SIST ISO 19101-2:2019
(Main)Geographic information -- Reference model -- Part 2: Imagery
Geographic information -- Reference model -- Part 2: Imagery
This Standard defines a reference model for standardization in the field of geographic imagery processing. This reference model identifies the scope of the standardization activity being undertaken and the context in which it takes place. The reference model includes gridded data with an emphasis on imagery. Although structured in the context of information technology and information technology standards, this document is independent of any application development method or technology implementation approach.
Information géographique -- Modèle de réference -- Partie 2: Imagerie
Le pr�sent document d�finit un mod�le de r�f�rence pour la normalisation dans le domaine du traitement de l'imagerie g�ographique. Ce mod�le de r�f�rence identifie le domaine d'application de l'activit� de normalisation entreprise, ainsi que le contexte dans lequel elle se produit. Le mod�le de r�f�rence inclut des donn�es maill�es, avec l'accent mis sur l'imagerie. M�me si le pr�sent document est structur� dans le contexte des technologies de l'information et des normes s'y rapportant, il ne d�pend d'aucune m�thode de d�veloppement d'applications, ni d'aucune approche de mise en œuvre de technologie.
Geografske informacije - Referenčni model - 2. del: Podobe
Ta standard določa referenčni model za standardizacijo na področju obdelave geografskih podob. Ta referenčni model določa obseg dejavnosti standardizacije in kontekst, v katerem se izvaja. Referenčni model vključuje mrežne podatke s poudarkom na podobah. Čeprav je bil strukturiran v kontekstu informacijske tehnologije in standardov informacijske tehnologije, ta dokument ni odvisen od nobene metode za razvoj uporabe ali pristopa za uvedbo tehnologije.
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Buy Standard
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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 19101-2:2019
01-november-2019
Nadomešča:
SIST-TS ISO/TS 19101-2:2009
Geografske informacije - Referenčni model - 2. del: Podobe
Geographic information -- Reference model -- Part 2: Imagery
Information géographique -- Modèle de réference -- Partie 2: Imagerie
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 19101-2:2018
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
SIST ISO 19101-2:2019 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST ISO 19101-2:2019
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SIST ISO 19101-2:2019
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19101-2
First edition
2018-05
Geographic information — Reference
model —
Part 2:
Imagery
Information géographique — Modèle de réference —
Partie 2: Imagerie
Reference number
ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
©
ISO 2018
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 19101-2:2019
ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 19101-2:2019
ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms and symbols . 6
4.1 Abbreviated terms . 6
4.2 Symbols . 9
5 Conformance . 9
5.1 General . 9
5.2 Enterprise conformance . 9
5.3 Sensor conformance . 9
5.4 Imagery data conformance .10
5.5 Imagery services conformance .10
5.6 Image processing system conformance .10
6 Notation .10
7 Enterprise viewpoint – Community objectives and policies .10
7.1 General .10
7.2 Geographic imagery community objective .10
7.3 Geographic imagery scenario .11
7.4 Geographic imagery policies .12
7.4.1 Introduction to policies .12
7.4.2 Policy development guidelines .12
7.4.3 Policies .12
8 Information Viewpoint — Knowledge-based decisions .13
8.1 Introduction to Information Viewpoint.13
8.1.1 Introduction to types of geographic imagery . .13
8.1.2 Creating knowledge from imagery .15
8.1.3 General Feature Model .17
8.1.4 Topics relevant across data, information, and knowledge.18
8.2 Sensor data package .19
8.2.1 General.19
8.2.2 Sensors and platforms .19
8.2.3 Optical sensing . . .20
8.2.4 Microwave sensing .22
8.2.5 LIDAR sensor . .25
8.2.6 Sonar sensor .27
8.2.7 Digital images from film .28
8.2.8 Scanned maps .28
8.2.9 Calibration, validation and metrology .29
8.2.10 Position and attitude determination .30
8.2.11 Image acquisition request .31
8.3 Geographic imagery information — Processed, located, gridded .31
8.3.1 General.31
8.3.2 IG_Scene .31
8.3.3 Derived imagery .35
8.3.4 Imagery metadata .38
8.3.5 Encoding rules for imagery .38
8.3.6 Imagery compression .40
8.4 Geographic imagery knowledge — Inference and interpretation .41
8.4.1 General.41
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SIST ISO 19101-2:2019
ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
8.4.2 Knowledge from imagery .41
8.4.3 Image understanding and classification .41
8.4.4 IG_KnowledgeBase .43
8.5 Geographic imagery decision support — Context-specific applications .45
8.5.1 General.45
8.5.2 Decision support services .45
8.5.3 Geographic portrayal.46
8.5.4 Fitness for use context .48
8.5.5 Decision fusion .50
9 Computational viewpoint — Services for imagery .51
9.1 Task-oriented computation .51
9.2 Computational patterns .51
9.3 Geographic imagery services .52
9.4 Service chaining for imagery .54
9.5 Service metadata .54
10 Engineering Viewpoint — Deployment approaches .54
10.1 General .54
10.2 Distributed system for geographic imagery .55
10.3 Imagery Collection Node .56
10.4 Sensor Processing Node .57
10.5 Imagery Archive Node .57
10.6 Value Added Processing Node .58
10.7 Decision Support Node .59
10.8 Channels: networks and DCPs .60
10.8.1 Imagery considerations for channels .60
10.8.2 Space to ground communications .60
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .61
Annex B (informative) ISO Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP) .63
Annex C (informative) Imagery use cases .64
Annex D (informative) Changes from ISO/TS 19101-2:2008 .68
Bibliography .69
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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SIST ISO 19101-2:2019
ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
This edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TS 19101-2:2008) which has been technically
revised. In order to promote backward compatibility between different versions of standards, the
changes that have been made between this document and the previous version are described in
Annex D.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19101 series can be found on the ISO website.
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST ISO 19101-2:2019
ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
Introduction
This document provides a reference model for processing of geographic imagery which is frequently done
in open distributed manners. The motivating themes addressed in this reference model are given below.
In terms of volume, imagery is the dominant form of geographic information.
