SIST EN 14227-14:2006
(Main)Hydraulically bound mixtures - Specifications - Part 14: Soil treated by fly ash
Hydraulically bound mixtures - Specifications - Part 14: Soil treated by fly ash
This European Standard specifies soils treated by fly ash for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas and specifies the requirements for their constituents, composition and laboratory performance classification.
This European Standard covers soils treated by siliceous or calcareous fly ash conforming to EN 14227-4. It does not cover soils treated by fly ash as part of cement or hydraulic road binder conforming to EN 197-1 or ENV 13282, requirements for which are given in EN 14227-10 and EN 14227-13 respectively.
Hydraulisch gebundene Gemische - Anforderungen - Teil 14: Bodenverbesserung mit Flugasche
Diese Europäische Norm legt Bodenverbesserungen mit Flugasche für den Bau von Straßen, Flugplätzen und
sonstigen Verkehrsflächen, die Anforderungen an deren Bestandteile und Zusammensetzung und die
Klassifizierung des im Labor bestimmten Gebrauchsverhaltens fest.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für Böden, die mit kieselsäure- oder kalkhaltiger Flugasche nach EN 14227-4
behandelt werden. Sie gilt nicht für Böden, die mit Flugasche als Bestandteil von Zement oder hydraulischem
Tragschichtbinder nach EN 197-1 oder ENV 13282 behandelt werden. Für diese gelten die in EN 14227-10
bzw. EN 14227-13 festgelegten Anforderungen.
Mélanges traités aux liants hydrauliques - Spécifications - Partie 14: Sol traité a la cendre volante
La présente Norme européenne définit les sols traités a la cendre volante pour les routes, les terrains d’aviation et autres zones de circulation, et précise les exigences relatives a leurs constituants, a leur composition et a leur classification selon les performances en laboratoire.
Cette Norme européenne comprend les sols traités a la cendre volante siliceuse ou calcaire conforme a l’EN 14227-4.
Elle ne concerne pas les sols traités par une cendre volante qui est un composant d'un ciment ou d'un liant hydraulique routier conforme a l’EN 197-1 ou a l’ENV 13282, pour lesquels les spécifications sont données , respectivement, dans les normes EN 14227-10 et EN 14227-13.
Hidravlično vezane zmesi - Specifikacije - 14. del: Izboljšanje zemljin z letečim pepelom
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Hydraulically bound mixtures - Specifications - Part 14: Soil treated by fly ashSHSHORPMélanges traités aux liants hydrauliques - Spécifications - Partie 14: Sol traité a la cendre volanteHydraulisch gebundene Gemische - Anforderungen - Teil 14: Bodenverbesserung mit FlugascheTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14227-14:2006SIST EN 14227-14:2006en93.080.20ICS:SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 14227-14:200601-julij-2006
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 14227-14May 2006ICS 93.080.20 English VersionHydraulically bound mixtures - Specifications - Part 14: Soiltreated by fly ashMélanges traités aux liants hydrauliques - Spécifications -Partie 14: Sol traité à la cendre volanteHydraulisch gebundene Gemische - Anforderungen - Teil14: Bodenverbesserung mit FlugascheThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 February 2006.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2006 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 14227-14:2006: E
