SIST EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009
(Main)Chimneys - Thermal and fluid dynamic calculation methods - Part 2: Chimneys serving more than one heating appliance
Chimneys - Thermal and fluid dynamic calculation methods - Part 2: Chimneys serving more than one heating appliance
This part of EN 13384 specifies methods for calculation of the thermal and fluid dynamic characteristics of chimneys serving more than one heating appliance.
This part of EN 13384 covers both the cases, either
(1) where the chimney is connected with more than one connecting flue pipe from individual or several appliances in a multi-inlet arrangement or
(2) where the chimney is connected with an individual connecting flue pipe connecting more than one appliance in a cascade arrangement.
The case of multiple inlet cascade arrangement is covered by the case (1).
This part of EN 13384 deals with chimneys operating under negative pressure conditions (there can be positive pressure condition in the connecting flue pipe) and with chimneys operating under positive pressure conditions and is valid for chimneys serving heating appliances for liquid, gaseous and solid fuels.
This part of EN 13384 does not apply to:
- chimneys with different thermal resistance or different cross-section in the various chimney segments. This part does not apply to calculate energy gain.
- chimneys with open fire places, e.g. open fire chimneys or chimney inlets which are normally intended to operate open to the room
- chimneys which serve a mixture of fan assisted or forced draught burners or natural draught appliances. Fan assisted appliances with draught diverter between the fan and the chimney are considered as natural draught appliances.
- chimneys with multiple inlets from more than 5 storeys. (This does not apply to balanced flue chimney.)
- chimneys serving heating appliances with open air supply through ventilation openings or air ducts, which are not installed in the same air supply pressure region (e.g. same side of building).
For positive pressure chimneys this part only applies if any heating appliance which is out of action can be positively isolated to prevent flue gas back flow.
Abgasanlagen - Wärme- und strömungstechnische Berechnungsverfahren - Teil 2: Abgasanlagen mit mehreren Feuerstätten
Dieser Teil der Normreihe 13384 legt Berechnungsmethoden für die wärme- und strömungstechnischen
Eigenschaften von mehrfach belegten Abgasanlagen fest.
Dieser Teil der EN 13384 umfasst zwei Fälle:
1) Abgasanlagen in die mehrere Verbindungsstücke von einzelnen oder mehreren Feuerstätten in Mehrfachanordnung
münden;
2) Abgasanlagen in die ein bestimmtes Verbindungsstück münden, das mehrere Wärmerzeuger in
Kaskadenschaltung verbindet.
Der Fall von Mehrfachanschlüssen von Kaskadenschaltungen ist durch Fall 1) abgedeckt.
!Dieser Teil von EN 13384 befasst sich mit Unterdruck-Abgasanlagen (im Verbindungsstück können Überdruckbedingungen
herrschen) sowie mit Überdruck-Abgasanlagen und gilt für Abgasanlagen mit Feuerstätten
für flüssige, gasförmige und feste Brennstoffe."
Dieser Teil der Normreihe EN 13384 gilt nicht für:
- Abgasanlagen mit unterschiedlichen Wärmedurchlasswiderständen oder unterschiedlichen Querschnitten
in den verschiedenen Abschnitten der Abgasanlage. Energiegewinne werden durch diesen Teil der
Normreihe nicht berücksichtigt;
- Abgasanlagen für offene Feuerstätten, z. B. offene Kamine oder Abgaseinleitungen in die Abgasanlage,
die bestimmungsgemäß offen im Raum betrieben werden;
- Abgasanlagen für ein Gemisch aus Abgasen von Ventilator unterstützten- oder Überdruckbrennern oder
Naturzugkesseln;
- Abgasanlagen mit Mehrfachanschlüssen aus mehr als 5 Geschossen (dies gilt nicht für Luft-Abgasanlagen);
- Abgasanlagen an die Wärmerzeuger angeschlossen werden, denen die Zuluft über Zuluftöffnungen oder
Zuluftkanäle zugeführt wird, die sich nicht druckmäßig im gleichen Luftverbund befinden (z. B. auf der
gleichen Seite des Gebäudes).
!Bei Überdruck-Abgasanlagen gilt dieser Teil nur dann, wenn alle nicht in Betrieb befindlichen Feuerstätten
sicher abgesperrt werden können, um einen Abgasrückfluss zu verhindern."
Conduit de fumée - Méthode de calcul thermo-aéraulique - Partie 2 : Conduits de fumée desservant plus d'un appareil de chauffage
La présente partie de la norme EN 13384 définit des méthodes de calcul des caractéristiques thermo aérauliques de conduits de fumée desservant plusieurs générateurs de chaleur.
