SIST EN 14889-2:2006
(Main)Fibres for concrete - Part 2: Polymer fibres - Definitions, specifications and conformity
Fibres for concrete - Part 2: Polymer fibres - Definitions, specifications and conformity
This Part 2 of EN 14889 specifies requirements for polymer fibres for structural or non-structural use in concrete, mortar and grout.
NOTE Structural use of fibres is where the addition of fibres is designed to contribute to the load bearing capacity of a concrete element. This standard covers fibres intended for use in all types of concrete and mortar, including sprayed concrete, flooring, precast, in-situ and repair concretes.
Fasern für Beton - Teil 2: Polymerfasern - Begriffe, Festlegungen und Konformität
Diese Europäische Norm legt Anforderungen für Polymerfasern für Mörtel und Beton fest. Sie gilt für Fasern für tragende und nichttragende Zwecke einschließlich der Verwendung in Spritzbeton, Betonböden, Fertigbetonteilen, Tunnelauskleidungen und Instandsetzungsarbeiten.
Fibres pour béton - Partie 2 : Fibres polymere - Définition, spécifications et conformité
La présente Partie 2 de l’EN 14889 spécifie les prescriptions relatives aux fibres de polymere pour une utilisation structurelle ou non structurelle dans le béton, le mortier ou le coulis.
NOTE L’utilisation des fibres est structurelle si l’ajout de fibres est conçu pour contribuer a la capacité portante d’un élément en béton. La présente norme traite des fibres destinées a etre utilisées dans tous les types de béton et de mortier, y compris le béton projeté, le béton pour dallage, le béton pour préfabrication, le béton coulé en place et le béton de réparation.
Vlakna za beton – 2. del: Polimerna vlakna – Definicija, specifikacije in skladnost
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Fibres for concrete - Part 2: Polymer fibres - Definitions, specifications and conformityVlakna za beton – 2. del: Polimerna vlakna – Definicija, specifikacije in skladnostFibres pour béton - Partie 2 : Fibres polymere - Définition, spécifications et conformitéFasern für Beton - Teil 2: Polymerfasern - Begriffe, Festlegungen und KonformitätTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14889-2:2006SIST EN 14889-2:2006en91.100.30Beton in betonski izdelkiConcrete and concrete productsICS:SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 14889-2:200601-december-2006
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 14889-2August 2006ICS 91.100.30 English VersionFibres for concrete - Part 2: Polymer fibres - Definitions,specifications and conformityFibres pour béton - Partie 2 : Fibres polymère - Définition,spécifications et conformitéFasern für Beton - Teil 2: Polymerfasern - Begriffe,Festlegungen und KonformitätThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 26 June 2006.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2006 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 14889-2:2006: E
EN 14889-2:2006 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword.3 1 Scope.4 2 Normative references.4 3 Terms and definitions.4 4 Symbols.6 5 Requirements.6 5.1 Classification of fibres.6 5.2 General.7 5.2.1 Polymer type.7 5.2.2 Shape.7 5.2.3 Bundled polymer fibres.7 5.2.4 Surface treatment or coating.7 5.3 Dimensions and tolerances.7 5.3.1 General.7 5.3.2 Length.8 5.3.3 Determination of (equivalent) diameter.9 5.3.4 Linear density.9 5.3.5 Shape of fibres.9 5.4 Tensile properties.9 5.4.1 Tenacity of Class I fibres.9 5.4.2 Tensile strength of Class II fibres.10 5.5 Modulus of elasticity.10 5.6 Melting point and point of ignition.10 5.7 Effect on consistence of concrete.10 5.8 Effect on the strength of concrete.10 5.9 Mixing.11 5.10 Release of dangerous substances.11 6 Evaluation of conformity.11 6.1 General.11 6.2
Initial type testing.11 6.2.1
General.11 6.3 Factory production control (FPC).13 6.3.1 General.13 6.3.2 Equipment.13 6.3.3 Raw materials.13 6.3.4 Design process.13 6.3.5 Product testing and evaluation.13 6.3.6 Traceability.14 6.3.7 Corrective actions for non conforming products.15 Annex A (normative)
Conditions for switching between the control regimes T-N-R.16 Annex ZA (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive for Construction products (89/106/EEC).18 ZA.2 Procedure(s) for the attestation of conformity of products.20 ZA.2.1 Systems of attestation of conformity.20 ZA.2.2 EC Certificate and Declaration of conformity.23 ZA.3. CE Marking and labelling.24 Bibliography.27
EN 14889-2:2006 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 14889-2:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 104 “Concrete and related products”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. It has been developed by working group 11, "Fibres for concrete", the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This standard comprises two parts: Part 1 dealing with steel fibres for concrete,
Part 2 dealing with polymer fibres
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2008. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of the Construction Products Directive. For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. This European Standard should be given the status of a national standard. No existing European Standard is superseded. Not all fibre characteristics that may be relevant to the performance of a fibre concrete, structural or non-structural, such as early age effects, creep and chemical attack, have been addressed in this standard due to the difficulties of formulating meaningful and reproducible standardised test methods. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EN 14889-2:2006 (E) 4 1 Scope This Part 2 of EN 14889 specifies requirements for polymer fibres for structural or non-structural use in concrete, mortar and grout.
