SIST ES 201 980 V4.2.1:2021
(Main)Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) - System Specification
Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) - System Specification
The present document gives the specification for the Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) system for digital transmissions in
the broadcasting bands below 300 MHz.
With respect to the previous published version, the present document removes unused modulation features and defines
additional text handling features.
Digitalni radio Mondiale (DRM) - Sistemska specifikacija
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
Final draft ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2020-11)
ETSI STANDARD
Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM);
System Specification
2 Final draft ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2020-11)
Reference
RES/JTC-DRM-35
Keywords
broadcasting, digital, DRM, radio
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE
Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16
Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88
Important notice
The present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org/standards-search
The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or
print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any
existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the prevailing version of an ETSI
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Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
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No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© ETSI 2020.
© European Broadcasting Union 2020.
All rights reserved.
DECT™, PLUGTESTS™, UMTS™ and the ETSI logo are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members.
3GPP™ and LTE™ are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and
of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
oneM2M™ logo is a trademark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and
of the oneM2M Partners. ®
GSM and the GSM logo are trademarks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
ETSI
3 Final draft ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2020-11)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 8
Foreword . 8
Modal verbs terminology . 8
Introduction . 9
1 Scope . 10
2 References . 10
2.1 Normative references . 10
2.2 Informative references . 11
3 Definition of terms, symbols, abbreviations and conventions . 11
3.1 Terms . 11
3.2 Symbols . 12
3.3 Abbreviations . 13
3.4 Conventions . 14
4 General characteristics . 15
4.1 System overview . 15
4.2 System architecture . 15
4.3 Audio source coding . 17
4.4 Transmission modes . 18
4.4.1 Signal bandwidth related parameters . 18
4.4.2 Transmission efficiency related parameters . 18
4.4.2.0 General . 18
4.4.2.1 Coding rates and constellations . 18
4.4.2.2 OFDM parameter set . 18
5 Source coding modes. 19
5.1 Overview . 19
5.1.0 Introduction. 19
5.1.1 Extended HE-AAC audio coding (xHE-AAC) . 20
5.1.2 AAC audio coding . 20
5.1.3 MPEG Surround coding . 22
5.2 Audio super framing . 22
5.3 xHE-AAC coding . 23
5.3.1 xHE-AAC . 23
5.3.1.0 Introduction . 23
5.3.1.1 xHE-AAC audio super frame . 24
5.3.1.2 xHE-AAC audio frame . 25
5.3.1.3 Transport of xHE-AAC audio frames within the payload section . 25
5.3.2 xHE-AAC decoder configuration . 27
5.3.3 xHE-AAC error concealment . 30
5.3.3.0 Introduction . 30
5.3.3.1 Frequency Domain coding (AAC based coding and TCX) . 30
5.3.3.2 ACELP . 31
5.3.3.3 SBR . 31
5.3.3.4 MPS212 parametric stereo . 34
5.3.3.5 MDCT based Complex Prediction . 34
5.3.3.6 Forward Aliasing Cancellation. 34
5.3.4 xHE-AAC + MPS . 34
5.4 AAC coding. 35
5.4.1 AAC . 35
5.4.2 AAC + SBR . 37
5.4.3 Parametric Stereo coding . 38
5.4.4 AAC error concealment . 39
5.4.4.0 Introduction . 39
5.4.4.1 Interpolation of one corrupt frame . 39
ETSI
4 Final draft ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2020-11)
5.4.4.2 Fade-out and fade-in . 40
5.4.4.3 Concealment granularity . 40
5.4.4.4 SBR error concealment . 40
5.4.4.5 Parametric Stereo concealment . 43
5.4.5 AAC + MPS . 43
6 Multiplex definition . 45
6.1 Introduction . 45
6.2 Main Service Channel (MSC) . 45
6.2.1 Introduction. 45
6.2.2 Structure . 45
6.2.3 Building the MSC . 45
6.2.4 Reconfiguration . 46
6.3 Fast Access Channel (FAC) . 46
6.3.1 Introduction. 46
6.3.2 Structure . 46
6.3.3 Channel parameters. 46
6.3.4 Service parameters . 49
6.3.5 CRC . 51
6.3.6 FAC repetition . 51
6.4 Service Description Channel (SDC) . 52
6.4.1 Introduction. 52
6.4.2 Structure . 52
6.4.3 Data entities . 53
6.4.3.0 Introduction . 53
6.4.3.1 Multiplex description data entity - type 0 . 54
6.4.3.2 Label data entity - type 1 . 54
6.4.3.3 Conditional access parameters data entity - type 2 . 55
6.4.3.4 Alternative frequency signalling: Multiple frequency network information data entity - type 3 . 56
6.4.3.5 Alternative frequency signalling: Schedule definition data entity - type 4 . 58
6.4.3.6 Application information data entity - type 5 . 58
6.4.3.7 Announcement support and switching data entity - type 6 . 60
6.4.3.8 Alternative frequency signalling: Region definition data entity - type 7 . 62
6.4.3.9 Time and date information data entity - type 8 . 63
6.4.3.10 Audio information data entity - type 9 . 63
