In ISO 2493:1992, two principles for determining the bending resistance were incorporated in the same
standard, although the two principles were very different.
One principle involved the deflection of an equal number of test pieces with opposing surfaces towards the
direction of deflection; this principle is described in this part of ISO 2493.
The other principle used a Taber-type tester, where the test piece was inserted and deflected to the top side
and then, without changing the test piece, it was deflected in the opposite direction. This principle is described
[4]
in ISO 2493-2. The method is based on TAPPI Test Method T 489 om-04 .

© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2493-1:2010(E)

Paper and board — Determination of bending resistance —
Part 1:
Constant rate of deflection
1 Scope
This part of ISO 2493 specifies procedures, based on the two-point loading principle, for determining the
bending resistance of paper and board.
[1]
NOTE 1 See ISO 5628 for a detailed description of the two-point loading principle.
This part of ISO 2493 applies to the measurement of the bending resistance within the range 20 mN to
10 000 mN. It is not applicable to corrugated board but can be applicable to the components of such board.
The bending angle is 15° and the bending length is 50 mm.
For samples having a bending resistance that is too low to measure with a bending length of 50 mm, a shorter
bending length, i.e. 10 mm, can be used.
IMPORTANT — The results obtained when using different bending lengths will not be comparable.
For boards that tend to be permanently deformed if bent through 15°, the half bending angle, i.e. 7,5°, can be
used.
NOTE 2 Taber-type testers and testers using the principle of constant rate of deflection do not give comparable results.
For this reason, ISO 2493:1992 has been divided into two parts.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 186, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality
ISO 187, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples
ISO 536, Paper and board — Determination of grammage
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 1

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 2493-1:2010(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
bending force
force required to bend a rectangular test piece clamped at one end, the force being measured under the
conditions specified in this part of ISO 2493
3.2
bending resistance
mean of all valid readings of the measured bending force (3.1) calculated as specified in this part of
ISO 2493
NOTE Bending resistance is expressed in newtons or millinewtons.
3.3
bending length
constant radial distance between the clamp and the position on the test piece at which the force is applied
NOTE See l in Figure 1.
3.4
bending angle
angle through which the clamp rotates while moving from its initial position to the position at which the bending
resistance is measured
3.5
free length
total length of the test piece that projects from the clamp
NOTE See L in Figure 1.
3.6
bending resistance index
bending resistance divided by the grammage to the third power
4 Principle
Measurement of the force required to bend a test piece clamped at one end through a specified angle, where
the force is applied at a specified bending length (50 mm or 10 mm). The bending resistance is calculated as
a mean of the measured forces.
5 Apparatus
5.1 Cutter, for preparing test pieces of the required accuracy, for example, a die cutter or a double-knife
cutter.
5.2 A bending-resistance tester (see Figure 1), consisting of the following components.
5.2.1 Clamp (5), not less than 38 mm wide and not less than 20 mm long, adjustable in the direction
perpendicular to the plane of the test piece, to grip the test piece. In its starting position, the clamp holds the
test piece in the vertical plane. The clamp shall be capable of being rotated about the axis formed by the
clamping line at a constant speed of (5,0 ± 0,5) °/s through a bending angle of (15,0 ± 0,3)°. If necessary, a
bending angle of (7,5 ± 0,3)° may be used; see Clause 10.
2 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 2493-1:2010(E)
5.2.2 Knife (2), mounted perpendicular to the initial movement of the test piece (3), applying a centrally
placed bending force with respect to the width of the test piece.
The length of the knife edge is (16 ± 2) mm and the edge is parallel to the pivoting axis (4) of the clamp. The
edge is blunted and the distance from the edge to the pivoting axis of the clamp (l) is (50,0 ± 0,1) mm. If
neces
...

