SIST EN 17700-4:2025
(Main)Plant biostimulants - Claims - Part 4: Determination of quality traits resulting from the use of a plant biostimulant
Plant biostimulants - Claims - Part 4: Determination of quality traits resulting from the use of a plant biostimulant
This document gives guidance on a consistent approach to justify the claims associated with the use of plant biostimulants.
This document is aimed primarily at manufacturers, laboratories, researchers, technical centres and companies that intend to place plant biostimulants on the market, as well as notifying authorities, notified bodies, and market surveillance authorities.
To be in compliance with this standard, it is important to also follow the recommendations and quality criteria described in the standard EN 17700-1:2024 on general principles to demonstrate plant biostimulant claims.
Pflanzen-Biostimulanzien - Auslobungen - Teil 4: Bestimmung der Qualitätsmerkmale, die sich aus der Verwendung eines Pflanzen-Biostimulans ergeben
Dieses Dokument dient als Leitfaden für einen einheitlichen Ansatz bei der Begründung von Auslobungen im Zusammenhang mit dem Einsatz von Pflanzen-Biostimulanzien.
Dieses Dokument richtet sich in erster Linie an Hersteller, Labore, Forschungstätige, technische Zentren und Unternehmen, die Pflanzen-Biostimulanzien in Verkehr bringen wollen, sowie notifizierende Behörden, notifizierte Stellen und Marktüberwachungsbehörden.
Um dieser Norm zu entsprechen, ist es wichtig, auch die Empfehlungen und Qualitätskriterien, die in der Norm EN 17700 1:2024 zu den allgemeinen Grundsätzen zum Beleg von Auslobungen von Pflanzen-Biostimulanzien beschrieben sind, zu befolgen.
Biostimulants des végétaux - Allégations - Partie 4 : Détermination des caractéristiques qualitatives résultant de l'utilisation d’un biostimulant des végétaux
Le présent document fournit des recommandations afin d’adopter une approche cohérente pour justifier les allégations associées à l’utilisation de biostimulants des végétaux.
Le présent document est principalement destiné aux fabricants, aux laboratoires, aux chercheurs, aux centres techniques et aux sociétés qui ont l’intention de mettre des biostimulants des végétaux sur le marché, ainsi qu’aux autorités notifiantes, aux organismes notifiés et aux autorités de surveillance du marché.
Pour être en conformité avec la présente norme, il est important de suivre aussi les recommandations et critères de qualité décrits dans la norme EN 17700-1:2024 sur les principes généraux pour démontrer les allégations des biostimulants des végétaux.
Rastlinski biostimulanti - Navedbe - 4. del: Določanje kakovostnih lastnosti rastlin zaradi uporabe biostimulanta
Ta dokument vsebuje smernice o doslednem pristopu za utemeljitev navedb, povezanih z uporabo rastlinskih biostimulantov.
Ta dokument je namenjen zlasti proizvajalcem, laboratorijem, raziskovalcem, tehničnim centrom in podjetjem, ki bodo dala rastlinske biostimulante na trg, ter priglasitvenim organom, priglašenim organom in organom za nadzor trga.
Zaradi skladnosti s tem standardom je pomembno upoštevati tudi priporočila in merila kakovosti, opisana v standardu EN 17700-1:2024, v zvezi s splošnimi načeli za dokazovanje navedb o rastlinskih biostimulantih.
General Information
Relations
Overview - EN 17700-4:2024 (CEN)
EN 17700-4:2024, published by CEN, provides guidance for a consistent, evidence-based approach to justify claims that a product is a plant biostimulant by demonstrating improvements in quality traits of crops. It complements EN 17700-1:2024 (general principles) and EN 17724:2024 (terminology) and supports compliance with Regulation (EU) 2019/1009. This standard applies to all application types (soil, foliar, seed treatment, etc.) and is intended for manufacturers, laboratories, researchers, notified bodies, market surveillance authorities and others involved in placing plant biostimulants on the market.
Key topics and technical requirements
- Claim terminology and labelling: Labels must clearly state the demonstrated effect(s) and target crop(s) following EN 17700-1:2024 (e.g., “increases fruit size”, “increases sugar content”).
- Quality trait definitions: Distinguishes agronomical traits (phenotype, growth metrics) and marketable traits (nutritional, organoleptic, techno‑functional, physical attributes).
