SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
(Main)Metallic materials - Leeb hardness test - Part 1: Test method (ISO 16859-1:2015)
Metallic materials - Leeb hardness test - Part 1: Test method (ISO 16859-1:2015)
This standard covers the determination of the Leeb hardness of metallic materials using six different Leeb scales (HLD, HLS, HLE, HLDL, HLC, HLG).
Metallische Werkstoffe - Härteprüfung nach Leeb - Teil 1: Prüfverfahren (ISO 16859-1:2015)
Diese Norm legt die Bestimmung der Leeb-Härte von metallischen Werkstoffen unter Verwendung von sechs verschiedenen Leeb-Skalen (HLD, HLS, HLE, HLDL, HLD15, HLC, HLG) fest.
Matériaux métalliques - Essai de dureté Leeb - Partie 1: Méthode d'essai (ISO 16859-1:2015)
L'ISO 16859-1:2015 couvre la détermination de la dureté Leeb des matériaux métalliques au moyen de sept échelles Leeb différentes (HLD, HLS, HLE, HLDL, HLD+15, HLC, HLG).
Kovinski materiali - Preskus trdote po Leebu - 1. del: Preskusna metoda (ISO 16859-1:2015)
Ta standard zajema ugotavljanje trdote kovinskih materialov po Leebu s šestimi različnimi lestvicami po Leebu (HLD, HLS, HLE, HLDL, HLC, HLG).
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
01-januar-2016
Kovinski materiali - Preskus trdote po Leebu - 1. del: Preskusna metoda (ISO
16859-1:2015)
Metallic materials - Leeb hardness test - Part 1: Test method (ISO 16859-1:2015)
Metallische Werkstoffe - Härteprüfung nach Leeb - Teil 1: Prüfverfahren (ISO 16859-
1:2015)
Matériaux métalliques - Essai de dureté Leeb - Partie 1: Méthode d'essai (ISO 16859-
1:2015)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 16859-1:2015
ICS:
77.040.10 Mehansko preskušanje kovin Mechanical testing of metals
SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
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SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
EN ISO 16859-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
October 2015
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 77.040.10
English Version
Metallic materials - Leeb hardness test - Part 1: Test
method (ISO 16859-1:2015)
Matériaux métalliques - Essai de dureté Leeb - Partie 1 Metallische Werkstoffe - Härteprüfung nach Leeb - Teil
: Méthode d'essai (ISO 16859-1:2015) 1: Prüfverfahren (ISO 16859-1:2015)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 July 2015.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 16859-1:2015 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
EN ISO 16859-1:2015 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
EN ISO 16859-1:2015 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 16859-1:2015) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 164
“Mechanical testing of metals” in collaboration with Technical Committee ECISS/TC 101 “Test methods
for steel (other than chemical analysis)” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2016, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by April 2016.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 16859-1:2015 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16859-1:2015 without any
modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
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SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16859-1
First edition
2015-09-15
Metallic materials — Leeb hardness
test —
Part 1:
Test method
Matériaux métalliques — Essai de dureté Leeb —
Partie 1: Méthode d’essai
Reference number
ISO 16859-1:2015(E)
©
ISO 2015
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SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
ISO 16859-1:2015(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
ISO 16859-1:2015(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Principle . 1
4 Symbols, abbreviated terms, and designations . 1
5 Testing instrument . 3
6 Test piece . 3
6.1 Shape . 3
6.2 Thickness and mass . 3
6.3 Surface preparation . 4
7 Procedure. 4
8 Uncertainty of the results . 6
9 Test report . 6
10 Conversions to other hardness scales or tensile strength values .6
Annex A (normative) Tables of correction factors for use in tests not conducted in direction
of gravity . 7
Annex B (normative) Procedure for periodic checking of testing instrument by the user .11
Annex C (informative) Uncertainty of the measured Leeb hardness values .12
Annex D (informative) Leeb hardness testing instruments .18
Bibliography .20
© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
ISO 16859-1:2015(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary Information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 164, Mechanical testing of metals, Subcommittee
SC 3, Hardness testing.
ISO 16859 consists of the following parts, under the general title Metallic materials — Leeb hardness test:
— Part 1: Test method
— Part 2: Verification and calibration of the testing devices
— Part 3: Calibration of reference test blocks
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16859-1:2015(E)
Metallic materials — Leeb hardness test —
Part 1:
Test method
1 Scope
This part of ISO 16859 covers the determination of a dynamic hardness of metallic materials using
seven different Leeb scales (HLD, HLS, HLE, HLDL, HLD+15, HLC, HLG).
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16859-2, Metallic materials — Leeb hardness test — Part 2: Verification and calibration of the
testing devices
ISO 16859-3, Metallic materials — Leeb hardness test — Part 3: Calibration of reference test blocks
3 Principle
When testing hardness according to Leeb, a moving impact body collides at normal incidence with a
surface and rebounds. The velocity of the impact body is measured before (v ) and after impact (v ).
A R
The energy amount absorbed by the test piece respectively dissipated in the test measures the dynamic
Leeb hardness of the test piece. It is assumed that the impact body does not permanently deform.
The ratio of the impact and rebound velocity values gives the coefficient of restitution for the impact
configuration and energy used. This coefficient represents the proportion of initial kinetic energy
returned to the impact body within the contact time of the impact.
The hardness number according to Leeb, HL, is calculated as given in Formula (1)
v
R
HL=⋅1 000 (1)
v
A
where
v is rebound velocity;
R
v is impact velocity.