Cette partie de la norme EN 13384 traite des deux cas suivants :
(1) cas où le conduit de fumée est relié à plusieurs conduits de raccordement partant d'un ou de plusieurs générateurs de chaleur dans un système multientrées ou
(2) cas où le conduit de fumée est relié à un seul conduit de raccordement reliant plusieurs générateurs de chaleur dans un système en cascade.
Le cas du système multientrées en cascade est couvert par le cas (1).
!La présente partie de l'EN 13384 traite des conduits de fumée fonctionnant dans des conditions de pression négative (il peut y avoir une pression positive dans le conduit de raccordement) et des conduits de fumée fonctionnant dans des conditions de pression positive : elle s'applique à des conduits desservant des générateurs de chaleur pour combustibles liquides, gazeux et solides."
Cette partie de la norme EN 13384 ne s'applique pas aux conduits de fumée suivants :
- conduits de fumée présentant une résistance thermique différente ou une section différente dans les différents segments du conduit de fumée. Cette partie ne s’applique pas pour le calcul du gain énergétique.
- conduits avec foyer ouvert, par exemple conduits de cheminées d'appartements ou entrées de conduits de fumée normalement conçues pour fonctionner ouvertes sur la pièce ;
- conduits desservant une combinaison d'appareils de chauffage ventilés, d'appareils à tirage forcé ou d'appareils à tirage naturel. Les appareils ventilés possédant un régulateur de tirage entre le ventilateur et le conduit de fumée sont considérés comme des appareils à tirage naturel ;
- conduits multi-entrées desservant plus de 5 étages. (Ceci ne s'applique pas au conduit de fumée collectif «équilibré» pour appareils étanches) ;
- conduits desservant des générateurs de chaleur alimentés à l'air libre par l'intermédiaire d'ouvertures de ventilation ou de conduits aérauliques qui ne sont pas installés dans la même zone de pression d'amenée d'air frais (par exemple du même côté du bâtiment).
!Pour les conduits de fumée à pression positive, cette partie ne s’applique que si chaque générateur de chaleur qui est arrêté peut être isolé pour éviter un refoulement des fumées."
Dimniki - Računske metode termodinamike in dinamike fluidov - 2. del: Dimniki za več kot eno ogrevalno napravo
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Abgasanlagen - Wärme- und strömungstechnische Berechnungsverfahren - Teil 2: Abgasanlagen mit mehreren FeuerstättenConduit de fumée - Méthode de calcul thermo-aéraulique - Partie 2 : Conduits de fumée desservant plus d'un appareil de chauffageChimneys - Thermal and fluid dynamic calculation methods - Part 2: Chimneys serving more than one heating appliance91.060.40Dimniki, jaški, kanaliChimneys, shafts, ductsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009SIST EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009en,fr,de01-julij-2009SIST EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 13384-2:2003+A1
January 2009 ICS 91.060.40 Supersedes EN 13384-2:2003 English Version
Chimneys - Thermal and fluid dynamic calculation methods - Part 2: Chimneys serving more than one heating appliance
Conduit de cheminée - Méthode de calcul thermo-aéraulique - Partie 2 : Conduits de fumée desservant plus d'un appareil de chauffage
Abgasanlagen - Wärme- und strömungstechnische Berechnungsverfahren - Teil 2: Abgasanlagen mit mehreren Feuerstätten This European Standard was approved by CEN on 11 March 2003 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 23 November 2008.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels © 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009: ESIST EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009
EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009 (E) 2 Contents page Foreword . 41Scope . 52Normative references . 53Terms and definitions . 64Symbols, terminology, units . 75Calculation method . 95.1General principles . 95.2Pressure equilibrium condition . 115.2.1!!!!Negative pressure chimneys"""" . 115.2.2!!!!Positive pressure chimneys . 125.3Mass flow requirement . 135.4Pressure !!!!requirements"""" . 135.4.1!!!!Negative pressure chimneys . 135.4.2!!!!Positive pressure chimneys . 145.5Temperature requirement . 165.6Calculation procedure . 166Flue gas data characterising the heating appliance . 187Data for chimney and connecting flue pipes . 208Basic data for the calculation . 208.1Air temperatures . 208.1.1External air temperature (TL) . 208.1.2Ambient air temperature (Tu) . 208.2External air pressure (pL) . 208.3Gas constant . 208.3.1Gas constant of the air (RL) . 208.3.2Gas constant of flue gas (R) . 218.4Density of air (ρL) . 218.5Specific heat capacity of the flue gas (cp) . 218.6Water vapour content (σ(H2O),j) and condensing temperature (Tsp) . 218.7Correction factor for temperature instability (SH) . 218.8Flow safety coefficient (SE) . 218.9External coefficient of heat transfer . 219Determination of temperatures . 2110Mixing calculations . 2410.1Flue gas mass flow (j,m&) . 2410.2Flue gas temperature at the inlet of the chimney segment (Te,j) . 2410.3CO2-content of the flue gas in the chimney segment (σ(CO2),j) . 2410.4H2O-content of the flue gas (σ(H2O),j) . 2410.5Gas constant of the flue gas (R,j) . 2510.6Flue gas data . 2510.6.1Specific heat capacity (cpV,j), (cp,j) . 2510.6.2Thermal conductivity of the flue gas (λAV,j), (λA,j) . 2510.6.3Dynamic viscosity (ηAV,j), (ηA,j) . 2611Density and velocity of the flue gas . 2612!!!!Determination of the pressures"""". 2712.1!!!!Pressures at each inlet of the chimney segments"""" . 2712.1.1!!!!Draught . 27SIST EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009
EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009 (E) 3 12.1.2!!!!Positive pressure . 27!!!!12.1.3""""Draught due to chimney effect in the chimney segment (PH,j) . 28!!!!12.1.4""""Pressure resistance in the chimney segment (PR,j) . 2812.2!!!! Minimum draught required at the flue gas inlet into the chimney and maximum allowed draught (PZe and PZemax) and maximum and minimum differential pressure at the flue gas inlet into the chimney (PZOe and PZOemin) ". 30!!!!12.2.1Minimum required and maximum allowed draught . 3012.2.2Maximum available and minimum allowed differential pressure . 31!!!!12.2.3""""Calculated pressure resistance of the connecting flue pipe (PV,j) . 31!!!!12.2.4 Calculated pressure resistance of the air supply (PBc,j)"""" . 3313Inner wall temperature . 3414Cascade installations . 3514.1Principle of the calculation method . 3514.2Pressure equilibrium condition. 35!!!!14.2.1Negative pressure cascade installation"""" . 35!!!!14.2.2Positive pressure cascade installation . 3714.3Mass flow requirement . 3714.4Pressure !!!!requirements"""" . 38!!!!14.4.1Negative pressure chimneys"""" . 3814.4.2Positive pressure chimneys . 3814.5Temperature requirement . 3914.6Calculation procedure . 4014.7!!!!Pressures"""" at the outlet of the connecting flue pipe and !!!!pressures"""" at the inlet of the collector segment. 4014.7.1!!!!Pressure"""" at the flue gas inlet into the collector segment !!!!(PZC,j,l or PZOC,j,l)"""" . 4014.7.2!!!!Pressures required or available"""" at the outlet of the connecting flue pipe
!!!!(PZeC,j,l, PZeOC,j,l)"""" . 4314.8Inner wall temperature (TiobC,j,l) . 4515Balanced flue chimney . 4515.1Principle of the calculation method . 4515.2Pressure equilibrium condition. 4515.3Mass flow requirement . 4615.4Pressure requirements . 46!!!!15.4.1Negative pressure chimneys"""" . 4615.4.2Positive pressure chimneys . 4715.5Temperature requirements . 4815.6Calculation procedure for balanced flue chimneys . 4915.7Mass flow of the supply air. 5015.8Determination of the temperatures in balanced flue chimneys . 5115.8.1Separate ducts . 5115.8.2Concentric ducts . 5115.8.3Concentric connection pipes . 5815.9!!!!Pressures of the air supply ducts"""" . 6415.9.1!!!!Draught due to chimney effect of the air supply duct of chimney segment j"""" . 6415.9.2Draught due to chimney effect !!!!deleted text"""" of the air supply duct of connection pipes . 6415.9.3Pressure resistance of the air supply duct of the chimney segment j (PRB,j) . 6515.10Density and velocity of the supply air . 6815.10.1Density and velocity of the supply air in the air supply duct averaged over the length of the chimney segment . 6815.10.2Density and velocity of the supply air averaged over the length of the connection pipes . 69Annex A (informative)
Recommendations . 70A.1 Recommendations for the chimney and heating appliances: . 70A.2 Recommendations for connecting flue pipes: . 70Annex B (informative)
Characteristics for the heating appliance . 71SIST EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009
EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN /TC 166, "Chimneys", the secretariat of which is held by UNI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2009. This document includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 2008-11-23. This document supersedes EN 13384-2:2003. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags ! ". This standard is one of a series of standards prepared by CEN/TC 166 comprising product standards and execution standards for chimneys. Annexes A and B are informative. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. SIST EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009
EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009 (E) 5 Introduction The calculation described in this standard is complex and is intended to be solved by using a computer programme. The general principles of this calculation method of EN 13384-1 also apply to this standard. This standard is in support of the execution standards for a chimney installation serving more than one heating appliance. The execution standard identifies limitations and safety considerations associated with the design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of a chimney serving more than one heating appliance (not dealt within the calculation method). 1 Scope This part of EN 13384 specifies methods for calculation of the thermal and fluid dynamic characteristics of chimneys serving more than one heating appliance. This part of EN 13384 covers both the cases, either
(1) where the chimney is connected with more than one connecting flue pipe from individual or several appliances in a multi-inlet arrangement or
(2) where the chimney is connected with an individual connecting flue pipe connecting more than one appliance in a cascade arrangement.
