SIST-TS CEN/TS 17660-1:2022
(Main)Air quality - Performance evaluation of air quality sensor systems - Part 1: Gaseous pollutants in ambient air
Air quality - Performance evaluation of air quality sensor systems - Part 1: Gaseous pollutants in ambient air
This Technical Specification (TS) describes the general principles, including testing procedures and requirements, for the evaluation of performances of low-cost sensor systems for the monitoring of gaseous compounds in ambient air at fixed sites. The evaluation of sensor systems includes tests that shall be performed under prescribed laboratory and/or field conditions.
This TS is not intended for the test of sensors systems used for mobile devices, for the testing of networks of sensor nodes, or for indoor air monitoring although their potential importance is recognized and they could be the subjects of future TS documents.
Low-cost sensors are based on several principles of operations, e. g. amperometric sensors, metal oxides, optical sensors (Infra-Red absorption) etc. However, sensors share some common features, regarding their portability and low-cost compared to traditional reference methods. Typically, sensors are able to continuously monitor air pollution, with low response time ranging between a few tens of seconds and a few minutes.
The described procedure is applicable to the determination of the mass concentration of air pollutants. The pollutants that are considered in this TS consists of:
-the gaseous pollutants regulated under Directives 2008/50/EC: O3, NO2 and NO, CO, SO2 and benzene, in the range of concentrations expected in outdoor ambient air;
-CO2 as proxy for activities involving combustion processes or for CO2 evaporation from soil or water.
When applying the current Technical Specifications, the evaluation of sensors considers the thresholds, limits and averaging times that are defined into the Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC)[1]. Generally, the Directive sets Limit Values consists of an annual average that is computed by averaging hourly values. For sensors, it can be useful to select shorter averaging time.
In order to rely on the results of tests this protocol, future users shall make sure that sensors will be implemented with the same configuration as the sensor submitted to this protocol. This can include: the same power supply, data acquisition, data processing, identical sampling/ protective box and periodicity of calibration. The sensor shall be submitted to the same regime of QA/QC and maintenance operation as during tests. In addition, it is strongly recommended that sensors measurements are periodically compared side-by-side with the reference method.
For the purpose of this technical specification sensor systems are significantly less expensive than reference methods for the same pollutant.
Luftbeschaffenheit - Leistungsbewertung von Luftqualitäts-sensorsystemen - Teil 1: Gasförmige Schadstoffe in der Außenluft
Dieses Dokument legt allgemeine Grundsätze einschließlich Prüfverfahren und Prüfanforderungen für die Klassifizierung der Leistung von kostengünstigen Sensorsystemen für die Überwachung gasförmiger Stoffe in der Außenluft an festen Standorten fest. Die Klassifizierung von Sensorsystemen beinhaltet Prüfungen, die unter vorgeschriebenen Labor- und Feldbedingungen durchgeführt werden.
Das beschriebene Verfahren ist für die Bestimmung der Massenkonzentration von Schadstoffen in der Luft anwendbar. Die in diesem Dokument betrachteten Schadstoffe sind die in der Richtlinie 2008/50/EG geregelten gasförmigen Schadstoffe (O3, NO/NO2/NOx, CO, SO2 und Benzol) in dem in der Außenluft erwarteten Konzentrationsbereich.
Dieses Dokument bietet eine Klassifizierung, die mit den Anforderungen an orientierende Messungen und objektive Schätzungen in der Richtlinie 2008/50/EG konsistent ist. Darüber hinaus liefert es eine Klassifizierung für Anwendungen (nicht-geregelte Messungen) die entspanntere Leistungskriterien erfordern.
Dieses Dokument gilt für einzeln verwendete Sensorsysteme. Es gilt nicht für Sensorsysteme als Teil eines Sensornetzwerks. Für einige Anwendungen (z. B. in Städten) werden Sensorsysteme jedoch als Teil eines Sensornetzwerks eingesetzt. Anhang A enthält Informationen zur Nutzung von Sensorsystemen als Knoten in einem Sensornetzwerk.
Dieses Dokument bietet eine Anleitung zur Prüfung von CO2-Sensorsystemen in Anhang B, da CO2, auch wenn es nicht in Richtlinie 2008/50/EG aufgeführt ist, ein interessanter Indikator stellvertretend für Aktivitäten ist, die Verbrennungsprozesse beinhalten, oder für die Verdunstung von CO2 aus Erdreich oder Wasser.
Qualité de l'air - Évaluation des performances des systèmes capteurs de la qualité de l'air - Partie 1: Polluants gazeux dans l'air ambiant
Le présent document spécifie les principes généraux, y compris les modes opératoires d'essai et les exigences, pour la classification des performances des systèmes capteurs à faible coût dans le cadre de la surveillance des composés gazeux dans l'air ambiant sur des sites fixes. La classification des systèmes capteurs comprend des essais réalisés dans des conditions prescrites en laboratoire et sur le terrain.
