SIST ISO 9836:2011
Performance standards in building - Definition and calculation of area and space indicators
Performance standards in building - Definition and calculation of area and space indicators
This International Standard deals with the definition and calculation of surface area and volume indicators.
In defining area measurement, this International Standard uses three measurement concepts:
a) the intra-muros and extra-muros concept used in many parts of the world;
b) the wall centre method of measurement used in many parts of the world;
c) variations on these methods to comply with certain national laws, or for particular types of buildings.
The surface area and volume indicators defined in this International Standard are intended for practical use, as a basis for measuring various aspects of the performance of buildings or as a planning aid. In other words, they should enable judgement to be made on functional, technical and economic aspects of buildings.
This International Standard is intended to be used when establishing:
— specifications for the geometric performance of a building and its spaces (e.g. in design, purchasing procedures, etc., or in building regulations where appropriate);
— technical documentation relating to the performance of whole buildings prepared by designers, contractors and manufacturers;
— the amount of floor area that will not be effectively available for the placement of an individual’s workplace, furniture, equipment, or for circulation;
— evaluation, comparison or control of the properties of a building which are connected to its geometric performance.
Although, as stated above, there are a variety of methods of area measurement around the world depending on the country and/or types of buildings, all measuring methods are not necessarily of practical use because of inability to identify real area (e.g. the wall centre method of measurement). Thus this International Standard specializes in the measurement solely for practical use.
Normes de performance dans le bâtiment - Définition et calcul des indicateurs de surface et de volume
Standardi za lastnosti stavb - Definicija in računanje indikatorjev površine in prostornine
Ta mednarodni standard obravnava definicijo in računanje indikatorjev površine in prostornine.
Pri definiranju merjenja površine ta mednarodni standard uporablja tri koncepte merjenja:
a) koncepta intra-muros in extra-muros, ki se uporabljata v številnih predelih sveta;
b) metoda merjenja sredine zidu, ki se uporablja v številnih predelih sveta;
c) različice teh metod, ki so skladne z določenimi notranjimi zakoni ali za določene vrste stavb.
Indikatorji površine in volumna, opredeljeni v tem mednarodnem standardu, so namenjeni praktični uporabi kot osnova za merjenje različnih vidikov učinkovitosti stavb ali kot pomoč pri načrtovanju. Z drugimi besedami, omogočiti morajo presojo glede funkcionalnih, tehničnih in ekonomskih vidikov stavb.
Ta mednarodni standard je namenjen uporabi pri ugotavljanju:
- specifikacij za geometrično učinkovitost stavb in njihovih prostorov (npr. pri načrtovanju, postopkih nabave itd. ali pri gradbenih predpisih, kjer je to primerno);
- tehnične dokumentacije, ki se nanaša na učinkovitost celotnih stavb, ki jo pripravijo načrtovalci, izvajalci in proizvajalci;
- količine talne površine, ki ne bo dejansko na voljo za umestitev delovnega mesta posameznika, pohištva, opreme ali za komunikacije;
- vrednotenja, primerjave ali nadzora lastnosti stavb, ki so povezane z njihovo geometrično učinkovitostjo.
Čeprav obstajajo različne metode merjenja površine po svetu, odvisno od države in/ali tipa stavb, kot je navedeno zgoraj, vse merilne metode niso nujno praktično uporabne zaradi nezmožnosti za ugotavljanje dejanskega območja (npr. metoda merjenja sredine zidu). Tako se ta mednarodni standard specializira na merjenje izključno za praktično uporabo.
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 9836
Second edition
2011-10-01
Performance standards in building —
Definition and calculation of area and
space indicators
Normes de performance dans le bâtiment — Définition et calcul des
indicateurs de surface et de volume
Reference number
ISO 9836:2011(E)
©
ISO 2011
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 9836:2011(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2011
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 9836:2011(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Units . 2
5 Intra-muros calculation methods and list of indicators for geometric performance . 3
5.1 Surface areas . 3
5.2 Volumes . 11
5.3 Examples of indicators .15
5.4 Commentary .17
Annex A (informative) Examples of using building loss factors .18
Bibliography .19
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 9836:2011(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 9836 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 59, Buildings and civil engineering works,
Subcommittee SC 3, Functional/user requirements and performance in building construction.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 9836:1992), with added clauses.
iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 9836:2011(E)
Introduction
The surface area and volume indicators derived from measuring spaces in buildings can be used to compare
aspects of value, such as the proportion of space or volume which can be utilized functionally. As approximate
values for planning, they can be a basis for further developments.
