SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
(Main)Water quality - Sampling - Part 23: Guidance on passive sampling in surface waters (ISO 5667-23:2011)
Water quality - Sampling - Part 23: Guidance on passive sampling in surface waters (ISO 5667-23:2011)
This part of ISO 5667 specifies procedures for the determination of time-weighted average concentrations and equilibrium concentrations of the free dissolved fraction of organic and organometallic compounds and inorganic substances, including metals, in surface water by passive sampling, followed by analysis.
Wasserbeschaffenheit - Probenahme - Teil 23: Anleitung zur Anwendung von Passivsammlern (ISO 5667-23:2011)
Dieser Teil von ISO 5667 legt Verfahren zur Bestimmung von zeitlich gemittelten und Gleichgewichtskonzentrationen
des gelösten Anteils von organischen, organometallischen Verbindungen und anorganischen
Verbindungen, einschließlich Metallen, in Oberflächengewässern durch passive Probenahme mit
anschließender Analyse fest.
Qualité de l'eau - Échantillonnage - Partie 23: Lignes directrices pour l'échantillonnage passif dans les eaux de surface (ISO 5667-23:2011)
L'ISO 5667-23:2011 spécifie des modes opératoires pour la détermination des concentrations moyennes pondérées dans le temps et des concentrations d'équilibre de la fraction libre dissoute des composés organiques et organométalliques ainsi que des substances inorganiques, y compris les métaux, dans les eaux de surface par échantillonnage passif suivi d'une analyse.
Kakovost vode - Vzorčenje - 23. del: Navodilo za pasivno vzorčenje površinskih voda (ISO 5667-23:2011)
Ta del ISO 5667 določa postopke za določevanje časovno tehtanih povprečnih koncentracij in ravnotežnih koncentracij prosto raztopljene frakcije organskih in organokovinskih spojin in anorganskih snovi, vključno s kovinami, v površinski vodi s pasivnim vzorčenjem, ki mu sledi analiza.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
01-junij-2011
1DGRPHãþD
oSIST ISO/DIS 5667-23:2009
.DNRYRVWYRGH9]RUþHQMHGHO 1DYRGLOR]DSDVLYQRY]RUþHQMHSRYUãLQVNLK
YRGD ,62
Water quality - Sampling - Part 23: Guidance on passive sampling in surface waters (ISO
5667-23:2011)
Wasserbeschaffenheit - Probenahme - Teil 23: Anleitung zur Anwendung von
Passivsammlern (ISO 5667-23:2011)
Qualité de l'eau - Échantillonnage - Partie 23: Lignes directrices pour l'échantillonnage
passif dans les eaux de surface (ISO 5667-23:2011)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 5667-23:2011
ICS:
13.060.45 Preiskava vode na splošno Examination of water in
general
SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
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SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 5667-23
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
March 2011
ICS 13.060.45
English Version
Water quality - Sampling - Part 23: Guidance on passive
sampling in surface waters (ISO 5667-23:2011)
Qualité de l'eau - Échantillonnage - Partie 23: Lignes Wasserbeschaffenheit - Probenahme - Teil 23: Anleitung
directrices pour l'échantillonnage passif dans les eaux de zur Anwendung von Passivsammlern (ISO 5667-23:2011)
surface (ISO 5667-23:2011)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 February 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 5667-23:2011: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
EN ISO 5667-23:2011 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
EN ISO 5667-23:2011 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 5667-23:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147 "Water
quality" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 230 “Water analysis” the secretariat of which is
held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by September 2011.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 5667-23:2011 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 5667-23:2011 without any
modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
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SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 5667-23
First edition
2011-03-01
Water quality — Sampling —
Part 23:
Guidance on passive sampling in surface
waters
Qualité de l'eau — Échantillonnage —
Partie 23: Lignes directrices pour l'échantillonnage passif dans les eaux
de surface
Reference number
ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
©
ISO 2011
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