— Stored geographic imagery volume will grow to the order of an exabyte.
— National imagery archives are multiple petabytes in size; ingesting a terabyte per day.
— Individual application data centers are archiving hundreds of terabytes of imagery.
— Tens of thousands of datasets have been catalogued and can be accessible online.
Large volumes of geographic imagery will not be portrayed directly by humans. Human attention is the
scarce resource, and is insufficient to view petabytes of data. Semantic processing will be required: for
example, automatic detection of features; data mining based on geographic concepts.
Information technology allows the sharing of geographic information products through processing
of geographic imagery. Standards are needed to increase creation of products. A number of existing
standards are used for the exchange of geographic imagery.
Examples of technical, legal, and administrative hurdles to moving imagery online include
— technical issues of accessibility – geocoding, geographic access standards,
— maintenance of intellectual property rights,
— maintenance of individual privacy rights as resolution increases, and
— technical issues of compatibility requiring standards.
Governments have been the predominant suppliers of remotely sensed data in the past. This is changing
with the commercialization of remotely sensed data acquisition. Geographic imagery is a key input to
decision support for policy makers.
The ultimate challenge is to enable the geographic imagery collected from different sources to become
an integrated digital representation of the Earth widely accessible for humanity’s critical decisions.
Currently a large number of standards exist that describe imagery data. The processing of imagery
across multiple organizations and information technologies (IT) is hampered by the lack of a common
abstract architecture. The establishment of a common framework will foster convergence at the
framework level. In the future, multiple implementation standards are needed for data format and
service interoperability to carry out the architecture defined in this document.
The objective of this document is the coordinated development of standards that allow the benefits
of distributed geographic image processing to be realized in an environment of heterogeneous IT
resources and multiple organizational domains. An underlying assumption is that uncoordinated
standardization activities made without a plan cannot be united under the necessary framework.
This document provides a reference model for the processing of geographic imagery which is frequently
done in open distributed manners. The basis for defining an information system in this document is the
[42]
Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP). A brief description of RM-ODP can be
referenced in Annex B. The basis for defining geographic information in this document is the ISO 19100
series of standards.
[42]
The RM-ODP viewpoints are used in the following fashion.
— Typical users and their business activities, and policies to carry out those activities, are addressed
in the Enterprise Viewpoint.
vi © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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SIST ISO 19101-2:2019
ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
— Data structures and the progressive addition of value to the resulting products are found in the
schemas of the Information Viewpoint.
— Individual processing services and the chaining of services are addressed in the Computational
Viewpoint.
Approaches to deploy the components of the Information and Computational viewpoints to distributed
physical locations are addressed in the Engineering Viewpoint.
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved vii
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SIST ISO 19101-2:2019
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SIST ISO 19101-2:2019
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
Geographic information — Reference model —
Part 2:
Imagery
1 Scope
This document defines a reference model for standardization in the field of geographic imagery
processing. This reference model identifies the scope of the standardization activity being undertaken
and the context in which it takes place. The reference model includes gridded data with an emphasis
on imagery. Although structured in the context of information technology and information technology
standards, this document is independent of any application development method or technology
implementation approach.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19115-1:2014, Geographic information — Metadata — Part 1: Fundamentals
ISO 19115-2:2009, Geographic information — Metadata — Part 2: Extensions for imagery and gridded data
ISO 19119:2016, Geographic information — Services
ISO 19123:2005, Geographic information — Schema for coverage geometry and functions
1)
ISO 19130-1:— , Geographic information — Imagery sensor models for geopositioning
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http: //www .iso .org/obp
3.1
band
range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation that produce a single response by a sensing device
3.2
calibration
process of quantitatively defining a system’s responses to known, controlled signal inputs
[SOURCE: CEOS WGCV]
1) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/DIS 19130-1.
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SIST ISO 19101-2:2019
ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
3.3
computational viewpoint
viewpoint (3.42) on an ODP system and its environment that enables distribution through functional
decomposition of the system into objects which interact at interfaces (3.16)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 10746-3:2009, 4.1.1.3]
3.4
coverage
feature (3.9) that acts as a function to return values from its range for any direct position within its
spatial, temporal or spatiotemporal domain
[SOURCE: ISO 19123:2005, 4.1.7]
3.5
digital elevation model
dataset of elevation values that are assigned algorithmically to 2-dimensional coordinates
3.6
digital number
DN
integer value representing a measurement (3.20) as detected by a sensor (3.36)
3.7
engineering viewpoint
viewpoint (3.42) on an ODP system and its environment that focuses on the mechanisms and functions
required to support distributed interaction between objects in the system
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 10746-3:2009, 4.1.1.4]
3.8
enterprise viewpoint
viewpoint (3.42) on an ODP system and its environment that focuses on the purpose, scope and policies
for that system
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 10746-3:2009, 4.1.1.1]
3.9
feature
abstraction of real world phenomena
[SOURCE: ISO 19101-1:2014, 4.1.11]
3.10
geographic feature
representation of real world phenomenon associated with a location relative to the Earth
[SOURCE: ISO 19125-2:2004, 4.2]
3.11
geographic imagery
imagery (3.14) associated with a location relative to the Earth
3.12
geographic imagery scene
geographic imagery (3.11) whose data consists of measurements (3.20) or simulated measurements of
the natural world produced relative to a specified vantage point and at a specified time
Note 1 to entry: A geographic imagery scene is a representation of an environmental landscape; it may
correspond to a remotely sensed view of the natural world or to a computer-generated virtual scene (3.35)
simulating such a view.
2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
3.13
grid
network composed of two or more sets of curves in which the members of each set intersect the
members of the other sets in an algorithmic way
[SOURCE: ISO 19123:2005, 4.1.23]
3.14
imagery
representation of phenomena as images produced by electronic and/or optical techniques
Note 1 to entry: In this document, it is assumed that the phenomena have been sensed or detected by one or more
devices such as radar, cameras, photometers, and infrared and multispectral scanners.
