SIST EN 13554:2011
(Main)Non destructive testing - Acoustic emission - General principles
Non destructive testing - Acoustic emission - General principles
This European Standard specifies the general principles required for the acoustic emission testing (AT) of industrial structures, components, and different materials under stress and for harsh environment, in order to provide a defined and repeatable performance. It includes guidelines for the preparation of application documents, which describe the specific requirements for the application of the AE method. Unless otherwise specified in the referencing documents, the minimum requirements of this European Standard are applicable.
Zertörungsfreie Prüfung - Schallemission - Allgemeine Grundsätze
Diese Europäische Norm legt die allgemeinen Grundlagen fest, deren Beachtung erforderlich ist, um Schallemissionsprüfungen (en: acoustic emission testing, AT) an industriellen Konstruktionen, Bauteilen und an unterschiedlichen, belasteten Werkstoffen und in rauer Umgebung, in definierter und wiederholbarer Weise durchzuführen. Sie beinhaltet Richtlinien für die Vorbereitung von Anwendungsunterlagen, die die spezifischen Erfordernisse für die Anwendung der AE-Analyse beschreiben.
Sofern in den in Bezug genommenen Dokumenten nicht anders festgelegt, sind die Mindestanforderungen dieser Norm anwendbar.
Essais non destructifs - Émission acoustique - Principes généraux
La présente Norme européenne spécifie les principes généraux requis pour l’examen par émission acoustique (AE) de structures, composants et autres matériaux industriels soumis à des contraintes et à des environnements agressifs, en vue de fournir un résultat bien défini et reproductible. Elle contient les lignes directrices de la préparation des documents d’application qui décrivent les conditions requises spécifiques à l’application de la méthode d’émission acoustique. Sauf dispositions contraires spécifiées dans les documents de référence, les exigences minimales de la présente norme sont applicables.
Neporušitveno preskušanje - Akustična emisija - Splošna načela
Ta evropski standard določa splošna načela, potrebna za preskušanje akustičnih emisij industrijskih konstrukcij, komponent in različnih materialov pod obremenitvijo in za neprijazno okolje, da se zagotovi opredeljeno in ponovljivo delovanje. Vključuje smernice za pripravo dokumentov, ki obravnavajo uporabo, ki opisujejo posebne zahteve za uporabo metode akustičnih emisij. Če ni drugače določeno v referenčnih dokumentih, veljajo minimalne zahteve tega evropskega standarda.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Zertörungsfreie Prüfung - Schallemission - Allgemeine GrundsätzeEssais non destructifs - Émission acoustique - Principes générauxNon destructive testing - Acoustic emission - General principles19.100Neporušitveno preskušanjeNon-destructive testingICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13554:2011SIST EN 13554:2011en,fr,de01-april-2011SIST EN 13554:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 13554:2004/A1:2004SIST EN 13554:20041DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 13554:2011
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 13554
January 2011 ICS 19.100 Supersedes EN 13554:2002English Version
Non-destructive testing - Acoustic emission testing - General principles
Essais non destructifs - Émission acoustique - Principes généraux
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Schallemissionsprüfung - Allgemeine Grundsätze This European Standard was approved by CEN on 17 December 2010.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13554:2011: ESIST EN 13554:2011
EN 13554:2011 (E) 2 Contents
page Foreword .31Scope .42Normative references .43Terms and definitions .44Personnel qualification .45Principle of the acoustic emission method .45.1The acoustic emission (AE) phenomenon .45.2Advantages and features of AE .55.3Limitations of AE .66Applications of the acoustic emission method .67Instrumentation .77.1General .77.2AE sensors .77.3Signal conditioning and processing .87.4Settings .97.5External parameters inputs .98Testing .98.1General .98.2Preliminary information .98.3Preliminary preparation . 108.4On-site preparations . 108.5Data acquisition . 108.6Presentation of results . 118.7Subsequent operations . 119Data analysis . 129.1General . 129.2On-line analysis . 129.3Post test analysis. 1210Test instruction . 1311Test documentation and test report . 14Bibliography . 15 SIST EN 13554:2011
EN 13554:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 13554:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive testing”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by July 2011. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 13554:2002. The following summary of changes intends to identify the most significant changes made to the standard during the revision process. It does not necessarily contain all changes, and it is recalled that, while efforts have been made to highlight the relevance of the list, the user of this standard is responsible for recognizing any differences between this and the present edition. 6: Further applications were introduced; 7.3: Adoption on the new EN 13477-2 (signal processor); 7.5: New paragraph on external parameters input; 8: Examination was replaced by testing; 9: Clause divided in on-line and post test analysis; 9.3.3: Source severity grading was changed; 10: Examination procedure was replaced by test instruction; 11: Examination report was replaced by test documentation and test report and re-written. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 13554:2011