Reference to surface area and volume indicators when assessing buildings, which either already exist or
which are in the planning stage, indirectly indicates certain economic characteristics of the buildings. Thus the
relationship between the area taken up by the building and the usable area indicates whether the building costs
and materials have been used to their best advantage.
In the same way, the relationship between the area of the building envelope and the usable area shows the
extent to which basic savings have been made on the envelope and the running costs of the heating and air
conditioning systems.
As far as the determination of the economic performance of whole buildings is concerned, surface area and
volume indicators contain basic data for calculation and comparison of capital costs and for running costs and
maintenance. They give a basis for the minimization of running costs by Iimiting the amount of space and the cost of
individual materials. For example, if the area of the external walls is small compared to the usable area, this would
indicate not only relatively low energy costs but also relatively low cleaning and maintenance costs for facades.
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved v
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 9836:2011(E)
Performance standards in building — Definition and calculation
of area and space indicators
1 Scope
This International Standard deals with the definition and calculation of surface area and volume indicators.
In defining area measurement, this International Standard uses three measurement concepts:
a) the intra-muros and extra-muros concept used in many parts of the world;
b) the wall centre method of measurement used in many parts of the world;
c) variations on these methods to comply with certain national laws, or for particular types of buildings.
The surface area and volume indicators defined in this International Standard are intended for practical use,
as a basis for measuring various aspects of the performance of buildings or as a planning aid. In other words,
they should enable judgement to be made on functional, technical and economic aspects of buildings.
This International Standard is intended to be used when establishing:
— specifications for the geometric performance of a building and its spaces (e.g. in design, purchasing
procedures, etc., or in building regulations where appropriate);
— technical documentation relating to the performance of whole buildings prepared by designers, contractors
and manufacturers;
— the amount of floor area that will not be effectively available for the placement of an individual’s workplace,
furniture, equipment, or for circulation;
— evaluation, comparison or control of the properties of a building which are connected to its geometric
performance.
Although, as stated above, there are a variety of methods of area measurement around the world depending
on the country and/or types of buildings, all measuring methods are not necessarily of practical use because
of inability to identify real area (e.g. the wall centre method of measurement). Thus this International Standard
specializes in the measurement solely for practical use.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 6707-1, Building and civil engineering — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 6707-1 and the following apply.
3.1
surface area indicators
amounts of certain types of area (e.g. usable area) and the relationship between different types of area (e.g.
area occupied by structure/usable area)
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO 9836:2011(E)
3.2
volume indicators
amounts of certain types of volume (e.g. net volume) and the relationship between different types of volume
(e.g. gross volume/net volume)
NOTE An example of a relationship indicator of volume is gross volume/net volume.
3.3
mixed surface area and volume indicator
indicator relating a type of volume to a type of area (e.g. gross volume/usable area) and a type of area to a
type of volume
NOTE 1 Clause 5 gives further definitions of the different surface area and volume indicators, together with the
appropriate calculation methods.
NOTE 2 An example of a mixed relationship indicator is area of building envelope/net volume.
3.4
building loss feature
feature or element of a building in which a portion of the floor area is not available for an individual’s activities,
or for furniture, equipment or circulation
NOTE 1 Examples of places in which a portion might not be available because of a building loss feature are workplaces,
corridors, etc.
NOTE 2 A building loss feature may be a physical element such as a column, or the configuration of an element such as the
curve of a wall, or the configuration of a fire escape route which is mandated by regulation but not needed for normal circulation.
3.5
effective building loss area
portion of the floor area that is not physically occupied by building material yet is not fully available for an
individual’s activities, or for furniture, equipment or for circulation, because of a building loss feature
NOTE Examples of places in which a portion might not be available because of a building loss feature are workplaces,
corridors, etc.
3.6
actual building loss area
portion of the floor area that is not available for an individual’s activities, or for furniture, equipment or for
circulation, because it is physically occupied by a building loss feature, or is required to be vacant by law or
regulation, or by a lease
NOTE Examples of places in which a portion might not be available because of a building loss feature are workplaces,
corridors, etc.
3.7
perimeter encroachment
form of building loss feature which prevents effective use of floor area near a wall or other geometrically regular
building form
NOTE Examples of a perimeter encroachment include: pilaster, convector, baseboard heating unit, and radiator.
4 Units
Surface area and volume indicators are obtained by measuring the plan and elevation of the building. Their
2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2
units of measurement differ according to the type of calculation (m : m : m /m : m /m : m /m : m /m ).