EN 14227-14:2006 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword.4 1 Scope.5 2 Normative references.5 3 Terms and definitions.6 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms.6 5 Constituents.7 5.1 Siliceous or calcareous fly ash.7 5.2 Soil.7 5.3 Water.7 5.4 Other constituents.7 6 Mixture.8 6.1 General.8 6.2 Proportioning and dry density.8 7 Requirements for the fresh mixture.8 7.1 Water content.8 7.2 Degree of pulverization.8 7.3 Immediate bearing index.9 7.4 Moisture condition value.9 8 Laboratory mechanical performance classification.9 8.1 General.9 8.2 California bearing ratio.10 8.3 Classification by compressive strength.10 8.4 Classification by Rt, E.11 8.4.1 General.11 8.4.2 Method by direct tensile testing.11 8.4.3 Method by indirect tensile testing.11 8.4.4 Method by indirect tensile and compression testing.12 9 Resistance to water and other requirements for the mixture.12 9.1 Resistance to water.12 9.1.1 General.12 9.1.2 Strength after immersion in water.12 9.1.3 Linear swelling after soaking in water.13 9.1.4 Volumetric swelling after immersion in water.13 9.2 Strength at trafficking.13 9.3 Resistance to frost.13 10 Production control.13 11 Designation and description.14 12 Labelling.14 Annex A (informativ)
Examples of ‘age of classification’ and curing regimes for Rc, Rt and E testing of treated soils including resistance to water testing by full immersion in water.16 Annex B (informative)
Production control for hydraulically treated mixtures.17 B.1 General.17 B.2 Quality Manual.17 B.3 Organization.17 B.3.1 Responsibility and authority.17
EN 14227-14:2006 (E) 3 B.3.2 Management representative.17 B.3.3 Internal audits.17 B.3.4 Management review.18 B.3.5 Sub-contract services.18 B.3.6 Records.18 B.3.7 Training.18 B.4 Control procedures.18 B.4.1 Production management.18 B.4.2 Composition of the mixture.19 B.4.3 Constituents.19 B.4.4 Process control.19 B.4.5 Inspection, calibration and control of process equipment.19 B.4.6 Handling and delivery.20 B.5 Inspection and testing of constituents and mixtures during production.20 B.5.1 General.20 B.5.2 Characteristics that require control during production.20 B.5.3 Frequency of sampling the mixture.21 B.6 Inspection and testing equipment.21 B.6.1 General.21 B.6.2 Measuring and testing equipment.21 B.6.3 Measuring and testing equipment in the process.21 B.6.4 Measuring and testing equipment in laboratory.21 B.7 Non-conformity.22 B.7.1 General.22 B.7.2 Non-conformity of constituents.22 B.7.3 Non-conformity of the mixture.22 Bibliography.23
EN 14227-14:2006 (E) 4 Foreword This European Standard (EN 14227-14:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 “Road materials”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2006, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2006. This European Standard is one of a series of standards for hydraulically bound mixtures: EN 14227-1, Hydraulically bound mixtures — Specifications — Part 1: Cement bound granular mixtures. EN 14227-2, Hydraulically bound mixtures — Specifications — Part 2: Slag bound mixtures. EN 14227-3, Hydraulically bound mixtures — Specifications — Part 3: Fly ash bound mixtures. EN 14227-4, Hydraulically bound mixtures — Specifications — Part 4: Fly ash for hydraulically bound mixtures. EN 14227-5, Hydraulically bound mixtures — Specifications — Part 5: Hydraulic road binder bound mixtures. EN 14227-10, Hydraulically bound mixtures — Specifications — Part 10: Soil treated by cement. EN 14227-11, Hydraulically bound mixtures — Specifications — Part 11: Soil treated by lime. EN 14227-12, Hydraulically bound mixtures — Specifications — Part 12: Soil treated by slag. EN 14227-13, Hydraulically bound mixtures — Specifications — Part 13: Soil treated by hydraulic road binder. EN 14227-14, Hydraulically bound mixtures — Specifications — Part 14: Soil treated by fly ash. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EN 14227-14:2006 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies soils treated by fly ash for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas and specifies the requirements for their constituents, composition and laboratory performance classification. This European Standard covers soils treated by siliceous or calcareous fly ash conforming to EN 14227-4.
