SIST EN ISO 3690:2001
(Main)Welding and allied processes - Determination of hydrogen content in ferritic arc weld metal (ISO 3690:2000)
Welding and allied processes - Determination of hydrogen content in ferritic arc weld metal (ISO 3690:2000)
This International Standard specifies the sampling and analytical procedure for the determination of diffusible and residual hydrogen in weld metal arising from the welding of ferritic steel using arc welding processes with filler metal.
Schweißen und verwandte Prozesse - Bestimmung des diffusiblen Wasserstoffgehaltes im ferritischen Schweißgut (ISO/FDIS 3690:2000)
Diese Internationale Norm legt Anforderungen für das Verfahren der Probennahme und der Analyse zur Bestimmung der diffusiblen und residuellen Wasserstoffes im Schweißgut ferritischer Stähle fest, das durch Lichtbogenschweißen mit Schweißzusatz hergestellt wurde. Das Auffangen des Wasserstoffes nach der Quecksilber-Methode gilt als Referenzverfahren.
Soudage et techniques connexes - Détermination de la teneur en hydrogene dans la métal fondu pour le soudage a l'arc des aciers ferritiques (ISO 3690:2000)
La présente Norme internationale spécifie le mode opératoire d'échantillonnage et d'analyse pour la détermination de l'hydrogène diffusible et résiduel dans le métal fondu ferritique résultant du soudage d'aciers ferritiques avec des procédés de soudage à l'arc avec métal d'apport. La captation de l'hydrogène sur mercure est la méthode de référence. A condition que les dimensions de l'éprouvette soient maintenues dans les limites imposées par la taille de l'assemblage d'essai, les variations des paramètres de soudage sont autorisées afin d'étudier leurs influences sur la teneur en hydrogène de la soudure. Les techniques décrites dans la présente Norme internationale constituent une méthode de référence qu'il convient d'utiliser en cas de litige.
Varjenje in sorodni postopki - Določevanje vodika v feritnih obločnih varih (ISO 3690:2000)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 3690:2001
01-december-2001
9DUMHQMHLQVRURGQLSRVWRSNL'RORþHYDQMHYRGLNDYIHULWQLKREORþQLKYDULK ,62
Welding and allied processes - Determination of hydrogen content in ferritic arc weld
metal (ISO 3690:2000)
Schweißen und verwandte Prozesse - Bestimmung des diffusiblen Wasserstoffgehaltes
im ferritischen Schweißgut (ISO/FDIS 3690:2000)
Soudage et techniques connexes - Détermination de la teneur en hydrogene dans la
métal fondu pour le soudage a l'arc des aciers ferritiques (ISO 3690:2000)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 3690:2000
ICS:
25.160.40 Varjeni spoji in vari Welded joints
SIST EN ISO 3690:2001 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 3690:2001
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SIST EN ISO 3690:2001
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SIST EN ISO 3690:2001
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SIST EN ISO 3690:2001
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 3690
Second edition
2000-12-15
Welding and allied processes —
Determination of hydrogen content
in ferritic steel arc weld metal
Soudage et techniques connexes — Détermination de la teneur en
hydrogène dans le métal fondu pour le soudage à l'arc des aciers
ferritiques
Reference number
ISO 3690:2000(E)
©
ISO 2000
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SIST EN ISO 3690:2001
ISO 3690:2000(E)
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ii © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 3690:2001
ISO 3690:2000(E)
Contents Page
Foreword.iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope .1
2 Normative reference .1
3 Test procedures.1
3.1 Production of weld specimens.1
3.2 Welding procedures for the production of weld specimens.5
3.3 Measurement of hydrogen in the test weld.13
Annex A (informative) Older methods of measurement.19
Bibliography.20
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SIST EN ISO 3690:2001
ISO 3690:2000(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 3690 was prepared in collaboration with the International Institute of Welding which has
been approved by the ISO Council as an international standardizing body in the field of welding.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 3690:1977), which has been technically revised.
Annex A of this International Standard is for information only.
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SIST EN ISO 3690:2001
ISO 3690:2000(E)
Introduction
During welding processes hydrogen is absorbed by the weld pool from the arc atmosphere. During cooling some of
this hydrogen escapes from the solid bead by diffusion but some also diffuses into the HAZ and parent metal. The
amount which does so depends on several factors such as original amount absorbed, the size of the weld and the
time-temperature conditions of cooling. Other factors being equal, the more hydrogen present in the weld the
greater the risk of cracking. The principal sources of hydrogen in welding are:
� moisture contained in and picked up by electrode coatings and fluxes;
� other hydrogenous materials which may break down in the heat of the arc;
� oil, dirt and grease on the plate surface or trapped in the surface layers of welding wires;
� atmospheric moisture during welding.