6.4.3.11 FAC channel parameters data entity - type 10 . 66
6.4.3.12 Alternative frequency signalling: Other services data entity - type 11. 67
6.4.3.13 Language and country data entity - type 12 . 71
6.4.3.14 Alternative frequency signalling: detailed region definition data entity - type 13 . 71
6.4.3.15 Packet stream FEC parameters data entity - type 14 . 72
6.4.3.16 Extension data entity - type 15 . 73
6.4.3.16.0 General . 73
6.4.3.16.1 Service linking information data entity - type 15, extension 0 . 73
6.4.3.16.2 Other data entity type 15 extensions . 74
6.4.4 Summary of data entity characteristics . 75
6.4.5 Changing the content of the SDC . 76
6.4.6 Signalling of reconfigurations. 77
6.4.6.0 Introduction . 77
6.4.6.1 Service reconfigurations . 77
6.4.6.2 Channel reconfigurations . 78
6.5 Text message application . 78
6.6 Packet mode . 80
6.6.0 Introduction. 80
6.6.1 Packet structure . 80
6.6.1.0 Introduction . 80
6.6.1.1 Header . 81
6.6.1.2 Data field . 81
6.6.2 Asynchronous streams . 82
6.6.3 Files . 82
6.6.4 Choosing the packet length . 82
6.6.5 Forward Error Correction (FEC) for packet mode streams . 82
6.6.5.0 Introduction . 82
ETSI
5 Final draft ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2020-11)
6.6.5.1 Encoding of FEC Packets . 83
6.6.5.2 Transport of FEC packets . 85
6.6.5.3 Receiver considerations . 86
6.7 Presentation of service labels and text messages . 86
6.7.1 Introduction. 86
6.7.2 Encoding of the text control field . 87
6.7.3 Transport of the text control field . 88
6.7.3.1 SDC data entity type 1 labels . 88
6.7.3.2 Text messages . 89
6.7.4 Display of RTL and bidirectional text . 89
6.7.4.1 Introduction . 89
6.7.4.2 Minimum RTL implementation . 89
6.7.4.3 Simplified bidirectional algorithm . 90
7 Channel coding and modulation . 91
7.1 Introduction . 91
7.2 Transport multiplex adaptation and energy dispersal . 92
7.2.1 Transport multiplex adaptation . 92
7.2.1.0 General . 92
7.2.1.1 MSC . 92
7.2.1.2 FAC . 93
7.2.1.3 SDC . 93
7.2.2 Energy dispersal . 94
7.3 Coding . 95
7.3.1 Multilevel coding . 95
7.3.1.0 Introduction . 95
7.3.1.1 Partitioning of the bitstream . 96
7.3.2 Component code . 97
7.3.3 Bit interleaving . 103
7.3.3.0 Introduction . 103
7.3.3.1 FAC . 103
7.3.3.2 SDC . 104
7.3.3.3 MSC . 104
7.4 Signal constellations and mapping . 105
7.5 Application of coding to the channels . 107
7.5.1 Coding the MSC . 107
7.5.1.0 Introduction . 107
7.5.1.1 Coding . 107
7.5.2 Coding the SDC . 108
7.5.3 Coding the FAC . 109
7.6 MSC cell interleaving . 109
7.7 Mapping of MSC cells on the transmission super frame structure . 111
8 Transmission structure . 112
8.1 Transmission frame structure and robustness modes . 112
8.2 Propagation-related OFDM parameters . 114
8.3 Signal bandwidth related parameters . 114
8.3.1 Parameter definition . 114
8.3.2 Simulcast transmission . 116
8.4 Pilot cells . 116
8.4.1 Functions and derivation . 116
8.4.2 Frequency references . 116
8.4.2.0 Introduction . 116
8.4.2.1 Cell positions. 117
8.4.2.2 Cell gains and phases . 117
8.4.3 Time references . 118
8.4.3.0 Introduction . 118
8.4.3.1 Cell positions and phases . 118
8.4.3.2 Cell gains . 121
8.4.4 Gain references . 121
8.4.4.0 Introduction . 121
8.4.4.1 Cell positions. 121
ETSI
6 Final draft ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2020-11)
8.4.4.2 Cell gains . 121
8.4.4.3 Cell phases . 122
8.4.4.3.0 Introduction . 122
8.4.4.3.1 Procedure for calculation of cell phases . 122
8.4.4.3.2 Robustness mode A . 123
8.4.4.3.3 Robustness mode B . 123
8.4.4.3.4 Robustness mode C . 123
8.4.4.3.5 Robustness mode D . 124
8.4.4.3.6 Robustness mode E . 124
8.4.5 AFS references . 124
8.4.5.0 Introduction . 124
8.4.5.1 Cell positions and phases . 125
8.4.5.2 Cell gains . 126
8.5 Control cells . 126
8.5.1 General . 126
8.5.2 FAC cells . 127
8.5.2.1 Cell positions. 127
8.5.2.2 Cell gains and phases . 129
8.5.3 SDC cells . 129
8.5.3.1 Cell positions. 129
8.5.3.2 Cell gains and phases . 130
8.6 Data cells . 130
8.6.1 Cell positions . 130
8.6.2 Cell gains and phases . 130
Annex A (informative): Simulated system performance . 131
Annex B (informative): Definition of channel profiles . 132
B.1 Robustness modes A, B, C and D . 132
B.2 Robustness mode E . 134
Annex C (informative): Example of mapping of logical frames to multiplex frames . 137
Annex D (normative): Calculation of the CRC word . 139
Annex E (informative): RF protection ratios . 141
Annex F (informative): Alternative Frequency and announcement signalling . 142
F.0 Introduction . 142
F.1 Possibilities of the Alternative Frequency Signalling feature . 142
F.2 Possibilities of the announcement feature . 143
F.3 SDC data entities overview for Alternative Frequency and announcement signalling . 145
F.4 SDC data entities and setup for alternative frequency signalling . 146
F.5 SDC data entities and setup for announcement . 146
F.6 Alternative frequency and announcement signalling - coding example . 148
Annex G (informative): Guidelines for receiver implementation . 151
G.0 Introduction . 151
G.1 Alternative frequency checking and switching (AFS) . 151
G.2 Station buttons for DRM services . 152
G.3 Seamless Alternative Frequency checking and Switching (AFS) . 153
Annex H (informative): Service capacity and bit rates . 156
Annex I: Void . 157
ETSI