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Papir, karton in lepenka - Ugotavljanje upogibne odpornosti - 1. del: Konstantna hitrost upogibaPapier et carton -- Détermination de la résistance à la flexion -- Partie 1: Valeur à gradient de flexion constantPaper and board -- Determination of bending resistance -- Part 1: Constant rate of deflection85.060Papir, karton in lepenkaPaper and boardICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:ISO 2493-1:2010oSIST ISO 2493-1:2013en01-februar-2013oSIST ISO 2493-1:2013SLOVENSKI
STANDARD



oSIST ISO 2493-1:2013



Reference numberISO 2493-1:2010(E)© ISO 2010
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO2493-1First edition2010-11-15Paper and board — Determination of bending resistance — Part 1: Constant rate of deflection Papier et carton — Détermination de la résistance à la flexion — Partie 1: Valeur à gradient de déflexion constant
oSIST ISO 2493-1:2013



ISO 2493-1:2010(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
©
ISO 2010 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel.
+ 41 22 749 01 11 Fax
+ 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail
[e-mail] Web
www.iso.org Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved
oSIST ISO 2493-1:2013



ISO 2493-1:2010(E) © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1 Scope.1 2 Normative references.1 3 Terms and definitions.2 4 Principle.2 5 Apparatus.2 6 Calibration.3 7 Sampling.3 8 Conditioning.3 9 Preparation of test pieces.4 10 Procedure.4 11 Calculation and expression of results.5 12 Test report.5 Annex A (informative)
Precision.6 Bibliography.8
oSIST ISO 2493-1:2013



ISO 2493-1:2010(E) iv © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 2493-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps, Subcommittee SC 2, Test methods and quality specifications for paper and board. This first edition, together with ISO 2493-2, cancels and replaces ISO 2493:1992, which has been technically revised. In the revision, ISO 2493:1992 was divided into two parts due to different measuring principles. This part of ISO 2493 describes the constant rate of deflection and ISO 2493-2 describes the Taber-type tester. This part also gives the possibility to use a smaller bending length and a lower bending angle if needed. Optional calculation in index form has been added. A precision statement has been added in informative Annex A. ISO 2493 consists of the following parts, under the general title Paper and board — Determination of bending resistance: ⎯ Part 1: Constant rate of deflection ⎯ Part 2: Taber-type tester
oSIST ISO 2493-1:2013



ISO 2493-1:2010(E) © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved v Introduction In ISO 2493:1992, two principles for determining the bending resistance were incorporated in the same standard, although the two principles were very different. One principle involved the deflection of an equal number of test pieces with opposing surfaces towards the direction of deflection; this principle is described in this part of ISO 2493. The other principle used a Taber-type tester, where the test piece was inserted and deflected to the top side and then, without changing the test piece, it was deflected in the opposite direction. This principle is described in ISO 2493-2. The method is based on TAPPI Test Method T 489 om-04[4].
oSIST ISO 2493-1:2013



oSIST ISO 2493-1:2013



INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2493-1:2010(E) © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 1 Paper and board — Determination of bending resistance — Part 1: Constant rate of deflection 1 Scope This part of ISO 2493 specifies procedures, based on the two-point loading principle, for determining the bending resistance of paper and board. NOTE 1 See ISO 5628[1] for a detailed description of the two-point loading principle. This part of ISO 2493 applies to the measurement of the bending resistance within the range 20 mN to 10 000 mN. It is not applicable to corrugated board but can be applicable to the components of such board. The bending angle is 15° and the bending length is 50 mm. For samples having a bending resistance that is too low to measure with a bending length of 50 mm, a shorter bending length, i.e. 10 mm, can be used. IMPORTANT — The results obtained when using different bending lengths will not be comparable. For boards that tend to be permanently deformed if bent through 15°, the half bending angle, i.e. 7,5°, can be used. NOTE 2 Taber-type testers and testers using the principle of constant rate of deflection do not give comparable results. For this reason, ISO 2493:1992 has been divided into two parts. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 186, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality ISO 187, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples ISO 536, Paper and board — Determination of grammage oSIST ISO 2493-1:2013