2 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
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ISO 9836:2011(E)
5 Intra-muros calculation methods and list of indicators for geometric performance
5.1 Surface areas
NOTE See Figure 1.
5.1.1 Calculation principles
5.1.1.1 Surfaces which are horizontal or vertical are measured by their actual dimensions. For calculations of
area and space, inclined planes are measured by their vertical projection onto an (imaginary) horizontal plane
or vertical plane as appropriate. For calculations of heat gain or loss, the actual exposed surface area shall be
used instead of the projected area.
5.1.1.2 The surface areas are expressed in square metres, to two decimal places.
5.1.2 Covered area
5.1.2.1 The covered area is the area of ground covered by buildings in their finished state.
5.1.2.2 The covered area is determined by the vertical projection of the external dimensions of the building
onto the ground.
The following are not included in covered area:
— construction or parts of construction not projecting above the surface of the ground;
— secondary components, e.g. external staircases, external ramps, canopies, horizontal sun-shields, roof
overhangs, street lighting;
— the areas of outdoor facilities, e.g. greenhouses and outhouses.
5.1.3 Total floor area
5.1.3.1 The total floor area of a building is the total area of all floor levels. Floor levels may be storeys which
are either completely or partially under the ground, storeys above ground, attics, terraces, roof terraces, service
floors or storage floors (see Figure 1).
It is necessary to distinguish between:
a) floor areas which are enclosed and covered on all sides;
b) floor areas which are not enclosed on all sides up to their full height, but which are covered, such as
recessed balconies;
c) floor areas which are contained within components (e.g. parapets, fascias, hand-rails), but which are not
covered, such as open balconies.
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 3
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ISO 9836:2011(E)
Figure 1 — Presentation of principal areas
5.1.3.2 The total floor area of each level is obtained from the external dimensions of the enclosing elements,
at floor height, above and below ground. These elements include finishes, claddings and parapets.
Recesses and projections for structural or aesthetic purposes and profiling are not included if they do not alter
the net floor area (5.1.5). Covered floor areas which are not enclosed or are partially enclosed and have no
enclosing elements [e.g. areas in accordance with 5.1.3.1 b)] are calculated according to the vertical projection
of the outer limit of the covering components.
Net floor area is not determined for the following spaces (see 5.1.5.4):
— voids between the ground and the underside of the building, e.g. crawlways;
— space inside ventilated roofs;
— roofs not subjected to foot traffic other than for maintenance purposes.
5.1.3.3 The total floor area is calculated separately for each floor level. Areas with varying storey height within
one floor level (e.g. large halls, auditoria) are also calculated separately.
5.1.3.4 If the floor areas are added together, the proportions of the different areas (according to 5.1.3) shall be
distinguishable in order to enable the evaluation, comparison and separate calculation of the volumes.
5.1.3.5 The total floor area is made up of the net floor area (5.1.5) and the area taken up by the structure (see
5.1.6). This is diagrammed in Figure 2.
4 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
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ISO 9836:2011(E)
Total Floor Total Floor
Area Area
Intra-muros Floor Area of Floor Area of
Net Floor Area
Area External Walls Structural
Elements
Floor Area of Circulation
Floor Area of
Services Area
Usable Area
Area
External Walls Internal Walls,
Columns,
Partitions, etc.
Effective Effective Floor
Building Loss Area for
Area Occupants
Figure 2 — Components of total floor area
5.1.4 Intra-muros area
5.1.4.1 The intra-muros area is the total floor area (5.1.3) less the floor area taken up by the external walls
(floor area of the building envelope).
5.1.4.2 The intra-muros area is determined separately for each floor level. The calculation principles
established for the total floor area (5.1.3) and for the area taken up by the external walls (5.1.6) apply equally.
The intra-muros area is obtained by subtracting the area taken up by the external walls from the total floor area.
5.1.4.3 The intra-muros area includes the net floor area (5.1.5) and the area taken up by the internal walls.
5.1.5 Net floor area
5.1.5.1 The net floor area is the area between (within) the enclosing elements (see also 5.1.3.2).
5.1.5.2 The net floor area is determined separately for each floor level and is sub-divided according to 5.1.3.1. It
is calculated from the clear dimensions of the finished building at floor height, excluding skirtings, thresholds, etc.
Covered floor areas that are not enclosed, or only partially enclosed and have no enclosing elements [areas
mentioned in 5.1.3.1 b)] are determined by the vertical projection of the outer limit of the covering components.