- Markers and measurement methods: Methods used to measure markers validating claims must be consensus-based or scientifically justified and publicly available. Annex C gives practical examples (e.g., citrus diameter for fruit size, mushroom cap diameter/stalk length, juice content methods).
- Trial performance specifications: Trials measuring agronomical traits involving soil may be run under controlled conditions; however, marketable trait claims generally require appropriate (non-exempt) trial conditions to reflect real-market performance.
- Supporting documentation: Annex B lists acceptable sources for methods and markers: international/national legislation, CEN/ISO standards, UNECE/AOAC/OECD methods, peer‑reviewed literature, and industry specifications.
- Regulatory linkage: Annex ZA explains the relationship with EU Fertilising Products Regulation (EU) 2019/1009, clarifying how claim demonstration supports regulatory compliance.
Practical applications and users
Who uses EN 17700-4:
- Manufacturers preparing dossiers and label claims for market placement.
- Testing laboratories developing validated methods for markers.
- Research institutes and technical centres designing trials to substantiate product performance.
- Notified bodies and market surveillance authorities assessing claim substantiation and compliance. Practical use cases:
- Designing trials to demonstrate increased sugar, firmness or nutritional content attributable to a biostimulant.
- Selecting harmonized, evidence‑based measurement methods for claim validation.
- Preparing compliant product labelling and technical documentation for regulatory review.
Related standards
- EN 17700-1:2024 - General principles for biostimulant claims (required)
- EN 17724:2024 - Terminology
- EN 17700 series parts 2, 3 and 5 - Nutrient use efficiency, tolerance to abiotic stress, and availability of confined nutrients
Keywords: plant biostimulants, EN 17700-4:2024, claims, quality traits, CEN, Regulation (EU) 2019/1009, markers, trial specifications, marketable traits.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2025
Nadomešča:
SIST-TS CEN/TS 17700-4:2023
Rastlinski biostimulanti - Navedbe - 4. del: Določanje kakovostnih lastnosti rastlin
zaradi uporabe biostimulanta
Plant biostimulants - Claims - Part 4: Determination of quality traits resulting from the use
of a plant biostimulant
Pflanzen-Biostimulanzien - Auslobungen - Teil 4: Bestimmung der Qualitätsmerkmale,
die sich aus der Verwendung eines Pflanzen-Biostimulans ergeben
Biostimulants des végétaux - Allégations - Partie 4 : Détermination des caractéristiques
qualitatives résultant de l'utilisation d’un biostimulant des végétaux
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 17700-4:2024
ICS:
65.080 Gnojila Fertilizers
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 17700-4
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
November 2024
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 65.080 Supersedes CEN/TS 17700-4:2022
English Version
Plant biostimulants - Claims - Part 4: Determination of
quality traits resulting from the use of a plant biostimulant
Biostimulants des végétaux - Allégations - Partie 4 : Pflanzen-Biostimulanzien - Auslobungen - Teil 4:
Détermination des caractéristiques qualitatives Bestimmung der Qualitätsmerkmale, die sich aus der
résultant de l'utilisation d'un biostimulant des Verwendung eines Pflanzen-Biostimulans ergeben
végétaux
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 26 August 2024.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2024 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 17700-4:2024 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
4 Terminology of the claim . 6
5 Markers to validate the claims . 7
6 Specifications for the performance of the trials . 7
Annex A (informative) Some examples of claims . 8
Annex B (informative) Some examples of source documents for methods to measure quality
traits . 9
Annex C (informative) Some examples of methods to measure a marker to validate a quality
traits claim . 10
C.1 Marker for claim about citrus size . 10
C.2 Marker for claim about cultivated mushrooms size . 10
C.3 Marker for claim about juice content . 10
C.4 Marker for claim about starch content . 10
C.5 Marker for claim about sugar content. 11
C.6 Marker for claim about fruit firmness . 11
C.7 Marker for claim about chlorophyll content. 11
C.8 Marker for claim about nitrate content . 11
C.9 Marker for some quality traits of annurca apple . 11
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship of this European Standard and the essential
requirements of Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 making available on the market of EU
fertilising products aimed to be covered . 12
Bibliography . 13
European foreword
This document (EN 17700-4:2024) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 455 “Plant
biostimulants”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2025, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by May 2025.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes CEN/TS 17700-4:2022.
CEN/TS 17700-4:2022:
— an informative Annex ZA on the relationship of this European standard and the essential
requirements of Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 has been added.