3.15
information viewpoint
viewpoint (3.42) on an ODP system and its environment that focuses on the semantics of information
and information processing
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 10746-3:2009, 4.1.1.2]
3.16
interface
named set of operations (3.24) that characterize the behaviour of an entity
[SOURCE: ISO 19119:2016, 4.1.8]
3.17
interoperability
capability to communicate, execute programs, or transfer data among various functional units in a
manner that requires the user to have little or no knowledge of the unique characteristics of those units
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2121317]
3.18
knowledge base
data base of knowledge about a particular subject
Note 1 to entry: The database contains facts, inferences, and procedures needed for problem solution (Webster
Computer).
3.19
measurable quantity
attribute of a phenomenon, body or substance that may be distinguished qualitatively and determined
quantitatively
[SOURCE: VIM: 1993, 1.1]
3.20
measurand
particular quantity subject to measurement (3.20)
EXAMPLE Vapour pressure of a given sample of water at 20 °C.
Note 1 to entry: The specification of a measurand may require statements about quantities such as time,
temperature and pressure.
[SOURCE: VIM: 1993, 2.6]
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SIST ISO 19101-2:2019
ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
3.21
measurement
set of operations (3.24) having the object of determining the value of a quantity
[SOURCE: VIM: 1993, 2.1]
3.22
metadata
information about a resource
[SOURCE: ISO 19115-1:2014, 4.10]
3.23
metric traceability
property of the result of a measurement (3.20) or the value of a standard whereby it can be related
to stated r
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19101-2
First edition
2018-05
Geographic information — Reference
model —
Part 2:
Imagery
Information géographique — Modèle de réference —
Partie 2: Imagerie
Reference number
ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
©
ISO 2018
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms and symbols . 6
4.1 Abbreviated terms . 6
4.2 Symbols . 9
5 Conformance . 9
5.1 General . 9
5.2 Enterprise conformance . 9
5.3 Sensor conformance . 9
5.4 Imagery data conformance .10
5.5 Imagery services conformance .10
5.6 Image processing system conformance .10
6 Notation .10
7 Enterprise viewpoint – Community objectives and policies .10
7.1 General .10
7.2 Geographic imagery community objective .10
7.3 Geographic imagery scenario .11
7.4 Geographic imagery policies .12
7.4.1 Introduction to policies .12
7.4.2 Policy development guidelines .12
7.4.3 Policies .12
8 Information Viewpoint — Knowledge-based decisions .13
8.1 Introduction to Information Viewpoint.13
8.1.1 Introduction to types of geographic imagery . .13
8.1.2 Creating knowledge from imagery .15
8.1.3 General Feature Model .17
8.1.4 Topics relevant across data, information, and knowledge.18
8.2 Sensor data package .19
8.2.1 General.19
8.2.2 Sensors and platforms .19
8.2.3 Optical sensing . . .20
8.2.4 Microwave sensing .22
8.2.5 LIDAR sensor . .25
8.2.6 Sonar sensor .27
8.2.7 Digital images from film .28
8.2.8 Scanned maps .28
8.2.9 Calibration, validation and metrology .29
8.2.10 Position and attitude determination .30
8.2.11 Image acquisition request .31
8.3 Geographic imagery information — Processed, located, gridded .31
8.3.1 General.31
8.3.2 IG_Scene .31
8.3.3 Derived imagery .35
8.3.4 Imagery metadata .38
8.3.5 Encoding rules for imagery .38
8.3.6 Imagery compression .40
8.4 Geographic imagery knowledge — Inference and interpretation .41
8.4.1 General.41
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
8.4.2 Knowledge from imagery .41
8.4.3 Image understanding and classification .41
8.4.4 IG_KnowledgeBase .43
8.5 Geographic imagery decision support — Context-specific applications .45
8.5.1 General.45
8.5.2 Decision support services .45
8.5.3 Geographic portrayal.46
8.5.4 Fitness for use context .48
8.5.5 Decision fusion .50
9 Computational viewpoint — Services for imagery .51
9.1 Task-oriented computation .51
9.2 Computational patterns .51
9.3 Geographic imagery services .52
9.4 Service chaining for imagery .54
9.5 Service metadata .54
10 Engineering Viewpoint — Deployment approaches .54
10.1 General .54
10.2 Distributed system for geographic imagery .55
10.3 Imagery Collection Node .56
10.4 Sensor Processing Node .57
10.5 Imagery Archive Node .57
10.6 Value Added Processing Node .58
10.7 Decision Support Node .59
10.8 Channels: networks and DCPs .60
10.8.1 Imagery considerations for channels .60
10.8.2 Space to ground communications .60
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .61
Annex B (informative) ISO Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP) .63
Annex C (informative) Imagery use cases .64
Annex D (informative) Changes from ISO/TS 19101-2:2008 .68
Bibliography .69
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
This edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TS 19101-2:2008) which has been technically
revised. In order to promote backward compatibility between different versions of standards, the
changes that have been made between this document and the previous version are described in
Annex D.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19101 series can be found on the ISO website.
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
Introduction
This document provides a reference model for processing of geographic imagery which is frequently done
in open distributed manners. The motivating themes addressed in this reference model are given below.
In terms of volume, imagery is the dominant form of geographic information.
— Stored geographic imagery volume will grow to the order of an exabyte.
— National imagery archives are multiple petabytes in size; ingesting a terabyte per day.
— Individual application data centers are archiving hundreds of terabytes of imagery.
— Tens of thousands of datasets have been catalogued and can be accessible online.
Large volumes of geographic imagery will not be portrayed directly by humans. Human attention is the
scarce resource, and is insufficient to view petabytes of data. Semantic processing will be required: for
example, automatic detection of features; data mining based on geographic concepts.
Information technology allows the sharing of geographic information products through processing
of geographic imagery. Standards are needed to increase creation of products. A number of existing
standards are used for the exchange of geographic imagery.
Examples of technical, legal, and administrative hurdles to moving imagery online include
— technical issues of accessibility – geocoding, geographic access standards,
— maintenance of intellectual property rights,
— maintenance of individual privacy rights as resolution increases, and
— technical issues of compatibility requiring standards.
Governments have been the predominant suppliers of remotely sensed data in the past. This is changing
with the commercialization of remotely sensed data acquisition. Geographic imagery is a key input to
decision support for policy makers.