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ii © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.vi
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 Principle .3
5 Handling passive sampling devices.4
5.1 General .4
5.2 Passive sampling devices for organic compounds.5
5.3 Passive sampling devices for metals.5
6 Estimation of appropriate field deployment time.6
7 Passive sampling device preparation and assembly .6
7.1 Passive sampling device preparation .6
7.2 Passive sampling device assembly.7
7.3 Passive sampling device storage.7
8 Quality assurance.7
8.1 General .7
8.2 Replicate passive sampling devices in field deployment .7
8.3 Replicate quality control passive sampling devices .7
8.4 Passive sampling device controls.8
9 Selection of sampling site and safety precautions.9
9.1 Selection of sampling site .9
9.2 Appropriate precautions against accidents .9
10 Passive sampling device deployment and retrieval .10
10.1 Materials and apparatus .10
10.2 Transport.10
10.3 Deployment procedure .10
10.4 Retrieval procedure.11
11 Extraction of analytes from passive sampling devices and preparation for analysis .12
12 Analysis.12
13 Calculations .13
14 Test report.15
Annex A (informative) Tables providing a summary of the main types of passive sampling
devices and a summary of the methods for their calibration.17
Annex B (normative) Materials and apparatus to be taken to the field for use in the deployment of
passive sampling devices .19
Annex C (informative) Quality control measures .20
Bibliography.22
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
Foreword
SO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 5667-23 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee 6, Sampling
(general methods).
ISO 5667 consists of the following parts, under the general title Water quality — Sampling:
⎯ Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques
⎯ Part 3: Preservation and handling of water samples
⎯ Part 4: Guidance on sampling from lakes, natural and man-made
⎯ Part 5: Guidance on sampling of drinking water from treatment works and piped distribution systems
⎯ Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and streams
⎯ Part 7: Guidance on sampling of water and steam in boiler plants
⎯ Part 8: Guidance on the sampling of wet deposition
⎯ Part 9: Guidance on sampling from marine waters
⎯ Part 10: Guidance on sampling of waste waters
⎯ Part 11: Guidance on sampling of groundwaters
⎯ Part 12: Guidance on sampling of bottom sediments
⎯ Part 13: Guidance on sampling of sludges
⎯ Part 14: Guidance on quality assurance of environmental water sampling and handling
⎯ Part 15: Guidance on the preservation and handling of sludge and sediment samples
⎯ Part 16: Guidance on biotesting of samples
iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
⎯ Part 17: Guidance on sampling of bulk suspended solids
⎯ Part 19: Guidance on sampling of marine sediments
⎯ Part 20: Guidance on the use of sampling data for decision making — Compliance with thresholds and
classification systems
⎯ Part 21: Guidance on sampling of drinking water distributed by tankers or means other than distribution
pipes
⎯ Part 22: Guidance on the design and installation of groundwater monitoring points
⎯ Part 23: Guidance on passive sampling in surface waters
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
Introduction
Passive sampling devices can be used for monitoring concentrations of a wide range of analytes, including
metals, inorganic anions, polar organic compounds (e.g. polar pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds),
non-polar organic compounds (e.g. non-polar pesticides), and industrial chemicals (e.g. polyaromatic
hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls) in aquatic environments.
Pollutant levels in surface water have traditionally been monitored by spot sampling (also known as bottle or
grab sampling). Such sampling gives a snapshot of pollutant levels at a particular time. Pollutant levels in
surface water have a tendency to fluctuate over time and so it may be more desirable to monitor pollutants
over an extended period in order to obtain a more representative measure of the chemical quality of a water
body. This can be achieved by repeated spot sampling, continuous monitoring, biomonitoring or passive
sampling.
Passive sampling involves the deployment of a passive sampling device that uses a diffusion gradient to
collect pollutants over a period of days to weeks. This process is followed by extraction and analysis of the
pollutants in a laboratory.