This document has been prepared under a standardization request addressed to CEN by the European
Commission. The Standing Committee of the EFTA States subsequently approves these requests for its
Member States.
For the relationship with EU Legislation, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.
The EN 17700 series, Plant biostimulants — Claims, consists of the following parts:
— Part 1: General principles;
— Part 2: Nutrient use efficiency resulting from the use of a plant biostimulant;
— Part 3: Tolerance to abiotic stress resulting from the use of a plant biostimulant;
— Part 4: Determination of quality traits, resulting from the use of a plant biostimulant;
— Part 5: Determination of availability of confined nutrients in the soil or rhizosphere.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the United
Kingdom.
Introduction
The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) was requested by the European Commission (EC) to
draft European Standards or European Standardization deliverables to support the implementation of
Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 of 5 June 2019 [1] laying down rules on the making available on the market
of EU fertilising products (“FPR” or “Fertilising Products Regulation”).
This standardization request, presented as SR M/564 and relevant amendments, also contributes to the
Communication on “Innovating for Sustainable Growth: A Bio economy for Europe”. The interest in plant
biostimulants has increased significantly in Europe as a valuable tool to use in agriculture.
Standardization was identified as having an important role in order to promote the use of biostimulants.
The work of CEN/TC 455 seeks to improve the reliability of the supply chain, thereby improving the
confidence of farmers, industry, and consumers in biostimulants, and will promote and support
commercialisation of the European biostimulant industry.
This document has been developed to provide guidance for a consistent approach to justify the claims
associated with the use of plant biostimulants.
The definition of plant biostimulants in Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 [1] is claims-based. For this reason,
demonstrating that a product is indeed a bona fide plant biostimulant depends on a demonstration of its
function.
The placement of a plant biostimulant on the market does not guarantee effectiveness under all
conditions, as many factors can influence the performance of a plant biostimulant in the field.
Plant biostimulants can be applied in multiple ways: to the soil, on plants, as seed treatment, etc.
This document is applicable to all application types of plant biostimulants.
WARNING — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice. This
document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to ensure compliance
with any national rules.
IMPORTANT — It is absolutely essential that tests conducted in accordance with this document be
carried out by suitably trained staff.
1 Scope
This document gives guidance on a consistent approach to justify the claims associated with the use of
plant biostimulants.
This document is aimed primarily at manufacturers, laboratories, researchers, technical centres and
companies that intend to place plant biostimulants on the market, as well as notifying authorities, notified
bodies, and market surveillance authorities.
To be in compliance with this standard, it is important to also follow the recommendations and quality
criteria described in the standard EN 17700-1:2024 on general principles to demonstrate plant
biostimulant claims.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated
...
Frequently Asked Questions
SIST EN 17700-4:2025 is a standard published by the Slovenian Institute for Standardization (SIST). Its full title is "Plant biostimulants - Claims - Part 4: Determination of quality traits resulting from the use of a plant biostimulant". This standard covers: This document gives guidance on a consistent approach to justify the claims associated with the use of plant biostimulants. This document is aimed primarily at manufacturers, laboratories, researchers, technical centres and companies that intend to place plant biostimulants on the market, as well as notifying authorities, notified bodies, and market surveillance authorities. To be in compliance with this standard, it is important to also follow the recommendations and quality criteria described in the standard EN 17700-1:2024 on general principles to demonstrate plant biostimulant claims.
This document gives guidance on a consistent approach to justify the claims associated with the use of plant biostimulants. This document is aimed primarily at manufacturers, laboratories, researchers, technical centres and companies that intend to place plant biostimulants on the market, as well as notifying authorities, notified bodies, and market surveillance authorities. To be in compliance with this standard, it is important to also follow the recommendations and quality criteria described in the standard EN 17700-1:2024 on general principles to demonstrate plant biostimulant claims.
SIST EN 17700-4:2025 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 65.080 - Fertilizers. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
SIST EN 17700-4:2025 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to SIST-TS CEN/TS 17700-4:2023. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
SIST EN 17700-4:2025 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 2019/1009; Standardization Mandates: M/564, M/564 AMD 1, M/XXX. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
You can purchase SIST EN 17700-4:2025 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of SIST standards.
