SIST ENV 12633:2003
(Main)Method of determination of unpolished and polished slip/skid resistance value
Method of determination of unpolished and polished slip/skid resistance value
Describes a method for determining in the laboratory the skid resistance of a product after ageing in use, including an accelerated polishing test.
Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Griffigkeitsbeiwertes vor und nach Polierung
Diese Europäische Norm beschreibt ein Laborverfahren zur Bestimmung des Gleitwiderstandswertes von unpolierten Flächen (USRV) und polierten Flächen (PSRV) von Pflastereinheiten unter Einsatz einer Flachbettpoliermaschine in Verbindung mit einem Pendelgerät.
Méthode de détermination de la valeur de résistance au dérapage/a la glissance des pavés polis ou non polis
La présente norme européenne décrit la méthode permettant de déterminer en laboratoire la résistance au dérapage d'un pavé ou d'une dalle polis, au moyen d'une machine a polir plane et d'un pendule de frottement.
Metoda določevanja vrednosti drsnosti nepoliranih in poliranih površin
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ENV 12633:2003
01-julij-2003
0HWRGDGRORþHYDQMDYUHGQRVWLGUVQRVWLQHSROLUDQLKLQSROLUDQLKSRYUãLQ
Method of determination of unpolished and polished slip/skid resistance value
Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Griffigkeitsbeiwertes vor und nach Polierung
Méthode de détermination de la valeur de résistance au dérapage/a la glissance des
pavés polis ou non polis
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ENV 12633:2003
ICS:
93.080.20 Materiali za gradnjo cest Road construction materials
SIST ENV 12633:2003 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST ENV 12633:2003
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SIST ENV 12633:2003
EUROPEAN PRESTANDARD
ENV 12633
PRÉNORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE VORNORM
January 2003
ICS 93.080.20
English version
Method of determination of unpolished and polished slip/skid
resistance value
Méthode de détermination de la valeur de résistance au Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Griffigkeitsbeiwertes vor
dérapage/à la glissance des pavés polis ou non polis und nach Polierung
This European Prestandard (ENV) was approved by CEN on 21 November 2002 as a prospective standard for provisional application.
The period of validity of this ENV is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the ENV can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this ENV in the same way as for an EN and to make the ENV available promptly
at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the ENV) until the final
decision about the possible conversion of the ENV into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2003 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. ENV 12633:2003 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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ENV 12633:2003 (E)
Contents
page
Foreword.3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Principle.5
4 Apparatus .5
5 Sampling.8
6 Determination of the unpolished slip/skid resistance value (USRV).8
7 Determination of the polished slip/skid resistance value (PSRV) .8
7.1 Preparation of test specimen.8
7.2 Accelerated polishing procedure.9
7.3 Validation of polishing procedure.10
8 Test report .10
Annex A (normative) Method for the determination of unpolished slip/skid resistance value (USRV)
and polished slip/skid resistance value (PSRV).11
A.1 Principle.11
A.2 Apparatus .11
A.2.1 Pendulum friction tester.11
A.3 Calibration .16
A.4 Procedure .16
A.4.1 Validation of the pendulum test equipment .16
A.4.2 Test procedure .16
A.5 Calculation of test results.17
A.5.1 Unpolished slip resistance value (USRV).17
A.5.2 Polished slip resistance value (PSRV) .17
Annex B (normative) Procedure for checking the state of a pendulum tester .18
B.1 Standard surface.19
B.1.1 Determination of the pendulum value .19
B.1.2 Product units as standard surfaces.19
B.1.3 Abrasive papers as standard surfaces.19
Annex C (normative) Sample selection and preparation .20
C.1 Flow chart .20
C.2 Measurement of flatness.21
C.3 Small units.21
C.3.1 General.21
C.3.2 Equipment.21
C.3.3 Procedure .21
Annex D (informative) Preparation of reference material specimens.23
D.1 Reference material.23
D.2 Apparatus and equipment.23
D.3 Preparation of reference material specimens.24
Bibliography .25
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ENV 12633:2003 (E)
Foreword
This document (ENV 12633:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 178 "Paving units and
kerbs", the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
Annexes A, B and C are normative. Annex D is informative.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this European Prestandard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
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Introduction
Health and safety aspects
WARNING: The application of emery polishing agents during the course of the operations described in this
European Prestandard can generate particles that could be injurious to health. It is essential to ensure that
appropriate precautions are taken, e.g. the use of dust masks and/or dust extracting facilities. It is also essential to
ensure that the equipment is electrically safe in wet test conditions.