7 Final draft ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2020-11)
Annex J (informative): Numbers of input bits . 158
Annex K (informative): Simulcast transmission, alternate sources and enhancement
signalling . 160
Annex L (informative): Pilot reference illustrations . 163
Annex M (informative): MSC configuration examples . 169
Annex N (informative): Signalling Warning/Alarm announcements . 172
Annex O (normative): Interpretation of schedules for Alternative Frequency Signalling . 173
Annex P (informative): Transmit diversity. 175
Annex Q (informative): Seamless reconfiguration . 176
Annex R (informative): Seamless receiver switching between DRM, DAB, AM and FM
broadcasts . 178
R.1 Overview . 178
R.2 General network timing considerations . 178
R.3 Network synchronization rules . 179
R.4 Receiver implementation rules . 180
R.5 Definition of broadcast signal time references . 181
Annex S (informative): Combined transmission of DRM and FM . 182
Annex T (informative): Assignment of Service identifiers . 183
T.0 Introduction . 183
T.1 Domestic services . 183
T.2 International services . 183
History . 184
ETSI
8 Final draft ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2020-11)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This final draft ETSI Standard (ES) has been produced by Joint Technical Committee (JTC) Broadcast of the European
Broadcasting Union (EBU), Comité Européen de Normalisation ELECtrotechnique (CENELEC) and the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), and is now submitted for the ETSI standards Membership Approval
Procedure.
NOTE: The EBU/ETSI JTC Broadcast was established in 1990 to co-ordinate the drafting of standards in the
specific field of broadcasting and related fields. Since 1995 the JTC Broadcast became a tripartite body
by including in the Memorandum of Understanding also CENELEC, which is responsible for the
standardization of radio and television receivers. The EBU is a professional association of broadcasting
organizations whose work includes the co-ordination of its members' activities in the technical, legal,
programme-making and programme-exchange domains. The EBU has active members in about
60 countries in the European broadcasting area; its headquarters is in Geneva.
European Broadcasting Union
CH-1218 GRAND SACONNEX (Geneva)
Switzerland
Tel: +41 22 717 21 11
Fax: +41 22 717 24 81
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
ETSI
9 Final draft ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2020-11)
Introduction
The frequency bands used for broadcasting below 30 MHz are:
• Low Frequency (LF) band: from 148,5 kHz to 283,5 kHz, in ITU Region 1 [1] only;
• Medium Frequency (MF) band: from 526,5 kHz to 1 606,5 kHz, in ITU Regions 1 [1] and 3 [1] and from
525 kHz to 1 705 kHz in ITU Region 2 [1];
• High Frequency (HF) band: a set of individual broadcasting bands in the frequency range 2,3 MHz to 27 MHz,
generally available on a Worldwide basis.
These bands offer unique propagation capabilities that permit the achievement of:
• large coverage areas, whose size and location may be dependent upon the time of day, season of the year or
period in the (approximately) 11 year sunspot cycle;
• portable and mobile reception with relatively little impairment caused by the environment surrounding the
receiver.
There is thus a desire to continue broadcasting in these bands, perhaps especially in the case of international
broadcasting where the HF bands offer the only reception possibilities which do not also involve the use of local
repeater stations.
However, broadcasting services in these bands:
• use analogue techniques;
• are subject to limited quality;
• are subject to considerable interference as a result of the long-distance propagation mechanisms which prevail
in this part of the frequency spectrum and the large number of users.
As a direct result of the above considerations, there is a desire to effect a transfer to digital transmission and reception
techniques in order to provide the increase in quality whic
...
ETSI STANDARD
Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM);
System Specification
2 ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2021-01)
Reference
RES/JTC-DRM-35
Keywords
broadcasting, digital, DRM, radio
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE
Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16
Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88
Important notice
The present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org/standards-search
The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or
print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any
existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the prevailing version of an ETSI
deliverable is the one made publicly available in PDF format at www.etsi.org/deliver.
Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
https://portal.etsi.org/TB/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx
If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:
https://portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx
Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© ETSI 2021.
© European Broadcasting Union 2021.
All rights reserved.
DECT™, PLUGTESTS™, UMTS™ and the ETSI logo are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members.