Die Norm SIST EN 17700-4:2025 bietet eine umfassende Anleitung zur rechtfertigenden Darstellung von Ansprüchen, die mit der Verwendung von Pflanzenbiostimulanzien verbunden sind. Ihr Umfang ist klar definiert und richtet sich in erster Linie an Hersteller, Labore, Forscher, technische Zentren und Unternehmen, die Pflanzenbiostimulanzien auf dem Markt einführen möchten. Auch benannte Stellen und Behörden für Marktüberwachung gehören zur Zielgruppe dieser Norm. Ein herausragendes Merkmal dieser Norm ist ihr konsistenter Ansatz zur Bewertung und Validierung von Qualitätsmerkmalen, die aus der Verwendung von Pflanzenbiostimulanzien resultieren. Diese Konsistenz ist entscheidend, um sicherzustellen, dass die Ansprüche, die durch die Anwendung solcher Produkte erhoben werden, wissenschaftlich fundiert und nachvollziehbar sind. Dies fördert nicht nur die Glaubwürdigkeit der Produkte, sondern auch das Vertrauen der Verbraucher und Partner im Bereich der Landwirtschaft und Pflanzenproduktion. Ein weiterer Vorteil der SIST EN 17700-4:2025 ist die enge Verknüpfung mit den Empfehlungen und Qualitätskriterien, die in der Norm EN 17700-1:2024 behandelt werden. Diese Verknüpfung stellt sicher, dass alle relevanten Aspekte für die nachweisbare Behauptung von Eigenschaften von Pflanzenbiostimulanzien berücksichtigt werden, was die Compliance für Hersteller und Anbieter erleichtert. Die Relevanz dieser Norm manifestiert sich nicht nur in der Einhaltung gesetzlicher Vorschriften und Richtlinien, sondern auch in der kontinuierlichen Verbesserung von Produkten im Agrarbereich. Insbesondere in einer Zeit, in der der Druck auf nachhaltige landwirtschaftliche Praktiken steigt, bietet die SIST EN 17700-4:2025 den Akteuren der Branche wertvolle Hilfestellung. Durch die genaue Definition und Überprüfung der Qualitätsmerkmale tragen die damit verbundenen Ansprüche zur Förderung von Innovation und umweltfreundlicheren Lösungen in der Agrarwirtschaft bei.
SIST EN 17700-4:2025は、植物バイオスチミュラントの利用に伴う主張を正当化するための一貫したアプローチに関するガイダンスを提供する、非常に重要な文書です。この標準は、植物バイオスチミュラントを市場に投入しようとする製造業者、研究者、技術センター、企業に特に焦点を当てており、適切な品質特性の評価を支援することを目指しています。 この標準の強みは、その包括的なアプローチにあります。具体的には、植物バイオスチミュラントの有効性や機能を証明するための具体的な品質基準を設定し、関係者が安易に主張を行わず、信頼性の高いデータに基づいて訴求できるようにしています。これにより、市場での透明性が高まり、消費者や他の関連当局への信頼が向上します。 さらに、この標準は、EN 17700-1:2024の一般原則に関する推奨事項や品質基準に従うことの重要性を強調しています。これにより、植物バイオスチミュラントの市場監視機関や通知機関に対しても高い遵守性を維持できるため、業界全体の信頼性向上に寄与します。 SIST EN 17700-4:2025は、植物バイオスチミュラントの主張に関する最新のガイドラインを提供することで、業界の発展と健全な競争を促進するための基盤となります。この標準は、技術革新が進む中で、植物バイオスチミュラントの利用をサポートするための非常に関連性の高い文書であると言えます。
La norme SIST EN 17700-4:2025 représente un cadre essentiel pour la justification des revendications associées à l'utilisation des biostimulants végétaux. Son champ d'application se concentre sur la détermination des caractéristiques de qualité résultant de l'utilisation de ces produits, permettant ainsi aux fabricants et laboratoires de naviguer avec assurance dans un domaine en pleine expansion. Un des points forts de cette norme est sa capacité à offrir une approche cohérente pour valider les allégations concernant les biostimulants végétaux. En s'adressant spécifiquement aux acteurs clés tels que les fabricants, centres techniques et autorités de surveillance du marché, elle garantit que les revendications faites sont non seulement justifiables, mais également conformes aux attentes réglementaires. Cela est particulièrement pertinent à une époque où les consommateurs et les régulateurs exigent une transparence accrue sur l'efficacité et la sécurité des produits. De plus, la norme souligne l'importance de l'adhésion aux recommandations et critères de qualité stipulés dans la norme EN 17700-1:2024. Cette interconnexion entre les deux normes renforce la crédibilité des résultats obtenus et permet un standard d'évaluation harmonisé au sein du secteur des biostimulants. En intégrant ces critères, les entreprises peuvent démontrer efficacement leurs allégations, ce qui est crucial pour établir la confiance du marché. La pertinence de la SIST EN 17700-4:2025 ne se limite pas seulement à la conformité réglementaire, mais elle participe également à l'essor de l'innovation dans le domaine des biostimulants. En fournissant une base solide pour la recherche et le développement, cette norme peut accélérer la mise sur le marché de nouveaux produits efficaces, bénéfiques pour l’agriculture durable. En conclusion, la norme SIST EN 17700-4:2025 est un document fondamental pour tous les acteurs du marché des biostimulants végétaux, tant pour sa capacité à justifier les revendications que pour son rôle dans l'assurance qualité et l'innovation dans le secteur.