Areas with varying storey height within one floor level (e.g. large halls and auditoria) are calculated separately.
5.1.5.3 Also included in the net floor area are demountable components such as partitions, pipes and ducts.
5.1.5.4 The floor areas of structural elements, door and window recesses, and niches to recesses in the
elements enclosing the area are not included in the net floor area.
5.1.5.5 The net floor area is divided into:
— usable area (5.1.7);
— services area (5.1.8); and
— circulation area (5.1.9).
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 5
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ISO 9836:2011(E)
5.1.6 Area of structural elements
5.1.6.1 The area of structural elements is the area within the total floor area (on a horizontal section at floor
level) of the enclosing elements (e.g. external and internal load-bearing walls) and the area of columns, pillars,
piers, chimneys, partitions, etc., which cannot be entered (see Figure 1).
5.1.6.2 The area of structural elements is determined separately for each floor level and, where necessary,
is sub-divided according to 5.1.3.1. It is calculated from the dimensions of the finished building at floor height
excluding skirtings, thresholds, plinths, etc.
5.1.6.3 Also included in the area of structural elements are the floor areas of door recesses, and recesses and
niches in the enclosing elements (see 5.1.5.4). This is in accordance with 5.1.3.2.
5.1.6.4 The area of structural elements may also be calculated as the difference between the total floor area
(5.1.3) and the net floor area (5.1.5).
5.1.7 Usable area
5.1.7.1 The usable area is that part of the net floor which corresponds to the purpose and use of the building
(see Figure 1).
5.1.7.2 The usable area is determined separately for floor level and is sub-divided according to 5.1.3.1.
5.1.7.3 Usable areas are classified according to the purpose of the building and the use to which they are put;
they are usually divided into main usable areas and subsidiary usable areas.
The classification into main usable area and subsidiary usable area is dependent on whether the purpose
of the space is an integral component of the primary purpose(s) of the building, or in support of the primary
purpose(s) of the building.
Below is a sample list of such purposes. For more detail, see also Tables 1 and 2 of ISO 6241:1984.
a) Transport (of people, goods, fluids, electricity, etc.).
b) Industry (manual work, production, manufacture, agriculture, experimentation, etc.).
c) Office, commerce (study, writing, drawing, retail or wholesale selling, book-keeping, etc.).
d) Medical care (examination, treatment, operations, etc.).
e) Recreation (gymnastics, swimming, play, dance, etc.).
f) Culture (worship, education, meeting, etc.).
g) Housing (sleeping, dwelling, etc.).
h) Circulation (walkway, corridor, stairway, etc.).
i) Catering (cooking, consumption, etc.).
j) Hygiene (bathing, toilet functions, etc.).
k) Cleaning, maintenance (laundry, janitorial, repair, etc.).
l) Storage (of goods, clothing, foods, etc.).
m) Service (power plant, building operations, guard post, etc.).
n) Other.
6 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
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ISO 9836:2011(E)
5.1.8 Services area
5.1.8.1 The services area is that portion of the net floor area with technical installations which service the
building or parts of it, such as:
a) installations and pipes for the disposal of waste water;
b) water supply;
c) heating and hot water systems;
d) gas installations (other than for heating purposes) and installations for liquids;
e) electricity supply generators;
f) ventilation, air-conditioning and cooling systems;
g) telephone switchboard apparatus;
h) lifts, escalators and conveyors (see 5.1.9.3);
i) any other central building service installation.
5.1.8.2 The services area is determined separately for each floor level and, where necessary, is subdivided
according to 5.1.3.1.
5.1.8.3 Floor areas of spaces for principal service installations, man-sized supply shafts and ducts, and
service floors are also included in the services area.
5.1.8.4 Floor areas of spaces in which technical installations directly support occupant operations, such as a
room for computer servers, are part of the usable area and not part of the services area.
5.1.9 Circulation area
5.1.9.1 The circulation area is that portion of the net area used for circulation within the building (e.g. the area
of stairwells, corridors, internal ramps, waiting areas, escape balconies, etc.).
5.1.9.2 The circulation area is determined separately for each floor level and is sub-divided according to
5.1.3.1. Areas with varying storey height within one floor level are calculated separately.
5.1.9.3 The net floor areas of lift shafts and the floor areas of built-in conveying installations for general
circulation, e.g. escalators, on each floor level (see 5.1.8.1) are also included in the category of circulation area.