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1 Scope
This European Prestandard describes a laboratory method for determining the unpolished slip/skid resistance value
(USRV) and the polished slip/skid resistance value (PSRV) of paving units using a flat-bed polishing machine in
conjunction with pendulum test equipment.
2 Normative references
This European Prestandard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listed hereafter. For
dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European
Prestandard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the
publication referred to applies (including amendments).
ISO 48, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of hardness (Hardness between 10 IRHD and
100 IRHD).
ISO 3310, Test sieves – Technical requirements and testing.
ISO 4662, Rubber — Determination of rebound resilience of vulcanizates.
ISO 7619, Rubber — Determination of indentation hardness by means of pocket hardness meters.
3 Principle
The test methodology for determining the slip/skid resistance values of paving units consists of measuring the
pendulum value of a sample, before and/or after polishing with a flat-bed polishing machine, using the pendulum
test equipment.
4 Apparatus
4.1 Straight-edge.
4.2 Set of feeler gauges with a width of (6 ± 1) mm capable of measuring with an accuracy to 0,05 mm.
4.3 Pendulum test equipment conforming to A.2.
4.4 Flat-bed polishing machine (see Figure 1) comprising the following:
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4
6
3
5
2
1
7
Key
1 Sample holder 5 Emery hoppers with adjustable conveyors
2 Sample 6 Polishing lap
3 Adjustable mass 7 Rubber annulus
4 Water supply
Figure 1 — Flat-bed polishing machine
a) a machined, flat circular cast iron or steel grinding/polishing lap not less than (600 ± 3) mm in diameter, which
can be rotated in a horizontal plane at a speed of (29 ± 1) r/min;
b) a flat smooth-surfaced styrene butadiene rubber annulus of (600 ± 3) mm external diameter, approximately
(320 ± 3) mm internal diameter and (9 ± 1) mm thickness, attached to the upper surface;
The rubber annulus shall have an initial hardness of (69 ± 3) IRHD in accordance with ISO 48. It shall be
covered by a certificate of conformity from the manufacturer which includes the date of manufacture. It shall be
stored in the dark at a temperature in the range 5 °C to 25 °C and shall be conditioned by bringing to a uniform
temperature of (20 ± 5) °C before attaching to the grinding plate. After attachment, the grinding plate and
annulus shall be kept in the dark at a temperature in the range (20 ± 5) °C. The annulus shall not be used after
three years from the date of manufacture or after testing 500 specimens.
If glue is used to attach the annulus to the grinding plate, care shall be taken to ensure it does not affect the
hardness of the rubber.
c) two adjustable metal holders capable of loosely holding in place the (150 ± 2 excluding at least one 5-8 mm
chamfer) mm · (85 ± 2 excluding at least one 5-8 mm chamfer) mm specimens;
d) means of locating two specimens within the two holders according to the following configuration:
with the centre points of their outer edges (270 ± 1) mm from the centre of the lap;
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positioned diametrically opposite to each other;
with their long sides lying in the direction of rotation of the lap.
The specimens shall be free to move in a vertical plane but be restrained from moving in the horizontal plane.
e) means to ensure that the required load can be applied evenly at the centre of each test specimen and which
can move in a vertical direction;
f) weights which permit uniform loading of the test specimen against the surface of the rubber annulus and which,
including test specimen, tray (if used) and adjustable weight, will provide a contact stress of (2 250 ± 50) Pa
over the area of the final prepared contact surface;
NOTE This stress corresponds to a total mass of 2,924 kg for an area of 150 mm · 85 mm.
g) separate mechanisms to feed corn emery and emery flour and a means to feed water.
270
Figure 2 — Position of the paving units onto the Flat-bed polishing machine
4.5 Polishing media, consisting of the following:
a) unused natural corn emery, of a grading that conforms to Table 1;
Table 1 — Grading requirements for corn emery
Nominal aparture size of sieve total passing
mm %
600 98 to 100
500 70 to 100
425 30 to 90
355 0 to 30
300 0 to 5
b) fresh air-floated or water-washed emery flour which passes through a 50 mm test sieve.