3GPP™ and LTE™ are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and
of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
oneM2M™ logo is a trademark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and
of the oneM2M Partners. ®
GSM and the GSM logo are trademarks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
ETSI
3 ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2021-01)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 8
Foreword . 8
Modal verbs terminology . 8
Introduction . 9
1 Scope . 10
2 References . 10
2.1 Normative references . 10
2.2 Informative references . 11
3 Definition of terms, symbols, abbreviations and conventions . 11
3.1 Terms . 11
3.2 Symbols . 12
3.3 Abbreviations . 13
3.4 Conventions . 14
4 General characteristics . 15
4.1 System overview . 15
4.2 System architecture . 15
4.3 Audio source coding . 17
4.4 Transmission modes . 18
4.4.1 Signal bandwidth related parameters . 18
4.4.2 Transmission efficiency related parameters . 18
4.4.2.0 General . 18
4.4.2.1 Coding rates and constellations . 18
4.4.2.2 OFDM parameter set . 18
5 Source coding modes. 19
5.1 Overview . 19
5.1.0 Introduction. 19
5.1.1 Extended HE-AAC audio coding (xHE-AAC) . 20
5.1.2 AAC audio coding . 20
5.1.3 MPEG Surround coding . 22
5.2 Audio super framing . 22
5.3 xHE-AAC coding . 23
5.3.1 xHE-AAC . 23
5.3.1.0 Introduction . 23
5.3.1.1 xHE-AAC audio super frame . 24
5.3.1.2 xHE-AAC audio frame . 25
5.3.1.3 Transport of xHE-AAC audio frames within the payload section . 25
5.3.2 xHE-AAC decoder configuration . 27
5.3.3 xHE-AAC error concealment . 30
5.3.3.0 Introduction . 30
5.3.3.1 Frequency Domain coding (AAC based coding and TCX) . 30
5.3.3.2 ACELP . 31
5.3.3.3 SBR . 31
5.3.3.4 MPS212 parametric stereo . 34
5.3.3.5 MDCT based Complex Prediction . 34
5.3.3.6 Forward Aliasing Cancellation. 34
5.3.4 xHE-AAC + MPS . 34
5.4 AAC coding. 35
5.4.1 AAC . 35
5.4.2 AAC + SBR . 37
5.4.3 Parametric Stereo coding . 38
5.4.4 AAC error concealment . 39
5.4.4.0 Introduction . 39
5.4.4.1 Interpolation of one corrupt frame . 39
ETSI
4 ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2021-01)
5.4.4.2 Fade-out and fade-in . 40
5.4.4.3 Concealment granularity . 40
5.4.4.4 SBR error concealment . 40
5.4.4.5 Parametric Stereo concealment . 43
5.4.5 AAC + MPS . 43
6 Multiplex definition . 45
6.1 Introduction . 45
6.2 Main Service Channel (MSC) . 45
6.2.1 Introduction. 45
6.2.2 Structure . 45
6.2.3 Building the MSC . 45
6.2.4 Reconfiguration . 46
6.3 Fast Access Channel (FAC) . 46
6.3.1 Introduction. 46
6.3.2 Structure . 46
6.3.3 Channel parameters. 46
6.3.4 Service parameters . 49
6.3.5 CRC . 51
6.3.6 FAC repetition . 51
6.4 Service Description Channel (SDC) . 52
6.4.1 Introduction. 52
6.4.2 Structure . 52
6.4.3 Data entities . 53
6.4.3.0 Introduction . 53
6.4.3.1 Multiplex description data entity - type 0 . 54
6.4.3.2 Label data entity - type 1 . 54
6.4.3.3 Conditional access parameters data entity - type 2 . 55
6.4.3.4 Alternative frequency signalling: Multiple frequency network information data entity - type 3 . 56
6.4.3.5 Alternative frequency signalling: Schedule definition data entity - type 4 . 58
6.4.3.6 Application information data entity - type 5 . 58
6.4.3.7 Announcement support and switching data entity - type 6 . 60
6.4.3.8 Alternative frequency signalling: Region definition data entity - type 7 . 62
6.4.3.9 Time and date information data entity - type 8 . 63
6.4.3.10 Audio information data entity - type 9 . 63
6.4.3.11 FAC channel parameters data entity - type 10 . 66
6.4.3.12 Alternative frequency signalling: Other services data entity - type 11. 67
6.4.3.13 Language and country data entity - type 12 . 71
6.4.3.14 Alternative frequency signalling: detailed region definition data entity - type 13 . 71
6.4.3.15 Packet stream FEC parameters data entity - type 14 . 72
6.4.3.16 Extension data entity - type 15 . 73
6.4.3.16.0 General . 73
6.4.3.16.1 Service linking information data entity - type 15, extension 0 . 73
6.4.3.16.2 Other data entity type 15 extensions . 74
6.4.4 Summary of data entity characteristics . 75
6.4.5 Changing the content of the SDC . 76
6.4.6 Signalling of reconfigurations. 77
6.4.6.0 Introduction . 77
6.4.6.1 Service reconfigurations . 77
6.4.6.2 Channel reconfigurations . 78
6.5 Text message application . 78
6.6 Packet mode . 80
6.6.0 Introduction. 80
6.6.1 Packet structure . 80
6.6.1.0 Introduction . 80
6.6.1.1 Header . 81
6.6.1.2 Data field . 81
6.6.2 Asynchronous streams . 82
6.6.3 Files . 82
6.6.4 Choosing the packet length . 82
6.6.5 Forward Error Correction (FEC) for packet mode streams . 82
6.6.5.0 Introduction . 82
ETSI
5 ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2021-01)
6.6.5.1 Encoding of FEC Packets . 83
6.6.5.2 Transport of FEC packets . 85
6.6.5.3 Receiver considerations . 86
6.7 Presentation of service labels and text messages . 86
6.7.1 Introduction. 86
6.7.2 Encoding of the text control field . 87
6.7.3 Transport of the text control field . 88
6.7.3.1 SDC data entity type 1 labels . 88
6.7.3.2 Text messages . 89
6.7.4 Display of RTL and bidirectional text . 89
6.7.4.1 Introduction . 89
6.7.4.2 Minimum RTL implementation . 89
6.7.4.3 Simplified bidirectional algorithm . 90
7 Channel coding and modulation . 91
7.1 Introduction . 91
7.2 Transport multiplex adaptation and energy dispersal . 92
7.2.1 Transport multiplex adaptation . 92
7.2.1.0 General . 92
7.2.1.1 MSC . 92
7.2.1.2 FAC . 93
7.2.1.3 SDC . 93