A
By definition, the Leeb hardness is a ratio and thus becomes a quantity without dimensions.
4 Symbols, abbreviated terms, and designations
4.1 For most common Leeb scale and type of impact devices, see Table 1.
NOTE Other parameter values can be used based on the specific agreement between the parties.
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SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
ISO 16859-1:2015(E)
Table 1 — Symbols, dimensions, designations, and parameters of Leeb scales according to type
of impact devices
Parameters of types of impact devices
Symbol Unit Designation
a
D S E DL D+15 C G
E mJ Kinetic 11,5 11,4 11,5 11,95 11,2 3,0 90,0
A
impact
b
energy
v m/s Impact 2,05 2,05 2,05 1,82 1,7 1,4 3,0
A
velocity
v m/s Rebound 0,615 - 0,82 - 0,615 - 1,1092 - 0,561 - 0,49 - 0,9 - 2,25
R
velocity 1,824 5 1,886 1,886 1,729 1,513 1,344
mm Maximum 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 3,00
distance of
ball indenter
from test
piece surface
at velocity
measurement
M g Mass of 5,45 5,40 5,45 7,25 7,75 3,1 20,0
impact body
incl. ball
indenter
R mm Spherical 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,39 1,5 1,5 2,5
radius of
indenter ball
c d e c c c c
Material of WC-Co C PCD WC-Co WC-Co WC-Co WC-Co
indenter
HL Leeb hardness HLD HLS HLE HLDL HLD+15 HLC HLG
Field of 300 HLD - 400 HLS - 300 HLE - 560 HLDL 330 350 HLC 300 HLG -
application 890 HLD 920 HLS 920 HLE - 950 HLD+15 - 960 750 HLG
HLDL - 890 HLC
HLD+15
a
Alternative common designation “DC”.
b
Impact vertically down, in direction of gravity, rounded.
c
Tungsten-carbide cobalt.
d
Ceramics.
e
Polycrystalline diamond.
4.2 The Leeb hardness number is followed by the symbol “HL” with one or more subsequent characters
representing the type of impact device.
EXAMPLE 570 HLD
Leeb hardness, HL, is measured using impact device type D in direction of gravity. Measurements using
a different impact device type will deliver a different hardness number, as the result from Formula (1)
depends on the parameters of each impact device type.
For testing in other directions, the measured hardness number will be biased. In such cases, a correction
shall be applied in accordance with Annex A. If the test is not conducted in direction of gravity, the
testing direction and correction shall be recorded, and the adjusted hardness number shall be given as
the Leeb hardness result.
2 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
ISO 16859-1:2015(E)
5 Testing instrument
5.1 The instrument used for Leeb hardness testing consists of an impact device (for an example, see
Annex D) and an electronic measuring and indicating unit to determine the impact and rebound velocity
of the impact body.
5.2 The impact body consists of a spherical indenter and the holder of the indenter, see Table 1.
5.3 The support ring shall be mounted tightly to the bottom of the impact device. Except for impact device
type DL, the support surface shall be designed to prevent movement of the impact device during the test.
The support ring should be checked regularly, as wear can affect the readings. Specifically, the bottom
surface of the support ring should be visually inspected. Deposits and dirt should be removed.
5.4 The instrument shall meet the requirements of ISO 16859-2.
6 Test piece
6.1 Shape
6.1.1 Leeb hardness testing can be done on test pieces of diverse shapes as long as the impact velocity
vector is normal to the local surface region to be tested, and the support ring is stably placed on the test
piece surface.
6.1.2 Test pieces with curved surfaces (concave or convex) can be tested providing that the radius of
curvature at the test location is not less than 50 mm for the impact device type G, or 30 mm for other
impact devices, respectively.
6.1.3 In all other cases, special support rings shall be used for a stable seating of the instrument on the
test surface.
6.2 Thickness and mass
The stiffness of the test piece, which is often determined by the local thickness and the mass of the test
piece, shall be considered when selecting the impact device to be employed (see Table 2).
NOTE 1 Failure to provide adequate support will produce incorrect test results.
NOTE 2 Test pieces of mass less than the minimum indicated mass or pieces of sufficient mass with sections
less than the minimum thickness require rigid support and/or coupling to a solid supporting body. Coupling refers
to a method where the test piece is firmly connected to a much heavier support without straining or stressing
the test piece. For example, an adhesive film can be applied between the test piece surface and the heavy support.
This combination presents a larger combined mass to resist the impinging impact body. The coupling method can
be used after comparison of the results with an uncoupled reference test piece of sufficient mass and thickness.
© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved 3
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SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
ISO 16859-1:2015(E)
Table 2 — Mass and thickness requirements of test piece
Type of impact Minimum mass Minimum mass Minimum Minimum
devices (no rigid support) (rigid support) thickness thickness
(uncoupled) (coupled)
kg kg mm mm
D, DL, D+15, S, E 5 2 25 3
G 15 5 70 10
C 1,5 0,5 10 1
NOTE 3 Special geometries of the test piece, e.g. thin slabs or tube surfaces, can require additional support of
the test location to also permit testing where the thickness of the test piece can be smaller than the minimum
thickness given in Table 2. For example on tubes, the support requirement can be expressed in terms of the ratio of
the tube diameter, D, to its wall thickness, s, (see References [2] to [4]), which is a measure of the sample stiffness.
