SIST EN ISO 3104:1998
(Main)Petroleum products - Transparent and opaque liquids - Determination of kinematic viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity (ISO 3104:1994)
Petroleum products - Transparent and opaque liquids - Determination of kinematic viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity (ISO 3104:1994)
The document specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity and shows how the dynamic viscosity can be obtained.
Mineralölerzeugnisse - Durchsichtige und undurchsichtige Flüssigkeiten - Bestimmung der kinematischen Viskosität und Berechnung der dynamischen Viskosität (ISO 3104:1994)
Diese Norm gibt ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung der kinematischen Viskosität v, von flüssigen, sowohl durchsichtigen als auch undurchsichtigen Mineralölerzeugnissen an. Dabei wird die Durchflußzeit eines Flüssigkeitvolumens unter dem Einfluß der Schwerkraft durch ein kalibriertes Glas-Kapillarviskosimeter gemessen. Die dynamische Viskosität n, wird erhalten, indem man die gemessene kinematische Viskosität mit der Dichte p, der Flüssigkeit multipliziert.
Produits pétroliers - Liquides opaques et transparents - Détermination de la viscosité cinématique et calcul de la viscosité dynamique (ISO 3104:1994)
Définit les caractéristiques prévisonnelles à court terme (instantanées et sur une période de temps journalière type) des systèmes de pompage photovoltaïque à couplage direct.
Naftni proizvodi - Prozorne in neprozorne tekočine - Določanje kinematične viskoznosti in izračun dinamične viskoznosti (ISO 3104:1994)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 3104:1998
01-maj-1998
1DIWQLSURL]YRGL3UR]RUQHLQQHSUR]RUQHWHNRþLQH'RORþDQMHNLQHPDWLþQH
YLVNR]QRVWLLQL]UDþXQGLQDPLþQHYLVNR]QRVWL ,62
Petroleum products - Transparent and opaque liquids - Determination of kinematic
viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity (ISO 3104:1994)
Mineralölerzeugnisse - Durchsichtige und undurchsichtige Flüssigkeiten - Bestimmung
der kinematischen Viskosität und Berechnung der dynamischen Viskosität (ISO
3104:1994)
Produits pétroliers - Liquides opaques et transparents - Détermination de la viscosité
cinématique et calcul de la viscosité dynamique (ISO 3104:1994)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 3104:1996
ICS:
75.080 Naftni proizvodi na splošno Petroleum products in
general
SIST EN ISO 3104:1998 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 3104:1998
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SIST EN ISO 3104:1998
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SIST EN ISO 3104:1998
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SIST EN ISO 3104:1998
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SIST EN ISO 3104:1998
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SIST EN ISO 3104:1998
IS0
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD 3104
Second edition
1994-l O-l 5
Petroleum products - Transparent and
opaque liquids - Determination of
kinematic viscosity and calculation of
dynamic viscosity
- Liquides opaques et transparen ts - D6 termination
Prod&s p6 troliers
de la viscositk cin6matique et calcul de la viscosit6 dynamique
Reference number
IS0 3104:1994(E)
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SIST EN ISO 3104:1998
IS0 3104:1994(E)
Foreword
IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work
of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for
which a technical committee has been established has the right to be
represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard IS0 3104 was prepared by Technical Committee
ISO/TC 28, Petroleum products and lubricants.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition
(IS0 3104:1976), of which it constitutes a technical revision.
Annexes A, B and C form an integral part of this International Standard.
0 IS0 1994
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronrc or mechanical, Including photocopyrng and
microfilm, without permission In writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standa rdization
Case Postale 56 l CH-121 1 Geneve 20 l Switzerland
Printed in Switzerland
ii
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SIST EN ISO 3104:1998
0 IS0
IS0 3104:1994(E)
Introduction
Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used
as lubricants, and the correct operation of equipment depends upon the
appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of
many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage,
handling and operational conditions. Thus the accurate measurement of
viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
..Q
III
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SIST EN ISO 3104:1998
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SIST EN ISO 3104:1998
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 0 IS0 IS0 3104:1994(E)
Petroleum products - Transparent and opaque
- Determination of kinematic viscosity and
liquids
calculation of dynamic viscosity
WARNING - The use of this International Standard may involve hazardous materials, operations
and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
cent editions of the standards indicated below.