EN 13554:2011 (E) 4 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the general principles required for the acoustic emission testing (AT) of industrial structures, components, and different materials under stress and for harsh environment, in order to provide a defined and repeatable performance. It includes guidelines for the preparation of application documents, which describe the specific requirements for the application of the AE method. Unless otherwise specified in the referencing documents, the minimum requirements of this European Standard are applicable. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1330-1:1998, Non destructive testing — Terminology — Part 1: List of general terms EN 1330-2:1998, Non destructive testing — Terminology — Part 2: Terms common to the non-destructive testing methods EN 1330-9:2009, Non-destructive testing — Terminology — Part 9: Terms used in acoustic emission testing EN 13477-2, Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission — Equipment characterisation — Part 2: Verification of operating characteristic 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1330-1:1998, EN 1330-2:1998 and EN 1330-9:2009 apply. 4 Personnel qualification It is assumed that emission testing is performed by qualified and capable personnel. In order to prove this qualification, it is recommended to certify the personnel in accordance with EN 473 or equivalent. Note that for pressure equipment in categories III and IV according to Directive 97/23/EC, Annex I, 3.1.3: the personnel shall be approved by a third-party organization recognized by a Member State. 5 Principle of the acoustic emission method 5.1 Acoustic emission (AE) phenomenon Acoustic emission is a physical phenomenon whereby transient elastic waves are generated within a material or by a process. The application of load or harsh environment in a material produces internal structural modifications such as local plastic deformation, crack growth, corrosion, erosion and phase transformations. AE sources also arise from impact, leakage (turbulent flow), cavitation, electric discharge and friction. All these mechanisms and processes are generally accompanied by the generation of elastic waves that propagate in materials or into ambient liquids. The waves therefore contain information on the internal behaviour of the material and/or structure. SIST EN 13554:2011
EN 13554:2011 (E) 5 The waves are detected by the use of sensors that convert the particle motion at the surface of the material into electric signals. These signals can be of a burst or continuous nature and are processed by appropriate instrumentation to detect, characterize and locate the AE sources. Figure 1 shows the schematic principle of AE.
Key 1 growing discontinuity 5 signal out 2 surface waves 6 section view of the component material 3 preamplifier 7 wave packet 4 AE sensor 8 applied load inducing stress Figure 1 — Schematic principle of Acoustic Emission and its detection 5.2 Advantages and features of AE The AE method has the following features: a) it is a passive detection method that monitors the dynamic response of the material to the applied load or environment; b) it allows detection of sources, depending on the materials properties, up to several meters distance; c) it allows a 100 % volumetric monitoring of the test object; d) it is sensitive to growth of discontinuities and changes in the material structure rather than to the presence of static discontinuities; e) it is non invasive; f) it offers a dynamic real time monitoring of any discontinuity that grows under the applied stress; g) it can be applied to monitor the structures during operation; h) it can be used to detect the effects of the application of load in order to prevent catastrophic failure of structures; i) it is capable of locating a growing discontinuity in the structure under test by the use of a sufficient number of sensors; j) its measurement frequency range extends from about 20 kHz to 2 MHz depending on the application. SIST EN 13554:2011
