SIST EN ISO 8894-1:2010

Refractory materials - Determination of thermal conductivity - Part 1: Hot-wire methods (cross-array and resistance thermometer) (ISO 8894-1:2010)

This part of ISO 8894 describes the hot-wire methods (“cross-array” and “resistance thermometer”) for the determination of the thermal conductivity of non-carbonaceous, dielectric refractory products and materials. This methods are applicable to dense and insulating refractories (shaped products, refractory castables, plastic refractories, ramming mixes, powdered or granular materials) with thermal conductivity values less than 1,5 W/m•K (“cross-array”) and less than 15 W/m•K (“resistance thermometer”) and thermal diffusivity values less than 5 × 10-6 m2/s. Thermal conductivity values can be determined at a room temperature up to 1 250 °C. The maximum temperature (1 250 °C) can be reduced by the maximum service limit temperature of the refractory, or by the temperature at which the refractory is no longer dielectric.

Einführendes Element - Haupt-Element - Teil 1: Teil-Titel (ISO 8894-1:2010)

Diese Norm legt das Heißdraht /Kreuz  und Widerstandsthermometer Verfahren für die Bestimmung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit in kohlenstofffreien, dielektrischen feuerfesten Erzeugnissen und Werkstoffen fest.
Geeignete feuerfeste Erzeugnisse umfassen dichte und zur Wärmedämmung dienende geformte Erzeug¬nisse, Feuerbetone, plastische feuerfeste Massen, Rammmassen, pulverförmige oder körnige Massen.
Die Werte für die Wärmeleitfähigkeit können von Raumtemperatur bis 1 250 °C, oder bis zur maximalen Beanspruchungsgrenze des feuerfesten Erzeugnisses oder bis zu der Temperatur, bei der das feuerfeste Erzeugnis nicht länger dielektrisch ist, bestimmt werden.
Diese Verfahren gelten für feuerfeste Erzeugnisse mit  Werten < 1,5 W/m  K (Kreuzverfahren) und < 15 W/m  K (Widerstandsthermometer Verfahren).
Messungen an anisotropen Werkstoffen sind im Allgemeinen schwierig durchzuführen, und die Anwendung dieses Verfahrens für derartige Werkstoffe sollte zwischen den betreffenden Parteien vereinbart werden.
ANMERKUNG   Die Wärmeleitfähigkeit von Erzeugnissen mit hydraulischer oder chemischer Bindung kann durch die nennenswerte Wassermenge, die nach dem Aushärten oder Abbinden zurückbleibt und während des Brennvorganges abgegeben wird, beeinflusst werden. Diese Werkstoffe können daher eine Vorbehandlung erfordern; die Art und der Umfang einer derartigen Vorbehandlung sowie die Zeit, für die der Probekörper vor der Durchführung der Prüfung der Messtemperatur auszusetzen ist, sind Einzelheiten, die außerhalb des Anwendungsbereiches dieser Norm liegen und sollten zwischen den betreffenden Parteien vereinbart werden.

Matériaux réfractaires - Détermination de la conductivité thermique - Partie 1 : Méthodes du fil chaud (ISO 8894-1:2010)