It does not cover soils treated by fly ash as part of cement or hydraulic road binder conforming to EN 197-1 or ENV 13282, requirements for which are given in EN 14227-10 and EN 14227-13 respectively. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this European Standard. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 197-1, Cement — Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements EN 933-1, Test for geometrical properties of aggregates — Part 1: Determination of particle size distribution — Sieving method EN 13286-2, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures — Part 2: Test methods for the determination of the laboratory reference density and water content — Proctor compaction EN 13286-3, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures — Part 3: Test methods for laboratory reference density and water content — Vibrocompression with controlled parameters EN 13286-4, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures — Part 4: Test methods for laboratory reference density and water content — Vibrating hammer EN 13286-5, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures — Part 5: Test methods for laboratory reference density and water content — Vibrating table EN 13286-40, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures — Part 40: Test method for the determination of the direct tensile strength of hydraulically bound mixtures EN 13286-41, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures — Part 41: Test method for the determination of the compressive strength of hydraulically bound mixtures EN 13286-42, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures — Part 42: Test method for the determination of the indirect tensile strength of hydraulically bound mixtures EN 13286-43, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures — Part 43: Test method for the determination of the modulus of elasticity of hydraulically bound mixtures EN 13286-46, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures — Part 46: Test method for the determination of the moisture condition value EN 13286-47, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures — Part 47: Test method for the determination of the California bearing ratio, immediate bearing index and linear swelling EN 13286-48, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures — Part 48: Test method for the determination of the degree of pulverisation EN 13286-49, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures — Part 49: Accelerated swelling test for soil treated by lime and/or hydraulic binder
EN 14227-14:2006 (E) 6 EN 13286-50, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures — Part 50: Method for the manufacture of test specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures using Proctor equipment or vibrating table compaction EN 13286-51, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures — Part 51: Method for the manufacture of test specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures using vibrating hammer compaction EN 13286-52, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures — Part 52: Method for the manufacture of test specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures using vibrocompression EN 13286-53, Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures — Part 53: Method for the manufacture of test specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures using axial compression EN 14227-4, Hydraulically bound mixtures — Specifications — Part 4: Fly ash for hydraulically bound mixtures EN 14227-11, Hydraulically bound mixtures — Specifications — Part 11: Soil treated by lime 3 Terms and definitions For the purpose of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 fly ash siliceous or calcareous fly ash produced from the combustion of pulverized coal in energy generating plants 3.2 soil natural, artificial or recycled material or any combination of these 3.3 soil treated by fly ash mixture of fly ash, soil, other constituents, and water, that sets and hardens by hydraulic reaction 3.4 slenderness ratio height to diameter ratio of the specimen 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms For the purpose of this European Standard, the following symbols and abbreviations apply. W is the water content; P is the pulverization; IPI is the immediate bearing index; MCV is the moisture condition value; CBR is the California bearing ratio, expressed in percent (%); R is the compressive or tensile strength, expressed in megapascals (MPa); Rc is the compressive strength, expressed in megapascals (MPa); Rt is the direct tensile strength, expressed in megapascals (MPa);
EN 14227-14:2006 (E) 7 Rit is the indirect tensile strength, expressed in megapascals (MPa); Ri is the compressive or tensile strength after immersion in water, expressed in megapascals (MPa); E is the modulus of elasticity, expressed in megapascals (MPa); Ec is the modulus of elasticity E determined in compression, expressed in megapascals (MPa); Et is the modulus of elasticity E determined in direct tension, expressed in megapascals (MPa); Eit is E determined in indirect tension, expressed in megapascals (MPa); I is the ‘strength after immersion’ ratio; LS is the linear swelling of a CBR specimen, expressed in millimetres (mm); Gv is the volumetric swelling of a specimen, expressed in percent (%). 5 Constituents 5.1 Siliceous or calcareous fly ash Siliceous or calcareous fly ash shall conform to EN 14227-4. 5.2 Soil Not less than 95 % of the soil shall pass the 63 mm sieve when tested using wet sieving in conformity with EN 933-1. The soil shall conform to classification and homogeneity requirements at the place of use. NOTE 1 Organic matter can delay the setting and hardening process. Laboratory mixture design work will determine whether soil containing organic matter can be accommodated. The amount of organic matter that can be accommodated depends on the type of organic matter. NOTE 2 Soil containing or suspected of containing sulphates can result in expansion of the mixture. Laboratory mixture design work including ‘resistance to water testing’ in accordance with this European Standard will determine if sulfates or other material with the potential to cause swelling can be accommodated. 5.3 Water Water shall not adversely affect the setting, hardening and performance of the mixture. 5.4 Other constituents Other constituents shall include lime in conformity with EN 14227-11, cement in conformity with EN 197-1, aggregate, gypsum or other materials that are either necessary for hydraulic reaction or to improve workability, traffickability or performance. NOTE Siliceous fly ash requires lime or a source of lime (e.g. cement) to produce a hydraulic reaction.