NOTE Structural use of fibres is where the addition of fibres is designed to contribute to the load bearing capacity of a concrete element. This standard covers fibres intended for use in all types of concrete and mortar, including sprayed concrete, flooring, precast, in-situ and repair concretes. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 10002-1, Metallic materials – Tensile testing – Part 1: Method of test at ambient temperature EN 12350-3, Testing fresh concrete – Part 3: Vebe test EN 13392, Textiles – Monofilaments – Determination of linear density prEN 14845-1, Test methods for fibres in concrete – Part 1: Reference concretes EN 14845-2, Test methods for fibres in concrete – Part 2: Effect on concrete EN ISO 2062, Textiles – Yarns from packages – Determination of single-end breaking force and elongation at break (ISO 2062:1993) ISO 11357-3, Plastics – Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) – Part 3: Determination of temperature and enthalpy of melting and crystallization 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 polymer polymeric material such as polyolefin, e.g. polypropylene or polyethylene, polyester, nylon, pva, polyacrylic, aramids and blends of them 3.2 polymer fibres straight or deformed pieces of extruded, orientated and cut material which are suitable to be homogeneously mixed into concrete or mortar 3.3 length distance between the outer ends of the fibre 3.3.1 developed length (for deformed fibres with irregular cross section) length of the deformed fibre after straightening the fibre without deforming the cross section
EN 14889-2:2006 (E) 5 3.4 equivalent diameter diameter of a circle with an area equal to the mean cross sectional area of the fibre. For circular fibres, the equivalent diameter is equal to the diameter of the fibres.
3.5 aspect ratio ratio of length to equivalent diameter of the fibre 3.6 fibre shape specific outer configuration of the fibre, both in the longitudinal direction and in the shape of the cross section and also the possible surface coatings and or bundling of the fibres 3.7 tensile strength of the fibre stress corresponding to the maximum force a fibre can resist. The tensile strength is calculated by dividing the maximum force a fibre can resist by the mean cross sectional area of the fibre.
3.8 elongation of the fibre
elongation of the fibre is defined as the ratio of the length change of the fibre to the initial length expressed as a percentage NOTE The length change should be measured on the fibre itself. 3.9 elastic modulus of the fibre
initial slope of the tensile stress versus elongation curve 3.10 linear density mass per unit length of a yarn or filament expressed in tex or its multiples or submultiples NOTE 1 tex = 1g/1000m 3.11 tenacity breaking force of a fibre divided by its linear density 3.12 melting point temperature at which a polymer becomes liquid 3.13 point of ignition temperature at which combustion is initiated 3.14 residual flexural strength notional stress at the tip of the notch which is assumed to act in an uncracked mid-span section, with linear stress distribution, of a prism subjected to the centre-point load Fj corresponding to CMODj where CMODj > CMODFL; or to δj where δj > δFL (j = 1,2,3,4). 3.15 crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) linear displacement measured by a transducer installed on a prism subjected to a centre-point load F
EN 14889-2:2006 (E) 6 3.16 declared value value for a product property, determined in accordance with this standard, that a manufacturer is confident of achieving within the given tolerances bearing in mind the variability of the manufacturing process 4 Symbols Symbols used in this standard are defined as follows:
A area of the cross section of the fibre, in mm2; d diameter of a fibre with a circular cross section, in mm; de equivalent diameter of the fibre, in mm; l measured length of the fibre, in mm; ld
developed length of the fibre in mm;
= l / d and is the aspect ratio of the fibre; m mass of the fibre, in g; ρ density of the polymer, in kg/m3; Ts melting point of the polymer, in °C; Ti point of ignition of the polymer, in °C;
Pmax maximum tensile load carrying capacity of the fibre, in N; Rm tensile strength of the fibre, in MPa; ε elongation of the fibre, in %; E elastic modulus of the fibre, in Mpa.