La présente norme décrit les méthodes du fil chaud (croisillon) et du thermomètre à résistance servant à la détermination de la conductivité thermique des produits et matériaux réfractaires diélectriques non carbonés.
Elle s’applique aux produits façonnés denses et isolants, aux bétons réfractaires, aux mélanges réfractaires plastiques, aux pisés et aux matériaux pulvérulents ou granulaires.
Les valeurs de conductivité thermique peuvent être déterminées depuis la température ambiante jusqu’à 1 250 °C, ou jusqu’à la température maximale de service du produit réfractaire, ou jusqu’à la température à laquelle le produit réfractaire n’est plus diélectrique.
Ces méthodes sont applicables aux produits réfractaires dont les valeurs de conductivité thermique,  , sont inférieures à 1,5 W/m.K (fil chaud croisillon) et inférieures à 15 W/m.K (thermomètre à résistance).
Il est en général difficile de procéder à des mesures précises sur des matériaux anisotropes et il convient que l’application de la présente méthode à ces matériaux fasse l’objet d’un accord entre les parties concernées.
NOTE   La conductivité thermique des produits lies (liaison chimique ou hydraulique) peut être modifiée par la quantité d’eau notable retenue après le durcissement ou la prise puis libérée à la cuisson. Ces matériaux peuvent donc nécessiter un prétraitement ; la nature et l’importance de ce prétraitement, ainsi que la durée de maintien de l’éprouvette à la température de mesure, étant préliminaires à l’exécution de l’essai proprement dit, sont des détails qui ne relèvent pas de l’objet de la présente norme, et il convient qu’ils fassent l’objet d’un accord entre les parties concernées.

Ognjevzdržni materiali - Ugotavljanje toplotne prevodnosti - 1. del: Metoda vroče žice (navzkrižnih žic in metode termometrske odpornosti) (ISO 8894-1:2010)

Ta del ISO 8894 opisuje metode vroče žice (»navzkrižnih žic« in »metode termometrske odpornosti«) za ugotavljanje toplotne prevodnosti ne-karbonatnih, dielektričnih ognjevzdržnih izdelkov in materialov. Te metode se uporabljajo za kompaktne in izolacijske ognjevzdržne izdelke (oblikovane izdelke, ognjevzdržne odlivke, plastične ognjevzdržne izdelke, nabojne mešanice, materiale v prahu ali granulirane materiale) z vrednostmi toplotne prevodnosti manj kot 1,5 W/m•K (»navzkrižne žice«) in manj kot 15 W/m•K (»metoda termometrske odpornosti«), ter vrednostmi toplotne difuzivnosti manj kot 5 × 10-6 m2/s. Vrednosti toplotne prevodnosti je mogoče ugotavljati pri sobni temperaturi do 1 250 °C. Maksimalno temperaturo (1 250 °C) je mogoče znižati za maksimalno mejno temperaturo ognjevzdržnega izdelka, ali za temperaturo, pri kateri ognjevzdržni izdelek ni več dielektričen.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 30-May-2008
• Publication Date: 16-Jun-2010
• ICS: 81.080 - Refractories
• Technical Committee: IKER - Ceramics
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 24-May-2010
• Due Date: 29-Jul-2010
• Completion Date: 17-Jun-2010
• Ref Project: EN ISO 8894-1:2010 - Refractory materials - Determination of thermal conductivity - Part 1: Hot-wire methods (cross-array and resistance thermometer) (ISO 8894-1:2010)

Relations

• Revised: SIST EN 993-14:1998 - Methods of testing dense shaped refractory products - Part 14: Determination of thermal conductivity by the hot-wire (cross-array) method
• Effective Date: 22-Dec-2008
• Replaces: SIST EN 993-14:1998 - Methods of testing dense shaped refractory products - Part 14: Determination of thermal conductivity by the hot-wire (cross-array) method
• Effective Date: 08-Jun-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 8894-1:2010
01-september-2010
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 993-14:1998
2JQMHY]GUåQLPDWHULDOL8JRWDYOMDQMHWRSORWQHSUHYRGQRVWLGHO0HWRGDYURþH
åLFHQDY]NULåQLKåLFLQPHWRGHWHUPRPHWUVNHRGSRUQRVWL,62
Refractory materials - Determination of thermal conductivity - Part 1: Hot-wire methods
(cross-array and resistance thermometer) (ISO 8894-1:2010)
Einführendes Element - Haupt-Element - Teil 1: Teil-Titel (ISO 8894-1:2010)
Matériaux réfractaires - Détermination de la conductivité thermique - Partie 1 : Méthodes
du fil chaud (ISO 8894-1:2010)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 8894-1:2010
ICS:
81.080 Ognjevzdržni materiali Refractories
SIST EN ISO 8894-1:2010 en,fr
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO 8894-1:2010