5.1.10 Building envelope area
5.1.10.1 The building envelo
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 9836:2011
01-november-2011
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 9836:2000
6WDQGDUGL]DODVWQRVWLVWDYE'HILQLFLMDLQUDþXQDQMHLQGLNDWRUMHYSRYUãLQHLQ
SURVWRUQLQH
Performance standards in building - Definition and calculation of area and space
indicators
Normes de performance dans le bâtiment - Définition et calcul des indicateurs de surface
et de volume
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 9836:2011
ICS:
91.040.01 Stavbe na splošno Buildings in general
SIST ISO 9836:2011 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 9836:2011
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SIST ISO 9836:2011
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 9836
Second edition
2011-10-01
Performance standards in building —
Definition and calculation of area and
space indicators
Normes de performance dans le bâtiment — Définition et calcul des
indicateurs de surface et de volume
Reference number
ISO 9836:2011(E)
©
ISO 2011
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 9836:2011
ISO 9836:2011(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2011
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 9836:2011
ISO 9836:2011(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Units . 2
5 Intra-muros calculation methods and list of indicators for geometric performance . 3
5.1 Surface areas . 3
5.2 Volumes . 11
5.3 Examples of indicators .15
5.4 Commentary .17
Annex A (informative) Examples of using building loss factors .18
Bibliography .19
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST ISO 9836:2011
ISO 9836:2011(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 9836 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 59, Buildings and civil engineering works,
Subcommittee SC 3, Functional/user requirements and performance in building construction.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 9836:1992), with added clauses.
iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 9836:2011
ISO 9836:2011(E)
Introduction
The surface area and volume indicators derived from measuring spaces in buildings can be used to compare
aspects of value, such as the proportion of space or volume which can be utilized functionally. As approximate
values for planning, they can be a basis for further developments.
Reference to surface area and volume indicators when assessing buildings, which either already exist or
which are in the planning stage, indirectly indicates certain economic characteristics of the buildings. Thus the
relationship between the area taken up by the building and the usable area indicates whether the building costs
and materials have been used to their best advantage.
In the same way, the relationship between the area of the building envelope and the usable area shows the
extent to which basic savings have been made on the envelope and the running costs of the heating and air
conditioning systems.
As far as the determination of the economic performance of whole buildings is concerned, surface area and
volume indicators contain basic data for calculation and comparison of capital costs and for running costs and
maintenance. They give a basis for the minimization of running costs by Iimiting the amount of space and the cost of
individual materials. For example, if the area of the external walls is small compared to the usable area, this would
indicate not only relatively low energy costs but also relatively low cleaning and maintenance costs for facades.
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST ISO 9836:2011
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST ISO 9836:2011
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 9836:2011(E)
Performance standards in building — Definition and calculation
of area and space indicators
1 Scope
This International Standard deals with the definition and calculation of surface area and volume indicators.
In defining area measurement, this International Standard uses three measurement concepts:
a) the intra-muros and extra-muros concept used in many parts of the world;
b) the wall centre method of measurement used in many parts of the world;
c) variations on these methods to comply with certain national laws, or for particular types of buildings.
The surface area and volume indicators defined in this International Standard are intended for practical use,
as a basis for measuring various aspects of the performance of buildings or as a planning aid. In other words,
they should enable judgement to be made on functional, technical and economic aspects of buildings.
This International Standard is intended to be used when establishing:
— specifications for the geometric performance of a building and its spaces (e.g. in design, purchasing
procedures, etc., or in building regulations where appropriate);
— technical documentation relating to the performance of whole buildings prepared by designers, contractors
and manufacturers;
— the amount of floor area that will not be effectively available for the placement of an individual’s workplace,
furniture, equipment, or for circulation;
— evaluation, comparison or control of the properties of a building which are connected to its geometric
performance.
Although, as stated above, there are a variety of methods of area measurement around the world depending
on the country and/or types of buildings, all measuring methods are not necessarily of practical use because
of inability to identify real area (e.g. the wall centre method of measurement). Thus this International Standard
specializes in the measurement solely for practical use.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 6707-1, Building and civil engineering — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 6707-1 and the following apply.
3.1
surface area indicators
amounts of certain types of area (e.g. usable area) and the relationship between different types of area (e.g.
area occupied by structure/usable area)
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SIST ISO 9836:2011
ISO 9836:2011(E)
3.2
volume indicators
amounts of certain types of volume (e.g. net volume) and the relationship between different types of volume
(e.g. gross volume/net volume)
NOTE An example of a relationship indicator of volume is gross volume/net volume.