SIST EN 17700-4:2025는 식물 바이오자극제와 관련된 주장들을 정당화하는 일관된 접근 방식을 제공하는 문서로, 식물 바이오자극제 제품의 품질 특성을 결정하는 방법에 대해 다루고 있습니다. 이 표준의 주된 목표는 제조업체, 연구소, 연구자, 기술 센터 및 시장에 식물 바이오자극제를 출시하고자 하는 기업들에게 가이드라인을 제공하여, 제품의 주장과 관련된 신뢰성을 확보하는 데 도움을 주는 것입니다. 특히 이 표준은 식물 바이오자극제를 사용하는 것에 대한 주장들이 과학적이고 일관된 방법으로 뒷받침될 수 있도록 필요한 기준을 제시합니다. 이로 인해 관련 기관, 통보된 기관 및 시장 감시 당국 등이 시장에서의 규정을 준수할 수 있도록 도움을 주고 있습니다. 또한, SIST EN 17700-4:2025는 EN 17700-1:2024에서 제시하는 품질 기준 및 일반 원칙을 따르는 것이 중요하다는 점을 강조합니다. 이러한 연계성 덕분에, 사용자는 체계적으로 식물 바이오자극제의 주장 및 품질을 입증할 수 있으며, 이는 시장의 요구와 규정 준수에 있어 매우 중요한 요소입니다. SIST EN 17700-4:2025의 강점은 명확한 절차와 기준을 제공함으로써, 사용자들이 자신의 제품에 대해 보다 투명하고 신뢰할 수 있는 방법으로 주장할 수 있게 돕는 점에서 나타납니다. 이 표준은 특히 산업의 여러 이해관계자들이 자유롭게 사용할 수 있는 교육 자료로서도 기능할 수 있으며, 전반적으로 식물 바이오자극제 시장의 신뢰성을 높이는 데 기여할 것입니다.
The SIST EN 17700-4:2025 standard presents a comprehensive framework for determining the quality traits associated with the use of plant biostimulants. This document is essential for manufacturers, laboratories, researchers, technical centers, and companies looking to market plant biostimulants, ensuring they have a consistent approach to justifying their claims. One of the significant strengths of this standard is its focus on providing clear guidance for all stakeholders involved in the production and regulation of plant biostimulants. By establishing a common understanding of how to substantiate claims related to quality traits, the standard promotes greater transparency and trust within the market. Moreover, the standard emphasizes the importance of aligning with the recommendations outlined in EN 17700-1:2024, which addresses the general principles for demonstrating such claims. This interconnection enhances the overall reliability and credibility of plant biostimulant products, making it easier for companies to navigate the regulatory landscape. The relevance of SIST EN 17700-4:2025 cannot be overstated, as the demand for effective and environmentally friendly agricultural solutions continues to rise. By adhering to this standard, manufacturers and other stakeholders can ensure that their plant biostimulants meet high-quality benchmarks, ultimately contributing to sustainable agricultural practices. The standard's thorough approach to quality trait determination enables stakeholders to effectively communicate the benefits of their products, fostering innovation and advancement in the industry. In summary, the SIST EN 17700-4:2025 standard is a pivotal resource for anyone involved in the market of plant biostimulants, ensuring that claims are justifiable based on quality traits, thus reinforcing product integrity and consumer confidence.
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