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SIST EN ISO 8894-1:2010


EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 8894-1

NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM
May 2010
ICS 81.080 Supersedes EN 993-14:1998
English Version
Refractory materials - Determination of thermal conductivity -
Part 1: Hot-wire methods (cross-array and resistance
thermometer) (ISO 8894-1:2010)
Matériaux réfractaires - Détermination de la conductivité Feuerfeste Werkstoffe - Bestimmung der
thermique - Partie 1: Méthodes du fil chaud (croisillon et Wärmeleitfähigkeit - Teil 1: Heißdrahtverfahren
thermomètre à résistance) (ISO 8894-1:2010) (Kreuzverfahren und Widerstandsthermometer-Verfahren)
(ISO 8894-1:2010)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 6 May 2010.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.






EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 8894-1:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN ISO 8894-1:2010
EN ISO 8894-1:2010 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3

2

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SIST EN ISO 8894-1:2010
EN ISO 8894-1:2010 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 8894-1:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 33 "Refractories"
in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 187 “Refractory products and materials” the secretariat of
which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by November 2010.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 993-14:1998.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 8894-1:2010 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 8894-1:2010 without any modification.

3

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SIST EN ISO 8894-1:2010

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SIST EN ISO 8894-1:2010

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8894-1
Second edition
2010-05-15


Refractory materials — Determination of
thermal conductivity —
Part 1:
Hot-wire methods (cross-array and
resistance thermometer)
Matériaux réfractaires — Détermination de la conductivité thermique —
Partie 1: Méthodes du fil chaud («croisillon» et «thermomètre à
résistance»)





Reference number
ISO 8894-1:2010(E)
©
ISO 2010

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SIST EN ISO 8894-1:2010
ISO 8894-1:2010(E)
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ii © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 8894-1:2010
ISO 8894-1:2010(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope.1
2 Terms and definitions .1
3 Principle.2
4 Apparatus.2
5 Test pieces .8
6 Procedure.9
7 Assessment of results .10
8 Calculation and expression of results .11
9 Precision.11
10 Test report.11
Annex A (informative) Data conversion of change in resistance to change in temperature .13
Annex B (informative) Examples of thermal conductivity measurements.18

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SIST EN ISO 8894-1:2010
ISO 8894-1:2010(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 8894-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 33, Refractories.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 8894-1:1987), which has been revised to
include a hot-wire “resistance thermometer” method, as well as the hot-wire “cross-array” method and to
harmonize the text with that of EN 993-14:1998, Methods of testing dense shaped refractory products —
Part 14: Determination of thermal conductivity by the hot-wire (cross-array) method, prepared by CEN/TC 187.
ISO 8894 consists of the following parts, under the general title Refractory materials — Determination of
thermal conductivity:
⎯ Part 1: Hot-wire methods (cross-array and resistance thermometer)
⎯ Part 2: Hot-wire method (parallel)

iv © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 8894-1:2010
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8894-1:2010(E)

