SIST EN 62237:2007

Live working - Insulating hoses with fittings for use with hydraulic tools and equipment

Is applicable to mobile insulating hoses with fittings used with hydraulic tools and equipment for live working at nominal voltages exceeding 1 kV r.m.s. at power frequency. Insulating hoses with fittings are used to provide a connection between the hydraulic tool and the pump which are at different potentials. They are not considered as a fixed component of a live working device (e.g. aerial device). They can be connected and disconnected under negligible pressure. They can be directly handled by the user.

Arbeiten unter Spannung - Isolierende Schlauchleitungen zur Verwendung für hydraulische Geräte und Ausrüstungen

Travaux sous tension - Conduits flexibles isolants avec raccords utilisés avec les outils et matériels hydrauliques

Est applicable aux conduits flexibles isolants avec raccords portables utilisés avec des outils et matériels hydrauliques pour travaux sous tension sur réseaux électriques à fréquence industrielle, de tension nominale supérieure à 1 kV efficace. Ces conduits flexibles isolants avec raccords sont utilisés pour effectuer la connexion entre l'outil hydraulique et la pompe qui sont à des potentiels différents. Ils ne sont pas considérés comme une partie fixe d'un dispositif pour travaux sous tension (par exemple l'élévateur). Ils peuvent être connectés et déconnectés sous une pression négligeable. Ils peuvent être manipulés directement par le travailleur.

Delo pod napetostjo - Izolacijski vodi s spoji za uporabo s hidravličnimi orodji in opremo (IEC 62237:2003, spremenjen)

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2006
• ICS: 13.260 - Protection against electric shock. Live working
• Technical Committee: DPN - Live Working
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 01-Jan-2007
• Due Date: 01-Jan-2007
• Completion Date: 01-Jan-2007
• Ref Project: EN 62237:2005 - Live working - Insulating hoses with fittings for use with hydraulic tools and equipment

Standards Content (Sample)

6/29(16., 6,67(1

67$1'$5'
MDQXDU
'HORSRGQDSHWRVWMR,]RODFLMVNLYRGLVVSRML]DXSRUDERVKLGUDYOLþQLPLRURGML
LQRSUHPR,(&VSUHPHQMHQ
LVWRYHWHQ(1
/LYHZRUNLQJ,QVXODWLQJKRVHVZLWKILWWLQJVIRUXVHZLWKK\GUDXOLFWRROVDQG
HTXLSPHQW,(&PRGLILHG
,&6 5HIHUHQþQDãWHYLOND

6,67(1HQ
!"#$%&’( )&!*+,%- .

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 62237
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM April 2005
f
ICS 13.260; 29.240.99; 29.260.99


English version


Live working –
Insulating hoses with fittings for use
with hydraulic tools and equipment
(IEC 62237:2003, modified)


Travaux sous tension –  Arbeiten unter Spannung –
Conduits flexibles isolants avec raccords Isolierende Schlauchleitungen zur
utilisés avec les outils et matériels Verwendung für hydraulische Geräte
hydrauliques und Ausrüstungen
(CEI 62237:2003, modifiée) (IEC 62237:2003, modifiziert)






This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2005-03-01. CENELEC members are bound to
comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and
notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and United Kingdom.

CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels


© 2005 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.

Ref. No. EN 62237:2005 E

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------

EN 62237:2005 – 2 –
Foreword

The text of the International Standard IEC 62237:2003, prepared by IEC TC 78, Live working, together
with the common modifications prepared by the Technical Committee CENELEC TC 78, Equipment and
tools for live working, was submitted to the formal vote and was approved by CENELEC as EN 62237
on 2005-03-01.

The following dates were fixed:

– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2006-03-01

– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2008-03-01

Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC.

__________

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------

– 3 – EN 62237:2005
Endorsement notice

The text of the International Standard IEC 62237:2003 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard with agreed common modifications as given below.


COMMON MODIFICATIONS


Introduction

Delete the second sentence.