7.2.2 Energy dispersal . 94
7.3 Coding . 95
7.3.1 Multilevel coding . 95
7.3.1.0 Introduction . 95
7.3.1.1 Partitioning of the bitstream . 96
7.3.2 Component code . 97
7.3.3 Bit interleaving . 103
7.3.3.0 Introduction . 103
7.3.3.1 FAC . 103
7.3.3.2 SDC . 104
7.3.3.3 MSC . 104
7.4 Signal constellations and mapping . 105
7.5 Application of coding to the channels . 107
7.5.1 Coding the MSC . 107
7.5.1.0 Introduction . 107
7.5.1.1 Coding . 107
7.5.2 Coding the SDC . 108
7.5.3 Coding the FAC . 109
7.6 MSC cell interleaving . 109
7.7 Mapping of MSC cells on the transmission super frame structure . 111
8 Transmission structure . 112
8.1 Transmission frame structure and robustness modes . 112
8.2 Propagation-related OFDM parameters . 114
8.3 Signal bandwidth related parameters . 114
8.3.1 Parameter definition . 114
8.3.2 Simulcast transmission . 116
8.4 Pilot cells . 116
8.4.1 Functions and derivation . 116
8.4.2 Frequency references . 116
8.4.2.0 Introduction . 116
8.4.2.1 Cell positions. 117
8.4.2.2 Cell gains and phases . 117
8.4.3 Time references . 118
8.4.3.0 Introduction . 118
8.4.3.1 Cell positions and phases . 118
8.4.3.2 Cell gains . 121
8.4.4 Gain references . 121
8.4.4.0 Introduction . 121
8.4.4.1 Cell positions. 121
ETSI
6 ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2021-01)
8.4.4.2 Cell gains . 121
8.4.4.3 Cell phases . 122
8.4.4.3.0 Introduction . 122
8.4.4.3.1 Procedure for calculation of cell phases . 122
8.4.4.3.2 Robustness mode A . 123
8.4.4.3.3 Robustness mode B . 123
8.4.4.3.4 Robustness mode C . 123
8.4.4.3.5 Robustness mode D . 124
8.4.4.3.6 Robustness mode E . 124
8.4.5 AFS references . 124
8.4.5.0 Introduction . 124
8.4.5.1 Cell positions and phases . 125
8.4.5.2 Cell gains . 126
8.5 Control cells . 126
8.5.1 General . 126
8.5.2 FAC cells . 127
8.5.2.1 Cell positions. 127
8.5.2.2 Cell gains and phases . 129
8.5.3 SDC cells . 129
8.5.3.1 Cell positions. 129
8.5.3.2 Cell gains and phases . 130
8.6 Data cells . 130
8.6.1 Cell positions . 130
8.6.2 Cell gains and phases . 130
Annex A (informative): Simulated system performance . 131
Annex B (informative): Definition of channel profiles . 132
B.1 Robustness modes A, B, C and D . 132
B.2 Robustness mode E . 134
Annex C (informative): Example of mapping of logical frames to multiplex frames . 137
Annex D (normative): Calculation of the CRC word . 139
Annex E (informative): RF protection ratios . 141
Annex F (informative): Alternative Frequency and announcement signalling . 142
F.0 Introduction . 142
F.1 Possibilities of the Alternative Frequency Signalling feature . 142
F.2 Possibilities of the announcement feature . 143
F.3 SDC data entities overview for Alternative Frequency and announcement signalling . 145
F.4 SDC data entities and setup for alternative frequency signalling . 146
F.5 SDC data entities and setup for announcement . 146
F.6 Alternative frequency and announcement signalling - coding example . 148
Annex G (informative): Guidelines for receiver implementation . 151
G.0 Introduction . 151
G.1 Alternative frequency checking and switching (AFS) . 151
G.2 Station buttons for DRM services . 152
G.3 Seamless Alternative Frequency checking and Switching (AFS) . 153
Annex H (informative): Service capacity and bit rates . 156
Annex I: Void . 157
ETSI
7 ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2021-01)
Annex J (informative): Numbers of input bits . 158
Annex K (informative): Simulcast transmission, alternate sources and enhancement
signalling . 160
Annex L (informative): Pilot reference illustrations . 163
Annex M (informative): MSC configuration examples . 169
Annex N (informative): Signalling Warning/Alarm announcements . 172
Annex O (normative): Interpretation of schedules for Alternative Frequency Signalling . 173
Annex P (informative): Transmit diversity. 175
Annex Q (informative): Seamless reconfiguration . 176
Annex R (informative): Seamless receiver switching between DRM, DAB, AM and FM
broadcasts . 178
R.1 Overview . 178
R.2 General network timing considerations . 178
R.3 Network synchronization rules . 179
R.4 Receiver implementation rules . 180
R.5 Definition of broadcast signal time references . 181
Annex S (informative): Combined transmission of DRM and FM . 182
Annex T (informative): Assignment of Service identifiers . 183
T.0 Introduction . 183
T.1 Domestic services . 183
T.2 International services . 183
History . 184
ETSI
8 ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2021-01)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This ETSI Standard (ES) has been produced by Joint Technical Committee (JTC) Broadcast of the European
Broadcasting Union (EBU), Comité Européen de Normalisation ELECtrotechnique (CENELEC) and the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
NOTE: The EBU/ETSI JTC Broadcast was established in 1990 to co-ordinate the drafting of standards in the
specific field of broadcasting and related fields. Since 1995 the JTC Broadcast became a tripartite body
by including in the Memorandum of Understanding also CENELEC, which is responsible for the
standardization of radio and television receivers. The EBU is a professional association of broadcasting
organizations whose work includes the co-ordination of its members' activities in the technical, legal,
programme-making and programme-exchange domains. The EBU has active members in about
60 countries in the European broadcasting area; its headquarters is in Geneva.