The ultimate challenge is to enable the geographic imagery collected from different sources to become
an integrated digital representation of the Earth widely accessible for humanity’s critical decisions.
Currently a large number of standards exist that describe imagery data. The processing of imagery
across multiple organizations and information technologies (IT) is hampered by the lack of a common
abstract architecture. The establishment of a common framework will foster convergence at the
framework level. In the future, multiple implementation standards are needed for data format and
service interoperability to carry out the architecture defined in this document.
The objective of this document is the coordinated development of standards that allow the benefits
of distributed geographic image processing to be realized in an environment of heterogeneous IT
resources and multiple organizational domains. An underlying assumption is that uncoordinated
standardization activities made without a plan cannot be united under the necessary framework.
This document provides a reference model for the processing of geographic imagery which is frequently
done in open distributed manners. The basis for defining an information system in this document is the
[42]
Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP). A brief description of RM-ODP can be
referenced in Annex B. The basis for defining geographic information in this document is the ISO 19100
series of standards.
[42]
The RM-ODP viewpoints are used in the following fashion.
— Typical users and their business activities, and policies to carry out those activities, are addressed
in the Enterprise Viewpoint.
vi © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
— Data structures and the progressive addition of value to the resulting products are found in the
schemas of the Information Viewpoint.
— Individual processing services and the chaining of services are addressed in the Computational
Viewpoint.
Approaches to deploy the components of the Information and Computational viewpoints to distributed
physical locations are addressed in the Engineering Viewpoint.
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved vii
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
Geographic information — Reference model —
Part 2:
Imagery
1 Scope
This document defines a reference model for standardization in the field of geographic imagery
processing. This reference model identifies the scope of the standardization activity being undertaken
and the context in which it takes place. The reference model includes gridded data with an emphasis
on imagery. Although structured in the context of information technology and information technology
standards, this document is independent of any application development method or technology
implementation approach.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19115-1:2014, Geographic information — Metadata — Part 1: Fundamentals
ISO 19115-2:2009, Geographic information — Metadata — Part 2: Extensions for imagery and gridded data
ISO 19119:2016, Geographic information — Services
ISO 19123:2005, Geographic information — Schema for coverage geometry and functions
1)
ISO 19130-1:— , Geographic information — Imagery sensor models for geopositioning
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http: //www .iso .org/obp
3.1
band
range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation that produce a single response by a sensing device
3.2
calibration
process of quantitatively defining a system’s responses to known, controlled signal inputs
[SOURCE: CEOS WGCV]
1) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/DIS 19130-1.
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ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
3.3
computational viewpoint
viewpoint (3.42) on an ODP system and its environment that enables distribution through functional
decomposition of the system into objects which interact at interfaces (3.16)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 10746-3:2009, 4.1.1.3]
3.4
coverage
feature (3.9) that acts as a function to return values from its range for any direct position within its
spatial, temporal or spatiotemporal domain
[SOURCE: ISO 19123:2005, 4.1.7]
3.5
digital elevation model
dataset of elevation values that are assigned algorithmically to 2-dimensional coordinates
3.6
digital number
DN
integer value representing a measurement (3.20) as detected by a sensor (3.36)
3.7
engineering viewpoint
viewpoint (3.42) on an ODP system and its environment that focuses on the mechanisms and functions
required to support distributed interaction between objects in the system
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 10746-3:2009, 4.1.1.4]
3.8
enterprise viewpoint
viewpoint (3.42) on an ODP system and its environment that focuses on the purpose, scope and policies
for that system
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 10746-3:2009, 4.1.1.1]
3.9
feature
abstraction of real world phenomena
[SOURCE: ISO 19101-1:2014, 4.1.11]
3.10
geographic feature
representation of real world phenomenon associated with a location relative to the Earth
[SOURCE: ISO 19125-2:2004, 4.2]
3.11
geographic imagery
imagery (3.14) associated with a location relative to the Earth
3.12
geographic imagery scene
geographic imagery (3.11) whose data consists of measurements (3.20) or simulated measurements of
the natural world produced relative to a specified vantage point and at a specified time
Note 1 to entry: A geographic imagery scene is a representation of an environmental landscape; it may
correspond to a remotely sensed view of the natural world or to a computer-generated virtual scene (3.35)
simulating such a view.
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ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
3.13
grid
network composed of two or more sets of curves in which the members of each set intersect the
members of the other sets in an algorithmic way
[SOURCE: ISO 19123:2005, 4.1.23]
3.14
imagery
representation of phenomena as images produced by electronic and/or optical techniques
Note 1 to entry: In this document, it is assumed that the phenomena have been sensed or detected by one or more
devices such as radar, cameras, photometers, and infrared and multispectral scanners.
3.15
information viewpoint
viewpoint (3.42) on an ODP system and its environment that focuses on the semantics of information
and information processing
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 10746-3:2009, 4.1.1.2]
3.16
interface
named set of operations (3.24) that characterize the behaviour of an entity
[SOURCE: ISO 19119:2016, 4.1.8]
3.17
interoperability
capability to communicate, execute programs, or transfer data among various functional units in a
manner that requires the user to have little or no knowledge of the unique characteristics of those units
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2121317]
3.18
knowledge base
data base of knowledge about a particular subject
Note 1 to entry: The database contains facts, inferences, and procedures needed for problem solution (Webster
Computer).
3.19
measurable quantity
attribute of a phenomenon, body or substance that may be distinguished qualitatively and determined
quantitatively
[SOURCE: VIM: 1993, 1.1]
3.20
measurand
particular quantity subject to measurement (3.20)
EXAMPLE Vapour pressure of a given sample of water at 20 °C.
Note 1 to entry: The specification of a measurand may require statements about quantities such as time,
temperature and pressure.