ISO 2493-1:2010(E) 2 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 bending force force required to bend a rectangular test piece clamped at one end, the force being measured under the conditions specified in this part of ISO 2493 3.2 bending resistance mean of all valid readings of the measured bending force (3.1) calculated as specified in this part of ISO 2493 NOTE Bending resistance is expressed in newtons or millinewtons. 3.3 bending length constant radial distance between the clamp and the position on the test piece at which the force is applied NOTE See l in Figure 1. 3.4 bending angle angle through which the clamp rotates while moving from its initial position to the position at which the bending resistance is measured 3.5 free length total length of the test piece that projects from the clamp NOTE See L in Figure 1. 3.6 bending resistance index bending resistance divided by the grammage to the third power 4 Principle Measurement of the force required to bend a test piece clamped at one end through a specified angle, where the force is applied at a specified bending length (50 mm or 10 mm). The bending resistance is calculated as a mean of the measured forces. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Cutter, for preparing test pieces of the required accuracy, for example, a die cutter or a double-knife cutter. 5.2 A bending-resistance tester (see Figure 1), consisting of the following components. 5.2.1 Clamp (5), not less than 38 mm wide and not less than 20 mm long, adjustable in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the test piece, to grip the test piece. In its starting position, the clamp holds the test piece in the vertical plane. The clamp shall be capable of being rotated about the axis formed by the clamping line at a constant speed of (5,0 ± 0,5) °/s through a bending angle of (15,0 ± 0,3)°. If necessary, a bending angle of (7,5 ± 0,3)° may be used; see Clause 10. oSIST ISO 2493-1:2013



ISO 2493-1:2010(E) © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 3 5.2.2 Knife (2), mount
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 2493-1:2013
01-marec-2013
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 2493:1996
Papir, karton in lepenka - Ugotavljanje upogibne odpornosti - 1. del: Konstantna
hitrost upogiba
Paper and board -- Determination of bending resistance -- Part 1: Constant rate of
deflection
Papier et carton -- Détermination de la résistance à la flexion -- Partie 1: Valeur à
gradient de flexion constant
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 2493-1:2010
ICS:
85.060 Papir, karton in lepenka Paper and board
SIST ISO 2493-1:2013 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------

SIST ISO 2493-1:2013

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------

SIST ISO 2493-1:2013

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 2493-1
First edition
2010-11-15

Paper and board — Determination of
bending resistance —
Part 1:
Constant rate of deflection
Papier et carton — Détermination de la résistance à la flexion —
Partie 1: Valeur à gradient de déflexion constant




Reference number
ISO 2493-1:2010(E)
©
ISO 2010

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------

SIST ISO 2493-1:2013
ISO 2493-1:2010(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.


COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT


©  ISO 2010
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland

ii © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------

SIST ISO 2493-1:2013
ISO 2493-1:2010(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 Principle .2
5 Apparatus.2
6 Calibration.3
7 Sampling .3
8 Conditioning .3
9 Preparation of test pieces.4
10 Procedure.4
11 Calculation and expression of results .5
12 Test report.5
Annex A (informative) Precision.6
Bibliography.8

© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------

SIST ISO 2493-1:2013
ISO 2493-1:2010(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 2493-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps, Subcommittee SC 2,
Test methods and quality specifications for paper and board.
This first edition, together with ISO 2493-2, cancels and replaces ISO 2493:1992, which has been technically
revised. In the revision, ISO 2493:1992 was divided into two parts due to different measuring principles. This
part of ISO 2493 describes the constant rate of deflection and ISO 2493-2 describes the Taber-type tester.
This part also gives the possibility to use a smaller bending length and a lower bending angle if needed.
Optional calculation in index form has been added. A precision statement has been added in informative
Annex A.
ISO 2493 consists of the following parts, under the general title Paper and board — Determination of bending
resistance:
⎯ Part 1: Constant rate of deflection
⎯ Part 2: Taber-type tester

iv © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------

SIST ISO 2493-1:2013
ISO 2493-1:2010(E)
Introduction
In ISO 2493:1992, two principles for determining the bending resistance were incorporated in the same
standard, although the two principles were very different.
One principle involved the deflection of an equal number of test pieces with opposing surfaces towards the
direction of deflection; this principle is described in this part of ISO 2493.
The other principle used a Taber-type tester, where the test piece was inserted and deflected to the top side
and then, without changing the test piece, it was deflected in the opposite direction. This principle is described
[4]
in ISO 2493-2. The method is based on TAPPI Test Method T 489 om-04 .

© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------

SIST ISO 2493-1:2013

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------

SIST ISO 2493-1:2013
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2493-1:2010(E)

Paper and board — Determination of bending resistance —
Part 1:
Constant rate of deflection
1 Scope
This part of ISO 2493 specifies procedures, based on the two-point loading principle, for determining the
bending resistance of paper and board.
[1]
NOTE 1 See ISO 5628 for a detailed description of the two-point loading principle.
This part of ISO 2493 applies to the measurement of the bending resistance within the range 20 mN to
10 000 mN. It is not applicable to corrugated board but can be applicable to the components of such board.
The bending angle is 15° and the bending length is 50 mm.
For samples having a bending resistance that is too low to measure with a bending length of 50 mm, a shorter
bending length, i.e. 10 mm, can be used.
IMPORTANT — The results obtained when using different bending lengths will not be comparable.
For boards that tend to be permanently deformed if bent through 15°, the half bending angle, i.e. 7,5°, can be
used.
NOTE 2 Taber-type testers and testers using the principle of constant rate of deflection do not give comparable results.
For this reason, ISO 2493:1992 has been divided into two parts.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 186, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality
ISO 187, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples
ISO 536, Paper and board — Determination of grammage
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 1

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------

SIST ISO 2493-1:2013
ISO 2493-1:2010(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
bending force
force required to bend a rectangular test piece clamped at one end, the force being measured under the
conditions specified in this part of ISO 2493
3.2
bending resistance
mean of all valid readings of the measured bending force (3.1) calculated as specified in this part of
ISO 2493
NOTE Bending resistance is expressed in newtons or millinewtons.
3.3
bending length
constant radial distance between the clamp and the position on the test piece at which the force is applied
NOTE See l in Figure 1.
3.4
bending angle
angle through which the clamp rotates while moving from its initial position to the position at which the bending
resistance is measured
3.5
free length
total length of the test piece that projects from the clamp
NOTE See L in Figure 1.
3.6
bending resistance index
bending resistance divided by the grammage to the third power
4 Principle
Measurement of the force required to bend a test piece clamped at one end through a specified angle, where
the force is applied at a specified bending length (50 mm or 10 mm). The bending resistance is calculated as
a mean of the measured forces.
5 Apparatus
5.1 Cutter, for preparing test pieces of the required accuracy, for example, a die cutter or a double-knife
cutter.
5.2 A bending-resistance tester (see Figure 1), consisting of the following components.
5.2.1 Clamp (5), not less than 38 mm wide and not less than 20 mm long, adjustable in the direction
perpendicular to the plane of the test piece, to grip the test piece. In its starting position, the clamp holds the
test piece in the vertical plane. The clamp shall be capable of being rotated about the axis formed by the
clamping line at a constant speed of (5,0 ± 0,5) °/s through a bending angle of (15,0 ± 0,3)°. If necessary, a
bending angle of (7,5 ± 0,3)° may be used; see Clause 10.
2 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 10 ---------
...

NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 2493-1
Première édition
2010-11-15


Papier et carton — Détermination de la
résistance à la flexion —
Partie 1:
Valeur à gradient de flexion constant
Paper and board — Determination of bending resistance —
Part 1: Constant rate of deflection




Numéro de référence
ISO 2493-1:2010(F)
©
ISO 2010

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ISO 2493-1:2010(F)

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©  ISO 2010
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ISO 2493-1:2010(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos . iv
Introduction . v
1  Domaine d'application . 1
2  Références normatives . 1
3  Termes et définitions . 2
4  Principe . 2
5  Appareillage . 2
6  Étalonnage . 3
7  Échantillonnage . 3
8  Conditionnement . 4
9  Préparation des éprouvettes . 4
10  Mode opératoire . 4
11  Calcul et expression des résultats . 5
12  Rapport d'essai . 6
Annexe A (informative) Fidélité . 7
Bibliographie . 9