1 Scope
Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of cur-
rently valid International Standards.
This International Standard specifies a procedure for
the determination of the kinematic viscosity, V, of liq-
IS0 3105: --J), Glass capillary kinematic viscometers
uid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque,
- Specifications and operating instructions.
by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow
under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary
IS0 3696: 1987, Water for analytical laboratory use -
viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, q, can be obtained
Specification and test methods.
by multiplying the measured kinematic viscosity by
the density, p, of the liquid.
3 Definitions
NOTE 1 The result obtained from this International Stan-
dard is dependent upon the behaviour of the sample and is
For the purposes of this International Standard, the
intended for application to liquids for which primarily the
following definitions apply.
shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian
flow behaviour). If, however, the viscosity varies signifi-
cantly with the rate of shear, different results may be ob- 3.1 kinematic viscosity, V: Resistance to flow of a
tained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The
fluid under gravity.
procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which
under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behaviour,
NOTE 2 For gravity flow under a given hydrostatic head,
have been included.
the pressure head of a liquid is proportional to its density,
p. For any particular viscometer, the time of flow of a fixed
volume of fluid is directly proportional to its kinematic vis-
cosity, V, where v = r/p, and where q is the dynamic vis-
2 Normative references
cosity coefficient.
The following standards contain provisions which,
3.2 density, p: Mass per unit volume of a substance
through reference in this text, constitute provisions at a given temperature.
of this International Standard. At the time of publi-
cation, the editions indicated were valid. All standards 3.3 dynamic viscosity, q: Ratio between the ap-
are subject to revision, and parties to agreements plied shear stress and rate of shear of a liquid. It is
based on this International Standard are encouraged sometimes called the coefficient of dynamic viscosity,
to investigate the possibility of applying the most re- or simply viscosity. Thus dynamic viscosity is a
1) To be published. (Revision of IS0 3105:1976)
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SIST EN ISO 3104:1998
0 IS0
IS0 3104:1994(E)
measure of the resistance to flow or deformation of 5.5 Certified viscosity reference standards, for .
a liquid. use as confirmatory checks on the procedure in the
laboratory.
NOTE 3 The term dynamic viscosity can also be used in
a different context to denote a frequency-dependent quan-
tity in which shear stress and shear rate have a sinusoidal
time dependence.
6 Apparatus
4 Principle
6.1 Viscometer, calibrated, of the glass capillary
type, capable of measuring kinematic viscosity within
The time is measured for a fixed volume of liquid to
the limits of precision given in clause 14 (see
flow under gravity through the capillary of a calibrated
annex A).
viscometer under a reproducible driving head and at
a known and closely controlled temperature. The
NOTE 6 Viscometers listed in tableA.1, whose specifi-
kinematic viscosity is the product of the measured cations meet those given in IS0 3105, meet these require-
ments. It is not intended to restrict this test method to the
flow time and the calibration constant of the
use of only those viscometers listed in tableA. ; annex A
viscometer.
gives further guidance.
Automated viscometers, which have been shown to
5 Reagents and materials
measure kinematic viscosity within the limits of pre-
cision given in clause 14, are acceptable alternatives.
Apply a kinetic energy correction (see IS0 3105) to
5.1 Chromic acid cleaning solution, or a
kinematic viscosities less than IO mm’/s and flow
nonchromium-containing, strongly-oxidizing acid
times less than 200 s.
cleaning solution.
WARNING - Chromic acid is a health hazard. It is
6.2 Viscometer holder, enabling all viscometers
toxic, a recognized carcinogen, highly corrosive
which have the upper meniscus directly above the
and potentially hazardous in contact with organic
lower meniscus to be suspended vertically within 1 O
materials. If used, wear a full face-shield and full-
in all directions. Those viscometers whose upper
length protective clothing including suitable
meniscus is offset from directly above the lower
gloves. Avoid breathing vapour. Dispose of used
meniscus shall be suspended vertically within 0,3” in
chromic acid carefully as it remains hazardous.
all directions (see IS0 3105).