EN 13554:2011 (E) 6 The AE method can be applied only if the materials in the structures or components are adequately stressed. The difference between AE and most NDT methods stems from the above features. It is the material itself that releases the energy in consequence of structural degradation due to different source mechanisms. This is different to detecting existing geometrical discontinuities in a static condition. AE is a method which points out the presence and location of an evolving degradation process under a given stimulus. 5.3 Limitations of AE Limitations of the AE method are: a) non growing discontinuities may not generate AE; b) subsequent application of load to the previously applied maximum stress level will only identify discontinuities which are still active; c) it is sensitive to in-service or other extraneous noise. Prior to performing an acoustic emission testing (AT), it is very important to check for the presence of potential noise sources. Noise sources should be removed or action taken to insure they do not reduce the effectiveness of the AT. 6 Applications of the acoustic emission method AE is applied at the different phases of product life: materials and design optimisation; manufacturing (quality assurance); acceptance test; initial proof test; requalification tests; in-service condition / health monitoring; leak detection. Furthermore, it is applicable to detection of: cavitation erosion; electric discharge;
crack activity of rocks and concrete; etc. It is applied to: pressure equipment; pipe systems; SIST EN 13554:2011
EN 13554:2011 (E) 7 atmospheric storage tanks; machinery; civil constructions (e.g. bridges, dams); power transformers; mines (e.g. rock salt mines for hazardous waste disposal); etc. These examples concern metallic materials, polymer composites, ceramics, concrete, rock, etc. 7 Instrumentation 7.1 General The AE instrumentation shall fulfil
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 13554:2009
01-oktober-2009
1HSRUXãLWYHQRSUHVNXãDQMH$NXVWLþQDHPLVLMD6SORãQDQDþHOD
Non destructive testing - Acoustic emission - General principles
Zertörungsfreie Prüfung - Schallemission - Allgemeine Grundsätze
Essais non destructifs - Émission acoustique - Principes généraux
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 13554
ICS:
19.100 Neporušitveno preskušanje Non-destructive testing
oSIST prEN 13554:2009 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN 13554:2009
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oSIST prEN 13554:2009
EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN 13554
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
July 2009
ICS 19.100 Will supersede EN 13554:2002
English Version
Non destructive testing - Acoustic emission - General principles
Essais non destructifs - Émission acoustique - Principes Zertörungsfreie Prüfung - Schallemission - Allgemeine
généraux Grundsätze
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 138.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 13554:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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oSIST prEN 13554:2009
prEN 13554:2009 (E)
Contents
page
Foreword .3
1 Scope .4
2 Normative references .4
3 Terms and definitions .4
4 Personnel qualification .4
5 Principle of the acoustic emission method .4
5.1 The acoustic emission (AE) phenomenon .4
5.2 Advantages and features of AE .5
5.3 Limitations of AE .6
6 Applications of the acoustic emission method .6
7 Instrumentation .7
7.1 General .7
7.2 AE sensors .7
7.3 Signal conditioning and processing .8
7.4 Settings .9
7.5 External parameters inputs .9
8 Testing .9
8.1 General .9
8.2 Preliminary information .9
8.3 Preliminary preparation . 10
8.4 Site preparations. 10
8.5 Data acquisition . 10
8.6 Presentation of results . 11
8.7 Subsequent operations . 11
9 Data analysis . 12
9.1 General . 12
9.2 On-line analysis . 12
9.3 Post test analysis. 12
10 Test instruction . 13
11 Test documentation and report . 14
Bibliography . 15
2
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oSIST prEN 13554:2009
prEN 13554:2009 (E)
Foreword
This document (prEN 13554:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-destructive
testing”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 13554:2002.
3
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oSIST prEN 13554:2009
prEN 13554:2009 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies the general principles required for the acoustic emission (AE) testing of industrial
structures, components, and different materials under stress and for harsh environment, in order to provide a
defined and repeatable performance. It includes guide lines for the preparation of application documents, which
describe the specific requirements for the application of the AE method.
Unless otherwise specified in the referencing documents, the minimum requirements of this standard are
applicable.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references,
only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
EN 1330-1:1998, Non destructive testing — Terminology — Part 1: List of general terms
EN 1330-2:1998, Non destructive testing — Terminology — Part 2: Terms common to the non-destructive testing
methods
EN 1330-9:2009, Non-destructive testing — Terminology — Part 9: Terms used in acoustic emission testing
EN 13477-2, Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission — Equipment characterisation — Part 2: Verification of
operating characteristic
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1330-1:1998, EN 1330-2:1998 and
EN 1330-9:2009 apply.
4 Personnel qualification
It is assumed that emission testing is performed by qualified and capable personnel. In order to prove this
qualification, it is recommended to certify the personnel in accordance with EN 473 or equivalent.