© ISO 2010 – Tous droits réservés iii

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ISO 2493-1:2010(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 2493-1 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 6, Papiers, cartons et pâtes, sous-comité SC 2,
Méthodes d'essais et spécifications de qualité des papiers et cartons.
Cette première édition, conjointement avec l'ISO 2493-2, annule et remplace l'ISO 2493:1992, qui a fait l'objet
d'une révision technique. Lors de la révision, l'ISO 2493:1992 a été divisée en deux parties en raison de
principes de mesurage différents. La présente partie de l'ISO 2493 décrit la valeur à gradient de flexion
constant et l'ISO 2493-2 décrit le rigidimètre Taber. La présente partie de l'ISO 2493 permet également
l'utilisation d'une longueur de flexion inférieure et d'un angle de flexion plus faible si nécessaire. Un calcul
facultatif sous forme d'indice a été ajouté. Une déclaration de fidélité a été ajoutée en Annexe A informative.
L'ISO 2493 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Papier et carton — Détermination
de la résistance à la flexion:
 Partie 1: Valeur à gradient de flexion constant
 Partie 2: Rigidimètre Taber
iv © ISO 2010 – Tous droits réservés

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ISO 2493-1:2010(F)
Introduction
L'ISO 2493:1992 regroupait deux principes de détermination de la résistance à la flexion, bien que ces deux
principes étaient très différents.
Le premier principe impliquait la flexion de deux lots d'éprouvettes de même effectif, en inversant les faces
orientées vers le sens de flexion; ce principe est décrit dans la présente partie de l'ISO 2493.
Le second principe utilisait un rigidimètre Taber, dans lequel était insérée l'éprouvette dans le but de lui faire
subir une flexion vers le haut puis, sans changer l'éprouvette, une flexion dans le sens opposé. Ce principe
[4]
est décrit dans l'ISO 2493-2. La méthode est fondée sur la méthode d'essai TAPPI T 489 om-04 .

© ISO 2010 – Tous droits réservés v

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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 2493-1:2010(F)