[SOURCE: VIM: 1993, 2.6]
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ISO 19101-2:2018(E)
3.21
measurement
set of operations (3.24) having the object of determining the value of a quantity
[SOURCE: VIM: 1993, 2.1]
3.22
metadata
information about a resource
[SOURCE: ISO 19115-1:2014, 4.10]
3.23
metric traceability
property of the result of a measurement (3.20) or the value of a standard whereby it can be related
to stated references, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken chain of
comparisons all having stated uncertainties
[SOURCE: Derived from VIM]
3.24
operation
specification of a transformation or query that an object may be called to execute
Note 1 to entry: An operation has a name and a list of parameters.
[SOURCE: ISO 19119:2016, 4.1.10]
3.25
orthoimage
image in which by orthogonal projection to a reference surface, displacement of image points due to
sensor (3.36) orientation and terrain relief has been removed
Note 1 to entry: The amount of displacement depends on the resolution and the level of detail of the elevation
information and on the software implementation.
3.26
picture original
representation of a two-dimensional hardcopy or softcopy input image in terms of the colour-space
coordinates (or an approximation thereof)
Note 1 to entry: Picture originals could be obtained from printed maps, printed pictures of a geographic imagery
scene (3.12), or drawings of geographic information, etc.
3.27
picture portrayal
representations of image data in terms of
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 19101-2
Première édition
2018-05
Information géographique — Modèle
de réference —
Partie 2:
Imagerie
Geographic information — Reference model —
Part 2: Imagery
Numéro de référence
ISO 19101-2:2018(F)
©
ISO 2018
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 19101-2:2018(F)
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2018
Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en oeuvre, aucune partie de cette
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut
être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
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Tél.: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
E-mail: copyright@iso.org
Web: www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2018 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 19101-2:2018(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .v
Introduction .vi
1 Domaine d'application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Abréviations et symboles . 6
4.1 Abréviations . 6
4.2 Symboles .10
5 Conformité .10
5.1 Généralités .10
5.2 Conformité métier .10
5.3 Conformité des capteurs .10
5.4 Conformité des données d'imagerie .10
5.5 Conformité des services d'imagerie .10
5.6 Conformité du système de traitement d'images .10
6 Notation .10
7 Point de vue métier — Objectifs et politiques communautaires .11
7.1 Généralités .11
7.2 Objectif de la communauté de l'imagerie géographique .11
7.3 Scénario d'imagerie géographique .11
7.4 Politiques d'imagerie géographique .12
7.4.1 Présentation des politiques .12
7.4.2 Lignes directrices pour le développement de politiques .13
7.4.3 Politiques .13
8 Point de vue informationnel — Décisions fondées sur la connaissance .14
8.1 Présentation du point de vue informationnel .14
8.1.1 Présentation des types d'imagerie géographique .14
8.1.2 Création de connaissances à partir de l'imagerie.16
8.1.3 Modèle d'entité général .17
8.1.4 Sujets pertinents pour l'ensemble des données, des informations et des
connaissances .18
8.2 Paquetage de données de capteur .20
8.2.1 Généralités .20
8.2.2 Capteurs et plates-formes .20
8.2.3 Détection optique .21
8.2.4 Détection par hyperfréquences.23
8.2.5 Capteur LIDAR .26
8.2.6 Capteur sonar .29
8.2.7 Images numériques issues d'une pellicule .29
8.2.8 Cartes numérisées .30
8.2.9 Calibration, validation et métrologie .30
8.2.10 Détermination de la position et de l'orientation .31
8.2.11 Demande d'acquisition d'image .32
8.3 Informations d'imagerie géographique — Traitées, localisées, maillées .32
8.3.1 Généralités .32
8.3.2 IG_Scene .32
8.3.3 Imagerie dérivée .36
8.3.4 Métadonnées d'imagerie .40
8.3.5 Règles de codage pour l'imagerie .40
8.3.6 Compression d'imagerie .42
8.4 Connaissance extraite de l'imagerie géographique — Déduction et interprétation .43
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ISO 19101-2:2018(F)
8.4.1 Généralités .43
8.4.2 Connaissance extraite de l'imagerie .43
8.4.3 Compréhension et classification des images .43
8.4.4 IG_KnowledgeBase .46
8.5 Aide à la décision s'appuyant sur l'imagerie géographique — Applications
spécifiques à un contexte .48
8.5.1 Généralités .48
8.5.2 Services d'aide à la décision .48
8.5.3 Représentation géographique .49
8.5.4 Contexte de l'aptitude à l'emploi .52
8.5.5 Fusion des décisions .54
9 Point de vue computationnel — Services pour l'imagerie.54
9.1 Calculs axés sur les tâches .54
9.2 Schémas computationnels .55
9.3 Services d'imagerie géographique .56
9.4 Chaînage des services pour l'imagerie .58
9.5 Métadonnées de service.58
10 Point de vue d'ingénierie — Approches du déploiement .58
10.1 Généralités .58
10.2 Système distribué pour l'imagerie géographique .59
10.3 Nœud Collecte d'imagerie .60
10.4 Nœud Traitement des données de capteur .61
10.5 Nœud Archives d'imagerie.62
10.6 Nœud Traitement à valeur ajoutée .63
10.7 Nœud Aide à la décision .64
10.8 Canaux: réseaux et DCP .64
10.8.1 Considérations relatives à l'imagerie pour les canaux .64
10.8.2 Communications espace-sol .65
Annexe A (normative) Suite de tests abstraits .66
Annexe B (informative) Modèle de référence ISO pour le traitement réparti ouvert (RM-ODP) .68
Annexe C (informative) Cas d'utilisation de l'imagerie .69
[75]
Annexe D (informative) Principes sur la télédétection de la Terre à partir de l'espace .73
Annexe E (informative) Modifications par rapport à l'ISO/TS 19101-2:2008 .74
Bibliographie .75
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ISO 19101-2:2018(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux.
L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d'approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www
.iso .org/directives).
L'attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l'élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l'Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l'ISO (voir www .iso .org/brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l'ISO liés à l'évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l'adhésion
de l'ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles
techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien suivant: www .iso .org/avant -propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 211, Information géographique/
Géomatique.
Cette édition annule et remplace la première édition (ISO/TS 19101-2:2008), qui a fait l'objet d'une
révision technique. Dans le but de favoriser la rétrocompatibilité entre les différentes versions des
normes, les modifications qui ont été apportées entre le présent document et la version précédente sont
décrites à l'Annexe E.