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The polishing media shall be used once only.
4.6 Reference material: a reference material, determined by a range of values to be obtained after polishing, is
necessary to validate the polishing procedure.
NOTE This can be carried out with control stone specimens prepared as described in annex D.
5 Sampling
5.1 Obtain a representative sample of ten specimens. Inspect the specimens and assess their suitability and
surface flatness in accordance with flowchart C.1. Selected specimens shall be representative of the batch in terms
of texture and surface finish and show no undue cracks or other blemishes.
5.2 If four suitable specimens cannot be obtained from the sample then a further ten representative specimens
shall be selected. If these do not conform with the requirements, testing shall proceed on the four most acceptable
specimens. The surface characteristics that prevent the specimens from conforming to the requirements shall be
noted and stated in the test report.
6 Determination of the unpolished slip/skid resistance value (USRV)
The unpolished slip/skid resistance value (USRV) of the sample is determined according to the test method
described in annex A.
7 Determination of the polished slip/skid resistance value (PSRV)
7.1 Preparation of test specimen
Carry out preparation of the test specimen according to the following:
a) before polishing, the contact surface of the specimens shall be (150 ± 2) mm · (85 ± 2) mm i.e. the chamfer is
extra. The specimen shall be cut on the four sides from the middle of the sample if necessary. If it is not
technically possible, the sample shall be cut on two sides.
b) the thickness shall be between 30 mm and 85 mm.
c) each specimen shall have not less than one bevel of 5 mm to 8 mm at an angle of approximately 45° along the
two facing edges (see Figure 3), to enable the emery polishing agents to access the contact area between the
specimens and the rubber annulus more readily. The bevel may comprise the natural chamfer of the unit or
may be specifically ground.
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1
2
Key
1 Direction of polishing 2 Not less than one bevel along the two facing edges
Figure 3 — Plan view of a test specimen on the rubber annulus
d) calculate the applied load on each specimen necessary to give a contact stress of (2 250 ± 50) Pa over the
area of the final prepared contact surface.
NOTE 1 The contact area excludes prepared bevels and chamfers on the specimens themselves.
NOTE 2 The mass of the specimen is considered to be part of the calculated load.
7.2 Accelerated polishing procedure
Carry out accelerated polishing using the flat-bed polishing machine (4.4) at (20 ± 5) °C according to the following
procedure:
a) place the test surfaces of two specimens face down in the metal holders (4.4c) on the rubber annulus (4.4b) at
positions diametrically opposite each other. Apply the appropriate loads calculated in accordance with
7.1 d). Set the machine in motion at a rate of (29 ± 1) r/min;
b) feed corn emery of the specified grading (Table 1) onto the surface of the rubber annulus at a rate of
(20 ± 2) g/min, spread evenly over the surface immediately in front of each of the test specimens, for
(700 ± 10) revolutions. Simultaneously feed water onto the surface just in front of the centre of the test
specimens at a rate just sufficient to carry the corn emery under the test specimen without being washed
away;
NOTE 1 A water-feed rate of 6 ml/min has been found satisfactory.
c) within 30 min of completing 700 revolutions, remove the specimen from the machine and remove all traces of
corn emery under running water using a stiff bristle brush. Remove any corn emery from the surface of the
rubber and place the mechanism to feed emery flour of the specified grading (4.5) as the polishing agent onto
the machine;
d) apply the flour at a rate of (2 ± 0,2) g/min spread evenly over the surface in front of each of the test specimen
with water applied simultaneously just in front of the centre of the test specimen at a rate sufficient to maintain
a wet paste under the specimens. Polish the units for a further (700 ± 10) revolutions;
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NOTE 2 A water-feed rate in the range (1,0 to 3,0) ml/min has been found satisfactory to maintain a creamy paste.
NOTE 3 In order to assure a regular rate, the flour emery can be dried for a minimum of 30 min at 60 °C.
e) remove the specimen from the machine within 30 min of the completion of the polishing process and
thoroughly wash in running water to remove all trace of the emery flour. Remove any emery flour which has
packed into cracks on the specimen surface by scrubbing with a stiff bristle brush;
f) after washing the specimen, the Polished Slip/skid Resistance Value (PSRV) of the sample is determined
according to the test method described in annex A.