Le mode opératoire décrit est applicable à la détermination de la concentration massique des polluants atmosphériques. Les polluants pris en considération dans le présent document sont les polluants gazeux réglementés par la Directive 2008/50/CE (O3, NO/NO2/NOx, CO, SO2 et benzène) dans la plage de concentrations attendues dans l'air ambiant.
Le présent document fournit une classification qui est cohérente avec les exigences de mesures indicatives et d'estimation objective définies dans la Directive 2008/50/CE. En outre, il fournit une classification pour les applications (mesures non réglementaires) qui exigent des critères de performance plus souples.
Le présent document s'applique aux systèmes capteurs utilisés en tant que systèmes individuels. Il ne s'applique pas aux systèmes capteurs faisant partie d'un réseau de capteurs. Cependant, pour certaines applications (par exemple dans les villes), les systèmes capteurs sont mis en œuvre dans le cadre d'un réseau de capteurs. L'Annexe A donne des informations concernant l'utilisation des systèmes capteurs en tant que nœuds dans un réseau de capteurs.
L'Annexe B du présent document fournit des recommandations relatives aux essais des systèmes capteurs de CO2. En effet, bien qu'il ne figure pas dans la Directive 2008/50/CE, le CO2 est un indicateur intéressant pour les activités impliquant des processus de combustion ou pour l'évaporation du CO2 du sol ou de l'eau.
Kakovost zraka - Vrednotenje lastnosti senzorskih sistemov za kakovost zraka - 1. del: Plinasta onesnaževala v zunanjem zraku
Ta tehnična specifikacija (TS) opisuje splošna načela, vključno s preskusnimi postopki in zahtevami, za vrednotenje lastnosti nizkocenovnih senzorskih sistemov za spremljanje plinastih spojin v zunanjem zraku na fiksnih mestih. Vrednotenje senzorskih sistemov vključuje preskuse, ki se izvajajo v predpisanih laboratorijskih in/ali terenskih pogojih.
Ta tehnična specifikacija ni namenjena za preskušanje senzorskih sistemov, ki se uporabljajo za mobilne naprave, za preskušanje omrežij senzorskih vozlišč ali za nadzor zraka v zaprtih prostorih, čeprav je njihov potencialni pomen priznan in bi lahko bili predmet prihodnjih tehničnih specifikacij.
Nizkocenovni senzorji temeljijo na več principih delovanja, tako so lahko npr. amperometrični senzorji, kovinski oksidi, optični senzorji (infrardeča absorpcija) itd. Vendar imajo senzorji v primerjavi s tradicionalnimi referenčnimi metodami nekaj skupnih lastnosti glede njihove prenosljivosti in nizke cene. Običajno lahko senzorji neprekinjeno spremljajo onesnaženost zraka in imajo kratek odzivni čas, ki se giblje od nekaj deset sekund do nekaj minut.
Opisani postopek je uporaben za določanje masne koncentracije onesnaževal zraka. Onesnaževala, ki so obravnavana v tej tehnični specifikaciji:
– plinasta onesnaževala v skladu z direktivami 2008/50/ES: O3, NO2 in NO, CO, SO2 ter benzen v območju pričakovanih koncentracij v zunanjem zraku;
– CO2 kot približek za dejavnosti, ki vključujejo procese zgorevanja ali izhlapevanje CO2 iz zemlje ali vode.
Pri uporabi trenutnih tehničnih specifikacij se pri vrednotenju senzorjev upoštevajo pragovi, omejitve in povprečni čas, ki so opredeljeni v Direktivi o kakovosti zraka (2008/50/ES)[1]. Na splošno direktiva določa mejne vrednosti, sestavljene iz letnega povprečja, ki se izračuna s povprečenjem ur. Pri senzorjih je morda uporabno izbrati krajši čas povprečenja.
Da bi se lahko zanesli na rezultate preskusov tega protokola, bodo morali bodoči uporabniki zagotoviti, da bodo senzorji implementirani z enako konfiguracijo kot senzor, predložen v ta protokol. To lahko vključuje: enako napajanje, pridobivanje podatkov, obdelavo podatkov, identično vzorčenje/zaščitno ohišje in pogostost umerjanja. Senzor mora biti podvržen enakemu režimu zagotavljanja in nazora kakovosti (QA/QC) ter vzdrževanju kot med preskusi. Poleg tega je močno priporočljivo, da se meritve senzorjev redno primerjajo vzporedno z referenčno metodo.