Measurements of weld hydrogen level therefore provide the means of deciding the degree to which a given welding
consumable is introducing hydrogen to the weld pool. They may thus help to categorize the sources of hydrogen
and classify different welding consumables. In addition, such measurements provide a starting point for calculating
preheating temperatures and temperatures of heat treatment to remove hydrogen after welding.
Hydrogen is unlike other elements in ferritic weld metal in that it diffuses rapidly at normal room temperatures and
some of it may be lost before an analysis can be made. This, coupled with the fact that the concentrations to be
measured are usually at the parts per million level, means that special sampling and analysis procedures are
needed. In order that results be comparable between different laboratories and can be used to develop hydrogen
control procedures, some international standardization of these sampling and analysis methods is necessary.
It has become clear from work within the International Institute of Welding that the same sampling and analysis
procedure can be used with minor modifications to deal with a number of fusion welding procedures and also for
purposes other than the simple classification of consumables. The purpose of this document is therefore to define a
standardized procedure of sampling and analysis of weld metal for the determination of hydrogen. The essential
features of the International Standard provide for the production of a weld specimen in the form of a rapidly
quenched single bead, and the procedure is described in 3.1; 3.2 of this International Standard gives details of the
procedures to be used when different welding processes are under investigation. The specimen obtained in this
way is then compatible with the recommended analytical techniques specified in 3.3.
There are two principal ways in which this International Standard is intended to be used:
a) To provide information on the levels of weld hydrogen arising from the use of consumables in specific states
(e.g. wet or dry), or as a result of the use of specific welding parameters (e.g. different current levels). For such
purposes the method can be applied with a variety of welding parameters and states of consumable, and these
will be chosen on each occasion in order to provide the specific information sought. It is important however to
state such conditions when results are reported so that misunderstandings can be avoided.
b) To enable consumables to be classified and to assist in quality control. In such cases consumables have to be
treated in like manner — i.e. with fixed conditions of drying temperature and time, welding current and so on.
It is understood that mercury is a hazardous substance, and that its use may be restricted in some countries. It
should be recognized that this International Standard provides a reference method against which all other methods
are to be calibrated. Once a proper calibration of an alternate method against this reference method is established,
normal testing can be conducted with the alternate method. Then the reference method need only be used in rare
instances, such as for checking calibration or in cases of dispute.
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SIST EN ISO 3690:2001
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 3690:2000(E)
Welding and allied processes — Determination of hydrogen
content in ferritic steel arc weld metal
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the sampling and analytical procedure for the determination of diffusible and
residual hydrogen in ferritic weld metal arising from the welding of ferritic steel using arc welding processes with
filler metal. Collection of the hydrogen over mercury is the primary method. Provided that the weld specimen size is
maintained within limits dictated by the size of the test block, variations in welding parameters are permissible in
order to investigate the effect of such variables on the weld hydrogen content. The techniques described in this
International Standard constitute a reference method which should be used in cases of dispute.
2 Normative reference
The following normative document contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the normative document indicated below. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 14175, Welding consumables — Shielding gases for arc welding and cutting.
3 Test procedures
3.1 Production of weld specimens
3.1.1 Principle
The welding process to be tested is used to deposit a single weld bead which is rapidly quenched and
subsequently stored at�78 °C or lower until required for preparation and analysis.
3.1.2 Welding fixture
A copper welding jig for heat inputs up to 2 kJ/mm, which may be water cooled, is shown in Figure 1. It is designed
to promote the proper alignment and clamping of the test piece assembly by means of the single clamping unit
which is used with a ring spanner or other suitable means. See 3.1.4 for evidence of proper alignment and
clamping. A welding jig without water cooling may be used as long as the same dimensions are retained and as
long as the temperature is controlled in the manner described in 3.1.4 below.
The welding jig shown in Figure 2 will allow the production of test welds with a heat input greater than 2 kJ/mm and
up to about 3 kJ/mm.
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SIST EN ISO 3690:2001
ISO 3690:2000(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 Copper block
2 Test piece assembly
3 Copper foil
4 M12 bolt
NOTE Water cooling channels may be used.
a
Dimension Xu 25 mm.
Figure 1 — Welding fixture and test piece assembly for weld deposits made with heat inputs up to 2 kJ/mm
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SIST EN ISO 3690:2001
ISO 3690:2000(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 Test piece assembly
2 Water cooling jacket
3 Lever clamp
4 Copper foil is inserted here
A Made of copper
B Made of mild steel
NOTE 1 1 mm copper inserts (not shown) for SA are 300 mm � 45 mm.