It is essential not to allow the specimen to dry out before the pendulum test.
7.3 Validation of polishing procedure
Carry out the test using the reference material (see 4.6) when replacing the rubber annulus and at a frequency of
one pair of references per 500 specimens or at least once per year.
If the pendulum value of the reference material falls outside the specified range, the test is invalid and the flat-bed
polishing equipment and procedure shall be checked and, after any necessary adjustment, the test repeated.
8 Test report
The test report shall include:
1) the name of the organization carrying out the test.
2) the date of the test report.
3) the name of the source providing the sample.
4) the sample reference including the date of production when available.
5) the date of delivery of the sample.
6) the reference to this ENV.
7) the mean pendulum test value of each specimen before polishing.
8) the mean USRV of the sample.
9) the mean pendulum test value of each specimen after polishing (if applicable).
10) the mean PSRV of the sample (if applicable).
11) any pertinent remarks about the sample or test results.
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Annex A
(normative)
Method for the determination of unpolished slip/skid resistance value
(USRV) and polished slip/skid resistance value (PSRV)
A.1 Principle
The measurement of USRV and PSRV on the specimen is made using the pendulum friction test equipment to
evaluate the frictional properties of the specimen.
The pendulum friction test equipment incorporates a spring loaded slider made of a standard rubber attached to the
end of the pendulum. On swinging the pendulum the frictional force between the slider and test surface is
measured by the reduction in length of the swing using a calibrated scale.
A.2 Apparatus
A.2.1 Pendulum friction tester
A.2.1.1 The pendulum friction test equipment shall be manufactured as shown in Figure A.1. All bearings and
working parts shall be enclosed as far as possible, and all materials used shall be treated to prevent corrosion
under wet conditions.
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ENV 12633:2003 (E)
2 3
0
10
4
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
9
1
140
150
5
8
6
7
Key
1 C scale (126 mm sliding length) 6 Levelling screw
2 F scale (76 mm sliding length) 7 Test specimen
3 Pointer 8 Spirit level
4 Pendulum 9 Vertical adjustment screw
5 Rubber slider
Figure A.1 — Pendulum friction test equipment
A.2.1.2 The pendulum friction test equipment shall have the following features:
1) aspring loaded rubber coated slider as specified in A.2.1.4 to A.2.1.10, which shall be mounted on the end
of a pendulum arm so that the sliding edge is (510 ± 1) mm from the axis of suspension;
2) a means of setting the support column of the equipment vertical;
3) a base of sufficient mass to ensure the equipment remains stable during the test;
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4) a means of raising and lowering the axis of suspension of the pendulum arm so that the slider can:
swing clear of the surface of the specimen; and
be set to traverse a surface over a fixed length of (126 ± 1) mm. A gauge with this distance marked is
required as shown in Figure A.2.
4
2
3
1 6
5
2
3
7
1
Key
1 Gauge 5 Actual sliding length
2 Slider 6 Side view
3 Reference edge 7 Plan view
4 Sliding length measured
Figure A.2 — Sliding length gauge
5) a means of holding and releasing the pendulum arm so that it falls freely from a horizontal position;
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6) a pointer of nominal length 300 mm , balanced about the axis of suspension, indicating the position of the
pendulum arm throughout its forward swing and moving over the circular scale. The mass of the pointer
shall not be more than 85 g;
7) the friction in the pointer mechanism shall be adjustable so that, with the pendulum arm swinging freely
from a horizontal position, the outward tip of the pointer may be brought to rest on the forward swing of the
arm at a point (10 ± 1) mm below the horizontal. This is the zero reading;
8) a circular C scale, calibrated for a sliding length of 126 mm on a flat surface, marked from 0 to 150 at
intervals of five units;
9) an F scale, calibrated for a sliding length of 76 mm on a flat surface, marked from 0 to 1,0 at intervals of
0,05.
A.2.1.3 The mass of the pendulum arm, including the slider, shall be (1,50 ± 0,03) kg. The centre of gravity
shall be on the axis of the arm at a distance of (410 ± 5) mm from the axis of suspension.