EN 14227-14:2006 (E) 8 6 Mixture 6.1 General The mixture shall comprise constituents specified in Clause 5. 6.2 Proportioning and dry density The proportioning of the constituents including water content, expressed as percentages by dry mass of the total dry mass of the mixture, and the dry density of the mixture, shall be declared. The declared proportions shall be based on the laboratory mixture design and/or practical experiences with mixtures produced with the same constituents and under the same conditions. 7 Requirements for the fresh mixture 7.1 Water content The water content shall be selected to permit compaction on site and to optimize the mechanical performance of the mixture. The water content shall be determined by the Proctor or other tests in conformity with EN 13286-2 to EN 13286-5 and limits set that give a workable range on site compatible with the compaction and desired performance of the mixture. When required, the water content of the mixture shall comply with the selected category from Table 1. Table 1 — Minimum water content categories Minimum water content Category 0,9 optimum water content of the mixture determined in accordance with the selected method of compaction from EN 13286-2 to EN 13286-5 W0,9 0,95 optimum water content of the mixture determined in accordance with the selected method of compaction from EN 13286-2 to EN 13286-5 W0,95 The optimum water content of the mixture determined in accordance with the selected method of compaction from EN 13286-2 to EN 13286-5 W1,0 Declared value WDV
7.2 Degree of pulverization When required, the degree of pulverization of the mixture, determined in accordance with EN 13286-48, shall conform to one of the categories in Table 2. Table 2 — Degree of pulverization Degree of pulverization
Category ≥ 30 % P30 ≥ 40 % P40 ≥ 50 % P50 ≥ 60 % P60 Declared value PDV
EN 14227-14:2006 (E) 9 7.3 Immediate bearing index When required, the immediate bearing index of the mixture at the declared water content, determined in accordance with EN 13286-47, shall conform to one of the categories in Table 3 observing the following testing procedure. After mixing, the mixture shall be stored in bags in a sealed condition for 60 min. The specimen(s) shall then be manufactured and the determination of the index carried out immediately or no later than 90 min after mixing. Table 3 — Immediate bearing index Immediate bearing index Category ≥ 10 IPI10 ≥ 15 IPI15 ≥ 20 IPI20 ≥ 25 IPI25 ≥ 30 IPI30 ≥ 40 IPI40 ≥ 50 IPI50 Declared value IPIDV
7.4 Moisture condition value When required, the moisture condition value of the mixture, determined in accordance with EN 13286-46, shall conform to one of the categories in Table 4. Table 4 — Moisture condition value Moisture condition value
Category 6 minimum, 10 maximum MCV6/10 7 minimum, 11 maximum MCV7/11 8 minimum, 12 maximum MCV8/12 9 minimum, 13 maximum MCV9/13 Declared values MCVDV
8 Laboratory mechanical performance classification 8.1 General The laboratory mechanical performance of the mixture shall be characterized and classified by one of the following three methods: by California bearing ratio CBR; by compressive strength Rc; by the combination Rt, E of tensile strength Rt and modulus of elasticity E. NOTE No correlation is intended nor should be assumed between the three methods of characterization.