NOTE 2 The run-off bead length shall be such that the trailing end of the crater is on the run-off piece but within 25 mm of
the test piece. See distance X in Figure 1 for clarity.
a
135 mm for submerged arc welding or 85 mm for gas or self-shielded welding.
Figure 2 — Welding fixture and test piece assembly for weld deposits made with heat inputs greater than
2 kJ/mm up to 3 kJ/mm
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SIST EN ISO 3690:2001
ISO 3690:2000(E)
3.1.3 Test piece assemblies
The test piece assembly shall be prepared from a plain carbon non-rimming steel with a carbon content of not more
than 0,18 % and sulfur content of not more than 0,02 %. The test assembly shall be made according to the
dimensions shown in Figure 3, with a tolerance of � 0,25 mm on all dimensions except the length of the run-on and
run-off pieces. The lengths shown in Figure 3 for the run-on and run-off pieces are suggestions only.
Dimensions in millimetres
Test assembly l = l l et
a b c
Figure 1 45 30 15 10
Reference 3.2.2 135 15 30 10
Figure 2
Reference 3.2.3 85 15 30 10
A/B Run-on / Run-off test piece.
C Centre test piece.
NOTE The centre test piece has the same dimensions in all the three cases.
Figure 3 — Dimensions of the weld test assembly
All surfaces shall be finished at right angles to ensure good contact between adjacent pieces during the welding
operation. Each test piece assembly may be finished with one operation on a surface grinder so as to ensure a
uniform width, or closer dimensional control may be exercised to obtain proper clamping. See 3.1.4 for evidence of
proper clamping.
Prepare three or more sets of test pieces and number them by engraving or stamping the opposite side to that to
be used for welding. Number and degrease each centre test piece in each set. Determine the weight of each centre
test piece (m ) to the nearest 0,01 g. Degas the centre test pieces in a vacuum, or dry inert carrier gas, at
1
650 °C� 10 °C for 1 h and cool in a vacuum or inert carrier gas prior to weighing. It is permissible to degas the
steel from which the test piece assembly is made prior to machining operations, in which case it is not necessary to
degas the centre piece after machining. It is also permissible to degas in air when this is followed by complete
removal of surface oxide by grit blasting with a clean, dry abrasive. In case of dispute, the run-on and run-off pieces
shall also be degassed.
Certain welding processes, such as submerged arc, or those using high current levels, may produce weld beads
incompatible with the dimensions of test piece assembly as shown aligned in Figure 1. In this case, the test
assembly shown in Figure 2 shall be used. The centre test piece is the same for both assemblies: it is rotated 90°
about a vertical axis. The run-on and run-off pieces shall be compatible with the new cross-section and the length
increased to accommodate the longer weld bead. Those welding processes or parameters which necessitate this
alternative test piece assembly are specified in 3.2. For all welding processes the test piece assembly is clamped in
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SIST EN ISO 3690:2001
ISO 3690:2000(E)
the welding fixture using annealed copper foil as shown in Figures 1 and 2. The annealed copper foil may be used
to prevent erosion of the fixture. The foil may be annealed repeatedly and quenched in water after each annealing.
Oxide scale after annealing is removed by pickling with dilute nitric acid (10 %) followed by washing with distilled
water and drying.
3.1.4 Welding and test piece storage
The temperature of the welding jig before each weld is made shall be ambient or not more than 25 °Cabove
ambient. If difficulty is caused by condensation of water on the jig and test piece assembly, it will be necessary to
use cooling water thermostatically controlled to ambient temperature or as much as 25 °C higher. Using the
welding process as specified in 3.2, and parameters appropriate to the type of investigation, make a single weld
bead on the test piece assembly that is clamped in the welding jig as shown in Figure 1 or Figure 2.
a) Welding shall be initiated on the run-on piece at a point sufficiently distant from the centre test piece such that
a stable arc and a stable deposit shape are achieved before reaching the centre test piece.
b) Welding shall be terminated with the trailing edge of the crater within 25 mm of the centre piece.
c) After extinction of the arc, and without any delay, the clamp shall be released and the test piece assembly
removed and quenched as rapidly as possible to below room temperature in stirred iced water and then
transferred to a low-temperature bath saturated with solid carbon dioxide, or to liquid nitrogen.
d) Once chilled, the underside of the central test piece shall be examined to assess the uniformity and extent of
heat tinting. Properly aligned and clamped test assemblies shall show parallel and uniform heat tinting of the
underside of the central test piece, and dark oxidation shall not extend to the edges of the underside of the
central test piece.
e) Slag shall be removed, the run-on and run-off pieces broken off and the centre piece returned to cold storage.