If no support can be applied, correction factors to the measured values can be determined in dependence of D/s
(see Reference [4]).
6.3 Surface preparation
The test surface shall be carefully prepared to avoid any alterations in hardness caused by heating during
grinding or by work hardening during machining. It is recommended that the test surface be machined
and polished to the surface finish as defined in Table 3. Any coatings, scale, contaminants, or other
surface irregularities shall be completely removed. The surface shall be free from lubricants. The surface
locations to be tested should not exceed the arithmetical mean roughness values, R (also “centre line
a,
average”) (see Reference [5]) given in Table 3 for each impact device (see References [2] or [4]).
Table 3 — Recommended surface finish R
a
Type of impact device Maximum arithmetical mean surface
roughness
R
a
μm
D, DL, D+15, S, E 2,0
G 7,0
C 0,4
7 Procedure
7.1 The daily verification defined in Annex B shall be performed before the first test of each day for
each scale used.
7.2 In general, the test should be carried out at ambient temperature within the limits of 10 °C to
35 °C. However, because temperature variation can affect the results, users of the Leeb test can choose to
control the temperature within a tighter range, such as 23 °C ± 5 °C.
NOTE The temperature of the test material and the temperature of the hardness testing instrument can
affect the test results. The test temperature can adversely affect the hardness measurement.
7.3 Magnetic fields at the test location can affect the results of Leeb tests and must be avoided. Leeb
hardness tests can be found particularly susceptible to ambient electromagnetic fields in the frequency
range of a few kHz.
7.4 The test piece and impact device shall not be moved during a test. The supporting surface shall be
clean and free from contaminants (scale, lubricants, dirt, etc.).
4 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
ISO 16859-1:2015(E)
7.5 Vibration and relative motion of the test piece or the impact device during a Leeb test can affect the
test result and must be avoided.
7.6 An impact is best carried out when the distance between the centre of an indentation and the
edge of the test piece permits placement of the entire support ring on the test piece. In no case shall the
distance between impact point and edge of the test piece be less than 10 mm for impact device G, and
5 mm for impact devices D, DL, D+15, C, S, and E.
7.7 The distance between any two adjacent indentations centre-to-centre shall be at least three times
the diameter of the indentation. Table 4 gives the typical indentation diameters at various hardness
levels for the different types of impact devices.
NOTE As a practical estimation, this requirement will be met if the edge-to-edge distance between any two
adjacent indentations is at least two times the diameter of the larger indentation.
Table 4 — Examples of typical indentation sizes on steel of various hardness
Approximate diameters
Type of impact devices
low hardness mid hardness high hardness
0,54 mm 0,45 mm 0,35 mm
D
at ~ 570 HLD at ~ 760 HLD at ~ 840 HLD
0,54 mm 0,45 mm 0,35 mm
DL
at ~ 760 HLDL at ~ 880 HLDL at ~ 925 HLDL
0,54 mm 0,45 mm 0,35 mm
D+15
at ~ 585 HLD+15 at ~ 765 HLD+15 at ~ 845 HLD+15
0,54 mm 0,45 mm 0,35 mm
S
at ~ 610 HLS at ~ 800 HLS at ~ 875 HLS
0,54 mm 0,45 mm 0,35 mm
E
at ~ 540 HLE at ~ 725 HLE at ~ 805 HLE
1,03 mm 0,9 mm
a
G —
at ~ 535 HLG at ~ 710 HLG
0,38 mm 0,32 mm 0,3 mm
C
at ~ 635 HLC at ~ 820 HLC at ~ 900 HLC
a
Out of typical application range.
7.8 The impact device shall be held perpendicular to the surface of the test piece.
Prior to a test, the correct instrument set-up and settings in accordance with the manufacturer
instructions shall be verified. Any deviations exceeding 5° from the direction of gravity entail
measurement errors. For impact directions not in the direction of gravity, the test values shall be
adjusted (see 4.2 and Annex A).
7.9 In its loaded state, the impact device shall be snugly placed on the prepared test surface, and the
impact triggered. Impact and rebound velocity are determined by the measuring and indicating unit and
a Leeb hardness number HL be generated.
7.10 To determine the Leeb hardness, the arithmetic mean value from at least three readings shall
be calculated. If the span of three readings exceeds 5 % of the arithmetic mean value, then additional
measurements shall be made to provide an average of at least 10 readings.
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SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
ISO 16859-1:2015(E)
8 Uncertainty of the results
The uncertainty of the results depends on the various sources of uncertainty. These can be divided into
two categories:
— sources dependent on the Leeb hardness testing instrument (including the measurement uncertainty
from the direct calibration of the instrument) as well as the calibration of the reference test block;
— sources dependent on the test method and varying testing conditions.
The permissible error of the testing instrument from ISO 16859-2:2015, Table 3 can be used to estimate
the expanded measurement uncertainty.
NOTE 1 A thorough evaluation of the uncertainty of measurement can be performed following Reference [6].
NOTE 2 Sometimes it is not possible to quantify each aspect contributing to the uncertainty of measurement.
However, an estimate of the uncertainty of measurement can be derived from the statistical analysis of multiple
measurements on the test piece.
An example for the estimation of the uncertainty of Leeb hardness measurements is given in Annex C.