Za namene te tehnične specifikacije so senzorski sistemi bistveno cenejši od referenčnih metod za isto onesnaževalo.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TS CEN/TS 17660-1:2022
01-marec-2022
Kakovost zraka - Vrednotenje lastnosti senzorskih sistemov za kakovost zraka - 1.
del: Plinasta onesnaževala v zunanjem zraku
Air quality - Performance evaluation of air quality sensor systems - Part 1: Gaseous
pollutants in ambient air
Luftbeschaffenheit - Leistungsbewertung von Luftqualitäts-sensorsystemen - Teil 1:
Gasförmige Schadstoffe in der Außenluft
Qualité de l'air - Évaluation des performances des systèmes capteurs de la qualité de
l'air - Partie 1: Polluants gazeux dans l'air ambiant
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 17660-1:2021
ICS:
13.040.20 Kakovost okoljskega zraka Ambient atmospheres
SIST-TS CEN/TS 17660-1:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TS CEN/TS 17660-1:2022
CEN/TS 17660-1
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
December 2021
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
ICS 13.040.20
English Version
Air quality - Performance evaluation of air quality sensor
systems - Part 1: Gaseous pollutants in ambient air
Qualité de l'air - Évaluation des performances des Luftbeschaffenheit - Leistungsbewertung von
systèmes capteurs de la qualité de l'air - Partie 1: Luftqualitäts-sensorsystemen - Teil 1: Gasförmige
Polluants gazeux dans l'air ambiant Schadstoffe in der Außenluft
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 17 October 2021 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to
submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS
available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in
parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 17660-1:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 12
4.1 Symbols . 12
4.2 Abbreviations . 16
5 Principle of the evaluation . 16
5.1 Introduction to the methodology . 16
5.2 General objective. 18
5.3 Protocol . 18
5.4 Initial requirements . 20
5.5 Test infrastructure . 20
5.6 Test results and classification . 21
5.7 Sensor system design changes . 21
5.8 List of tests to be performed . 22
5.9 Normal test conditions . 24
6 Performance requirements . 24
6.1 Data quality objectives . 24
6.2 Performance requirements . 25
7 General requirements for the performance of tests . 27
7.1 General requirements for testing . 27
7.2 Exposure chamber for laboratory experiments . 28
7.3 Averaging time and repetitions of readings for each laboratory test . 29
8 Pre-test of sensor system under controlled conditions (Step 1) . 29
8.1 General . 29
8.2 Response time . 30
8.3 Evaluation of lack of fit . 31
8.4 Repeatability . 33
9 Extended list of laboratory tests (Step 2) . 34
9.1 Long-term drift . 34
9.2 Cross-sensitivities to gaseous interfering compounds . 36
9.3 Temperature and humidity effects . 39
9.4 Memory effect of main gas, humidity and temperature . 42
9.5 Wind velocity effect . 43
9.6 Atmospheric pressure effect . 43
9.7 Electromagnetic fields effects . 44
9.8 Power supply and battery effects . 44
9.9 Evaluation of data quality objective of the laboratory experiments . 44
10 Field tests (Step 3 or Step 4). 45
10.1 General . 45
10.2 Selection of air quality monitoring station . 45
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10.3 Installation . 46
10.4 Deployment and on-going quality control during field tests . 47
10.5 Evaluation of the uncertainty of the sensor system measurement . 47
11 Classification based on the test results . 51
11.1 General . 51
11.2 11.2 Evaluation of the pre-test (Step 1) . 51
11.3 Evaluation of laboratory test (Step 2, if applicable) . 52
11.4 Evaluation of field tests (Step 3, if step is carried out; Step 4 otherwise) . 52
11.5 Final classification . 53
12 Test report . 53
Annex A (informative) Co-location of sensors, deployment and management of a network
of sensor systems . 58
Annex B (informative) Guidance on the testing of CO sensor systems . 62
2
Annex C (informative) Guidance for the design of an exposure chamber . 65
Annex D (informative) Evaluation of the effect of wind velocity on the sensor system
measurements . 67
Annex E (normative) Evaluation of the effect of atmospheric pressure on the sensor system
measurements . 68
Annex F (informative) Evaluation of the effect of electromagnetic fields on the sensor
system measurements . 70
Annex G (informative) Air composition in different outdoor type of sites . 71
Annex H (informative) Selecting the climate for a field trial site . 74
Annex I (normative) Ordinary least square regression formulae . 76
Annex J (normative) Values for u bs, RM . 78
( )
Annex K (informative) Example of determination of measurement uncertainty . 81
Bibliography . 86
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European foreword
This document (CEN/TS 17660-1:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air
quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document is Part 1 of a series of documents published under the general title Air quality —
Performance evaluation of air quality sensor systems.
Part 1 covers the performance evaluation of air quality sensor systems for gaseous pollutants in ambient
air.
Part 2 covers the performance evaluation of air quality sensor systems for particulate pollutants in
ambient air.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United
Kingdom.
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Introduction
Sensor systems are generally seen as emerging measuring devices for the monitoring of air quality.
Sensor systems provide a fast and low-cost alternative to the reference methods as defined in Directive
2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe [1]. Sensor systems could allow for air
pollution monitoring at a lower cost and with a higher spatial density than with the reference methods.