2 Normative references

Delete the reference to IEC 61318.


3 Terms and definitions

In the first sentence delete “and the ones included in IEC 61318”.


4 Requirements

4.5 Markings

Replace the last indent by:

- number of the relevant European Standard immediately adjacent to the symbol (EN 62237).


6 Quality assurance plan

Replace the first sentence by:

Annex C provides pieces of information related to the quality assurance plan.


Annex C (normative) - Quality assurance plan

Replace (normative) by (informative).


Annex D (normative) - Acceptance tests

Replace (normative) by (informative).

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------

EN 62237:2005 – 4 –
Annex ZA
(normative)

Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE Where an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant
EN/HD applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60060-1 1989 High-voltage test techniques HD 588.1 S1 1991
+ corr. March 1990 Part 1: General definitions and test
requirements
1) 2)
IEC 60060-2 - Part 2: Measuring systems EN 60060-2 1994
IEC 60212 1971 Standard conditions for use prior to HD 437 S1 1984
and during the testing of solid
electrical insulating materials
IEC 60417 database Graphical symbols for use on - -
equipment
IEC 61477 2001 Live working - Minimum requirements EN 61477 2002
A1 2002 for the utilization of tools, devices and A1 2002
equipment


1)
Undated reference.
2)
Valid edition at date of issue.

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------

NORME CEI
INTERNATIONALE IEC
62237
INTERNATIONAL
Première édition
STANDARD
First edition
2003-10
Travaux sous tension –
Conduits flexibles isolants
avec raccords utilisés avec les outils
et matériels hydrauliques
Live working –
Insulating hoses with fittings
for use with hydraulic tools
and equipment
 IEC 2003 Droits de reproduction réservés  Copyright - all rights reserved
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any
utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur. the publisher.
International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varembé, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
Telephone: [phone] Telefax: [phone] E-mail: [e-mail]  Web: www.iec.ch
CODE PRIX
V
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale PRICE CODE
International Electrotechnical Commission
Международная Электротехническая Комиссия
Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
For price, see current catalogue

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------

62237  IEC:2003 – 3 –
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 7
INTRODUCTION .11
1 Scope .13
2 Normative references.13
3 Terms and definitions .13
4 Requirements .15
4.1 Protection against corrosion .15
4.2 Finishing and mechanical protection .15
4.3 Insulating parts.15
4.4 Conductive parts.15
4.5 Markings.17
4.6 Instructions for use .17
5 Type tests.17
5.1 General .17
5.1.1 Preparation of test pieces .19
5.1.2 Number of test pieces and test plan .19
5.2 Visual inspection and dimensional check .21
5.2.1 Visual inspection.21
5.2.2 Dimensional check.21
5.3 Electric tests.21
5.3.1 Electric tests on insulating hoses .21
5.3.2 Dielectric test on insulating hose with fittings .25
5.4 Mechanical tests.25
5.4.1 Hydrostatic test.25
5.4.2 Fatigue test.25
5.4.3 Mechanical impulse test.27
5.4.4 Leakage test .29
5.4.5 Change in length test.29
5.4.6 Burst test .31
5.4.7 Cold bend test .31
5.4.8 Durability of marking .31
6 Quality assurance plan .31
7 Modifications .33
Annex A (normative) Suitable for live working; double triangle (IEC-60417-5216(DB:2002-10)) . 45
Annex B (normative) Chronology of the tests.47
Annex C (normative) Quality assurance plan.49
Annex D (normative) Acceptance tests.55
Annex E (informative) In-service care.57
Bibliography.61

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------

62237  IEC:2003 – 5 –
Figure 1 – Stopper for test piece (see 5.1.1) .35
Figure 2 – Test set-up for electric tests (see 5.3.1.1).35
Figure 3 – Preparation of specimen for test after the infliction of a cut (see 5.3.1.4).37
Figure 4 – Dielectric wet test – Typical test arrangement (see 5.3.1.5).37
Figure 5 – Dielectric wet test – Details of electrode arrangement (see 5.3.1.5).39
Figure 6 – Testing device for the fatigue test (see 5.4.2) .41
Figure 7 – Diagram of mechanical impulse test (see 5.4.3).43
Table B.1 – Chronological order of the tests.47
Table C.1 – Information relative to defects .49