Une liste de toutes les parties de la série ISO 19101 se trouve sur le site Web de l'ISO.
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ISO 19101-2:2018(F)
Introduction
Le présent document constitue un modèle de référence pour le traitement de l'imagerie géographique
qui s'appuie fréquemment sur le modèle du traitement réparti ouvert. Les thèmes motivants traités
dans ce modèle de référence sont indiqués ci-dessous.
En termes de volume, l'imagerie représente la principale forme d'information géographique.
— Le volume d'images géographiques stockées va atteindre des capacités de l'ordre de l'exaoctet.
— Les archives d'imagerie nationales contiennent plusieurs pétaoctets de données et en assimilent un
téraoctet de plus chaque jour.
— Les centres de données d'applications individuels archivent des centaines de téraoctets d'imagerie.
— Des dizaines de milliers de jeux de données ont été catalogués et peuvent être consultés en ligne.
La représentation de ces grands volumes d'images géographiques ne sera pas directement effectuée
par l'homme, dont l'attention est une ressource limitée et insuffisante pour visualiser des pétaoctets de
données. Un traitement sémantique sera nécessaire: par exemple, la détection automatique d'entités;
l'exploration de données basée sur des concepts géographiques.
Les technologies de l'information permettent le partage de produits d'information géographique grâce
au traitement de l'imagerie géographique. Il est nécessaire d'établir des normes pour favoriser la
création de produits. Un certain nombre de normes existantes sont utilisées pour l'échange d'imagerie
géographique.
Les obstacles techniques, juridiques et administratifs à la mise en ligne d'imagerie sont notamment:
— les problèmes techniques d'accessibilité: normes géographiques de géocodage et d'accès;
— le maintien des droits de propriété intellectuelle;
— le maintien des droits individuels à la vie privée à mesure que la résolution augmente; et
— les problèmes techniques liés aux normes exigeant une compatibilité.
Dans le passé, les pouvoirs publics étaient les principaux fournisseurs de données obtenues par
télédétection. Cela a évolué avec la commercialisation des systèmes d'acquisition de données obtenues
par télédétection. L'imagerie géographique est un élément essentiel d'aide à la prise de décision pour les
décideurs politiques.
Le défi ultime est de permettre à l'imagerie géographique collectée à partir de différentes sources
d'être rassemblée en une représentation numérique intégrée de la Terre qui soit largement accessible
pour aider l'humanité dans la prise de décisions critiques.
Il existe actuellement un grand nombre de normes qui décrivent les données d'imagerie. L'absence d'une
architecture abstraite commune entrave le traitement de l'imagerie entre de nombreuses organisations
et différentes technologies de l'information. L'établissement d'un cadre commun encouragera la
convergence au niveau de ce cadre. À l'avenir, plusieurs normes de mise en œuvre seront nécessaires
pour assurer l'interopérabilité des formats de données et des services en vue de réaliser l'architecture
définie dans le présent document.
L'objectif de ce document est le développement coordonné de normes qui permettent de déployer
les avantages du traitement d'images géographiques réparti dans un environnement de ressources
informatiques hétérogènes et recouvrant plusieurs domaines organisationnels. L'hypothèse sous-
jacente est que les activités de normalisation non coordonnées et ne s'appuyant sur aucun plan ne
peuvent pas être unifiées au sein du cadre nécessaire.
Le présent document constitue un modèle de référence pour le traitement de l'imagerie géographique
qui s'appuie fréquemment sur le modèle du traitement réparti ouvert. Dans ce document, la base de la
vi © ISO 2018 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 19101-2:2018(F)
définition d'un système d'information est le modèle de référence pour le traitement réparti ouvert (ou
[42]
modèle RM-ODP, pour Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing) . Une brève description du
modèle RM-ODP peut être trouvée à l'Annexe B. Dans le présent document, la définition des informations
géographiques s'appuie sur la série de normes ISO 19100.
[42]
Les points de vue du RM-ODP sont utilisés de la façon suivante:
— les utilisateurs types et leurs activités métier, ainsi que les stratégies régissant l'exercice de ces
activités, sont abordés dans le point de vue métier;
— les structures de données et l'ajout progressif de valeur aux produits résultants figurent dans les
schémas du point de vue informationnel;
— les services de traitement individuels et le chaînage de services sont abordés dans le point de vue
computationnel.
Les approches utilisées pour déployer les composants des points de vue informationnel et computationnel
vers des emplacements physiques répartis sont abordées dans le point de vue d'ingénierie.
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 19101-2:2018(F)
Information géographique — Modèle de réference —
Partie 2:
Imagerie
1 Domaine d'application
Le présent document définit un modèle de référence pour la normalisation dans le domaine du
traitement de l'imagerie géographique. Ce modèle de référence identifie le domaine d'application de
l'activité de normalisation entreprise, ainsi que le contexte dans lequel elle se produit. Le modèle de
référence inclut des données maillées, avec l'accent mis sur l'imagerie. Même si le présent document
est structuré dans le contexte des technologies de l'information et des normes s'y rapportant, il ne
dépend d'aucune méthode de développement d'applications, ni d'aucune approche de mise en œuvre de
technologie.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants cités dans le texte constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur contenu, des
exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les
références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels
amendements).
ISO 19115-1:2014, Information géographique — Métadonnées — Partie 1: Principes de base
ISO 19115-2:2009, Information géographique — Métadonnées — Partie 2: Extensions pour les images et
les matrices
ISO 19119:2016, Information géographique — Services
ISO 19123:2005, Information géographique — Schéma de la géométrie et des fonctions de couverture
1)
ISO 19130-1:—, Information géographique — Modèles de capteurs d’images de géopositionnement
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s'appliquent.
L'ISO et l'IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l’adresse http: //www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l’adresse https: //www .iso .org/obp
3.1
bande
gamme de longueurs d'onde d'un rayonnement électromagnétique générant une seule réponse de la
part d'un dispositif de détection
1) À publier.