They also allow for new air pollution applications when coupled with the global positioning system (GPS),
global system for mobile communications (GSM) and smartphones including monitoring in complex
topographies, at traffic junctions, in street canyons, at remote sites and for citizen science studies; e.g.
monitoring around sensitive receptors, schools, or parks.
Sensor systems are making use of one or more low-cost sensors that are based on several principles of
operations, e.g. amperometric sensors, metal oxides, optical sensors (infra-red absorption). However,
sensor systems share some common features regarding their portability and low-cost compared to
traditional reference methods. Typically, sensor systems are able to continuously monitor air pollution,
with fast response times ranging between a few tens of seconds and a few minutes.
Currently, the use of sensor systems for air quality monitoring is limited by the occasional low accuracy
of measurements that they can achieve. Additionally, there was no unambiguous protocol of evaluation
of sensor systems with a structured metrological approach, able to ensure traceability from sensor
system measurements to national and international standards. A protocol will enable exhaustive and
transparent evaluations of sensor systems that can be an important step to include sensor system
measurements into the monitoring of air quality for regulatory and non-regulatory purposes.
The protocol presented in this document applies to sensor systems and supports the requirements of
Directive 2008/50/EC. The presented procedure evaluates if the measurement uncertainty defined in
Directive 2008/50/EC as data quality objectives for indicative measurements and for objective
estimation is met. However, the protocol additionally allows for a less demanding evaluation of the
performance of sensor systems for non-regulatory measurements.
The protocol applies to sensor systems as individual measurement devices. This protocol does not apply
to sensor systems as nodes in a sensor network. Annex A gives information on the use of sensor systems
in sensor networks.
This document defines common procedures and requirements for the evaluation of the performance of
sensor systems to facilitate mutual recognition by the relevant bodies or stakeholders and thereby
minimise both administrative and cost burdens on manufacturers. It does not describe the roles and
responsibilities of manufacturers, test laboratories and relevant bodies under these procedures.
In addition to the gaseous pollutants regulated in Directive 2008/50/EC, carbon dioxide is considered in
the scope of this protocol although this compound is not listed in Directive 2008/50/EC. Consequently,
there is no data quality objective for carbon dioxide. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has not set
any guidelines for carbon dioxide. However, there is a growing interest in monitoring carbon dioxide in
ambient air with sensor systems.
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1 Scope
This document specifies the general principles, including testing procedures and requirements, for the
classification of performance of low-cost sensor systems for the monitoring of gaseous compounds in
ambient air at fixed sites. The classification of sensor systems includes tests that are performed under
prescribed laboratory and field conditions.
The procedure described is applicable to the determination of the mass concentration of air pollutants.
The pollutants that are considered in this document are the gaseous pollutants regulated under Directive
2008/50/EC (O , NO/NO /NO , CO, SO and benzene) in the range of concentrations expected in ambient
3 2 x 2
air.
This document provides a classification that is consistent with the requirements for indicative
measurements and objective estimation defined in Directive 2008/50/EC. In addition, it provides a
classification for applications (non-regulatory measurements) that require more relaxed performance
criteria.
This document applies to sensor systems used as individual systems. It does not apply to sensor systems
as part of a sensor network. However, for some applications (e.g. in cities) sensor systems are deployed
as part of a sensor network. Annex A gives information on the use of sensor systems as nodes in a sensor
network.
This document gives guidance on the testing of CO sensor systems in Annex B since, although not listed
2
in Directive 2008/50/EC, CO is an interesting indicator as proxy for activities involving combustion
2
processes or for CO evaporation from soil or water.
2
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 14956:2006, Air quality — Evaluation of the suitability of a measurement procedure by comparison
with a required measurement uncertainty (ISO 14956:2002)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
ambient air
outdoor air in the troposphere where provisions concerning health and safety at work apply and to which
members of the public do not have regular access
[SOURCE: Directive 2008/50/EC]
Note 1 to entry: This does not include workplaces defined by Directive 89/654/EC.
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3.2
sensor
individual sensor
chemical cell or physical unit that produces an analytically useful signal by detecting or measuring the
analyte
3.3
sensor system
sensor node
single integrated set of hardware that uses one or more sensors to detect and/or measure a chemical
concentration or quantity that is able to supply real time measurements
Note 1 to entry: The term “instrument” has a very similar definition, but many researchers are typically referring
to a reference grade device when using the word “instrument”.
Note 2 to entry: All the tests that are intended in this document are designed for sensor systems only.
Note 3 to entry: Sensor systems contain a number of common components in addition to the basic sensing or
analytical element that is used for detection. Common core components and functions can include:
— sensing element or detector (actually the sensor);
— sampling capability (active or passive sampling);
— power systems, including batteries;
— analogue to digital conversion;
— signal processing;
— local data storage;
— data transmission;
— housing or casing.