Passive sampling devices can be used in kinetic or equilibrium modes. In equilibrium mode, the passive
sampling device reaches equilibrium with the sampled medium, and provides a measure of the concentration
at the time of retrieval from the environment. In the kinetic mode, the passive sampling device samples in an
integrative way, and provides a measure of the time-weighted average concentration of a pollutant in the
water over the exposure period. Where uptake into the receiving phase is under membrane control, then
passive sampling devices operate as integrative samplers between the time of deployment and an exposure
period of up to the time to half maximum accumulation in the receiving phase. Membrane control means that
the transport resistance of the membrane is larger than that of the water boundary layer. In stagnant water,
uptake is generally controlled by the water boundary layer. Under highly turbulent conditions, uptake is
membrane controlled. Where uptake is controlled by the water boundary layer, then the passive samplers
behave in a manner similar to those where uptake is under membrane control, but the sampling rate depends
on flow conditions. Where flow conditions vary over time, uptake can be under water boundary control when
turbulence is low, but change to membrane control when turbulence increases.
Diffusion into the receiving phase is driven by the free dissolved concentration of pollutant, and not that bound
to particulate matter and to large molecular mass organic compounds (e.g. humic and fulvic acids). This
technique provides a measure of the time-weighted average concentration of the free dissolved fraction of
pollutant to which the passive sampling device has been exposed. For some passive sampling devices for
metals, the concentration of analyte measured includes both the free dissolved fraction and that fraction of the
analyte bound to small molecular mass inorganic and organic compounds that can diffuse into and dissociate
in the permeation layer. Pollutant bound to large molecular mass compounds diffuses only very slowly into the
diffusion layer. The concentration measured by a passive sampling device can be different from that
measured in a spot (bottle) sample. In a spot sample, the fraction of pollutant measured is determined by a
combination of factors such as the proportion of pollutant bound to particulate matter and to large organic
compounds, and the treatment (e.g. filtration at 0,45 µm or ultrafiltration) applied prior to analysis. Passive
sampling devices used in surface water typically consist of a receiving phase (typically a solvent, polymer or
sorbent) that has a high affinity for pollutants of interest and so collects them. This receiving phase can be
retained behind, or surrounded by, a membrane through which the target analytes can permeate. A schematic
representation of such a passive sampling device is shown in Figure 1. In its simplest form, a passive
sampling device is comprised solely of a naked membrane, fibre or bulk sorbent which acts as a receiving
phase. In such passive sampling devices, the polymer acts as both receiving phase and permeation
membrane. The polymers used in these passive sampling devices usually have a high permeation, and
uptake is controlled by the water boundary layer. Uptake comes under membrane control only at very high
flow rates. Different combinations of permeation layer and receiving phase are used for the different classes of
pollutant (non-polar organic, polar organic, and inorganic). Passive sampling devices are designed for use
with one of these main classes of pollutant.
vi © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
Passive sampling devices can be used in a number of modes including qualitative or semi-quantitative which
can be applied in the detection of sources of pollution, for example. When appropriate calibration data are
available, passive sampling devices can also be used quantitatively for measuring the concentration of the
free dissolved species of a pollutant.
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved vii
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SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
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SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
Water quality — Sampling —
Part 23:
Guidance on passive sampling in surface waters
1 Scope
This part of ISO 5667 specifies procedures for the determination of time-weighted average concentrations and
equilibrium concentrations of the free dissolved fraction of organic and organometallic compounds and
inorganic substances, including metals, in surface water by passive sampling, followed by analysis.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5667-1, Water quality — Sampling — Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and
sampling techniques
ISO 5667-3, Water quality — Sampling — Part 3: Preservation and handling of water samples
ISO 5667-4, Water quality — Sampling — Part 4: Guidance on sampling from lakes, natural and man-made
ISO 5667-6, Water quality — Sampling — Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and streams
ISO 5667-9, Water quality — Sampling — Part 9: Guidance on sampling from marine waters
ISO 5667-14, Water quality — Sampling — Part 14: Guidance on quality assurance of environmental water
sampling and handling
ISO 6107-2, Water quality — Vocabulary — Part 2
ISO/TS 13530, Water quality — Guidance on analytical quality control for chemical and physicochemical
water analysis
ISO 14644-1, Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments — Part 1: Classification of air cleanliness
by particle concentration
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 6107-2 and the following apply.