The case of multiple inlet cascade arrangement is covered by the case (1). !This part of EN 13384 deals with chimneys operating under negative pressure conditions (there can be positive pressure condition in the connecting flue pipe) and with chimneys operating under positive pressure conditions and is valid for chimneys serving heating appliances for liquid, gaseous and solid fuels." This part of EN 13384 does not apply to: − chimneys with different thermal resistance or different cross-section in the various chimney segments. This part does not apply to calculate energy gain. − chimneys with open fire places, e.g. open fire chimneys or chimney inlets which are normally intended to operate open to the room − chimneys which serve a mixture of fan assisted or forced draught burners or natural draught appliances. Fan assisted appliances with draught diverter between the fan and the chimney are considered as natural draught appliances. − chimneys with multiple inlets from more than 5 storeys. (This does not apply to balanced flue chimney.) − chimneys serving heating appliances with open air supply through ventilation openings or air ducts, which are not installed in the same air supply pressure region (e.g. same side of building). !For positive pressure chimneys this part only applies if any heating appliance which is out of action can be positively isolated to prevent flue gas back flow." 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. !EN 1443:2003" Chimneys – General requirements !deleted text" SIST EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009
EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009 (E) 6 EN 13384-1:2002 Chimneys – Thermal and fluid dynamic calculation methods – Part 1: Chimneys serving one appliance !EN 15287-1:2007, Chimneys – Design, installation and commissioning of chimneys – Part 1: Chimneys for non-roomsealed heating appliances" !EN 15287-2:2008, Chimneys – Design, installation and commissioning of chimneys – Part 2: Chimneys for roomsealed appliances"
3 Terms and definitions !For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1443:2003, EN 13384-1:2002,
EN 15287-1:2007, EN 15287-2:2008 and the following apply." 3.1
chimney segment part of a chimney between two consecutive flue gas connections or between the last flue gas connection and the chimney outlet 3.2
collector segment part of a connecting flue pipe between two consecutive flue gas connections or between the last flue gas connection and the chimney inlet 3.3
air-flue gas system system of concentric or non concentric ducts or parallel ducts for transport of combustion air from the open air to the heating appliances and products of combustion from the heating appliances to the open air 3.4
flue gas mass flow (m&) mass of the flue gas leaving the heating appliance through the connecting flue pipe per unit of time. In case of a chimney serving more than one heating appliance, the air being transported through an appliance which is out of action is also given the term flue gas mass flow. 3.4.1
declared flue gas mass flow (jW,m&) flue gas mass flow given by the manufacturer of the heating appliance j with respect to the heat output used in the calculation 3.4.2
calculated flue gas mass flow (jWc,m&) flue gas mass flow calculated with respect to calculated draught and the working conditions of the heating appliance j 3.5
calculated flue gas temperature (jWc,T) flue gas temperature at the outlet of the heating appliance j depending on the calculated flue gas mass flow 3.6
calculated draught of the flue gas of the heating appliance (PWc,j) draught at the flue gas outlet of the heating appliance j depending on the calculated flue gas mass flow 3.7
flue damper device to close or partially close the flue SIST EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009
EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009 (E) 7 3.8
balanced flue chimney chimney where the point of air entry to the combustion air duct is adjacent to the point of discharge of combustion products from the flue, the inlet and outlet being so positioned that wind effects are substantially balanced 3.9
cascade arrangement arrangement where two or more appliances situated in the same space are connected by a common connecting flue pipe to the chimney 3.10
!!!!multi"""" inlet arrangement arrangement where two or more appliances situated in different spaces are connected to the chimney by individual connecting flue pipes 3.11
air duct independent duct in a building or a structural part of a flue terminal conveying combustion air to a room-sealed appliance 3.12
pressure equalising opening opening or duct that directly connects the air duct with the flue at its base 4 Symbols, terminology, units Symbols, terminology and units are given to make the text of this standard understandable, although a part of them is already listed in part 1 of this standard series. Indices added to symbols for purposes of the calculation method for chimneys serving more than one heating appliance relate to one chimney segment and/or connection flue pipe section. An example of an indices numbering scheme is given in Figures 1 and 2. Indices numbering shall begin at the lowest, farthest appliance connection. For more than one cascade system/connection, the indices numbering scheme for the calculation formula should be adopted in a similar manner to that for a single cascade scheme. Symbols assigned to a specific section will be indicated by the number of the section after the comma (e. g. H,1 is the effective height of a section of a chimney segment between the outlet of the connecting flue pipe of the heating appliance in the lowest position and the outlet of the connecting flue pipe of the next heating appliance).