3.4
class 1 sensor system
measuring device delivering data that are at minimum consistent with the data quality objectives of
indicative measurements
Note 1 to entry: The term “indicative measurement” refers to the definition in Directive 2008/50/EC and not to
the performance of the sensor system.
3.5
class 2 sensor system
measuring device delivering data that are at minimum consistent with the data quality objectives of
objective estimations
Note 1 to entry: The term “objective estimation” refers to the definition in Directive 2008/50/EC and not to the
performance of the sensor system.
3.6
class 3 sensor system
measuring device delivering data that comply with a relaxed target measurement uncertainty, but are
not formally associated with any mandatory data quality objective
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Note 1 to entry: Relaxed target measurement uncertainty are given in Table 3.
3.7
exposure chamber
volume that can be sealed with controlled conditions of temperature, humidity and test gas volume
fraction, used for performing the test on the sensor system
3.8
averaging period
period of time for which a limit value is associated
Note 1 to entry: For this document, the averaging period for field measurements is default to 1 h if the averaging
period in Directive 2008/50/EC is greater than 1 h.
3.9
independent measurement
measurement that is not influenced by a previous individual measurement, by separating two individual
measurements by at least four response times
3.10
individual measurement
measurement averaged over a time period equal to the response time of the sensor system
[SOURCE: adapted from EN 14211:2012, 3.15]
Note 1 to entry: This definition differs from the meaning of the concept “individual measurement” in Directive
2008/50/EC.
3.11
cold start
initial start after a shutdown or a long maintenance
Note 1 to entry: While the durations can vary, typically a cold start follows a shutdown of at least 48 h (2 days or
more).
3.12
warm start
restart after a short maintenance period of typically 1 h
3.13
hot start
restart after a shutdown period of a few minutes
3.14
shelf life
maximum storage period before use as stated by the manufacturer
3.15
zero gas
gas or gas mixture used to produce the zero response of a given analytical procedure or measuring device
for a given range of content
[SOURCE: ISO 7504:2015, 4.6]
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3.16
calibration
operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a relation between the quantity
values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding
indications with associated measurement uncertainties and, in a second step, uses this information to
establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication
[SOURCE: JCGM 200:2012, 2.39]
Note 1 to entry: A calibration can be expressed by a statement, calibration function, calibration diagram,
calibration curve, or calibration table. In some cases, it can consist of an additive or multiplicative correction of the
indication with associated measurement uncertainty. Calibration should not be confused with adjustment of a
measuring system, often mistakenly called “self-calibration”, nor with verification of calibration.
Note 2 to entry: This document does not describe the process of calibration of sensor systems.
3.17
drift
continuous or incremental change over time in measurement, due to changes in properties of a sensor
system
Note 1 to entry: The drift is related neither to a change in a quantity being measured nor to a change of any
recognized influence quantity.
3.18
memory effect
effect of previous values of the measurand on the current measurement results
[SOURCE: EN ISO 9169:2006, 2.1.21]
Note 1 to entry: Memory effect can be quantified by the difference between the upscale and downscale
measurements starting from fixed lower and upper measurement values.
3.19
detection limit
limit of detection
measured quantity value, obtained by a given measurement procedure, for which the probability of
falsely claiming the absence of a component in a material is β, given a probability α of falsely claiming its
presence
Note 1 to entry: IUPAC recommends default values for α and β equal to 0,05.
Note 2 to entry: The abbreviation LOD is sometimes used.
Note 3 to entry: The term “sensitivity” is discouraged for “detection limit”.
[SOURCE: JCGM 200:2012, 4.18]
3.20
repeatability of results of measurements
repeatability
closeness of the agreement between the results of successive measurements of the same measurand
carried out under the same conditions of measurement
Note 1 to entry: These conditions are called repeatability conditions.
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Note 2 to entry: Repeatability conditions include:
— the same measurement procedure;
— the same observer;
— the same measuring instrument, used under the same conditions;
— the same location;
— repetition over a short period of time.
Note 3 to entry: Repeatability can be expressed quantitatively in terms of the dispersion characteristics of the
results.
[SOURCE: VIM:1993, 3.6]
3.21
selectivity of a measuring system
selectivity
property of a measuring system, used with a specified measurement procedure, whereby it provides
measured quantity values for one or more measurands such that the values of each measurand are
independent of other measurands or other quantities in the phenomenon, body, or substance being
investigated
[SOURCE: JCGM 200:2012, 4.13]
Note 1 to entry: In chemistry, the measured quantities often involve different components in the system undergoing
measurement and these quantities are not necessarily of the same kind.
Note 2 to entry: In chemistry, selectivity of a measuring system is usually obtained for quantities with selected
components in concentrations within stated intervals.
3.22
sensitivity of a measuring system
sensitivity
quotient of the change in an indication of a measuring system and the corresponding change in a value of
a quantity being measured
Note 1 to entry: Sensitivity of a measuring system can depend on the value of the quantity being measured.