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ISO 19101-2:2018(F)
3.2
calibration
processus de définition quantitative des réponses d'un système à des entrées de signaux contrôlées
et connues
[SOURCE: CEOS WGCV]
3.3
point de vue computationnel
point de vue (3.42) sur un système ODP et sur son environnement qui permet la répartition à travers la
décomposition fonctionnelle du système en objets qui interagissent au niveau d'interfaces (3.16)
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 10746-3:2009, 4.1.1.3]
3.4
couverture
entité (3.9) agissant comme une fonction en assignant des valeurs à partir de sa plage à toute position
directe dans son domaine spatial, temporel ou spatio-temporel
[SOURCE: ISO 19123:2005, 4.1.7]
3.5
modèle numérique d'élévation
jeu de données de valeurs d'élévation affectées par algorithme aux coordonnées bidimensionnelles
3.6
valeur numérique
DN (Digital Number)
valeur entière représentant un mesurage (3.20) détectée par un capteur (3.36)
3.7
point de vue d'ingénierie
point de vue (3.42) sur un système ODP et sur son environnement qui se concentre sur les fonctions et
les mécanismes requis pour permettre une interaction répartie entre les objets du système
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 10746-3:2009, 4.1.1.4]
3.8
point de vue métier
point de vue (3.42) sur un système ODP et sur son environnement qui se concentre sur l'objectif, le
domaine d'application et les politiques relatifs à ce système
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 10746-3:2009, 4.1.1.1]
3.9
entité
abstraction d'un phénomène du monde réel
[SOURCE: ISO 19101-1:2014, 4.1.11]
3.10
entité géographique
représentation d'un phénomène du monde réel associé à une localisation relative à la Terre
[SOURCE: ISO 19125-2:2004, 4.2]
3.11
imagerie géographique
imagerie (3.14) associée à une localisation relative à la Terre
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ISO 19101-2:2018(F)
3.12
scène d'imagerie géographique
imagerie géographique (3.11) dont les données sont composées de mesures (3.20) ou de mesures simulées
du monde naturel effectuées par rapport à un point d'observation donné et à un moment donné
Note 1 à l'article: Une scène d'imagerie géographique est une représentation d'un paysage environnemental: elle
peut correspondre à une vue du monde naturel obtenue par télédétection ou à une scène (3.35) virtuelle générée
par ordinateur simulant une telle vue.
3.13
grille
réseau composé de deux ensembles de courbes (ou plus) dans lequel les composants de chaque ensemble
coupent les composants des autres ensembles de manière algorithmique
[SOURCE: ISO 19123:2005, 4.1.23]
3.14
imagerie
représentation de phénomènes sous forme d'images générées par des techniques électroniques et/ou
optiques
Note 1 à l'article: Dans le présent document, on suppose que les phénomènes ont été captés ou détectés par
un ou plusieurs dispositifs, tels qu'un radar, des caméras, des photomètres et des scanneurs infrarouges et
multispectraux.
3.15
point de vue informationnel
point de vue (3.42) sur un système ODP et sur son environnement qui se concentre sur la sémantique
des informations et sur le traitement des informations
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 10746-3:2009, 4.1.1.2]
3.16
interface
ensemble désigné d'opérations (3.24) qui caractérisent le comportement d'une entité
[SOURCE: ISO 19119:2016, 4.1.8]
3.17
interopérabilité
capacité à communiquer, à exécuter des programmes ou à transférer des données entre unités
fonctionnelles diverses, d'une façon n'exigeant de l'utilisateur, que peu ou pas de connaissances sur les
caractéristiques propres à ces unités
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2121317]
3.18
base de connaissances
base de données de connaissances relatives à un sujet particulier
Note 1 à l'article: La base de données contient des faits, des déductions et les procédures nécessaires à la
résolution des problèmes (Webster Computer).
3.19
grandeur mesurable
attribut d'un phénomène, d'un corps ou d'une substance pouvant être distingué qualitativement et
déterminé quantitativement
[SOURCE: VIM: 1993, 1.1]
© ISO 2018 – Tous droits réservés 3
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...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST ISO/DIS 19101-2:2017
01-maj-2017
*HRJUDIVNHLQIRUPDFLMH5HIHUHQþQLPRGHOGHO 3RGREH
Geographic information -- Reference model -- Part 2: Imagery
Information géographique -- Modèle de réference -- Partie 2: Imagerie
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/DIS 19101-2
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
oSIST ISO/DIS 19101-2:2017 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST ISO/DIS 19101-2:2017
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oSIST ISO/DIS 19101-2:2017
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 19101-2
ISO/TC 211 Secretariat: SIS
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2017-03-20 2017-06-11
Geographic information — Reference model —
Part 2:
Imagery
Information géographique — Modèle de réference —
Partie 2: Imagerie
ICS: 35.240.70
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 19101-2:2017(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2017
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oSIST ISO/DIS 19101-2:2017
ISO/DIS 19101-2:2017(E) ISO/DIS 19101-2:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope .1
2 Conformance .1
2.1 General .1
2.2 Enterprise conformance .1
2.3 Sensor conformance .1
2.4 Imagery data conformance .1
2.5 Imagery services conformance .1
2.6 Image processing system conformance .1
3 Normative references .2
4 Terms and definitions .2
5 Abbreviated terms and symbols .8
5.1 Abbreviated terms .8
5.2 Symbols . 10
6 Notation . 10
7 Enterprise viewpoint – community objectives and policies . 11
7.1 General . 11
7.2 Geographic imagery community objective . 11
7.3 Geographic imagery scenario . 11
7.4 Geographic imagery policies . 12
7.4.1 Introduction to policies . 12
7.4.2 Policy development guidelines . 13
7.4.3 Policies. 13
8 Information Viewpoint – knowledge-based decisions . 14
8.1 Introduction to Information Viewpoint . 14
8.1.1 Introduction to types of geographic imagery . 14
8.1.2 Creating knowledge from imagery . 16
8.1.3 General Feature Model . 18
8.1.4 Topics relevant across data, information, and knowledge . 19
8.2 Sensor data package . 21
8.2.1 General . 21
8.2.2 Sensors and platforms . 21
8.2.3 Optical sensing . 22
8.2.4 Microwave sensing . 24
8.2.5 LIDAR sensor . 27
8.2.6 Sonar sensor . 30
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
8.2.7 Digital images from film . 31
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
8.2.8 Scanned maps. 32
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
8.2.9 Calibration, validation and metrology . 32
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
8.2.10 Position and attitude determination . 33
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
8.2.11 Image acquisition request . 34
the requester.