5 Requirements 5.1 Classification of fibres Polymer fibres shall be characterised by the manufacturer in accordance with their physical form: Class Ia:
Micro fibres:
< 0,30 mm in diameter;
Mono-filamented Class Ib
Micro fibres:
< 0,30 mm in diameter; Fibrillated Class II:
Macro fibres:
> 0,30 mm in diameter NOTE Class II fibres are generally used where an increase in residual flexural strength is required.
EN 14889-2:2006 (E) 7 5.2 General 5.2.1 Polymer type The basic polymer(s) or blends of polymers of the fibre shall be declared. 5.2.2 Shape Polymer fibres may be either straight or deformed. The type of deformation shall be declared.
5.2.3 Bundled polymer fibres The type and size of the fibre bundle (e.g. glued, wrapped) shall be declared. 5.2.4 Surface treatment or coating Any surface treatment or coating (type and quantity), and any chemical or physical treatment of polymer fibres shall be declared and controlled. NOTE Spin finish is a term used to describe the addition of chemical(s) used to coat the fibres that will then help the fibre to disperse in concrete.
Without this coating some fibres will not easily disperse in concrete and will tend to ball up.
However some types of chemical used to coat the fibres can induce air into the concrete or mortar.
It is therefore important that any coating added to the fibre is controlled and is recorded as part of the initial type testing and as part of the factory control procedures. 5.3 Dimensions and tolerances 5.3.1 General The length, diameter and aspect ratio shall be declared for all fibres. The linear density shall be declared for Class I fibres.
Specimens of fibres, when sampled in accordance with 6.2.2 and measured in accordance with 5.3.2 and 5.3.3 shall not deviate from the declared value by more than the tolerances given in Table 1.
EN 14889-2:2006 (E) 8
Table 1 — Tolerance limits for the dimensions of the fibres Property Symbol Deviation of the individual value relative to the declared value
Deviation of the average value relative to the declared value Length and developed length (all fibres)
l , ld
>30 mm (if applicable) ± 10 % ± 5 % ≤ 30 mm
± 1,5 mm
Class II fibres > 0,30 mm
(equivalent) diameter
length/diameter ratio de
± 50 %
± 50 % ± 5 %
± 10 %
Class I fibres ≤ 0,30 mm
linear density
L ± 10 % ± 10 %
5.3.2 Length The length shall be measured with a marking gauge with an accuracy of 0,1 mm.
In the case of an irregular cross section, the developed length of the fibre shall be determined.
EN 14889-2:2006 (E) 9 5.3.3 Determination of (equivalent) diameter 5.3.3.1 Fibre with circular cross section For Class I fibres with a diameter less than 0,3 mm, the diameter shall be measured using optical measuring equipment.
For Class II fibres with a diameter greater than 0,3 mm, the diameter of the fibre shall be measured with a micrometer to a precision of 0,001 mm. 5.3.3.2 Fibre with elliptical cross section The diameter of the fibre shall be measured with a micrometer, in two directions, approximately at right angles, to a precision of 0,001 mm. The fibre diameter shall be the mean of the two diameters. 5.3.3.3 Rectangular fibres The width (w) and thickness (t) of the fibres shall be measured with a micrometer to a precision of 0,001 mm. The equivalent diameter, de, is calculated as
πtwde⋅⋅=4
5.3.3.4 Fibres with irregular cross section The mass, mf [g], and the developed length, ld [mm], of the fibre shall be determined. The mass shall be determined to an accuracy of 0,001 g and the length to an accuracy of 0,01 mm. The equivalent diameter shall be computed from the mass and the developed length using the following formula with the nominal density of the fibre, ρ, in [g/cm3]: ρπ⋅⋅⋅⋅=dfelmd6104 NOTE The nominal density ρ of Polypropylene is 0,9 g/cm3. 5.3.4 Linear density The linear density of Class I fibres shall be determined in accordance with EN 13392 and shall be declared. 5.3.5 Shape of fibres The manufacturer may freely choose the shape of the fibre. The control and tolerances on the shape shall be declared for each different shape.