3.1
analytical recovery standard
compound added to passive sampling device receiving phase prior to analysis and whose recovery levels
during analysis are used to provide information about recovery efficiency
3.2
field control
quality control passive sampling device to record any chemical accumulated in passive sampling devices
during manufacture, assembly, storage, transportation, deployment, retrieval and subsequent analysis
3.3
passive sampling
sampling technique based on the diffusion of an analyte from the sampled medium to a receiving phase in the
passive sampling device as a result of a difference between chemical potentials of the analyte in the two
media: the net flow of analyte from one medium to the other continues until equilibrium is established in the
system, or until the sampling period is terminated
3.4
integrative phase of passive sampling
phase of sampling during which the rate of uptake of an analyte into the receiving phase of the passive
sampling device is approximately linear, and during which the uptake of the passive sampling device is
proportional to the time-weighted average concentration of an analyte in the environment
3.5
performance reference compound
PRC
compound that is added to the sampler prior to exposure and has such an affinity to the sampler that it
dissipates from the sampler during exposure, and that does not interfere with the sampling and analytical
processes
NOTE 1 The offloading (elimination) rates of PRCs are used to provide information about in situ uptake kinetics of
pollutants.
NOTE 2 Currently PRCs are available neither for passive sampling devices for metals nor for polar organic
compounds.
3.6
reagent blank
aliquot of reagent used in treatment of passive sampling devices which is analysed following deployment in
order to diagnose any contamination from the reagents used
3.7
recovery spike
quality control passive sampling device, pre-spiked with known mass of analytical recovery standard, used to
determine the recovery level of pollutant from passive sampling devices following deployment
3.8
passive sampling device class
class of passive sampling device based on the class of pollutant which a passive sampling device is designed
to accumulate
NOTE Passive sampling device classes include:
⎯ polar organic compounds;
⎯ non-polar organic compounds;
⎯ inorganic compounds, including metals.
2 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
3.9
membrane control
where diffusion through the membrane of the passive sampler dominates the overall mass transfer and
resistance to mass transfer of analytes from the bulk water phase into the receiving phase
3.10
water boundary layer
viscous sub-layer of water adjacent to a surface, caused by complex hydrodynamic interactions of a surface
with water, that causes resistance to diffusion from the bulk phase of water to the receiving phase, and that
reduces in thickness with increasing turbulence in the bulk phase of water
3.11
sampling rate
R
s
apparent volume of water cleared of analyte per time, calculated as the product of the overall mass transfer
coefficient and the area of the receiving phase exposed to the external environment
NOTE Sampling rate is expressed in litres per day.
3.12
deployment device
structure to which passive sampling devices can be attached, or in which they can be contained during
deployment, and that is suitable for ensuring that the passive sampling devices are retained in position at the
deployment site throughout the deployment period
EXAMPLES A metal mesh, a pole or a cage, with mooring lines, buoys and anchors where necessary.
4 Principle
The general features of a passive sampling device are illustrated in Figure 1. The structures of the types of
passive sampling device for the different classes of pollutants, polar organic, non-polar organic, and inorganic
(including metals), are summarized in Table A.1. The
procedures commonly used to calibrate the various
designs of passive sampling device are summarized in Table A.2.
Pollutants accumulate in the receiving phase of a passive sampling device over a measured period of time of
exposure to surface water. The pollutants are extracted from the passive sampling device in the laboratory
and the amount of each pollutant accumulated is determined by chemical analysis.
Uptake of a pollutant into the receiving phase of a sampling device follows a first order approach to a
maximum (see Figure 2). The mass accumulated after an exposure time, t, m , is given by Equation (1):
t
⎡⎤
mm=−1exp−kt (1)
( )
t max e
⎣⎦
where
m is the maximum mass accumulated;
max
k is a first order macro rate constant (the overall exchange rate constant) that depends on the
e
properties of the sampler and the pollutant (see Note).