Table 1 - Symbols, terminology, units Symbols Terminology Units A cross sectional area of the chimney m2 cp specific heat capacity of flue gas J/(kg·K) D diameter m Dh hydraulic diameter
m g acceleration due to gravity = 9,81 m/s2 H,j effective height of the chimney segment j m HV,j effective height of the connecting flue pipe j m K,j coefficient of cooling of the chimney segment j - kj coefficient of heat transmission of the chimney segment j W/(m2·K) SIST EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009
EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009 (E) 8 kob,j coefficient of heat transmission at upper end of the chimney segment j W/(m2·K) KV,j coefficient of cooling of the connecting flue pipe j - L,jlength of the chimney segment j m j,m&flue gas mass flow in the chimney segment j kg/s jV,m&flue gas mass flow in the connecting flue pipe j kg/s jW,m&declared flue gas mass flow of the heating appliance j kg/s jWc,m&calculated flue gas mass flow of the heating appliance j kg/s N number of heating appliances serving the chimney - Nu Nusselt number - Qmin,j minimum heat output of the heating appliance j kW QN,j nominal heat output of the heating appliance j kW PB,j pressure resistance of the air supply j of the heating appliance j Pa PBc,j calculated pressure resistance of the air supply of the heating appliance j Pa PH,j theoretical draught available due to chimney effect in chimney segment j Pa PL wind velocity pressure Pa pL external air pressure Pa PR,j pressure resistance of the chimney segment j Pa Pr Prandtl number - PV,j calculated pressure resistance of the connecting flue pipe j Pa PW,j minimum draught for the heating appliance j Pa PWc,j calculated draught of the heating appliance j Pa !PWmax,j maximum draught for the heating appliance j Pa PWO,j maximum differential pressure of the heating appliance j Pa PWOc,j calculated positive differential pressure of the heating appliance j Pa PWOmin,j minimum differential pressure of the heating appliance j Pa" PZ,j draught at the flue gas inlet into the chimney segment j Pa !PZ,min,j minimum draught at the flue gas inlet into the chimney segment j Pa PZmax,j maximum draught at the flue gas inlet into the chimney segment j Pa PZe,j minimum draught required at the flue gas inlet into the chimney segment j Pa PZemax,j maximum allowed draught at the flue gas inlet into the chimney segment j Pa PZO,j maximum positive pressure at the flue gas inlet into the chimney segment j Pa PZOmin,j minimum positive pressure at the flue gas inlet into the chimney segment j
Pa PZOe,j maximum differential pressure at the flue gas inlet into the chimney segment j Pa PZOemin,j minimum differential pressure at the flue gas inlet into the chimney segment j Pa" R gas constant of the flue gas J/(kg·K) r mean value of roughness value of the inner wall m SIST EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009
EN 13384-2:2003+A1:2009 (E) 9 Re Reynolds number - RL gas constant of the air J/(kg·K) SE flow safety coefficient - SH correction factor of temperature instability - Te,j flue gas temperature at the inlet of the chimney segment j K Tg,j temperature limit of the chimney segment j K Tiob,j inner wall temperature at the outlet of chimney segment j at temperature equilibrium K TL external air temperature K Tm,j mean temperature of the flue gas in the chimney segment j K To,j flue gas temperature at the outlet of the chimney segment j K Tu,j ambient air temperature of the chimney segment j K TW,j declared flue gas temperature of the heating appliance j K TWc,j calculated flue gas temperature of the heating appliance j K U internal circumference of the chimney m wm,j mean velocity over the length and over the cross section of the chimney segment j m/s αi internal coefficient of heat transfer of the flue W/(m2·K) γ angle between flow directions e. g. between connecting flue pipe and the chimney segment deg ηA dynamic viscosity of flue gas N·s/m2 1Λ thermal resistance
m2·K/W λA coefficient of thermal conductivity of flue gas W/(m·K) ρm,j density of flue gas averaged o
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