9 Test report
At minimum, the test report shall contain the following information:
a) a reference to this part of ISO 16859, i.e. ISO 16859-1;
b) the essential details to identify the test piece;
c) specification of the testing instrument (type of impact device);
d) measurement result and number of underlying single readings;
e) any significant details of the test that are not determined by this part of ISO 16859 or that have
been applied by reasoning, e.g. way of coupling, test location on the test piece, impact direction
with reference to gravity;
f) any events or peculiarities that could have had an impact on the measurement;
g) test temperature if it is not within the limits of 10 °C to 35 °C.
10 Conversions to other hardness scales or tensile strength values
There is no general process for accurately converting Leeb hardness into other Leeb hardness scales
or non-Leeb hardness scales, respectively, or Leeb hardness into tensile strength. Such conversions,
therefore, should be avoided, unless a reliable basis for conversion can be obtained by comparison tests.
If it is necessary to check a given Leeb hardness value against a value gained by a different test method,
conversion from one hardness value to another or from a hardness value to a tensile strength value can
be obtained through a reliable basis of data from comparison tests. Conversions involve uncertainties
which must be taken into account. This situation is described in ISO 18265 (see Reference [7]).
ASTM-International E140 (see Reference [8]) includes conversions from Leeb hardness to other
hardness scales for a group of steels. There is also a study of the relationship between Leeb hardness
and Vickers hardness (see Reference [9]).
6 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
ISO 16859-1:2015(E)
Annex A
(normative)
Tables of correction factors for use in tests not conducted in
direction of gravity
Tables A.1 to A.7 (see Reference [10]) give the correction values when tests are not made in direction
of gravity. The correction values are tabulated in terms of the angle θ. The correction depends on cos θ,
where θ is the angle between the impact direction and the direction of gravity, and the measured
hardness value.
NOTE For any given angles not shown in the table, the user can interpolate to obtain the correction value.
EXAMPLE Impact direction upwards, at an angle of θ = 135° to the direction of gravity.
Impact device, type D
Measurement value, 725 HLD
Correction value (from Table A.1), −12 HLD
Hardness of test piece = 725 HLD − 12 HLD = 713 HLD
NOTE The tables given in this Annex are originally copyrighted by Proceq SA 1985. The tables are reprinted
here by permission of Proceq SA.
Table A.1 — Impact direction corrections, impact device type D
Correction
HLD
Measured hardness
HLD
Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction
θ = 45° θ = 90° θ = 135° θ = 180°
300 ≤ HLD < 350 −6 −12 −20 −29
350 ≤ HLD < 400 −6 −12 −19 −27
400 ≤ HLD < 450 −5 −11 −18 −25
450 ≤ HLD < 500 −5 −10 −17 −24
500 ≤ HLD < 550 −5 −10 −16 −22
550 ≤ HLD < 600 −4 −9 −15 −20
600 ≤ HLD < 650 −4 −8 −14 −19
650 ≤ HLD < 700 −4 −8 −13 −18
700 ≤ HLD < 750 −3 −7 −12 −17
750 ≤ HLD < 800 −3 −6 −11 −16
800 ≤ HLD < 850 −3 −6 −10 −15
850 ≤ HLD < 890 −2 −5 −9 −14
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SIST EN ISO 16859-1:2016
ISO 16859-1:2015(E)
Table A.2 — Impact direction corrections, impact device type S
Correction
HLS
Measured hardness
HLS
Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction
θ = 45° θ = 90° θ = 135° θ = 180°
400 ≤ HLS < 450 −4 −9 −16 −23
450 ≤ HLS < 500 −4 −8 −15 −22
500 ≤ HLS < 550 −4 −8 −14 –21
550 ≤ HLS < 600 −4 −7 −13 −19
600 ≤ HLS < 650 −3 −7 −12 −18
650 ≤ HLS < 700 −3 −7 −12 −16
700 ≤ HLS < 750 −3 −6 −11 −15
750 ≤ HLS < 800 −3 −6 −10 −14
800 ≤ HLS < 850 −3 −5 −9 −12
850 ≤ HLS < 900 −2 −5 −8 −11
900 ≤ HLS < 920 −2 −5 −7 −10
Table A.3 — Impact direction corrections, impact device type E
Correction
HLE
Measured hardness
HLE
Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction
θ = 45° θ = 90° θ = 135° θ = 180°
300 ≤ HLE < 350 −5 −9 −18 −26
350 ≤ HLE < 400 −4 −9 −17 −24
400 ≤ HLE < 450 −4 −9 −16 −22
450 ≤ HLE < 500 −4 −8 −15 −21
500 ≤ HLE < 550 −4 −8 −14 −20
550 ≤ HLE < 600 −4 −8 −13 −18
600 ≤ HLE < 650 −3 −7 −12 −17
650 ≤ HLE < 700 −3 −7 −12 −16
700 ≤ HLE < 750
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST FprEN ISO 16859-1:2015
01-junij-2015
Kovinski materiali - Preskus trdote po Leebu - 1. del: Preskusna metoda (ISO/FDIS
16859-1:2015)
Metallic materials - Leeb hardness test - Part 1: Test method (ISO/FDIS 16859-1:2015)
Metallische Werkstoffe - Härteprüfung nach Leeb - Teil 1: Prüfverfahren (ISO/FDIS
16859-1:2015)
Matériaux métalliques - Essai de dureté Leeb - Partie 1: Méthode d'essai (ISO/FDIS
16859-1:2015)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprEN ISO 16859-1
ICS:
77.040.10 Mehansko preskušanje kovin Mechanical testing of metals
kSIST FprEN ISO 16859-1:2015 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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kSIST FprEN ISO 16859-1:2015
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kSIST FprEN ISO 16859-1:2015
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 16859-1
ISO/TC 164/SC 3
Metallic materials — Leeb hardness
Secretariat: DIN
test —
Voting begins
on: 201 5-04-09
Part 1:
Voting terminates
Test method
on: 201 5-06-09
Matériaux métalliques — Essai de dureté Leeb —
Partie 1: Méthode d’essai
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ISO/FDIS 16859-1:2015(E)
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kSIST FprEN ISO 16859-1:2015
ISO/FDIS 16859-1:2015(E)
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kSIST FprEN ISO 16859-1:2015
ISO/FDIS 16859-1:2015(E)
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
This final draft has been developed within the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and pro-
cessed under the ISO-lead mode of collaboration as defined in the Vienna Agreement. The final draft was
established on the basis of comments received during a parallel enquiry on the draft.