NOTE For pressure equipment see directive 97/23/EC, annex I, 3.1.3: "For pressure equipment in categories III and IV, the
personnel must be approved by a third-party organization recognized by a Member State."
5 Principle of the acoustic emission method
5.1 The acoustic emission (AE) phenomenon
Acoustic emission is a physical phenomenon whereby transient elastic waves are generated within a material or by
a process.
The application of load or harsh environment in a material produces internal structural modifications such as local
plastic deformation, crack growth, corrosion, erosion and phase transformations. AE sources also arise from
impact, leakage (turbulent flow), cavitation, electric discharge and friction. All these mechanisms and processes are
generally accompanied by the generation of elastic waves that propagate in materials or into ambient liquids. The
waves therefore contain information on the internal behaviour of the material and/or structure.
4
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oSIST prEN 13554:2009
prEN 13554:2009 (E)
The waves are detected by the use of sensors that convert the particle motion at the surface of the material into
electric signals. These signals can be of a burst or continuous nature and are processed by appropriate
instrumentation to detect, characterize and locate the AE sources. Figure 1 shows the schematic principle of AE.
Key
1 Growing discontinuity 5 Signal out
2 Surface waves 6 Section view of the component material
3 Preamplifier 7 Wave packet
4 AE sensor 8 Applied load inducing stress
Figure 1 — Schematic principle of Acoustic Emission and its detection
5.2 Advantages and features of AE
The AE method has the following features:
it is a passive detection method that monitors the dynamic response of the material to the applied load or
environment;
it allows detection of sources, depending of the materials properties, up to several meters distance;
it allows a 100 % volumetric monitoring of the test object;
it is sensitive to growth of discontinuities and changes in the material structure rather than to the presence of
static discontinuities;
it is non invasive;
it offers a dynamic real time monitoring of any discontinuity that grows under the applied stress;
it can be applied to monitor the structures during operating conditions;
it can be used to detect the effects of the application of load in order to prevent catastrophic failure of
structures;
it is capable of locating a growing discontinuity in the structure under test by the use of a sufficient number of
sensors;
its measurement frequency range extends from about 20 kHz to 2 MHz depending on the application.
5
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oSIST prEN 13554:2009
prEN 13554:2009 (E)
The AE method can be applied only if the materials in the structures or components are adequately stressed.
The difference between AE and most NDT methods stems from the above features. It is the material itself that
releases the energy in consequence of structural degradation due to different source mechanisms. This is different
to detecting existing geometrical discontinuities in a static condition.
AE is a method which points out the presence and location of an evolving degradation process under a given
stimulus.
5.3 Limitations of AE
Limitations of the AE method are:
non growing discontinuities may not generate AE;
subsequent application of load to the previously applied maximum stress level will only identify discontinuities
which are still active;
it is sensitive to in-service or other extraneous noise.
Prior to performing an AE test, it is very important to check for the presence of potential noise sources. Noise
sources should be removed or action taken to insure they do not reduce the effectiveness of the AE examination.
6 Applications of the acoustic emission method
AE is applied at the different phases of product life:
materials and design optimisation;
manufacturing (quality assurance);
acceptance test;
initial proof test;
requalification tests;
in-service condition / health monitoring;
leak detection.
Furthermore, it is applicable to detection of:
cavitation erosion;
electric discharge;
crack activity of rocks and concrete;
etc.
It is applied to:
pressure equipment;
pipe systems;
atmospheric storage tanks;
6
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oSIST prEN 13554:2009
prEN 13554:2009 (E)
machinery;
civil constructions (e.g. bridges, dams);
power transformer;
mines (e.g. rock salt mines for hazardous waste disposal);
etc.
These examples concern metallic materials, polymer composites, ceramics, concrete, rock, etc.
7 Instrumentation
7.1 General
The AE instrumentation shall fulfil the requirements of EN 13477-2 and the performance shall be checked
periodically in accordance with this standard.
7.2 AE sensors
7.2.1 General
Detection is the most important part of an AE chain because any problem here (poor acoustical coupling, bad
installation, incorrect frequency selection, cable mismatching, etc.) affects the rest of the measurements and hence
the results.
7.2.2 AE sensor selection
The sensors are normally of the resonant type, i.e. one frequency dominates the response; s
...
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