European Broadcasting Union
CH-1218 GRAND SACONNEX (Geneva)
Switzerland
Tel: +41 22 717 21 11
Fax: +41 22 717 24 81
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
ETSI
9 ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2021-01)
Introduction
The frequency bands used for broadcasting below 30 MHz are:
• Low Frequency (LF) band: from 148,5 kHz to 283,5 kHz, in ITU Region 1 [1] only;
• Medium Frequency (MF) band: from 526,5 kHz to 1 606,5 kHz, in ITU Regions 1 [1] and 3 [1] and from
525 kHz to 1 705 kHz in ITU Region 2 [1];
• High Frequency (HF) band: a set of individual broadcasting bands in the frequency range 2,3 MHz to 27 MHz,
generally available on a Worldwide basis.
These bands offer unique propagation capabilities that permit the achievement of:
• large coverage areas, whose size and location may be dependent upon the time of day, season of the year or
period in the (approximately) 11 year sunspot cycle;
• portable and mobile reception with relatively little impairment caused by the environment surrounding the
receiver.
There is thus a desire to continue broadcasting in these bands, perhaps especially in the case of international
broadcasting where the HF bands offer the only reception possibilities which do not also involve the use of local
repeater stations.
However, broadcasting services in these bands:
• use analogue techniques;
• are subject to limited quality;
• are subject to considerable interference as a result of the long-distance propagation mechanisms which prevail
in this part of the frequency spectrum and the large number of users.
As a direct result of the above considerations, there is a desire to effect a transfer to digital transmission and reception
techniques in order to provide the increase in quality which is needed to retain listeners who, increasingly, have a wide
variety of other programme reception media possibilities, usually already offering higher quality and reliability.
In order
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2021
Digitalni radio Mondiale (DRM) - Sistemska specifikacija
Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) - System Specification
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2021-01)
ICS:
33.060.01 Radijske komunikacije na Radiocommunications in
splošno general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
ETSI STANDARD
Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM);
System Specification
2 ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2021-01)
Reference
RES/JTC-DRM-35
Keywords
broadcasting, digital, DRM, radio
ETSI
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All rights reserved.
DECT™, PLUGTESTS™, UMTS™ and the ETSI logo are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members.
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GSM and the GSM logo are trademarks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
ETSI
3 ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2021-01)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 8
Foreword . 8
Modal verbs terminology . 8
Introduction . 9
1 Scope . 10
2 References . 10
2.1 Normative references . 10
2.2 Informative references . 11
3 Definition of terms, symbols, abbreviations and conventions . 11
3.1 Terms . 11
3.2 Symbols . 12
3.3 Abbreviations . 13
3.4 Conventions . 14
4 General characteristics . 15
4.1 System overview . 15
4.2 System architecture . 15
4.3 Audio source coding . 17
4.4 Transmission modes . 18
4.4.1 Signal bandwidth related parameters . 18
4.4.2 Transmission efficiency related parameters . 18
4.4.2.0 General . 18
4.4.2.1 Coding rates and constellations . 18
4.4.2.2 OFDM parameter set . 18
5 Source coding modes. 19
5.1 Overview . 19
5.1.0 Introduction. 19
5.1.1 Extended HE-AAC audio coding (xHE-AAC) . 20
5.1.2 AAC audio coding . 20
5.1.3 MPEG Surround coding . 22
5.2 Audio super framing . 22
5.3 xHE-AAC coding . 23
5.3.1 xHE-AAC . 23
5.3.1.0 Introduction . 23
5.3.1.1 xHE-AAC audio super frame . 24
5.3.1.2 xHE-AAC audio frame . 25
5.3.1.3 Transport of xHE-AAC audio frames within the payload section . 25
5.3.2 xHE-AAC decoder configuration . 27
5.3.3 xHE-AAC error concealment . 30
5.3.3.0 Introduction . 30
5.3.3.1 Frequency Domain coding (AAC based coding and TCX) . 30
5.3.3.2 ACELP . 31
5.3.3.3 SBR . 31
5.3.3.4 MPS212 parametric stereo . 34
5.3.3.5 MDCT based Complex Prediction . 34
5.3.3.6 Forward Aliasing Cancellation. 34
5.3.4 xHE-AAC + MPS . 34
5.4 AAC coding. 35
5.4.1 AAC . 35
5.4.2 AAC + SBR . 37
5.4.3 Parametric Stereo coding . 38
5.4.4 AAC error concealment . 39
5.4.4.0 Introduction . 39
5.4.4.1 Interpolation of one corrupt frame . 39
ETSI
4 ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2021-01)
5.4.4.2 Fade-out and fade-in . 40
5.4.4.3 Concealment granularity . 40
5.4.4.4 SBR error concealment . 40
5.4.4.5 Parametric Stereo concealment . 43
5.4.5 AAC + MPS . 43