This final draft is hereby submitted to the ISO member bodies and to the CEN member bodies for a parallel
two-month approval vote in ISO and formal vote in CEN.
Positive votes shall not be accompanied by comments.
Negative votes shall be accompanied by the relevant technical reasons.
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kSIST FprEN ISO 16859-1:2015
ISO/FDIS 16859-1:2015(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Principle . 1
4 Symbols, abbreviated terms, and designations . 1
5 Testing instrument . 3
6 Test piece . 3
6.1 Shape . 3
6.2 Thickness and mass . 3
6.3 Surface preparation . 4
7 Procedure. 4
8 Uncertainty of the results . 6
9 Test report . 6
10 Conversions to other hardness scales or tensile strength values .6
Annex A (normative) Tables of correction factors for use in tests not conducted in direction
of gravity . 7
Annex B (normative) Procedure for periodic checking of testing instrument by the user .11
Annex C (informative) Uncertainty of the measured Leeb hardness values .12
Annex D (informative) Leeb hardness testing instruments .20
Bibliography .22
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kSIST FprEN ISO 16859-1:2015
ISO/FDIS 16859-1:2015(E)
Foreword
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to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary Information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 164, Mechanical testing of metals, Subcommittee
SC 3, Hardness testing.
ISO 16859 consists of the following parts, under the general title Metallic materials — Leeb hardness test:
— Part 1: Test method
— Part 2: Verification and calibration of the testing instruments
— Part 3: Calibration of reference test blocks
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kSIST FprEN ISO 16859-1:2015
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 16859-1:2015(E)
Metallic materials — Leeb hardness test —
Part 1:
Test method
1 Scope
This part of ISO 16859 covers the determination of a dynamic hardness of metallic materials using six
different Leeb scales (HLD, HLS, HLE, HLDL, HLD+15, HLC, HLG).
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16859-2, Metallic materials — Leeb hardness tes t— Part 2: Verification and calibration of the testing devices
ISO 16859-3, Metallic materials — Leeb hardness test — Part 3: Calibration of reference test blocks
3 Principle
When testing hardness according to Leeb, a moving impact body collides at normal incidence with a
surface and rebounds. The velocity of the impact body is measured before (v ) and after impact (v ). The
A R
energy amount absorbed by the test piece or dissipated in the test measures the dynamic Leeb hardness
of the test piece. It is assumed that the impact body does not permanently deform.
The ratio of the impact and rebound velocity values gives the coefficient of restitution for the impact
configuration and energy used. This coefficient represents the proportion of initial kinetic energy
returned to the impact body within the contact time of the impact.
The hardness number according to Leeb, HL, is calculated as given in Formula (1)
v
R
HL=⋅1 000 (1)
v
A
where
v rebound velocity;
R
v impact velocity.
A
By definition, the Leeb hardness is a ratio and thus becomes a quantity without dimensions.
4 Symbols, abbreviated terms, and designations
4.1 For most common Leeb scale and type of impact devices, see Table 1.
NOTE Other parameter values can be used based on the specific agreement between the parties.
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ISO/FDIS 16859-1:2015(E)
Table 1 — Symbols, dimensions, designations, and parameters of Leeb scales according to type
of impact devices
Parameters of types of impact devices
Symbol Unit Designation
a
D S E DL D+15 C G
E mJ Kinetic 11,5 11,4 11,5 11,95 11,2 3,0 90,0
A
impact
b
energy
v m/s Impact 2,05 2,05 2,05 1,82 1,7 1,4 3,0
A
velocity
v m/s Rebound 0,615 - 0,82 - 0,615 - 1,1092 - 0,561 - 0,49 - 0,9 - 2,25
R
velocity 1,824 5 1,886 1,886 1,729 1,513 1,344
mm Maximum 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 3,00
distance of
ball indenter
from test
piece surface
at velocity
measurement
M G Mass of 5,45 5,40 5,45 7,25 7,75 3,1 20,0
impact body
incl. ball
indenter
R mm Spherical 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,39 1,5 1,5 2,5
radius of
indenter ball
c d e c c c c
Material of WC-Co C PCD WC-Co WC-Co WC-Co WC-Co
indenter
HL Leeb hardness HLD HLS HLE HLDL HLD+15 HLC HLG
Field of 300 HLD - 400 HLS - 300 HLE - 560 HLDL 330 350 HLC 300 HLG -
application 890 HLD 920 HLS 920 HLE - 950 HLD+15 - 960 750 HLG
HLDL - 890 HLC
HLD+15
a
Alternative common designation “DC”.
b
Impact vertically down, in direction of gravity, rounded.
c
Tungsten-carbide cobalt.
d
Ceramics.
e
Polycrystalline diamond.