Papier et carton — Détermination de la résistance à la flexion —
Partie 1:
Valeur à gradient de flexion constant
1 Domaine d'application
La présente partie de l'ISO 2493 spécifie les modes opératoires, fondés sur le principe de charge en deux
points, destinés à la détermination de la résistance à la flexion des papiers et cartons.
[1]
NOTE 1 Voir l'ISO 5628 pour une description plus détaillée du principe de charge en deux points.
La présente partie de l'ISO 2493 est applicable au mesurage de valeurs de la résistance à la flexion
comprises entre 20 mN et 10 000 mN. Elle ne s'applique pas aux cartons ondulés, mais peut s'appliquer à
leurs composants.
L'angle de flexion est de 15° et la longueur de flexion est de 50 mm.
Pour les échantillons présentant une résistance à la flexion qui est trop faible pour être mesurée avec une
longueur de flexion de 50 mm, il est possible d'utiliser une longueur de flexion plus courte, à savoir de 10 mm.
IMPORTANT — Les résultats obtenus avec des longueurs de flexion différentes ne pourront pas être
comparés.
Pour les cartons qui ont tendance à se déformer de manière permanente lorsqu'ils subissent une flexion de
15°, il est possible d'utiliser la moitié de l'angle de flexion, à savoir 7,5°.
NOTE 2 Les résultats issus de rigidimètres Taber et de rigidimètres reposant sur le principe de la valeur à gradient de
flexion constant ne peuvent pas être comparés. Pour cette raison, l'ISO 2493:1992 a été divisée en deux parties.
2 Références normatives
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables à l'application du présent document. Pour les
références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du
document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels amendements).
ISO 186, Papier et carton — Échantillonnage pour déterminer la qualité moyenne
ISO 187, Papier, carton et pâtes — Atmosphère normale de conditionnement et d'essai et méthode de
surveillance de l'atmosphère et de conditionnement des échantillons
ISO 536, Papier et carton — Détermination du grammage
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ISO 2493-1:2010(F)
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s'appliquent.
3.1
force de flexion
force requise pour fléchir une éprouvette rectangulaire fixée à l'une de ses extrémités, mesurée dans les
conditions spécifiées dans la présente partie de l'ISO 2493
3.2
résistance à la flexion
moyenne de tous les mesures valides de la force de flexion (3.1), calculée comme spécifié dans la présente
partie de l'ISO 2493
NOTE La résistance à la flexion est exprimée en newtons ou en millinewtons.
3.3
longueur de flexion
distance radiale constante entre la ligne d'encastrement et le point d'application de la force sur l'éprouvette
NOTE Voir l à la Figure 1.
3.4
angle de flexion
angle de rotation de la mâchoire qui passe de sa position initiale à la position à laquelle la résistance à la
flexion est mesurée
3.5
longueur libre
longueur totale de la partie de l'éprouvette qui dépasse de la mâchoire
NOTE Voir L à la Figure 1.
3.6
indice de résistance à la flexion
résistance à la flexion divisée par le grammage au cube
4 Principe
Mesurage de la force nécessaire pour fléchir d'un angle spécifié une éprouvette fixée à l'une de ses
extrémités, la force étant appliquée à la longueur de flexion spécifiée (50 mm ou 10 mm). La résistance à la
flexion est calculée en moyennant les résultats de mesurage de la force.
5 Appareillage
5.1 Dispositif de découpe, destiné à la préparation des éprouvettes avec l'exactitude requise, par
exemple une cisaille à deux lames ou un emporte-pièce.
5.2 Rigidimètre (voir Figure 1), constitué des composants suivants.
5.2.1 Mâchoire (5), de largeur supérieure ou égale à 38 mm et de longueur supérieure ou égale à 20 mm,
réglable dans la direction perpendiculaire au plan de l'éprouvette, destinée à maintenir l'éprouvette. Dans sa
position initiale, la mâchoire maintient l'éprouvette dans le plan vertical. La mâchoire doit pouvoir tourner
autour de l'axe formé par la ligne d'encastrement à une vitesse constante de (5,0  0,5)°/s jusqu'à atteindre
un angle de flexion de (15,0  0,3)°. Si nécessaire, il est possible d'utiliser un angle de flexion de (7,5  0,3)°;
voir Article 10.
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ISO 2493-1:2010(F)
5.2.2 Couteau (2), installé de façon à être perpendiculaire au déplacement initial de l'éprouvette (3),
appliquant une force au milieu de la largeur de l'éprouvette.
La longueur du bord du couteau est de (16  2) mm et le bord est parallèle à l'axe de rotation (4) de la
mâchoire. Le bord est émoussé et la distance le séparant de l'axe de rotation de la mâchoire (l) est de
(50,0  0,1) mm. Si nécessaire, cette distance (l) peut être réglée à (10,0  0,1) mm.
5.2.3 Dispositif de mesurage de la force (1), exercée sur le bord du couteau par l'éprouvette lorsqu'elle
subit une flexion de (15,0  0,3)°, ou si nécessaire une flexion de (7,5  0,3)° (voir Article 10). L'exactitude des
mesures de la force comprises entre 0 mN et 100 mN doit être de 5 % et l'exactitude des mesures
supérieures à 100 mN doit être de 2 %.
Le déplacement du capteur en cours de mesurage doit être inférieur à 0,05 mm sur toute la plage de
mesurage. Le capteur de force présente une faible sensibilité aux forces latérales.

Légende
1 dispositif de mesurage de la force l longueur de flexion
2 couteau L longueur libre
3 éprouvette
4 axe de rotation
5 mâchoire
Figure 1 — Schéma d'un essai de résistance à la flexion
6 Étalonnage
Étalonner avec une fréquence suffisante le capteur de force et l'angle de flexion. La méthode d'étalonnage
dépend du type d'appareil ut
...