NOTE The parameters that make up the macro rate constant, k , are discussed in Clause 13.
e
Uptake is approximately linear with time throughout the exposure period between time of deployment, t = 0,
and the time to half maximum accumulation in the receiving phase, t = t . Under these conditions, and
0,5
providing that the mass transfer of pollutant is linearly related to the concentration in the water, then the
passive sampling device operates in integrative mode and can be used to measure the time-weighted average
concentration of pollutant to which the passive sampling device was exposed.
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 3
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SIST EN ISO 5667-23:2011
ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
The time to half maximum accumulation in the receiving phase, t , is calculated using Equation (2):
0,5
ln 2
t = (2)
0,5
k
e
At longer exposure times, as m is approached, the passive sampling device operates in equilibrium mode,
max
and provides a measure of the concentration only at the time of retrieval of the passive sampling device.
Key
1 receiving phase 4 water boundary layer
2 housing 5 water
a
3 permeation membrane Diffusion of pollutant.
NOTE 1 The permeation membrane and water boundary layer constitute the permeation layer.
NOTE 2 In some passive sampling device designs, the housing is replaced by a membrane that completely encloses
the receiving phase. In some passive sampling devices (e.g. polyethylene strips or silicone rubber sheet) the receiving
phase is not held in a housing but is deployed naked on a holding frame. In these passive sampling devices, there is no
permeation membrane, but the water boundary layer acts as a permeation layer. For more information on individual types
of passive sampling devices, see References [1] to [8].
Figure 1 — Schematic representation of a passive sampling device
5 Handling passive sampling devices
5.1 General
5.1.1 Ensure safety precautions are in place a
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 5667-23:2009
01-junij-2009
.DNRYRVWYRGH9]RUþHQMHGHO 'RORþHYDQMHSUHGQRVWQLKRQHVQDåHYDOY
SRYUãLQVNLYRGLVSDVLYQLPY]RUþHQMHP ,62',6
Water quality - Sampling - Part 23: Determination of priority pollutants in surface water
using passive sampling (ISO/DIS 5667-23:2009)
Wasserbeschaffenheit - Probenahme - Teil 23: Bestimmung signifikanter Schadstoffe in
Oberflächengewässern mittels passiver Probenahme (ISO/DIS 5667-23:2009)
Qualité de l'eau - Échantillonnage - Partie 23: Détermination des polluants prioritaires
dans les eaux de surface en utilisant un échantillonnage passif (ISO/DIS 5667-23:2009)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 5667-23
ICS:
13.060.45 Preiskava vode na splošno Examination of water in
general
oSIST prEN ISO 5667-23:2009 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 5667-23:2009
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oSIST prEN ISO 5667-23:2009
EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN ISO 5667-23
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
April 2009
ICS 13.060.45
English Version
Water quality - Sampling - Part 23: Determination of priority
pollutants in surface water using passive sampling (ISO/DIS
5667-23:2009)
Qualité de l'eau - Échantillonnage - Partie 23: Wasserbeschaffenheit - Probenahme - Teil 23:
Détermination des polluants prioritaires dans les eaux de Bestimmung signifikanter Schadstoffe in
surface en utilisant un échantillonnage passif (ISO/DIS Oberflächengewässern mittels passiver Probenahme
5667-23:2009) (ISO/DIS 5667-23:2009)
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for parallel enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 230.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN ISO 5667-23:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 5667-23:2009
prEN ISO 5667-23:2009 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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oSIST prEN ISO 5667-23:2009
prEN ISO 5667-23:2009 (E)
Foreword
This document (prEN ISO 5667-23:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147 "Water
quality" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 230 “Water analysis”, the secretariat of which is
held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the parallel Enquiry.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/DIS 5667-23:2009 has been approved by CEN as a prEN ISO 5667-23:2009 without any
modification.