4.2 The Leeb hardness number is followed by the symbol “HL” with one or more subsequent characters
representing the type of impact device.
EXAMPLE 570 HLD
Leeb hardness, HL, is measured using impact device type D in direction of gravity. Measurements using
a different impact device type will deliver a different hardness number, as the result from Formula (1)
depends on the parameters of each impact device type.
For testing in other directions, the measured hardness number will be biased. In such cases, a correction
shall be applied in accordance with Annex A. If the test is not conducted in direction of gravity, the
testing direction and correction shall be recorded, and the adjusted hardness number shall be given as
the Leeb hardness result.
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5 Testing instrument
5.1 The instrument used for Leeb hardness testing consists of an impact device (for an example, see
Annex D) and an electronic measuring and indicating unit to determine the impact and rebound velocity
of the impact body.
5.2 The impact body consists of a spherical indenter and the holder of the indenter, see Table 1.
5.3 The support ring shall be mounted tightly to the bottom of the impact device. Except for impact device
type DL, the support surface shall be designed to prevent movement of the impact device during the test.
The support ring should be checked regularly, as wear can affect the readings. Specifically, the bottom
surface of the support ring should be visually inspected. Deposits and dirt should be removed.
5.4 The instrument shall meet the requirements of ISO 16859-2.
6 Test piece
6.1 Shape
6.1.1 Leeb hardness testing can be done on test pieces of diverse shapes as long as the impact velocity
vector is normal to the local surface region to be tested, and the support ring is stably placed on the test
piece surface.
6.1.2 Test pieces with curved surfaces (concave or convex) can be tested providing that the radius of
curvature at the test location is not less than 50 mm for the impact device type G, or 30 mm for other
impact devices, respectively.
6.1.3 In all other cases, special support rings shall be used for a stable seating of the instrument on the
test surface.
6.2 Thickness and mass
The stiffness of the test piece, which is often determined by the local thickness and the mass of the test
piece, shall be considered when selecting the impact device to be employed (see Table 2).
NOTE 1 Failure to provide adequate support will produce incorrect test results.
NOTE 2 Test pieces of mass less than the minimum indicated mass or pieces of sufficient mass with sections
less than the minimum thickness require rigid support and/or coupling to a solid supporting body. Coupling refers
to a method where the test piece is firmly connected to a much heavier support without straining or stressing
the test piece. For example, an adhesive film can be applied between the test piece surface and the heavy support.
This combination presents a larger combined mass to resist the impinging impact body. The coupling method can
be used after comparison of the results with an uncoupled reference test piece of sufficient mass and thickness.
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Table 2 — Mass and thickness requirements of test piece
Type of impact Minimum mass Minimum mass Minimum Minimum
devices (no rigid support) (rigid support) thickness thickness
(uncoupled) (coupled)
kg kg mm mm
D, DL, D+15, S, E 5 2 25 3
G 15 5 70 10
C 1,5 0,5 10 1
NOTE 3 Special geometries of the test piece, e.g. thin slabs or tube surfaces, can require additional support of
the test location to also permit testing where the thickness of the test piece can be smaller than the minimum
thickness given in Table 2. For example on tubes, the support requirement can be expressed in terms of the ratio of
the tube diameter, D, to its wall thickness, s, (see References [2] to [4]), which is a measure of the sample stiffness.
If no support can be applied, correction factors to the measured values can be determined in dependence of D/s
(see Reference [4]).
6.3 Surface preparation
The test surface shall be carefully prepared to avoid any alterations in hardness caused by heating during
grinding or by work hardening during machining. It is recommended that the test surface be machined
and polished to the surface finish as defined in Table 3. Any coatings, scale, contaminants, or other
surface irregularities shall be completely removed. The surface shall be free from lubricants. The surface
locations to be tested should not exceed the arithmetical mean roughness values, R (also “centre line
a,
average”) (see Reference [5]) given in Table 3 for each impact device (see References [2] or [4]).
Table 3 — Recommended surface finish R
a
Type of impact device Maximum arithmetical mean surface
roughness
R
a
μm
D, DL, D+15, S, E 2,0
G 7,0
C 0,4
7 Procedure
7.1 The daily verification defined in Annex B shall be performed before the first test of each day for
each scale used.
7.2 In general, the test should be carried out at ambient temperature within the limits of 10 °C to 35 °C.
However, because temperature variation can affect the results, users of the Leeb test can choose to control
the temperature within a tighter range, such as 23 °C ± 5 °C.
NOTE The temperature of the test material and the temperature of the hardness testing instrument can
affect the test results. The test temperature can adversely affect the hardness measurement.
7.3 Magnetic fields at the test location can affect the results of Leeb tests and must be avoided. Leeb
hardness tests can be found particularly susceptible to ambient electromagnetic fields in the frequency
range of a few kHz.
7.4 The test piece and impact device shall not be moved during a test. The supporting surface shall be
clean and free from contaminants (scale, lubricants, dirt, etc.).
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7.5 Vibration and relative motion of the test piece or the impact device during a Leeb test can affect the
test result and must be avoided.