Nonchromium-containing, strongly oxidizing acid
cleaning solutions are also highly corrosive and
NOTE 7 The proper alignment of vertical parts may be
potentially hazardous in contact with organic ma-
confirmed by using a plumb line, but for rectangular baths
terials, but do not contain chromium which has
with opaque ends this may not be wholly satisfactory.
special disposal problems.
5.2 Sample solvent, completely miscible with the 6.3 Temperature-controlled bath, containing a
transparent liquid of sufficient depth such that at no
sample. Filter before use.
time during the measurement is any portion of the
NOTE 4 For most samples a volatile petroleum spirit or
sample in the viscometer less than 20 mm below the
naphtha is suitable. For residual fuels, a prewash with an
surface of the bath liquid or less than 20 mm above
aromatic solvent such as toluene or xylene may be necess-
the bottom of the bath.
ary to remove asphaltenic material.
Temperature control of the bath liquid shall be such
that, for each series of flow-time measurements,
5.3 Drying solvent, volatile and miscible with both
within the range of 15 “C to 100 “C the temperature
the sample solvent (5.2) and water (5.4). Filter before
of the bath medium does not vary by more than
use.
+ 0,02 “C from the selected temperature over the
length of the viscometer, or between the position of
NOTE 5 Acetone is suitable.
each viscometer, or at the location of the
thermometer. For temperatures outside this range,
5.4 Water, deionized or distilled, conforming to the deviation from the desired temperature shall not
Grade 3 of IS0 3696. Filter before use. exceed +- 0,05 “C.
-
2
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SIST EN ISO 3104:1998
0 IS0
IS0 3104:1994(E)
6.4 Temperature-measuring device, for the range where the subscripts 1 and 2 indicate respectively the
0 “C to 100 “C, either calibrated liquid-in-glass standardization laboratory and the testing laboratory.
thermometer (annex B) of an accuracy after cor-
rection of + 0,02 “C or better, or any other
thermometric device of equal or better accuracy.
8 General procedure for kinematic
When two thermometers are used in the same bath,
viscosity determination
they shall agree within 0,04 “C.
NOTE 8 If calibrated liquid-in-glass thermometers are
8.1 Adjust and maintain the viscometer bath at the
used, the use of two thermometers is recommended.
required test temperature within the limits given in
6.3, taking account of the conditions given in
Outside the range 0 “C to 100 “C, a calibrated liquid-
annex B and of the corrections supplied on the cer-
in-glass thermometer of an accuracy after correction
tificates of calibration for the thermometers.
of + 0,05 “C or better shall be used, and when two
thermometers are used in the same bath they shall
Thermometers shall be held in an upright position
agree within + 0,l “C.
-
under the same conditions of immersion as when
calibrated.
6.5 Timing device, capable of taking readings with
NOTE 11 In order to obtain the most reliable temperature
a discrimination of 0,l s or better, and having an ac-
measurement, it is recommended that two thermometers
curacy within rt 0,07 % (see annex C) of the reading
with valid calibration certificates be used (see 6.4). They
when tested over intervals of 200 s and 900 s.
should be viewed with a lens assembly giving approximately
x 5 magnification and be arranged to eliminate parallax er-
Electrical timing devices may be used if the cur-
NOTE 9
rors.
rent frequency is controlled to an accuracy of 0,05 % or
better. Alternating currents, as provided by some public
power systems, are intermittently rather than continuously
8.2 Select a clean, dry, calibrated viscometer having
controlled. When used to actuate electrical timing devices,
a range covering the estimated kinematic viscosity
such control can cause large errors in viscosity flow
(that is, a wide capillary for a very viscous liquid and
measurements.
a narrower capillary for a more fluid liquid). The flow
time shall not be less than 200 s or the longer time
noted in IS0 3105.