Refractory materials — Determination of thermal
conductivity —
Part 1:
Hot-wire methods (cross-array and resistance thermometer)
1 Scope
This part of ISO 8894 describes the hot-wire methods (“cross-array” and “resistance thermometer”) for the
determination of the thermal conductivity of non-carbonaceous, dielectric refractory products and materials.
This methods are applicable to dense and insulating refractories (shaped products, refractory castables,
plastic refractories, ramming mixes, powdered or granular materials) with thermal conductivity values less
than 1,5 W/m⋅K (“cross-array”) and less than 15 W/m⋅K (“resistance thermometer”) and thermal diffusivity
−6 2
values less than 5 × 10 m /s.
Thermal conductivity values can be determined at a room temperature up to 1 250 °C. The maximum
temperature (1 250 °C) can be reduced by the maximum service limit temperature of the refractory, or by the
temperature at which the refractory is no longer dielectric.
NOTE 1 In general, it is difficult to make accurate measurements on anisotropic materials and the use of this method
for such materials can be agreed between the parties concerned.
NOTE 2 The thermal conductivity of products with a hydraulic or chemical bond can be affected by the appreciable
amount of water that is retained after hardening or setting and is released on firing. These materials might therefore
require pre-treatment; the nature and extent of such pre-treatment and the period for which the test piece is held at the
measurement temperature as a preliminary to carrying out the test, are details that are outside the scope of this part of
ISO 8894 and are agreed between the parties concerned.
NOTE 3 The measurement of thermal conductivity is not sufficiently uncomplicated for an engineer to expect to
achieve correct results without having particular work experience and if the work is based exclusively on this standard.
Sufficient experience of measuring temperatures and laboratory skills are imperative.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
thermal conductivity
λ
density of heat flow rate divided by the temperature gradient
NOTE Thermal conductivity is expressed in watts per metre kelvin (W/m⋅K).
2.2
thermal diffusivity
a
thermal conductivity divided by the bulk density times the specific heat capacity
NOTE 1 a = λ/ρ ⋅ c
p
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SIST EN ISO 8894-1:2010
ISO 8894-1:2010(E)
where:
λ is the thermal conductivity;
ρ is the bulk density;
c is the specific heat capacity at constant pressure per weight.
p
2 −1
NOTE 2 Thermal diffusivity is expressed in units of square metres per second (m s ).
2.3
power
P
rate of energy transfer
NOTE Power is expressed in watts (W).
3 Principle
Both the hot-wire “cross-array” and “resistance thermometer” methods are dynamic measuring procedures
based on the determination of the temperature increase against time of a linear heat source (hot wire)
embedded between two test pieces which make up the test assembly.
The test assembly is heated in a furnace to a specified temperature and maintained at that temperature.
Further local heating is provided by a linear electrical conductor (the hot wire) that is symmetrically embedded
in the test assembly and carries an electrical current of known power that is constant in time and along the
length of the test pieces.
The increase in temperature as a function of time follows a logarithmic law, and is measured and recorded
from the moment the local heating current is switched on. The thermal conductivity of the test pieces is
calculated using the rate of temperature increase and the power input.
For the “cross-array“ method, the temperature increase is measured using a thermocouple that is welded to
the hot wire at its centre. The thermocouple leads are perpendicular to the hot wire.
For the “resistance thermometer“ method, the temperature increase is measured by using the hot wire itself as
both heat source and temperature sensor. An integral temperature measurement of the hot wire is carried out
over the length between the voltage taps. The change in resistance of this part of the hot wire is determined.
From these data, its temperature increase is calculated. The mathematical procedure is described in Annex A.
4 Apparatus
NOTE A block diagram of a suggested test apparatus for the “cross-array” method is shown in Figure 1 and for the
“resistance thermometer” method in Figure 2.
4.1 Furnace, electrically heated, capable of taking one or more test assemblies (see 5.1) up to the required
maximum test temperature. The temperature at any two points in the region occupied by the test pieces shall
not differ by more than 10 K. The temperature measured on the outside of the test assembly during a test (of
duration about 15 min) shall not vary by more than ±0,5 K, and shall be known with an accuracy of ±10 K.
4.2 Hot wire, preferably of platinum or platinum-rhodium, with a minimum length equivalent to that of the
test piece and a diameter not more than 0,5 mm. Both ends of the hot wire are attached to the power supply
(4.4). Leads outside the assembly shall consist of two or more tightly twisted wires of 0,5 mm diameter. The
current lead connections external to the furnace shall be made of heavy gauge cable.
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SIST EN ISO 8894-1:2010
ISO 8894-1:2010(E)