Control may be carried out using optical equipment. 5.4 Tensile properties 5.4.1 Tenacity of Class I fibres The tenacity of Class I fibres shall be determined by either method A or method B of EN ISO 2062.
30 individual fibres shall be tested and all results for the breaking force shall be included in the calculation for the average and standard deviation.
The tenacity shall be calculated from the mean breaking force divided by the linear density determined by 5.3.4.
EN 14889-2:2006 (E) 10 5.4.2 Tensile strength of Class II fibres The tensile strength, Rm, shall be determined in accordance with the method according to EN 10002-1, except that the rate of extension shall not exceed 10 mm/min, and shall be declared.
The tensile strength shall be determined on individual fibres which have a minimum length of 20 mm. 30 individual fibres shall be tested and all results shall be included in the calculation for the average and standard deviation.
The accepted tolerance on the declared value of Rm shall be 15 % for individual values and 7,5 % for the mean value. 5.5 Modulus of elasticity The modulus of elasticity for polymer fibres shall be tested according to EN 10002-1 and shall be declared.
The modulus shall be calculated using the stress and deformation at 10% and 30% of Rm. 30 individual strands shall be tested and all results shall be included in the calculation for the average and standard deviation.
The acceptable tolerance on the declared value of the Modulus of Elasticity is 15% for individual values and 10% for the mean value. 5.6 Melting point and point of ignition The melting point and point of ignition shall be determined in accordance with ISO 11357-3 and shall be declared. NOTE The melting point is an important characteristic where the fibre is to be used to modify the performance of concrete in fire. 5.7 Effect on consistence of concrete The effect of fibres on the consistence of a reference concrete conforming to prEN 14845-1 shall be determined.
The consistence according to EN 12350-3 shall be determined on the reference concrete without fibres and then on an identical mix with fibres. The effect on consistence shall be declared. The amount of fibres added shall be declared by the manufacturer and shall be the minimum amount of fibres needed to obtain the required strength specified in 5.8.
If a plasticiser or superplasticiser is needed in order to meet the consistence requirements when determining the required addition level of fibres, the amount and type shall also be declared by the manufacturer. The fibre manufacturer may additionally declare the consistence for the reference concrete with a range of dosages of fibres.
5.8 Effect on the strength of concrete
The effect on strength shall be determined according to EN 14845-2 using a reference concrete conforming to prEN 14845-1.
The unit volume of fibres in kg/m³ shall be declared by the manufacturer that achieves a residual flexural strength of 1,5 MPa at 0,5 mm CMOD (equivalent to 0,47 mm central deflection) and a residual flexural strength of 1MPa at 3,5 mm CMOD (equivalent to 3,02 mm central deflection).
EN 14889-2:2006 (E) 11 5.9 Mixing Mixing instructions shall be supplied by the manufacturer which recommend the mixing sequence to be adopted when introducing the fibre into both a centrally mixed concrete plant and for a dry batch truck mixed plant.
5.10 Release of dangerous substances Materials used in products shall not release any dangerous substances in excess of the maximum permitted levels specified in a relevant European Standard for the material or permitted in the national regulations of the member state of destination. 6 Evaluation of conformity 6.1 General The conformity of a fibre to the requirements of this standard and with the declared values shall be demonstrated by the manufacturer by carrying out both: initial type testing of the product
(see 6.2) factory production control (see 6.3) Alternative methods of test to the methods specified in this standard may be adopted except for the initial type tests and in case of dispute, provided that these alternative methods satisfy the following: a) a correlation can be shown to exist between the results from the specified test and those from the alternative test and, b) the information on which the relationship is based is available. 6.2
Initial type testing 6.2.1
General Initial type testing shall be performed to show conformity with this standard. Tests previously performed in accordance with the provisions of this standard (same product, same characteristic(s), test method, sampling procedure, system of attestation of conformity, etc.) may be taken into account.