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------

62237  IEC:2003 – 7 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
LIVE WORKING –
INSULATING HOSES WITH FITTINGS
FOR USE WITH HYDRAULIC TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62237 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 78: Live
working.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
78/530/FDIS 78/540/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------

62237  IEC:2003 – 9 –
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
2010. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------

62237  IEC:2003 – 11 –
INTRODUCTION
This International Standard has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of
IEC 61477.
The quality plan elements were prepared in accordance with the requirements of IEC 61318.

---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------

62237  IEC:2003 – 13 –
LIVE WORKING –
INSULATING HOSES WITH FITTINGS
FOR USE WITH HYDRAULIC TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
1 Scope
This International Standard is applicable to mobile insulating hoses with fittings used with
hydraulic tools and equipment for live working at nominal voltages exceeding 1 kV r.m.s. at
power frequency.
The use under D.C. conditions is not covered by this standard.
Insulating hoses with fittings are used to provide a connection between the hydraulic tool and
the pump which are at different potentials. They are not considered as a fixed component of a
live working device (e.g. aerial device). They can be connected and disconnected under
negligible pressure. They can be directly handled by the user.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60060-1:1989, High-voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test
requirements
IEC 60060-2, High-voltage test techniques – Part 2: Measuring systems
IEC 60212:1971, Standard conditions for use prior to and during the testing of solid electrical
insulating materials
1)
IEC 60417-DB:2002 , Graphical symbols for use on equipment
IEC 61318:2003, Live working – Quality assurance plans applicable to tools, devices and
equipment
IEC 61477:2001, Live working – Minimum requirements for the utilization of tools, devices and
equipment
2)
Amendment 1:2002
3 Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this document, the following terms and definitions and the ones included in
IEC 61318 apply.
———————
1)
“DB” refers to the IEC on-line database.
2)
There exists a consolidated edition 1.1 (2002) that includes edition 1 (2001) and its Amendment 1 (2002).

---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------

62237  IEC:2003 – 15 –
3.1
insulating hose with fittings
insulating and pressure resistant hose and fittings which are used to provide a connection
between parts of hydraulic equipment at different electric potentials
[Definition 12.1.4 of IEC 60743]
3.2
insulating hose
insulating and pressure resistant hose without fittings
3.3
maximum operating pressure
pressure specified by the manufacturer which shall not be exceeded during the use of the
insulating hose
3.4
insulating liquid (for hydraulic equipment)
insulating liquid which is used for the transmission of hydraulic energy between parts at
different electric potentials
[IEV 651-11-02]
4 Requirements
4.1 Protection against corrosion
Metal parts shall be resistant to corrosion either by their own composition or by being suitably
treated.
NOTE When two metallic materials are used, they should be selected in such a way as to avoid electrolytic action.
4.2 Finishing and mechanical protection
The various components shall be designed so that they do not create the potential for injury.
4.3 Insulating parts
Insulation is achieved by using a proper length of insulating hose. End fittings shall not impair
the dielectric properties of the tool.
The insulating parts shall be characterized by a special colour that shows their insulating
property.
NOTE Orange is a preferred colour to indicate insulating parts.
4.4 Conductive parts
All conductive parts fixed to insulating parts shall be easily identifiable.
The exterior surface of the insulating part that contains a conductive element shall be clearly
marked by a line indicating the extreme position of the internal conductive part.
All conductive parts shall be designed and manufactured so as to limit the risk of short-
circuits.