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oSIST prEN ISO 5667-23:2009
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 5667-23
ISO/TC 147/SC 6 Secretariat: BSI
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2009-04-02 2009-09-02
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION • МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ • ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
Water quality — Sampling —
Part 23:
Determination of priority pollutants in surface water using
passive sampling
Qualité de l'eau — Échantillonnage —
Partie 23: Détermination des polluants prioritaires dans les eaux de surface en utilisant un échantillonnage
passif
ICS 13.060.45
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©
International Organization for Standardization, 2009
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oSIST prEN ISO 5667-23:2009
ISO/DIS 5667-23
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ISO/DIS 5667-23
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Principle .2
5 Handling passive sampling devices.5
5.1 General .5
5.2 Organics passive sampling devices.6
5.3 Metals passive sampling devices.6
6 Estimation of appropriate field deployment time.6
7 Passive sampling device preparation and assembly .6
7.1 Passive sampling device preparation.6
7.2 Passive sampling device assembly .6
7.3 Passive sampling device storage.7
8 Quality assurance.7
8.1 General .7
8.2 Replicate quality control passive sampling devices .8
8.3 Passive sampling device controls .8
9 Selection of sampling site and safety precautions.10
9.1 Selection of sampling site .10
9.2 Appropriate precautions against accidents must be observed .11
10 Passive sampling device deployment and retrieval .11
10.1 Materials and apparatus.11
10.2 Transport.11
10.3 Deployment procedure.12
10.4 Retrieval procedure.13
11 Extraction of analytes from passive sampling devices and preparation for analysis .13
12 Analysis.14
13 Calculations .14
14 Test report .16
Annex A (informative) Tables providing a summary of the main types of passive sampling
devices and a summary of the methods for their calibration.18
Annex B (informative) Quality control measures.20
B.1 Recovery.20
B.2 Method detection limits (LoD).20
B.3 Precision.20
Bibliography.22
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ISO/DIS 5667-23
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 5667-23 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality - Subcommittee SC 6
Sampling (general methods) and by Technical Committee CEN/TC 230, Water analysis in collaboration.
ISO 5667 consists of the following parts, under the general title Water quality — Sampling:
Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of water samples
Part 4: Guidance on sampling from lakes natural and man-made
Part 5: Guidance on sampling of drinking water and water used for food and beverage processing
Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and streams
Part 7: Guidance on sampling of water and steam in boiler plants
Part 8: Guidance on sampling of wet deposition
Part 9: Guidance of sampling from marine waters
Part 10: Guidance of sampling of waste waters
1)
Part 11: Guidance of sampling of groundwaters
Part 12: Guidance on sampling of bottom sediments
1)
Part 13: Guidance on sampling of sludges from sewage and water-treatment works
Part 14: Guidance on quality assurance of environmental water sampling and handling
1)
Part 15: Guidance on preservation and handling of sludge and sediment samples
Part 16: Guidance on biotesting of samples
1)
Part 17: Guidance on sampling of suspended sediments
1) Under revision
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ISO/DIS 5667-23
Part 18: Guidance on sampling of groundwater at contaminated sites
Part 19: Guidance on sampling in marine areas
Part 20: Guidance on the use of sampling data for decision making – Compliance with limits and
2)
classification systems
Part 21: Guidance on sampling of drinking water distributed by non-continuous, non-conventional
2)
means
2)
Part 22: Guidance on design and installation of groundwater sample points
Introduction
Passive sampling devices can be used for monitoring concentrations of a wide range of analytes (including
metals, and inorganic anions, polar organic compounds such as polar pesticides and pharmaceutical
compounds, and non-polar organic compounds such as non-polar pesticides, and industrial chemicals such
as polyaromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls) in aquatic environments. For more information
on individual type of passive sampling devices, refer to the bibliography section - Reviews of passive sampling
devices. Pollutant levels in surface water have traditionally been monitored by spot sampling (also known as
bottle or grab sampling). Such sampling gives a snapshot of pollutant levels at a particular time. Pollutant
levels in surface water have a tendency to fluctuate over time and so it may be more desirable to monitor
pollutants over an extended time period in order to obtain a more representative measure of the chemical
quality of a water body. This may be achieved by repeated spot sampling, continuous monitoring,
biomonitoring or passive sampling.