The appropriate initial tests shall be repeated whenever a change in the basic materials or manufacturing procedures occurs, or a new product type is being produced. The tests to be conducted shall be the tests and/or calculations as described in this standard for the following properties: – dimensions and tolerances (see 5.3); – shape (see 5.3.5); – tensile properties (see 5.4); – modulus of elasticity (for Class II only, see 5.5); – melting point and point of ignition (see 5.6); – effect on consistence
(see 5.7);
EN 14889-2:2006 (E) 12 – effect on strength of concrete (for Class II only, see 5.8). The results of initial type tests shall be recorded and be available for inspection.
Sampling for initial type testing shall be in accordance with 6.2.2. 6.2.2
Sampling
The minimum sample size shall be as given in Table 2 and shall be drawn at random to be representative of the batch or consignment.
Pre-production samples may be used for initial type tests where it is possible to demonstrate that the characteristics of performance are representative of products from the full production process. Table 2 - Sampling — number of specimens
NOTE For the performance characteristics to be determined in order to address the provisions of Annex ZA, see Table ZA.1. Type test
Minimum number per test Clause
Normative (N), or Optional (O) Characteristic
5.3
N Dimensions; tolerances 30 fibres 5.3.4
N Shape; tolerances 30 fibres 5.3
N Tensile properties; tolerances 30 fibres or fibre bundles 5.5
O Modulus of elasticity (Class II only) 30 fibres 5.6
N Melting point and point of ignition 30 fibres 5.7
N Consistence mean value of 3 tests 5.8
N Effect on strength of concrete (Class II only) 12 beams
EN 14889-2:2006 (E) 13 6.3 Factory production control (FPC) 6.3.1 General The manufacturer shall establish, document and maintain a FPC system to ensure that the products placed on the market conform to the requirements of this standard and the declared performance characteristics. The FPC system shall consist of procedures, regular inspections, tests and/or assessments and the use of the results to control raw and other incoming materials or components, equipment, the production process and the product. Subsequently, any fundamental changes in basic materials, manufacturing procedures or the control scheme that affects the properties or use of a product shall be recorded in the manual or relevant document, together with the test data that identifies the new characteristics of the fibre. The results of inspections, tests or assessments requiring action shall be documented, as shall any action taken. The action to be taken when control values or criteria are not met shall be recorded. NOTE An FPC system conforming with the requirements of the relevant part(s) of EN ISO 9001, and made specific to the requirements of this standard, is considered to satisfy the above requirements. 6.3.2 Equipment All weighing, measuring and testing equipment shall be calibrated and regularly inspected according to documented procedures, frequencies and criteria. 6.3.3 Raw materials
The specifications of all incoming raw materials shall be documented, as shall the inspection scheme for ensuring their conformity. 6.3.4 Design process The factory production control system shall document the various stages in the design of products, identify the checking procedure and those individuals responsible for all stages of design. During the design process itself, a record shall be kept of all checks, their results, and any corrective actions taken. This record shall be sufficiently detailed and accurate to demonstrate that all stages of the design phase, and all checks, have been carried out satisfactorily. 6.3.5 Product testing and evaluation The manufacturer shall establish procedures to ensure that the declared values of the characteristics are maintained, as confirmed by the initial type tests. The characteristics that shall be controlled are:
– coating (see 5.2.4) – shape (see 5.3.4) – dimensions and tolerances (see 5.3) – tensile properties (see 5.4) – elastic modulus (see 5.5) The frequency and volume of testing shall be at least that given in Table 3.
EN 14889-2:2006 (E) 14 Table 3 — Minimum number of units for production control Number of units
Characteristic Clause Assessment method Tightened control T Normal control N Reduced control R Shape
5.3.4 1 test/shift/machine
1 test /day /machine
3 tests /week/machine
Control of shape
5.3.4
1 test/shift/machine 1 test /day /machine 3 tests /week/machine
Coating 5.2.4 Depending on type of coating 1 test / shift /machine 1 test/day/machine 3 tests/week/machine Dimensions and tolerances
5.3
5.3 1 test / shift /machine 1
test/day/machine 1 test/week/machine Tensile properties
5.4 5.4
1 test per shift. 1 test per day. 3 tests per week. Elastic modulus
5.5 5.5 1 test per shift. 1 test per day. 3 tests per week. NOTE By machine is meant that operation that cuts the fibre to its final dimension.
By shift is meant a continuous period of production of up to 8 h.
The data, together with details and results of inspection, checks and tests shall be recorded. The conditions for switching between the type of control are given in Annex A. Where possible and applicable, the results of inspections
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