The centre pieces may be stored at �78 °C in the solid carbon dioxide bath for a period of up to three days, or
at� 196 °C in liquid nitrogen for a number of weeks if necessary, before analysis.
f) For purposes of classifying welding consumables, during welding of the test assembly, the ambient absolute
humidity shall be at least 3 g of water vapour per 1 000 g of dry air. (This corresponds to 20 °C and 20 %
relative humidity.) When the absolute humidity, measured using a sling hygrometer or other calibrated device,
equals or exceeds this condition, the test shall be acceptable as demonstrating compliance with the
requirements of this International Standard provided that the actual test results satisfy the diffusible hydrogen
requirements of the applicable consumable classification standard.
3.1.5 Recording of data
All welding details such as current, voltage, travel speed, filler metal type and composition, etc. shall be recorded
on the appropriate weld data sheet as given in 3.2. It is particularly important to record atmospheric temperature
and humidity at the welding station. All these data are reported with the analytical results.
3.2 Welding procedures for the production of weld specimens
The welding process under investigation shall have its operating parameters defined so as to permit the production
of a single weld bead on the test piece assembly described in 3.1.
3.2.1 to 3.2.3 describe the procedures for different welding processes.
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SIST EN ISO 3690:2001
ISO 3690:2000(E)
3.2.1 Manual metal arc welding
3.2.1.1 Electrodes
The covered electrode to be tested shall be used in one of the following ways:
a) For the purposes of classification, the electrode and the method of deposition of the weld shall be as specified
in the standard with which the electrode complies.
b) For the purposes of investigation, the electrode and welding parameters shall be those given in the specific
welding procedure. If no procedure has been given, then a current which is 90 % of the maximum suggested
by the manufacturer shall be used.
When a predrying treatment is specified, the time and temperature specified by the consumable's manufacturer
shall be used. If a range is given by the manufacturer, e.g. 300 °Cto350 °C, the average shall be used.
Electrodes with cracked or broken coatings shall not be used and electrodes to be tested in the as-received
condition shall be taken from a freshly opened undamaged packet. During any drying treatment the electrodes shall
not touch each other or the side of the oven. During any drying operation a calibrated oven shall be used and the
electrodes shall spend the full specified time at the drying temperature. Only electrodes under test shall be placed
in the oven during this time. When the drying operation is complete, the electrode shall be cooled to ambient
temperature in a container, e.g., a dried borosilicate glass tube sealed with a rubber bung. The electrode shall be
used as soon as possible after it reaches ambient temperature. Any electrodes removed from the drying oven and
not then used shall not be redried and subsequently used for the test.
When electrodes are to be tested in the as-received condition from a hermetically sealed container, the electrodes
shall be protected from moisture pickup once the seal is broken, until each can be welded. Some sealed containers
are resealable. In such a case, each test electrode can be withdrawn individually and the container resealed while
the withdrawn electrode is welded. If the container is not resealable, then all of the test electrodes shall be
withdrawn when the seal is broken, and each electrode shall be individually placed in a dried borosilicate glass
tube sealed with a rubber bung until the electrode is to be used for test.
3.2.1.2 Making the test welds
A copper fixture, such as that shown in Figure 1, shall be used for the alignment and clamping of the test piece
assembly, which uses a 15 mm � 10 mm � 30 mm length centre test piece.
If the classification standard is silent on this matter, the following shall apply. The classification of covered
electrodes is carried out using 4 mm diameter electrodes. In this case the welding current shall be 15 A less than
the maximum or 90 % of the maximum stated by the manufacturer, being controlled within a tolerance of � 10 A.
The speed of welding shall be adjusted to produce 4 g � 0,5 g of deposit on the centre test piece, which is usually
accomplished by an electrode consumption of between 1,2 cm and 1,3 cm per cm of weld.
Three or more test welds shall be made on different test piece assemblies using a different electrode for each weld.
The deposit shall be made, without weaving, along the centre line of the test piece assembly which is usually
aligned as shown in Figure 1. No burning-off prior to testing shall be allowed. The run-on deposit length shall not
exceed 25 mm. The time spent in deposition shall be noted. The trailing end of the crater shall be on the run-off
piece but no further than 25 mm from the central test piece. The unused portion of electrode shall be retained for
measurement. The method of using the welding fixture is described in 3.1.4. When welding is completed, the weld
specimen shall be quenched and may be stored as described in 3.1.4., after which it shall be cleaned and analysed
for hydrogen content as described in 3.3.1.2 to 3.3.1.4.