7.6 An impact is best carried out when the distance between the centre of an indentation and the edge
of the test piece permits placement of the entire support ring on the test piece. In no case shall the distance
between impact point and edge of the test piece be less than 10 mm for impact device G, and 5 mm for
impact devices D, DL, D+15, C, S, and E.
7.7 The distance between any two adjacent indentations centre-to-centre shall be at least three times
the diameter of the indentation. Table 4 gives the typical indentation diameters at various hardness levels
for the different types of impact devices.
NOTE As a practical estimation, this requirement will be met if the edge-to-edge distance between any two
adjacent indentations is at least two times the diameter of the larger indentation.
Table 4 — Examples of typical indentation sizes on steel of various hardness
Approximate diameters
Type of impact devices
low hardness mid hardness high hardness
0,54 mm 0,45 mm 0,35 mm
D
at ~ 570 HLD at ~ 760 HLD at ~ 840 HLD
0,54 mm 0,45 mm 0,35 mm
DL
at ~ 760 HLDL at ~ 880 HLDL at ~ 925 HLDL
0,54 mm 0,45 mm 0,35 mm
D+15
at ~ 585 HLD+15 at ~ 765 HLD+15 at ~ 845 HLD+15
0,54 mm 0,45 mm 0,35 mm
S
at ~ 610 HLS at ~ 800 HLS at ~ 875 HLS
0,54 mm 0,45 mm 0,35 mm
E
at ~ 540 HLE at ~ 725 HLE at ~ 805 HLE
1,03 mm 0,9 mm
a
G —
at ~ 535 HLG at ~ 710 HLG
0,38 mm 0,32 mm 0,3 mm
C
at ~ 635 HLC at ~ 820 HLC at ~ 900 HLC
a
Out of typical application range.
7.8 The impact device shall be held perpendicular to the surface of the test piece.
Prior to a test, the correct instrument set-up and settings in accordance with the manufacturer
instructions shall be verified. Any deviations exceeding 5° from the direction of gravity entail
measurement errors. For impact directions not in the direction of gravity, the test values shall be
adjusted (see 4.2 and Annex A).
7.9 In its loaded state, the impact device shall be snugly placed on the prepared test surface, and the
impact triggered. Impact and rebound velocity are determined by the measuring and indicating unit and
a Leeb hardness number HL be generated.
7.10 To determine the Leeb hardness, the arithmetic mean value from at least three readings shall
be calculated. If the span of three readings exceeds 5 % of the arithmetic mean value, then additional
measurements shall be made to provide an average of at least 10 readings.
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8 Uncertainty of the results
The uncertainty of the results depends on the various sources of uncertainty. These can be divided into
two categories:
— sources dependent on the Leeb hardness testing instrument (including the measurement uncertainty
from the direct calibration of the instrument) as well as the calibration of the reference test block;
— sources dependent on the test method and varying testing conditions.
The permissible error of the testing instrument from ISO 16859-2:2015, Table 3 can be used to estimate
the expanded measurement uncertainty.
NOTE 1 A thorough evaluation of the uncertainty of measurement can be performed following Reference [6].
NOTE 2 Sometimes it is not possible to quantify each aspect contributing to the uncertainty of measurement.
However, an estimate of the uncertainty of measurement can be derived from the statistical analysis of multiple
measurements on the test piece.
An example for the estimation of the uncertainty of Leeb hardness measurements is given in Annex C.
9 Test report
At minimum, the test report shall contain the following information:
a) a reference to this part of ISO 16859, i.e. ISO 16859-1;
b) the essential details to identify the test piece;
c) specification of the testing instrument (type of impact device);
d) measurement result and number of underlying single readings;
e) any significant details of the test that are not determined by this part of ISO 16859 or that have
been applied by reasoning, e.g. way of coupling, test location on the test piece, impact direction with
reference to gravity;
f) any events or peculiarities that could have had an impact on the measurement;
g) test temperature if it is not within the limits of 10 °C to 35 °C.
10 Conversions to other hardness scales or tensile strength values
There is no general process for accurately converting Leeb hardness into other Leeb hardness scales
or non-Leeb hardness scales, respectively, or Leeb hardness into tensile strength. Such conversions,
therefore, should be avoided, unless a reliable basis for conversion can be obtained by comparison tests.
If it is necessary to check a given Leeb hardness value against a value gained by a different test method,
conversion from one hardness value to another or from a hardness value to a tensile strength value can
be obtained through a reliable basis of data from comparison tests. Conversions involve uncertainties
which must be taken into account. This situation is described in ISO 18265 (see Reference [7]).
ASTM-International E140 (see Reference [8]) includes conversions from Leeb hardness to other hardness
scales for a group of steels. There is also a study of the relationship between Leeb hardness and Vickers
hardness (see Reference [9]).
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ISO/FDIS 16859-1:2015(E)
Annex A
(normative)
Tables of correction factors for use in tests not conducted in
direction of gravity
Tables A.1 to A.7 (see Reference [10]) give the correction values when tests are not made in direction
of gravity. The correction values are tabulated in terms of the angle θ. The correction depends on cos θ,
where θ is the angle between the impact direction and the direction of gravity, and the measured
hardness value.
NOTE For any given angles not shown in the table, the user can interpolate to obtain the correction value.
EXAMPLE Impact direction upwards, at an angle of θ = 135° to the direction of gravity.
Impact device, type D
Measurement value, 725 HLD
Correction value (from Table A.1), −12 HLD
Hardness of test piece = 725 HLD − 12 HLD = 713 HLD
NOTE The tables given in this Annex are originally copyrighted by Proceq SA 1985. The tables are reprinted
here by permission of Proceq SA.