6 Multiplex definition . 45
6.1 Introduction . 45
6.2 Main Service Channel (MSC) . 45
6.2.1 Introduction. 45
6.2.2 Structure . 45
6.2.3 Building the MSC . 45
6.2.4 Reconfiguration . 46
6.3 Fast Access Channel (FAC) . 46
6.3.1 Introduction. 46
6.3.2 Structure . 46
6.3.3 Channel parameters. 46
6.3.4 Service parameters . 49
6.3.5 CRC . 51
6.3.6 FAC repetition . 51
6.4 Service Description Channel (SDC) . 52
6.4.1 Introduction. 52
6.4.2 Structure . 52
6.4.3 Data entities . 53
6.4.3.0 Introduction . 53
6.4.3.1 Multiplex description data entity - type 0 . 54
6.4.3.2 Label data entity - type 1 . 54
6.4.3.3 Conditional access parameters data entity - type 2 . 55
6.4.3.4 Alternative frequency signalling: Multiple frequency network information data entity - type 3 . 56
6.4.3.5 Alternative frequency signalling: Schedule definition data entity - type 4 . 58
6.4.3.6 Application information data entity - type 5 . 58
6.4.3.7 Announcement support and switching data entity - type 6 . 60
6.4.3.8 Alternative frequency signalling: Region definition data entity - type 7 . 62
6.4.3.9 Time and date information data entity - type 8 . 63
6.4.3.10 Audio information data entity - type 9 . 63
6.4.3.11 FAC channel parameters data entity - type 10 . 66
6.4.3.12 Alternative frequency signalling: Other services data entity - type 11. 67
6.4.3.13 Language and country data entity - type 12 . 71
6.4.3.14 Alternative frequency signalling: detailed region definition data entity - type 13 . 71
6.4.3.15 Packet stream FEC parameters data entity - type 14 . 72
6.4.3.16 Extension data entity - type 15 . 73
6.4.3.16.0 General . 73
6.4.3.16.1 Service linking information data entity - type 15, extension 0 . 73
6.4.3.16.2 Other data entity type 15 extensions . 74
6.4.4 Summary of data entity characteristics . 75
6.4.5 Changing the content of the SDC . 76
6.4.6 Signalling of reconfigurations. 77
6.4.6.0 Introduction . 77
6.4.6.1 Service reconfigurations . 77
6.4.6.2 Channel reconfigurations . 78
6.5 Text message application . 78
6.6 Packet mode . 80
6.6.0 Introduction. 80
6.6.1 Packet structure . 80
6.6.1.0 Introduction . 80
6.6.1.1 Header . 81
6.6.1.2 Data field . 81
6.6.2 Asynchronous streams . 82
6.6.3 Files . 82
6.6.4 Choosing the packet length . 82
6.6.5 Forward Error Correction (FEC) for packet mode streams . 82
6.6.5.0 Introduction . 82
ETSI
5 ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2021-01)
6.6.5.1 Encoding of FEC Packets . 83
6.6.5.2 Transport of FEC packets . 85
6.6.5.3 Receiver considerations . 86
6.7 Presentation of service labels and text messages . 86
6.7.1 Introduction. 86
6.7.2 Encoding of the text control field . 87
6.7.3 Transport of the text control field . 88
6.7.3.1 SDC data entity type 1 labels . 88
6.7.3.2 Text messages . 89
6.7.4 Display of RTL and bidirectional text . 89
6.7.4.1 Introduction . 89
6.7.4.2 Minimum RTL implementation . 89
6.7.4.3 Simplified bidirectional algorithm . 90
7 Channel coding and modulation . 91
7.1 Introduction . 91
7.2 Transport multiplex adaptation and energy dispersal . 92
7.2.1 Transport multiplex adaptation . 92
7.2.1.0 General . 92
7.2.1.1 MSC . 92
7.2.1.2 FAC . 93
7.2.1.3 SDC . 93
7.2.2 Energy dispersal . 94
7.3 Coding . 95
7.3.1 Multilevel coding . 95
7.3.1.0 Introduction . 95
7.3.1.1 Partitioning of the bitstream . 96
7.3.2 Component code . 97
7.3.3 Bit interleaving . 103
7.3.3.0 Introduction . 103
7.3.3.1 FAC . 103
7.3.3.2 SDC . 104
7.3.3.3 MSC . 104
7.4 Signal constellations and mapping . 105
7.5 Application of coding to the channels . 107
7.5.1 Coding the MSC . 107
7.5.1.0 Introduction . 107
7.5.1.1 Coding . 107
7.5.2 Coding the SDC . 108
7.5.3 Coding the FAC . 109
7.6 MSC cell interleaving . 109
7.7 Mapping of MSC cells on the transmission super frame structure . 111
8 Transmission structure . 112
8.1 Transmission frame structure and robustness modes . 112
8.2 Propagation-related OFDM parameters . 114
8.3 Signal bandwidth related parameters . 114
8.3.1 Parameter definition . 114
8.3.2 Simulcast transmission . 116
8.4 Pilot cells . 116
8.4.1 Functions and derivation . 116
8.4.2 Frequency references . 116
8.4.2.0 Introduction . 116
8.4.2.1 Cell positions. 117
8.4.2.2 Cell gains and phases . 117
8.4.3 Time references . 118
8.4.3.0 Introduction . 118
8.4.3.1 Cell positions and phases . 118
8.4.3.2 Cell gains . 121
8.4.4 Gain references . 121
8.4.4.0 Introduction . 121
8.4.4.1 Cell positions. 121
ETSI
6 ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2021-01)
8.4.4.2 Cell gains . 121
8.4.4.3 Cell phases . 122
8.4.4.3.0 Introduction . 122
8.4.4.3.1 Procedure for calculation of cell phases . 122
8.4.4.3.2 Robustness mode A . 123
8.4.4.3.3 Robustness mode B . 123
8.4.4.3.4 Robustness mode C . 123
8.4.4.3.5 Robustness mode D . 124
8.4.4.3.6 Robustness mode E . 124
8.4.5 AFS references . 124
8.4.5.0 Introduction . 124
8.4.5.1 Cell positions and phases . 125