Passive sampling involves the deployment of a passive sampling device that uses a diffusion gradient to
collect pollutants over a period of days to weeks. This process is followed by extraction and analysis of the
pollutants in a laboratory.
Passive sampling devices can be used in kinetic or equilibrium modes. In equilibrium mode the passive
sampling devices provide a measure of the concentration at the time of retrieval from the environment. In
kinetic mode the passive sampling device samples in an integrative way, and provides a measure of the time
weighted average concentration of a pollutant in the water over the exposure period. Passive sampling
devices operate as integrative samplers between the time of deployment and an exposure time of up to the
time to half maximum accumulation in the receiving phase.
Diffusion into the receiving phase is driven by the free dissolved fraction of pollutant, and not that bound to
particulate matter and to large molecular mass organic compounds (e.g. humic and fulvic acids), and so this
technique provides a measure of the time-weighted average concentration of the free dissolved fraction of
pollutant to which the passive sampling device was exposed. For some passive sampling devices for metals
the concentration of analyte measured includes both the free dissolved fraction and that fraction of the analyte
bound to large molecular mass organic compounds that can dissociate in the permeation layer. The fraction
sampled by a passive sampling device can be different from that sampled in a spot (bottle) sample. In a spot
sample the fraction of pollutant measured is determined by a combination of factors such as the proportion of
pollutant bound to particulate matter and to large organic compounds, and the treatment (e.g. filtration at 0.45
µm, or ultrafiltration) applied prior to analysis. Passive sampling devices used in surface water typically
consist of a receiving phase (typically a solvent or sorbent) that has a high affinity for pollutants of interest and
so collects them. This receiving phase may be retained behind or surrounded by a membrane through which
the target analytes can permeate. A schematic representation of such a passive sampling device is shown in
Figure 1. In its simplest form a passive sampling device is comprised solely of a naked membrane, or fibre, or
bulk sorbent which acts as a receiving phase, and in such passive sampling devices where a permeation
membrane is absent the boundary layer of water may act as the permeation layer. Different combinations of
2) In preparation
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permeation layer and receiving phase are used for the different classes of pollutant (non-polar organic, polar
organic, and inorganic, and passive sampling devices are designed for use with one of these main classes of
pollutant.
Passive sampling devices can be used in a number of modes including qualitative or semi-quantitative which
can be applied in for instance the detection of sources of pollution. When appropriate calibration data are
available, passive sampling devices can also be used quantitatively for measuring the concentration of the
free dissolved fraction of a pollutant.
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oSIST prEN ISO 5667-23:2009
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 5667-23
Water quality — Sampling —
Part 23:
Determination of priority pollutants in surface water using
passive sampling
1 Scope
This international standard describes procedures for the determination of time-weighted average
concentrations of the free dissolved fraction of pollutants in surface water by passive sampling, followed by analysis.
2 Normative references
The following referenced international standards are indispensable for the application of this international
standard. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 14644-1, Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments – Part 1: Classification of air
cleanliness
EN ISO 13530, Water quality – Guide to analytical quality control for water analysis
ISO 6107-2, Water quality – Glossary – Part 2: Additional terms relating to types of water, and treatment and
storage of water and waste water, and terms used in sampling and analysis of water
ISO 5667-4, Water quality – Sampling – Part 4: Guidance on sampling from lakes, natural and man made
ISO 5667-14, Water quality – Sampling – Part 14: Guidance on quality assurance of environmental water-
sampling and handling
ISO 5667-1, Water quality – Sampling – Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and
sampling techniques
EN ISO 5667-3:2003, Water quality – Sampling – Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of water
samples
ISO 5667-6, Water quality – Sampling – Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and streams
ISO 5667-9, Water quality -- Sampling -- Part 9: Guidance on sampling from marine water
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this international standard, the terms and definitions given in ISO 6107-2 and the
following apply.