Table A.1 — Impact direction corrections, impact device type D
Correction
HLD
Measured hardness
HLD
Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction
θ = 45° θ = 90° θ = 135° θ = 180°
300 ≤ HLD < 350 −6 −12 −20 −29
350 ≤ HLD < 400 −6 −12 −19 −27
400 ≤ HLD < 450 −5 −11 −18 −25
450 ≤ HLD < 500 −5 −10 −17 −24
500 ≤ HLD < 550 −5 −10 −16 −22
550 ≤ HLD < 600 −4 −9 −15 −20
600 ≤ HLD < 650 −4 −8 −14 −19
650 ≤ HLD < 700 −4 −8 −13 −18
700 ≤ HLD < 750 −3 −7 −12 −17
750 ≤ HLD < 800 −3 −6 −11 −16
800 ≤ HLD < 850 −3 −6 −10 −15
850 ≤ HLD < 890 −2 −5 −9 −14
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Table A.2 — Impact direction corrections, impact device type S
Correction
HLS
Measured hardness
HLS
Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction
θ = 45° θ = 90° θ = 135° θ = 180°
400 ≤ HLS < 450 −4 −9 −16 −23
450 ≤ HLS < 500 −4 −8 −15 −22
500 ≤ HLS < 550 −4 −8 −14 –21
550 ≤ HLS < 600 −4 −7 −13 −19
600 ≤ HLS < 650 −3 −7 −12 −18
650 ≤ HLS < 700 3 −7 −12 −16
700 ≤ HLS < 750 −3 −6 −11 −15
750 ≤ HLS < 800 −3 −6 −10 −14
800 ≤ HLS < 850 −3 −5 −9 −12
850 ≤ HLS < 900 −2 −5 −8 −11
900 ≤ HLS < 920 −2 −5 −7 −10
Table A.3 — Impact direction corrections, impact device type E
Correction
HLE
Measured hardness
HLE
Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction
θ = 45° θ = 90° θ = 135° θ = 180°
300 ≤ HLE < 350 −5 −9 −18 −26
350 ≤ HLE < 400 4 9 17 24
400 ≤ HLE < 450 4 9 −16 22
450 ≤ HLE < 500 4 8 15 21
500 ≤ HLE < 550 4 8 14 20
550 ≤ HLE < 600 4 8 13 18
600 ≤ HLE < 650 −3 −7 −12 17
650 ≤ HLE < 700 3 7 12 16
700 ≤ HLE < 750 3 6 11 15
750 ≤ HLE < 800 −3 6 10 14
800 ≤ HLE < 850 3 5 9 13
850 ≤ HLE < 920 2 5 8 −12
Table A.4 — Impact direction corrections, impact device type DL
Correction
HLDL
Measured hardness
HLDL
Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction
θ = 45° θ = 90° θ = 135° θ = 180°
560 ≤ HLDL < 600 −3 −6 −11 −16
600 ≤ HLDL < 650 3 5 9 14
650 ≤ HLDL < 700 2 5 8 13
700 ≤ HLDL < 750 2 4 7 11
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Table A.4 (continued)
Correction
HLDL
Measured hardness
HLDL
Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction
θ = 45° θ = 90° θ = 135° θ = 180°
750 ≤ HLDL < 800 2 3 6 10
800 ≤ HLDL < 850 1 3 5 9
850 ≤ HLDL < 900 1 2 4 7
900 ≤ HLDL < 950 −1 −2 −3 −6
Table A.5 — Impact direction corrections, impact device type D+15
Correction
HLD+15
Measured hardness
HLD+15
Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction
θ = 45° θ = 90° θ = 135° θ = 180°
330 ≤ HLD+15 < 350 7 14 26 38
350 ≤ HLD+15 < 400 7 13 25 36
400 ≤ HLD+15 < 450 6 12 23 34
450 ≤ HLD+15 < 500 6 12 22 32
500 ≤ HLD+15 < 550 6 11 21 30
550 ≤ HLD+15 < 600 6 11 20 28
600 ≤ HLD+15 < 650 5 10 19 27
650 ≤ HLD+15 < 700 5 10 18 25
700 ≤ HLD+15 < 750 5 9 17 24
750 ≤ HLD+15 < 800 4 9 16 22
800 ≤ HLD+15 < 850 4 8 15 21
850 ≤ HLD+15 < 890 −4 −8 −14 −20
Table A.6 — Impact direction corrections, impact device type C
Measured hardness Correction
HLC HLC
Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction
θ = 45° θ = 90° θ = 135° θ = 180°
350 ≤ HLC < 400 7 14
400 ≤ HLC < 450 7 13
450 ≤ HLC < 500 6 13
500 ≤ HLC < 550 6 12
550 ≤ HLC < 600 6 11
600 ≤ HLC < 650 5 10 a a
650 ≤ HLC < 700 5 10
700 ≤ HLC < 750 4 9
750 ≤ HLC < 800 4 8
800 ≤ HLC < 850 4 7
850 ≤ HLC < 960 3 6
a
Not usually used at these angles, correction not known.
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Table A.7 — Impact direction corrections, impact device type G
Correction
HLG
Measured hardness
HLG
Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction Impact direction
θ = 45° θ = 90° θ = 135° θ = 180°
300 ≤ HLG < 350 2 −5 −12 −18
35
...
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