8.4.5.2 Cell gains . 126
8.5 Control cells . 126
8.5.1 General . 126
8.5.2 FAC cells . 127
8.5.2.1 Cell positions. 127
8.5.2.2 Cell gains and phases . 129
8.5.3 SDC cells . 129
8.5.3.1 Cell positions. 129
8.5.3.2 Cell gains and phases . 130
8.6 Data cells . 130
8.6.1 Cell positions . 130
8.6.2 Cell gains and phases . 130
Annex A (informative): Simulated system performance . 131
Annex B (informative): Definition of channel profiles . 132
B.1 Robustness modes A, B, C and D . 132
B.2 Robustness mode E . 134
Annex C (informative): Example of mapping of logical frames to multiplex frames . 137
Annex D (normative): Calculation of the CRC word . 139
Annex E (informative): RF protection ratios . 141
Annex F (informative): Alternative Frequency and announcement signalling . 142
F.0 Introduction . 142
F.1 Possibilities of the Alternative Frequency Signalling feature . 142
F.2 Possibilities of the announcement feature . 143
F.3 SDC data entities overview for Alternative Frequency and announcement signalling . 145
F.4 SDC data entities and setup for alternative frequency signalling . 146
F.5 SDC data entities and setup for announcement . 146
F.6 Alternative frequency and announcement signalling - coding example . 148
Annex G (informative): Guidelines for receiver implementation . 151
G.0 Introduction . 151
G.1 Alternative frequency checking and switching (AFS) . 151
G.2 Station buttons for DRM services . 152
G.3 Seamless Alternative Frequency checking and Switching (AFS) . 153
Annex H (informative): Service capacity and bit rates . 156
Annex I: Void . 157
ETSI
7 ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2021-01)
Annex J (informative): Numbers of input bits . 158
Annex K (informative): Simulcast transmission, alternate sources and enhancement
signalling . 160
Annex L (informative): Pilot reference illustrations . 163
Annex M (informative): MSC configuration examples . 169
Annex N (informative): Signalling Warning/Alarm announcements . 172
Annex O (normative): Interpretation of schedules for Alternative Frequency Signalling . 173
Annex P (informative): Transmit diversity. 175
Annex Q (informative): Seamless reconfiguration . 176
Annex R (informative): Seamless receiver switching between DRM, DAB, AM and FM
broadcasts . 178
R.1 Overview . 178
R.2 General network timing considerations . 178
R.3 Network synchronization rules . 179
R.4 Receiver implementation rules . 180
R.5 Definition of broadcast signal time references . 181
Annex S (informative): Combined transmission of DRM and FM . 182
Annex T (informative): Assignment of Service identifiers . 183
T.0 Introduction . 183
T.1 Domestic services . 183
T.2 International services . 183
History . 184
ETSI
8 ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2021-01)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This ETSI Standard (ES) has been produced by Joint Technical Committee (JTC) Broadcast of the European
Broadcasting Union (EBU), Comité Européen de Normalisation ELECtrotechnique (CENELEC) and the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
NOTE: The EBU/ETSI JTC Broadcast was established in 1990 to co-ordinate the drafting of standards in the
specific field of broadcasting and related fields. Since 1995 the JTC Broadcast became a tripartite body
by including in the Memorandum of Understanding also CENELEC, which is responsible for the
standardization of radio and television receivers. The EBU is a professional association of broadcasting
organizations whose work includes the co-ordination of its members' activities in the technical, legal,
programme-making and programme-exchange domains. The EBU has active members in about
60 countries in the European broadcasting area; its headquarters is in Geneva.
European Broadcasting Union
CH-1218 GRAND SACONNEX (Geneva)
Switzerland
Tel: +41 22 717 21 11
Fax: +41 22 717 24 81
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
ETSI
9 ETSI ES 201 980 V4.2.1 (2021-01)
Introduction
The frequency bands used for broadcasting below 30 MHz are:
• Low Frequency (LF) band: from 148,5 kHz to 283,5 kHz, in ITU Region 1 [1] only;
• Medium Frequency (MF) band: from 526,5 kHz to 1 606,5 kHz, in ITU Regions 1 [1] and 3 [1] and from
525 kHz to 1 705 kHz in ITU Region 2 [1];
• High Frequency (HF) band: a set of individual broadcasting bands in the frequency range 2,3 MHz to 27 MHz,
generally available on a Worldwide basis.
These bands offer unique propagation capabilities that permit the achievement of:
• large coverage areas, whose size and location may be dependent upon the time of day, season of the year or
period in the (approximately) 11 year sunspot cycle;
• portable and mobile reception with relatively little impairment caused by the environment surrounding the
receiver.
There is thus a desire to continue broadcas
...
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