Note 2 to entry: The change considered in a value of a quantity being measured must be large compared with the
resolution.
[SOURCE: JCGM 200:2012, 4.12]
3.23
stability of a measuring instrument
stability
property of a measuring instrument, whereby its metrological properties remain constant in time
[SOURCE: JCGM 200:2012, 4.19]
Note 1 to entry: Stability can be quantified in several ways, e.g. in terms of the duration of a time interval over
which a metrological property changes by a stated amount, or in terms of the change of a property over a stated
time interval.
10
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3.24
uncertainty of measurement
measurement uncertainty
uncertainty
non-negative parameter characterizing the dispersion of the quantity values being attributed to a
measurand, based on the information used
Note 1 to entry: Measurement uncertainty i
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17660-1:2021
01-september-2021
Kakovost zraka - Vrednotenje lastnosti senzorskih sistemov za kakovost zraka - 1.
del: Plinasta onesnaževala v zunanjem zraku
Air quality - Performance evaluation of air quality sensor systems - Part 1: Gaseous
pollutants in ambient air
Luftbeschaffenheit - Leistungsbewertung von Luftqualitäts-sensorsystemen - Teil 1:
Gasförmige Schadstoffe in der Außenluft
Qualité de l'air - Évaluation des performances des systèmes capteurs de qualité de l'air -
Partie 1 : Polluants gazeux dans l'air ambiant
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN/TS 17660-1
ICS:
13.040.20 Kakovost okoljskega zraka Ambient atmospheres
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17660-1:2021 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17660-1:2021
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kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 17660-1:2021
FINAL DRAFT
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
FprCEN/TS 17660-1
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
June 2021
ICS 13.040.20
English Version
Air quality - Performance evaluation of air quality sensor
systems - Part 1: Gaseous pollutants in ambient air
Qualité de l'air - Évaluation des performances des Luftbeschaffenheit - Leistungsbewertung von
systèmes capteurs de qualité de l'air - Partie 1 : Luftqualitäts-sensorsystemen - Teil 1: Gasförmige
Polluants gazeux dans l'air ambiant Schadstoffe in der Außenluft
This draft Technical Specification is submitted to CEN members for Vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 264.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a Technical Specification. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change
without notice and shall not be referred to as a Technical Specification.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. FprCEN/TS 17660-1:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page
European foreword . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 13
4.1 Symbols . 13
4.2 Abbreviations . 17
5 Principle of the evaluation . 17
5.1 Introduction to the methodology . 17
5.2 General objective. 19
5.3 Protocol . 19
5.4 Initial requirements . 21
5.5 Test infrastructure . 22
5.6 Test results and classification . 22
5.7 Sensor system design changes . 22
5.8 List of tests to be performed . 23
5.9 Normal test conditions . 25
6 Performance requirements . 26
6.1 Data quality objectives . 26
6.2 Performance requirements . 27
7 General requirements for the performance of tests . 29
7.1 General requirements for testing . 29
7.1.1 Number of sensor systems . 29
7.1.2 Sequence of laboratory tests for Step 2 . 29
7.1.3 Preparation of the sensor systems prior to the laboratory and field tests . 29
7.2 Exposure chamber for laboratory experiments . 30
7.3 Averaging time and repetitions of readings for each laboratory test . 31
8 Pre-test of sensor system under controlled conditions (Step 1) . 31
8.1 General . 31
8.2 Response time . 32
8.2.1 Test conditions, test procedures and test requirements . 32
8.2.2 Evaluation of the test results . 32
8.3 Evaluation of lack of fit . 33
8.3.1 Test conditions and test procedures . 33
8.3.2 Evaluation of the test results . 33
8.4 Repeatability . 35
8.4.1 Test conditions and test procedures . 35
8.4.2 Evaluation of the test results . 35
9 Extended list of laboratory tests (Step 2) . 36
9.1 Long-term drift . 36
9.1.1 General . 36
9.1.2 Test conditions and test procedures . 37
9.1.3 Measurement uncertainty and evaluation of the test results for the long-term drift . 37
2
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9.2 Cross-sensitivities to gaseous interfering compounds . 39
9.2.1 General . 39
9.2.2 Test conditions and test procedures . 39
9.2.3 Measurement uncertainty and evaluation of the test results. 40
9.3 Temperature and humidity effects . 42
9.3.1 Test conditions and test procedures . 42
9.3.2 Measurement uncertainty and evaluation of the test results. 44
9.4 Memory effect of main gas, humidity and temperature . 45
9.4.1 Test conditions and test procedures . 45
9.4.2 Evaluation of the test results and measurement uncertainty . 45
9.5 Wind velocity effect . 46
9.6 Atmospheric pressure effect . 46
9.7 Electromagnetic fields effects . 47
9.8 Power supply and battery effects . 47
9.9 Evaluation of data quality objective of the laboratory experiments . 47
10 Field tests (Step 3 or Step 4) . 48
10.1 General . 48
10.2 Selection of air quality monitoring station . 48
10.3 Installation . 49
10.4 Deployment and on-going quality control during field tests . 50