3.1
analytical recovery standard
compound added to passive sampling device receiving phase prior to analysis and whose recovery levels
during analysis are used to provide information about recovery efficiency
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ISO/DIS 5667-23
3.2
field control
quality control passive sampling device to record any chemical accumulated in passive sampling devices
during manufacture, assembly, storage, transportation, deployment, retrieval and subsequent analysis
3.3
passive sampling
sampling technique based on the free diffusion of an analyte from the sampled medium to a receiving phase in
the passive sampling device as a result of a difference between chemical potentials of the analyte in the two
media: the net flow of analyte from one medium to the other continues until equilibrium is established in the
system, or until the sampling period is terminated without provision of energy from an external source
3.4
integrative phase of passive sampling
phase of sampling in the early period of exposure during which the rate of uptake of an analyte into the
receiving phase of the passive sampling device is approximately linear, and during which the passive
sampling device can be used to measure the time weighted average concentration of an analyte in the
environment
3.5
performance reference compound (PRC)
compound that has moderate to high fugacity from the passive sampling device, which does not interfere with
the sampling and analytical processes and which is added to the device receiving phase prior to deployment
NOTE 1 The off-loading (elimination) rates of the PRCs are used to provide information about in situ uptake kinetics of
pollutants.
NOTE 2 Currently there are no PRCs available for metals passive sampling devices or for polar organics passive
sampling devices.
3.6
reagent control
aliquot of reagent used in treatment of passive sampling devices which is analysed following deployment in
order to diagnose any contamination from the reagents used
3.7
recovery spike
quality control passive sampling device, pre-spiked with known mass of analytical recovery standard, used to
determine the recovery level of pollutant from passive sampling devices following deployment
3.8
passive sampling device class
class of pollutant which a passive sampling device is designed to accumulate
NOTE Passive sampling device classes include the following:
polar organic compounds;
non-polar organic compounds; and
inorganic compounds, including metals.
4 Principle
The general features of a passive sampling device are illustrated in Figure 1, and the structures of the types of
passive sampling device for the different classes of pollutants (polar organic, non-polar organic, and inorganic
(including metals)) are summarised in Table A.1, and the commonly used procedures used to calibrate the
various designs of passive sampling device are summarised in Table A.2.
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3
4
1
2
6
5
1 Receiving phase 4
Permeation membrane
2 Water 5 Water boundary layer
3 Housing 6 Diffusion of pollutant
NOTE 1 The permeation membrane and water boundary layer constitute the permeation layer
NOTE 2 In some passive sampling device designs, the housing is replaced by a membrane that completely encloses
the receiving phase. In some passive sampling devices (for instance polyethylene strips or silicone rubber sheet) the
receiving phase is not held in a housing but is deployed naked on a holding frame, and in these passive sampling devices
there is no permeation membrane, but the water boundary layer acts as a permeation layer. For more information on
individual types of passive sampling devices, refer to the Bibliography (Section Passive Samplers).
Figure 1 – Schematic representation of a passive sampling device
Pollutants accumulate in the receiving phase of a passive sampling device over a measured period of time of
exposure to surface water. The pollutants are extracted from the passive sampling device in the laboratory
and the amount of each pollutant accumulated is determined by chemical analysis.
Uptake of a pollutant into the receiving phase of a sampling device follows a first order approach to a
maximum (See Figure 2.).
(1)
M the mass accumulated after an exposure time (t); M is the maximum mass accumulated, and k is a first
(t) max e
order macro rate constant (the overall exchange rate constant) that depends on the properties of the sampler
and the pollutant.
Uptake is approximately linear with time throughout the exposure period between time of deployment (t=0)
and the time to half maximum accumulation in the receiving phase (t = t ). Under these conditions, and
0.5
providing that the mass transfer of pollutant varies linearly with concentration in the water, then the passive
sampling device operates in integrative mode and can be used to measure the time weighted average
concentration of pollutant to which the passive sampling device was exposed.
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The time to half maximum accumulation in the receiving phase (t ) is calculated:
0.5
ln 2
t = (2)
0.5
k
e
At longer exposure times as M is approached the passive sampling device operates in equilibrium mo
...
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