Key
1 hot-wire power supply; a.c. source 1 kHz 8 heating circuit
2 reference thermocouple Tr 9 voltage taps
3 hot-wire power control unit 10 current measurement
4 test assembly 11 data acquisition system and computer
5 cold junction of thermocouples 12 absolute signal (Ti)
6 measurement thermocouple Ti 13 difference signal (Ti − Tr)
7 shunt
Figure 1 — Block diagram of apparatus for “cross-array” method

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SIST EN ISO 8894-1:2010
ISO 8894-1:2010(E)

Key
1 hot-wire power supply; a.c. 1 kHz 9 a.c. voltage measurement
2 thermocouple 10 a.c. current measurement
3 hot-wire power control unit 11 data acquisition system and computer
4 test assembly 12 absolute signal R
5 amplifier 13 difference signal ∆R
6 voltage taps 14 d.c.source 100 mA
7 shunt 15 resistance measurement circuit
8 heating circuit
Figure 2 — Block diagram of apparatus for “resistance thermometer” method
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SIST EN ISO 8894-1:2010
ISO 8894-1:2010(E)
4.3 Voltage taps, made of the same material as the hot wire. The welded connections to the hot wire
should be located in the test piece with a distance of about 200 mm, known to the nearest ±0,5 mm. The wires
shall be of a diameter not greater than that of the hot wire. Both ends of the voltage taps are attached to the
hot-wire power control unit (4.6).
4.4 Power supply, to the hot wire (4.2).
For the electrical heating of the hot wire during a single measurement (6.7) an adequate power supply is
required.
4.4.1 For the “cross-array” method, the power supply shall be stabilized a.c. or d.c., but preferably a.c., and
shall not vary in power by more than 2 % during the period of measurement. It shall be variable between
1 W/m and 20 W/m. This is equivalent to 0,2 W to 4 W between the voltage taps for a distance of 200 mm
(see 6.5, Note).
4.4.2 For the “resistance thermometer” method, the power supply shall be stabilized a.c., and shall not vary
in power by more than 2 % during the period of measurement. It shall be variable between 1 W/m and
125 W/m. This is equivalent to 0,2 W and 25 W between the voltage taps for a distance of 200 mm (see 6.5,
Note).
4.5 Equipment for the measurement of the temperature increase of the hot wire. The following
arrangements for the “cross-array” and “resistance thermometer” methods shall be applied.
4.5.1 “Cross-array” method. For the “cross-array” method, use a differential platinum/platinum-rhodium
thermocouple (Type S: platinum 10 % rhodium/platinum thermocouple or Type R: platinum 13 % rhodium/
platinum thermocouple) formed from a measurement thermocouple (Ti) which is welded to the hot wire at its
centre and a reference thermocouple (Tr) connected in opposition outside the furnace (see Figure 1). The
leads of the measurement thermocouple shall run perpendicular to the hot wire. The output of the reference
thermocouple shall be kept stable by placing it between the top outer face of the upper test piece and a cover
of the same material as the test piece (see Figure 3). The maximum diameter of the measurement
thermocouple wires shall not be greater than the diameter of the hot wire (to minimize loss of heat at the
measuring point by conduction) and the wires of both thermocouples shall be long enough to extend outside
the furnace where connections to the measuring apparatus shall be made by wire of a different type. The
external connections of the thermocouple shall be isothermal. The measurement thermocouple (Ti) shall be
used to indicate the temperature of the test assembly.
NOTE 1 An insulating layer can be inserted between the reference thermocouple and the upper test piece.
NOTE 2 For hot wire, voltage taps and thermocouples made of base metal can be used at temperatures below
1 000 °C.
NOTE 3 The reference thermocouple (Tr) can be replaced if a data acquisition system with an adequate resolution is
used.

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SIST EN ISO 8894-1:2010
ISO 8894-1:2010(E)

Key
1 cover 6 measurement thermocouple Ti
2 reference thermocouple Tr 7 tes
...