10.5 Evaluation of the uncertainty of the sensor system measurement . 50
10.5.1 General . 50
10.5.2 Preliminary check on correlation between test gas and potential interferents at test
sites . 51
10.5.3 Between instrument uncertainty for sensor systems and reference instruments . 51
10.5.4 Uncertainty of measurements of the field tests . 52
10.5.5 Correction for slope and/or intercept . 53
11 Classification based on the test results . 55
11.1 General . 55
11.2 Evaluation of the pre-test (Step 1). 55
11.3 Evaluation of laboratory test (Step 2, if applicable) . 55
11.4 Evaluation of field tests (Step 3, if step is carried out; Step 4 otherwise) . 56
11.5 Final classification . 57
12 Test report . 57
Annex A (informative) Co-location of sensors, deployment and management of a network
of sensor systems . 62
A.1 Background . 62
A.2 Co-location and deployment . 62
A.2.1 Individual sensor systems . 62
A.2.2 Sensor networks . 63
A.3 Calibration and validation of networks . 64
Annex B (informative) Guidance on the testing of CO sensor systems . 66
2
B.1 Introduction. 66
B.2 Principle of operation and general requirements for the performance of the tests . 66
B.3 Data quality objectives and performance requirements . 66
B.4 Laboratory tests . 67
B.5 Field tests . 68
B.6 Calculations. 68
Annex C (informative) Guidance for the design of an exposure chamber . 69
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Annex D (informative) Evaluation of the effect of wind velocity on the sensor system
measurements . 71
Annex E (normative) Evaluation of the effect of atmospheric pressure on the sensor system
measurements . 73
Annex F (informative) Evaluation of the effect of electromagnetic fields on the sensor
system measurements . 75
Annex G (informative) Air composition in different outdoor type of sites . 76
Annex H (informative) Selecting the climate for a field trial site . 79
Annex I (normative) Ordinary least square regression formulas . 81
Annex J (normative) Values for u bs, RM . 83
( )
Annex K (informative) Example of determination of measurement uncertainty . 86
K.1 General . 86
K.2 Preliminary check . 86
K.3 Between sensor systems and reference method . 86
K.4 Measurement uncertainty . 86
Bibliography . 91
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European foreword
This document (FprCEN/TS 17660-1:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air
quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the Formal Vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document is Part 1 of a series of documents published under the general title Air quality —
Performance evaluation of air quality sensor systems.
Part 1 covers the performance evaluation of air quality sensor systems for gaseous pollutants in ambient
air.
Part 2 covers the performance evaluation of air quality sensor systems for particulate pollutants in
ambient air.
5
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Introduction
Sensor systems are generally seen as emerging measuring devices for the monitoring of air quality.
Sensor systems provide a fast and low-cost alternative to the reference methods as defined in Directive
2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe [1]. Sensor systems could allow for air
pollution monitoring at a lower cost and with a higher spatial density than with the reference methods.
They also allow for new air pollution applications when coupled with the global positioning system (GPS),
global system for mobile communications (GSM) and smartphones including monitoring in complex
topographies, at traffic junctions, in street canyons, at remote sites and for citizen science studies; e.g.
monitoring around sensitive receptors, schools, or parks.
Sensor systems are making use of one or more low-cost sensors that are based on several principles of
operations, e.g. amperometric sensors, metal oxides, optical sensors (infra-red absorption). However,
sensor systems share some common features regarding their portability and low-cost compared to
traditional reference methods. Typically, sensor systems are able to continuously monitor air pollution,
with fast response times ranging between a few tens of seconds and a few minutes.
Currently, the use of sensor systems for air quality monitoring is limited by the occasional low accuracy
of measurements that they can achieve. Additionally, there was no unambiguous protocol of evaluation
of sensor systems with a structured metrological approach, able to ensure traceability from sensor
system measurements to national and international standards. A protocol will enable exhaustive and
transparent evaluations of sensor systems that can be an important step to include sensor system
measurements into the monitoring of air quality for regulatory and non-regulatory purposes.
The protocol presented in this document applies to sensor systems and supports the requirements of
Directive 2008/50/EC. The presented procedure evaluates if the measurement uncertainty defined in
Directive 2008/50/EC as data quality objectives for indicative measurements and for objective
estimation is met. However, the protocol additionally allows for a less demanding evaluation of the
performance of sensor systems for non-regulatory measurements.
The protocol applies to sensor systems as individual measurement devices. This protocol does not apply
to sensor systems as nodes in a sensor network. Annex A gives information on the use of sensor systems
in sensor networks.