---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------

62237  IEC:2003 – 17 –
4.5 Markings
Each insulating hose with fittings shall be marked with the following permanent markings:
– manufacturer’s name or trademark:
– date of manufacture (month and year) and possibly identification number;
– maximum operating pressure (bar or MPa);
– insulating length of the insulating hose with fittings;
– symbol IEC-60417-5216(DB:2002-10) – Suitable for live working; double triangle (see
Annex A);
NOTE The exact ratio of the height of the figure to the base of the triangle is 1,43. For the purpose of
convenience, this ratio can be between the values of 1,4 and 1,5.
– number of the relevant IEC standard immediately adjacent to the symbol with year of
publication (4 digits), (IEC 62237:2003).
The tolerance of the insulating length is ±50 mm.
Markings shall be clearly legible to a person with normal or corrected vision, without
additional magnification.
The markings shall be resistant and shall not reduce the performance of the insulating hose
with fittings.
4.6 Instructions for use
Each insulating hose with fittings shall be supplied with the manufacturer’s written instructions
for use and care. These instructions shall be prepared in accordance with the general
provisions given in IEC 61477.
These instructions shall include as a minimum:
– characteristics of required insulating liquid(s),
NOTE When the insulating hoses with fittings are to be used at low temperatures, user and manufacturer should
make sure that information on adequate insulating liquid(s) are included.
– minimum burst pressure;
– dimensions of the fittings, with tolerance ±1 mm;
– diameters (internal and external) of the insulating hose, with tolerance ±2 mm;
– minimum bending radius, with tolerance ±25 mm;
–weight;
– instructions for cleaning, storage and transportation;
– instructions for periodic testing, possible repair and disposal of the hose.
5 Type tests
5.1 General
In order to show compliance with this standard, the manufacturer shall provide evidence that
the following tests have been carried out successfully.

---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------

62237  IEC:2003 – 19 –
Insulating hoses with fittings can be used indoors and outdoors. Unless otherwise specified
for a particular test or measurement, the tests are carried out in a normal ambient
atmosphere, (see IEC 60212):
– temperature range 15 °C to 35 °C;
– relative humidity 45 % to 80 %.
The insulating liquid used for the tests shall meet the characteristics specified by the
manufacturer in the instructions for use (see 4.6). The references of liquid used for the type
tests shall be recorded with the test results.
5.1.1 Preparation of test pieces
Before each test, the test pieces shall be prepared by cleaning using isopropanol
(CH -CH(OH)-CH ) and dried in air at room temperature for a period of not less than 15 min,
3 3
before being filled up if the need arises. Before each electrical test, the parts of the test
pieces to be in contact with electrodes shall be covered with conductive adhesive tape, this to
be done after the humidity conditioning when the case arises.
Tests are carried out on three groups of test pieces:
Group I : the test piece is the whole insulating hose with fittings.
Group II : each test piece consists of an insulating hose, at least 600 mm long, filled with
insulating liquid at atmospheric pressure, and made watertight with suitable
stoppers, which let free the wall section of the hose (see Figure 1). Several test
pieces may be formed from the same insulating hose with fittings. The hose from
which the test pieces are cut shall be subject to, and pass the hydrostatic test
defined in 5.4.1 before the cut is made.
Group III: each test piece consists of an insulating hose, at least 1 200 mm long, filled with
insulating liquid at atmospheric pressure, and made watertight with suitable
stoppers, which let free the wall section of the hose (see Figure 1). Several test
pieces may be formed from the same insulating hose with fittings. The hose from
which the test pieces are cut shall be subject to, and pass the hydrostatic test
defined in 5.4.1 before the cut is made.
5.1.2 Number of test pieces and test plan
Each type test shall be carried out on three test pieces. If one or more test pieces fail during
the type test, the test shall be considered as failed. Type testing requires 27 test pieces.
The tests shall be carried out following Table B.1, in the order indicated in the table. The
group of test pieces to be used for the test is also given in Table B.1.
When differences between various designs of insulating hose with fittings are limited in
number, tests that are unaffected by the differing characteristics of the hoses can be carried
out on a single design of hose with fittings and the results can be used for the other designs.