A.2.1.4 The wide slider shall consist of a rubber pad (76,2 ± 0,5) mm wide; (25,4 ± 1,0) mm long (in the
direction of swing) and (6,4 ± 0,5) mm thick, the combined mass of slider and base shall be (32 ± 5) g.
A.2.1.5 The slider shall be held on a rigid base with a centre pivoting axis which shall be mounted on the end
of the pendulum arm in such a way that, when the arm is at the lowest point of its swing with the trailing edge of the
slider in contact with the test surface, the plane of the slider is angled at (26 ± 3)° to the horizontal. In this
configuration the slider can turn about its axis without obstruction to follow unevenness of the surface of the test
specimen as the pendulum swings.
A.2.1.6 The slider shall be spring-loaded against the test surface. When calibrated, the static force on the
slider as set by the equipment calibration procedure shall be (22,2 ± 0,5) N in its median position. The change in
the static force on the slider shall be not greater than 0,2 N per millimetre deflection of the slider.
A.2.1.7 The initial resilience and hardness of the slider shall comply with Table A.1, and shall have a certificate
of conformity including the name of the manufacturer and date of manufacture. A slider shall be discarded when the
IRHD value measured in accordance with ISO 7619 fails to conform to the requirements of the table or not later
than three years after manufacture.
Table A.1 — Properties of the slider rubber at 20 °C
Temperature °C
Property 0 10 203040
a
Resilience (%) 43 to 49 58 to 65 66 to 73 71 to 77 74 to 79
b
Hardness (IRHD) 59 ± 4
a
Rebound test in accordance with ISO 4662
b
International Rubber Hardness Degrees in accordance with ISO 48.
A.2.1.8 The edges of the slider shall be square and clean-cut, and the rubber free from contamination by, for
example, abrasive or oil. The slider shall be stored in the dark at a temperature in the range 5 °C to 20 °C.
A.2.1.9 Conditioning of a slider
Before using a new slider it shall be conditioned to produce a minimum width of striking edge of 1,0 mm as shown
in Figure A.3 in accordance with the following procedure:
1) attach a piece of 400 grade abrasive paper to a piece of float glass using water resistant adhesive tape
along the front edge, to form a test surface.
2) carry out 10 swings wet in accordance with the procedure in A.4.2.
3) attach a piece of a standard surface (see an example described in B.1.3) to a piece of float glass using
water resistant adhesive tape along the front edge, to form a test surface.
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4) carry out at least 25 swings wet in accordance with the procedure in A.4.2.
AB
A-B (2:1)
2
3
1
Key
1 Rubber slider 3 Striking edge
2 Aluminium backing 4 Worn width
Figure A.3 — Slider assembly illustrating the maximum wear or striking edge
Conditioning of a used slider, carried out in accordance with the following procedure, may be necessary where the
validation results are outside the range of the standard surface.
1) Attach a piece of 400 grade abrasive paper to a piece of float glass using water resistant adhesive tape
along the front edge to form a test surface.
2) Carry out 3 swings wet in accordance with the procedure in A.4.2.
3) Attach a piece of a standard surface to a piece of float glass using water resistant adhesive tape along the
front edge to form a test surface.
4) Carry out 10 swings wet in accordance with the procedure in A.4.2.
15
b
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A.2.1.10 Discarding the slider
The slider shall be discarded when the worn width of the striking edge as shown in Figure A.3 exceeds 2,5 mm or
becomes excessively scored or burred.
The slider may be reversed to expose a new edge, which will need to be conditioned.
A.2.2 A container with potable water at (20 ± 2) °C for wetting the surfaces of the test specimen and slider.
A.3 Calibration
The apparatus shall be recalibrated at least every three years.
NOTE This can be carried out by a recognized calibration laboratory in accordance with prEN 13036-4.
A.4 Procedure
A.4.1 Validation of the pendulum test equipment
The procedure for checking the state of a pendulum tester is described in annex B.
If the validation results are outside the range of the standard surface, the used slider shall be conditioned in
accordance with A.2.1.10.
After this conditioning, if the validation results are still outside the range of the standard surface, the apparatus shall
be investigated and may be recalibrated.
A.4.2 Test procedure
The test procedure is as follows:
1) Keep the friction test equipment, and slider, in a room at a temperature of at (20 ± 2) °C for at least 30 min
before the test begins.
2) Immediately prior to testing with the friction tester, immerse th
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