This document defines common procedures and requirements for the evaluation of the performance of
sensor systems to facilitate mutual recognition by the relevant bodies or stakeholders and thereby
minimise both administrative and cost burdens on manufacturers. It does not describe the roles and
responsibilities of manufacturers, test laboratories and relevant bodies under these procedures.
In addition to the gaseous pollutants regulated in Directive 2008/50/EC, carbon dioxide is considered in
the scope of this protocol although this compound is not listed in Directive 2008/50/EC. Consequently,
there is no data quality objective for carbon dioxide. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has not set
any guidelines for carbon dioxide. However, there is a growing interest in monitoring carbon dioxide in
ambient air with sensor systems.
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1 Scope
This document specifies the general principles, including testing procedures and requirements, for the
classification of performance of low-cost sensor systems for the monitoring of gaseous compounds in
ambient air at fixed sites. The classification of sensor systems includes tests that are performed under
prescribed laboratory and field conditions.
The procedure described is applicable to the determination of the mass concentration of air pollutants.
The pollutants that are considered in this document are the gaseous pollutants regulated under Directive
2008/50/EC (O , NO/NO /NO , CO, SO and benzene) in the range of concentrations expected in ambient
3 2 x 2
air.
This document provides a classification that is consistent with the requirements for indicative
measurements and objective estimation defined in Directive 2008/50/EC. In addition, it provides a
classification for applications (non-regulatory measurements) that require more relaxed performance
criteria.
This document applies to sensor systems used as individual systems. It does not apply to sensor systems
as part of a sensor network. However, for some applications (e.g. in cities) sensor systems are deployed
as part of a sensor network. Annex A gives information on the use of sensor systems as nodes in a sensor
network.
This document gives guidance on the testing of CO sensor systems in Annex B since, although not listed
2
in Directive 2008/50/EC, CO is an interesting indicator as proxy for activities involving combustion
2
processes or for CO2 evaporation from soil or water.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 14956:2006, Air quality — Evaluation of the suitability of a measurement procedure by comparison
with a required measurement uncertainty (ISO 14956:2002)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
ambient air
outdoor air in the troposphere where provisions concerning health and safety at work apply and to which
members of the public do not have regular access
[SOURCE: Directive 2008/50/EC]
Note 1 to entry: This does not include workplaces defined by Directive 89/654/EC.
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3.2
sensor
individual sensor
chemical cell or physical unit that produces an analytically useful signal by detecting or measuring the
analyte
3.3
sensor system
sensor node
single integrated set of hardware that uses one or more sensors to detect and/or measure a chemical
concentration or quantity that is able to supply real time measurements
Note 1 to entry: The term “instrument” has a very similar definition, but many researchers are typically referring
to a reference grade device when using the word “instrument”.
Note 2 to entry: All the tests that are intended in this document are designed for sensor systems only.
Note 3 to entry: Sensor systems contain a number of common components in addition to the basic sensing or
analytical element that is used for detection. Common core components and functions can include:
— sensing element or detector (actually the sensor);
— sampling capability (active or passive sampling);
— power systems, including batteries;
— analogue to digital conversion;
— signal processing;
— local data storage;
— data transmission;
— housing or casing.
3.4
class 1 sensor system
measuring device delivering data that are at minimum consistent with the data quality objectives of
indicative measurements
Note 1 to entry: The term “indicative measurement” refers to the definition in Directive 2008/50/EC and not to
the performance of the sensor system.
3.5
class 2 sensor system
measuring device delivering data that are at minimum consistent with the data quality objectives of
objective estimations
Note 1 to entry: The term “objective estimation” refers to the definition in Directive 2008/50/EC and not to the
performance of the sensor system.
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3.6
class 3 sensor system
measuring device delivering data that comply with a relaxed target measurement uncertainty, but are
not formally associated with any mandatory data quality objective
Note 1 to entry: Relaxed target measurement uncertainty are given in Table 3.
3.7
exposure chamber
volume that can be sealed with controlled conditions of temperature, humidity and test gas volume
fraction, used for performing the test on the sensor system
3.8
averaging period
period of time for which a limit value is associated
Note 1 to entry: For this document, the averaging period for field measurements is default to 1 h if the averaging
period in Directive 2008/50/EC is greater than 1 h.
3.9
independent measurement
measurement that is not influenced by a previous individual measurement, by separating two individual
measurements by at least four response times
3.10
individual measurement
measurement averaged over a time period equal to the response time of the sensor system
[SOURCE: adapted from EN 14211:2012, 3.15]
Note 1 to entry: This definition differs from the meaning of the concept “individual measurement” in Directive
2008/50/EC.
3.11
cold start
initial start after a shutdown or a long maintenance
Note 1 to entry: While the durations can vary, typically a cold start follows a shutdown of at least 48 h (2 days or
more).
3.12
warm start
restart after a short maintenance period of typically 1 h
3.13
hot start
restart af
...
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