8.3 Geographic imagery information – processed, located, gridded . 34
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401 8.3.1 General . 34
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
8.3.2 IG_Scene . 34
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
8.3.3 Derived imagery . 38
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
iii
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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oSIST ISO/DIS 19101-2:2017
ISO/DIS 19101-2:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope .1
2 Conformance .1
2.1 General .1
2.2 Enterprise conformance .1
2.3 Sensor conformance .1
2.4 Imagery data conformance .1
2.5 Imagery services conformance .1
2.6 Image processing system conformance .1
3 Normative references .2
4 Terms and definitions .2
5 Abbreviated terms and symbols .8
5.1 Abbreviated terms .8
5.2 Symbols . 10
6 Notation . 10
7 Enterprise viewpoint – community objectives and policies . 11
7.1 General . 11
7.2 Geographic imagery community objective . 11
7.3 Geographic imagery scenario . 11
7.4 Geographic imagery policies . 12
7.4.1 Introduction to policies . 12
7.4.2 Policy development guidelines . 13
7.4.3 Policies. 13
8 Information Viewpoint – knowledge-based decisions . 14
8.1 Introduction to Information Viewpoint . 14
8.1.1 Introduction to types of geographic imagery . 14
8.1.2 Creating knowledge from imagery . 16
8.1.3 General Feature Model . 18
8.1.4 Topics relevant across data, information, and knowledge . 19
8.2 Sensor data package . 21
8.2.1 General . 21
8.2.2 Sensors and platforms . 21
8.2.3 Optical sensing . 22
8.2.4 Microwave sensing . 24
8.2.5 LIDAR sensor . 27
8.2.6 Sonar sensor . 30
8.2.7 Digital images from film . 31
8.2.8 Scanned maps. 32
8.2.9 Calibration, validation and metrology . 32
8.2.10 Position and attitude determination . 33
8.2.11 Image acquisition request . 34
8.3 Geographic imagery information – processed, located, gridded . 34
8.3.1 General . 34
8.3.2 IG_Scene . 34
8.3.3 Derived imagery . 38
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
iii
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oSIST ISO/DIS 19101-2:2017
ISO/DIS 19101-2:2017(E)
8.3.4 Imagery metadata . 42
8.3.5 Encoding rules for imagery . 42
8.3.6 Imagery compression . 44
8.4 Geographic imagery knowledge – inference and interpretation . 45
8.4.1 General . 45
8.4.2 Knowledge from imagery . 45
8.4.3 Image understanding and classification . 45
8.4.4 IG_KnowledgeBase . 48
8.5 Geographic imagery decision support – context-specific applications . 50
8.5.1 General . 50
8.5.2 Decision support services . 50
8.5.3 Geographic portrayal . 51
8.5.4 Fitness for Use Context . 54
8.5.5 Decision fusion . 56
9 Computational Viewpoint – services for imagery . 57
9.1 Task-oriented computation . 57
9.2 Computational patterns . 57
9.3 Geographic imagery services . 58
9.4 Service chaining for imagery . 60
9.5 Service metadata . 61
10 Engineering Viewpoint – deployment approaches . 61
10.1 General . 61
10.2 Distributed system for geographic imagery . 61
10.3 Imagery Collection Node. 63
10.4 Sensor Processing Node . 64
10.5 Imagery Archive Node . 64
10.6 Value Added Processing Node . 65
10.7 Decision Support Node . 66
10.8 Channels: networks and DCPs . 67
10.8.1 Imagery considerations for channels . 67
10.8.2 Space to ground communications . 67
(normative) Abstract test suite . 68
A.1 Test module for policies . 68
A.2 Test module for sensor and associated characteristics . 68
A.3 Test module for imagery data characteristics . 68
A.4 Test module for imagery services . 68
A.5 Test module for image processing system design . 68
(informative) ISO Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP) . 70
(informative) Imagery use cases . 71
C.1 Agricultural irrigation use case . 71
C.2 Vehicle traffic use case . 72
C.3 Natural resources use case . 73
C.4 Hurricane evacuation use case . 73
(informative) Principles relating to remote sensing of the Earth from space . 75
(informative) Changes from ISO/TS 19101-2:2008. 79
Bibliography . 80
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
iv
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oSIST ISO/DIS 19101-2:2017
ISO/DIS 19101-2:2017(E) ISO/DIS 19101-2:2017(E)
8.3.4 Imagery metadata . 42
Foreword
8.3.5 Encoding rules for imagery . 42
8.3.6 Imagery compression . 44
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
8.4 Geographic imagery knowledge – inference and interpretation . 45
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
8.4.1 General . 45
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
8.4.2 Knowledge from imagery . 45
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
8.4.3 Image understanding and classification . 45
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
8.4.4 IG_KnowledgeBase . 48
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
8.5 Geographic imagery decision support – context-specific applications . 50
electrotechnical standardization.
8.5.1 General . 50
8.5.2 Decision support services . 50
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
8.5.3 Geographic portrayal . 51
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
8.5.4 Fitness for Use Context . 54
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
8.5.5 Decision fusion . 56
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
9 Computational Viewpoint – services for imagery . 57
9.1 Task-oriented computation . 57 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
9.2 Computational patterns . 57 patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
9.3 Geographic imagery services . 58 patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
9.4 Service chaining for imagery . 60 the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
9.5 Service metadata . 61
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
10 Engineering Viewpoint – deployment approaches . 61
constitute an endorsement.
10.1 General . 61
10.2 Distributed system for geographic imagery . 61
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
10.3 Imagery Collection Node. 63
assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO)
10.4 Sensor Proc
...
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