At the time of welding, due to the influence of atmospheric moisture on the test results, for purposes of classifying
covered electrodes, the arc length shall be maintained as short as possible consistent with maintaining a steady
arc. For all purposes, the details listed in 3.2.1.3 shall be recorded.
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SIST EN ISO 3690:2001
ISO 3690:2000(E)
3.2.1.3 Recording of welding data and results report form
The following report sheet gives full details of all the test variables which pertain to the test results.
Report form (diffusible hydrogen, manual metal arc)
Investigating laboratory: Date:
Investigator's name:
Make of electrode: Batch No.:
Type of electrode: Electrode designation:
Diameter of electrode (mm): Overall length of electrode (mm):
Drying treatment °Cfor h
Electrode polarity (d.c.�ve, d.c.�ve or a.c.):
Relative humidity (%) and temperature (°C) at the welding station during welding
Approximate evolution temperature: °C
Hydrogen collection time: d; h
Number of test piece: 1 2 3
Voltage, V; a.c. or d.c.:
Current, A: type of meter:
Welding time, s:
Weld length, mm:
Heat input, kJ/mm:
Electrode length used, mm:
Run-on length, mm:
Mass of deposited metal on test piece, g:
Test piece to crater distance, mm:
Diffusible hydrogen 1 2 3 Average
(a) H , ml/100 g of deposited metal
D
(b) H , ppm of fused metal
F
Other test details not included above:
3.2.2 Submerged arc welding
3.2.2.1 Electrode wire
The diameter of the consumable wire used in the submerged arc welding process is linked to the current used and
to the size of the weld bead. In general this is a high current process with consequently large weld beads.
Therefore it will usually be necessary to use the welding fixture shown in Figure 2.
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SIST EN ISO 3690:2001
ISO 3690:2000(E)
The consumable solid or cored wire to be tested shall be used in one of the following ways:
a) For purposes of classification, the welding parameters shall be the same as those used in the preparation of
the all-weld-metal test assembly for mechanical property determination, with travel speed adjusted to provide a
deposit weight on the centre test piece of 4 g � 0,5 g.
b) For the purposes of investigation, the electrode wire and welding parameters shall be those given in the
specific welding procedure. The use of a solid wire which has been degassed in a vacuum or inert gas at
650 °C for 1 h facilitates the investigation of the effect of welding parameters, and type of flux and its drying
procedure, upon the hydrogen content of the weld.
The arc energy for making the weld is restricted to a maximum of 3 kJ/mm.
3.2.2.2 Flux
When drying is required, the flux shall be dried in one of the following ways:
a) for the purposes of classification, in accordance with the requirements of the standard with which the flux
complies;
b) for the purposes of investigation, in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
At least 1 kg of flux is required for three welds. Drying shall be done in an open container placed in a calibrated
drying oven set at the correct temperature. The maximum flux depth shall be 15 mm.
The flux shall spend the full specified time at the drying temperature and other fluxes shall not be placed in the
oven during this time. When the drying treatment is complete, the flux shall be cooled to ambient temperature in a
sealed container, where it shall remain until required for use. Used flux shall not be re-cycled.
3.2.2.3 Making the test welds
A copper fixture, which may be water-cooled, such as that shown in Figure 2, shall be used for the alignment and
clamping of the test piece assembly. The spring-loaded lever clamp ensures that the applied pressure is uniformly
tight from test to test to ensure good thermal contact.
Water cooling is an essential aid to the rapid through-put of test pieces.
The centre piece remains the same size as described in 3.1, but is aligned with longer run-on and run-off pieces
(135 mm) as shown in Figure 2. The preparation, degassing and use of the test piece assembly is described in 3.1.
The flux is kept at a predetermined constant depth of 30 mm by levelling off along the top of the copper foil inserts
shown in Figure 4. If a different flux depth is specified by the flux manufacturer, then the dimension of the copper
foil shall be modified in order to achieve the specified flux depth. At the end of the copper foil there shall be a
suitable piece of copper foil to contain the flux.
Three or more test welds shall be made on different test piece assemblies. The deposit shall be along the centre
line of the test piece assembly. The time spent in deposition shall be noted. The trailing end of the crater shall be
on the run-off piece but no further than 25 mm from the central test piece. No length for the run-on portion of the
weld deposit is specified, but the length shall be sufficient to achieve arc and deposit stability before reaching the
central test piece. The welding fixture is used as described in 3.1.4.
The range of consumable wire diameters
...
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