---------------------- Page: 15 ----------------------

62237  IEC:2003 – 21 –
5.2 Visual inspection and dimensional check
5.2.1 Visual inspection
Each component of insulating hose with fittings (to be used as test pieces of group I or from
which group II and/or group III test pieces will be cut) shall be visually inspected to check for
manufacturing faults and ensure it functions properly and does not create the potential for
injury.
NOTE Visual inspection means visual inspection by a person with normal or corrected vision without additional
magnification.
5.2.2 Dimensional check
Each insulating hose with fittings (to be used as test pieces of group I or from which group II
and/or group III test pieces will be cut) shall be measured to ensure that insulating length,
dimensions of the fittings, diameters of the insulating hose and minimum bending radius
match the manufacturer’s rated dimensions. The tolerances which are applied are those
required in 4.5 and 4.6.
5.3 Electric tests
These tests are carried out in order to verify on one hand the ability of the insulating hose to
withstand the electrical stress
– before exposure to humidity;
– after exposure to humidity;
– after infliction of a cut;
and on the other hand to verify the ability of the insulating hose with end fittings to withstand
the maximum voltage rating.
5.3.1 Electric tests on insulating hoses
5.3.1.1 General test conditions
The a.c. tests and measurements shall be carried out at a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz.
Conditioning in a humid atmosphere is carried out in accordance with IEC 60212.
The test location shall be at the standard atmospheric conditions given in Table I of
IEC 60212, i.e. with a temperature range from 15 °C to 35 °C.
The measuring equipment shall be at least 2 000 mm from the high voltage (HV) electrode.
The test arrangement is shown in Figure 2. The measuring leads, shunt and optional
protective gap shall be shielded and earthed. The test piece shall be mounted approximately
1 000 mm above the ground on an insulating support. A voltage of 100 kV r.m.s. at power
frequency shall be applied between the electrodes and the current passing through the test
piece shall be measured, in accordance with IEC 60060-1 and IEC 60060-2.
The specified acceptable current are given in r.m.s. values. The phase difference between
current and voltage is measured as follows:
– current (earth end): by passing it through a known impedance (lower than 10 000 Ω);
– voltage (line end): by means of an appropriate divider.

---------------------- Page: 16 ----------------------

62237  IEC:2003 – 23 –
5.3.1.2 Test before exposure to humidity
This test shall be carried out on three group II test pieces.
After at least 24 h in the ambient atmosphere of the test area, the current I is measured at
1
an a.c. voltage of 100 kV r.m.s. at power frequency, applied for 1 min between the electrodes
which are placed (300 ± 5) mm apart. The maximum current and the phase angle ϕ between
1
current and voltage are recorded.
During the test, there shall be no sign of flashover or puncture of any of the test pieces. The
current I measured shall not exceed 10 µA. The phase angle ϕ shall be larger than 80°.
1 1
5.3.1.3 Test after exposure to humidity
This test shall be carried out on three group II test pieces.
The test pieces shall be placed in a chamber and subjected to the following conditioning:
168 h/23C/93 % according to Table I of IEC 60212.
At the end of this period, the test pieces shall remain in an atmosphere of 93 % relative
humidity and be tested upon return to the ambient conditions of the test area. After the test
pieces have been lightly wiped with a dry cotton cloth, the current I and phase angle ϕ are
2 2
measured under the same conditions as I and ϕ .
1 1
During this test, there shall be no sign of flashover or puncture of any of the test pieces. The
current I measured shall not exceed 50 µA. The phase angle ϕ shall be larger than 40°.
2 2
5.3.1.4 Test after the infliction of a cut on hoses
This test shall be carried out on three group II test pieces.
NOTE A cut of the external surface should affect only its electrical withstand. If the cut was too severe, the hose
would burst.
A cut shall be made on the surface of each test piece in the longitudinal way. The surface
shall be cut until the meshed fibres of the hose are reached. The dimensions of the c
...