7 Calibration and verification
NOTE 12 The specific details of operation vary depend-
7.1 Verify the viscometer calibration following the ing on the type of viscometer. The operating instructions for
the different types of viscometers listed in tableA. are
laboratory procedure using a certified viscosity refer-
given in IS0 3105.
ence standard (5.5). If the measured kinematic vis-
cosity does not agree within + 0,35 % of the certified
-
value, recheck each step in the procedure, including
8.2.1 When the test temperature is below the dew
thermometer and viscometer calibrations, to locate
point, affix loosely-packed drying tubes to the open
the source of error. Table 1 in IS0 3105 gives details
ends of the viscometer. The drying tubes shall fit the
of standards available.
design of the viscometer and not restrict the flow of
the sample by pressures created in the instrument.
NOTE 10 The most common sources of error are caused
Carefully flush the moist room air from the viscometer
by particles of dust lodged in the capillary bore and tem-
by applying vacuum to one of the drying tubes. Finally,
perature measurement errors. It should be appreciated that
before placing the viscometer in the bath, draw up the
a correct result obtained on a standard oil does not preclude
sample into the working capillary and timing bulb and
the possibility of a counterbalancing combination of the
allow to drain back, as an additional safeguard against
possible sources of error.
moisture condensing or freezing on the walls.
7.2 The calibration constant, C, is dependent upon
8.2.2 Viscometers used for silicone fluids,
the gravitational acceleration at the place of calibration
fluorocarbons and other liquids which are difficult to
and this shall therefore be supplied by the standard-
remove by the use of a cleaning agent shall be re-
ization laboratory, together with the instrument con-
served for the exclusive use of those fluids, except
stant. Where the acceleration of gravit\g, gI differs by
during their calibration. Subject such viscometers to
more than 0,l %, correct the calibration constant as
calibration checks at frequent intervals. The solvent
follows:
washings from these viscometers shall not be used
c* = (g2lgl)Cl
for the cleaning of other viscometers.
3
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SIST EN ISO 3104:1998
@f3 IS0
IS0 3104:1994(E)
9.2.2 If the two measurements agree with the
9 Determination of viscosity of
stated determinability figure (see 14.1) for the prod-
transparent liquids
uct, calculate the average of the two measurements
and use this value to calculate the kinematic viscosity.
9.1 Charge the viscometer and place in the bath in
If the measurements do not agree, repeat the deter-
the manner dictated by the design of the instrument,
mination after thorough cleaning and drying of the
this operation being in conformity with that employed
viscometer and filtering of the sample. Record the
when the instrument was calibrated. If the sample
result.
contains solid particles, filter during charging through
a (75 pm) filter (see IS0 3105).
10
Determination of viscosity of opaque
In general, the viscometers used for trans-
NOTE 13
liquids
parent liquids are of the type listed in tableA.1, types A and
B.
10.1
For steam-refined cylinder oils and black lubri-
9.1.1 With certain products which exhibit “gel-like”
cating oils, proceed to 10.2 ensuring a thoroughly
behaviour, take care that measurements are made at
representative sample is used. For residual fuel oils
temperatures sufficiently high for such materials to
and similar waxy products, whose kinematic viscosity
flow freely, so that similar kinematic viscosity results
can be affected by their thermal history, the proce-
are obtained in viscometers of different capillary di-
dure described in 10.1 .I to 10.1.6 shall be followed
ameter.
to minimize this effect.
NOTE 15 In general, the viscometers used for opaque
9.1.2 Allow the charged viscometer to remain in the
liquids are of the reverse-flow type listed in table A.1, type
bath long enough to reach the test temperature.
P
L.
Where one bath is used to accommodate several vis-
cometers, never add or withdraw a viscometer while
any other viscometer is being used to measure flow
10.1.1 Heat the sample in its original container, in
time.
an oven, at 60 “C + 2 “C for 1 h.
-
Because time in the bath will vary for different in-
10.1.2 Thoroughly stir the sample with a suitable rod
struments, for different temperatures and for different
of sufficient length to reach the bottom of the con-
kinematic viscosities, establish a safe equilibrium time
tainer. Continue stirring until there is no sludge or wax
by trial.
adhering to the rod.
NOTE 14 30 min should be sufficient, except for the
highest kinematic viscosities.
10.1.3 Recap the container tightly and shake vigor-
ously for 1 min to complete the mixing.
9.1.3 Where the design of the viscometer requires
it, adjust the volume of the sample to the ma
...
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