EN 14227-14:2006 (E) 10 8.2 California bearing ratio The CBR of the mixture, determined in accordance with EN 13286-47 and the following, shall conform to the selected class from Table 5. a) After manufacture, the specimens shall be subjected to a conditioning period of either 1 h, 3 days, or other selected period, during which the specimens shall be prevented from drying out and shall be maintained at a temperature of (20 ± 2) °C or other specified temperature. b) After conditioning, the specimens shall undergo a soaking period of either 4 days or other longer period before testing, during which they shall be maintained at a temperature of (20 ± 2) °C or other specified temperature. c) The length of conditioning and soaking periods shall be noted in the test report. Table 5 — California bearing ratio CBR requirement after 4 days soaking
(or other longer specified period) Class ≥ 15 and the immediate bearing index CBR15 ≥ 20 and the immediate bearing index CBR20 ≥ 30 and the immediate bearing index CBR30 ≥ 40 and the immediate bearing index CBR40 ≥ 50 and the immediate bearing index CBR50 Declared value CBRDV
8.3 Classification by compressive strength Mixtures shall be classified by compressive strength determined in accordance with EN 13286-41 carried out on specimens manufactured in accordance with EN 13286-50 to EN 13286-53. The class of compressive strength shall be selected from Table 6 in combination with the selected method of specimen manufacture. NOTE 1 The permitted methods of specimen manufacture produce different specimen shapes and density, and thus for the same mixture, different strengths. Hence it is important, on the basis of experience and utilization, not to separate strength from the method of specimen manufacture. The age of classification and curing conditions shall be specified in accordance with practice at the place of use. NOTE 2 For information, annex A gives examples of age of classification and curing regimes. For characterization or mixture design testing in the laboratory, compressive strength shall be the average result from at least three specimens. If one value varies by more than 20 % of the average, it shall be discarded and compressive strength taken as the average of the other values.
EN 14227-14:2006 (E) 11 Table 6 — Compressive strength classification Minimum Rc in MPa for cylinders of slenderness ratio 2a
Minimum Rc in MPa for cylinders of slenderness ratio 1a and cubes
Rc Class 0,4 0,5 C0,4/0,5 0,8 1 C0,8/1 1,5 2 C1,5/2 3 4 C3/4 6 8 C6/8 9 12 C9/12 Declared value Declared value CDV a If cylinders with slenderness ratios other than 1 or 2 are used, then the correlation with cylinders of either slenderness ratio 1 or 2 shall be established before use, except for Proctor cylinders of slenderness ratio 1,2 and 0,83, which shall be considered equal to slenderness ratio 1.
8.4 Classification by Rt, E
8.4.1 General The class of Rt, E shall be selected from Figure 1. The age of classification and curing conditions shall be specified in accordance with practice at the place of use. NOTE For information, Annex A gives examples of age of classification and curing regimes. For characterization or mixture design testing in the laboratory, Rt and E shall be the average result from at least three specimens. If one value varies by more than 20 % of the average, it shall be discarded and Rt and E taken as the average of the other values. Rt and E shall be established using one of the equivalent methods described in 8.4.2 to 8.4.4. 8.4.2 Method by direct tensile testing Rt shall be determined in accordance with EN 13286-40. E shall be determined in direct tension Et in accordance with EN 13286-43. For both, specimens shall be manufactured using vibrocompression in accordance with EN 13286-52. 8.4.3 Method by indirect tensile testing Rt shall be derived from Rit determined in accordance with EN 13286-42 using the relationship Rt = 0,8 Rit.
E shall be derived from Eit (E measured in indirect tension) determined in accordance with EN 13286-43 using the relationship E = Eit. Specimens shall be manufactured using either Proctor compaction for both in accordance with EN 13286-50,
EN 14227-14:2006 (E) 12 or vibrating hammer for both in accordance with EN 13286-51, or vibrocompression for both in accordance with EN 13286-52, or axial compression for both in accordance with EN 13286-53. NOTE The permitted methods of specimen manufacture produce different specimen shapes and density, and thus for the same mixture, different strengths. Hence it is important, on the basis of experience and utilization, not to separate strength from the method of specimen manufacture. 8.4.4 Method by indirect tensile and compression testing Rt shall be derived from Rit determined in accordance with EN 13286-42 using the relationship Rt = 0,8 Rit. E shall be derived from Ec (E measured in c
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