3.3
mixed surface area and volume indicator
indicator relating a type of volume to a type of area (e.g. gross volume/usable area) and a type of area to a
type of volume
NOTE 1 Clause 5 gives further definitions of the different surface area and volume indicators, together with the
appropriate calculation methods.
NOTE 2 An example of a mixed relationship indicator is area of building envelope/net volume.
3.4
building loss feature
feature or element of a building in which a portion of the floor area is not available for an individual’s activities,
or for furniture, equipment or circulation
NOTE 1 Examples of places in which a portion might not be available because of a building loss feature are workplaces,
corridors, etc.
NOTE 2 A building loss feature may be a physical element such as a column, or the configuration of an element such as the
curve of a wall, or the configuration of a fire escape route which is mandated by regulation but not needed for normal circulation.
3.5
effective building loss area
portion of the floor area that is not physically occupied by building material yet is not fully available for an
individual’s activities, or for furniture, equipment or for circulation, because of a building loss feature
NOTE Examples of places in which a portion might not be available because of a building loss feature are workplaces,
corridors, etc.
3.6
actual building loss area
portion of the floor area that is not available for an individual’s activities, or for furniture, equipment or for
circulation, because it is physically occupied by a building loss feature, or is required to be vacant by law or
regulation, or by a lease
NOTE Examples of places in which a portion might not be available because of a building loss feature are workplaces,
corridors, etc.
3.7
perimeter encroachment
form of building loss feature which prevents effective use of floor area near a wall or other geometrically regular
building form
NOTE Examples of a perimeter encroachment include: pilaster, convector, baseboard heating unit, and radiator.
4 Units
Surface area and volume indicators are obtained by measuring the plan and elevation of the building. Their
2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2
units of measurement differ according to the type of calculation (m : m : m /m : m /m : m /m : m /m ).
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SIST ISO 9836:2011
ISO 9836:2011(E)
5 Intra-muros calculation methods and list of indicators for geometric performance
5.1 Surface areas
NOTE See Figure 1.
5.1.1 Calculation principles
5.1.1.1 Surfaces which are horizontal or vertical are measured by their actual dimensions. For calculations of
area and space, inclined planes are measured by their vertical projection onto an (imaginary) horizontal plane
or vertical plane as appropriate. For calculations of heat gain or loss, the actual exposed surface area shall be
used instead of the projected area.
5.1.1.2 The surface areas are expressed in square metres, to two decimal places.
5.1.2 Covered area
5.1.2.1 The covered area is the area of ground covered by buildings in their finished state.
5.1.2.2 The covered area is determined by the vertical projection of the external dimensions of the building
onto the ground.
The following are not included in covered area:
— construction or parts of construction not projecting above the surface of the ground;
— secondary components, e.g. external staircases, external ramps, canopies, horizontal sun-shields, roof
overhangs, street lighting;
— the areas of outdoor facilities, e.g. greenhouses and outhouses.
5.1.3 Total floor area
5.1.3.1 The total floor area of a building is the total area of all floor levels. Floor levels may be storeys which
are either completely or partially under the ground, storeys above ground, attics, terraces, roof terraces, service
floors or storage floors (see Figure 1).
It is necessary to distinguish between:
a) floor areas which are enclosed and covered on all sides;
b) floor areas which are not enclosed on all sides up to their full height, but which are covered, such as
recessed balconies;
c) floor areas which are contained within components (e.g. parapets, fascias, hand-rails), but which are not
covered, such as open balconies.
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Figure 1 — Presentation of principal areas
5.1.3.2 The total floor area of each level is obtained from the external dimensions of the enclosing elements,
at floor height, above and below ground. These elements include finishes, claddings and parapets.
Recesses and projections for structural or aesthetic purposes and profiling are not included if they do not alter
the net floor area (5.1.5). Covered floor areas which are not enclosed or are partially enclosed and have no
enclosing elements [e.g. areas in accordance with 5.1.3.1 b)] are calculated according to the vertical projection
of the outer limit of the covering components.
Net floor area is not determined for the following spaces (see 5.1.5.4):
— voids between the ground and the underside of the building, e.g. crawlways;
— space inside ventilated roofs;
— roofs not subjected to foot traffic other than for maintenance purposes.
5.1.3.3 The total floor area is calculated separately for each floor level. Areas with varying storey height within
one floor level (e.g. large halls, auditoria) are also calculated separately.
5.1.3.4 If the floor areas are added together, the proportions of the different areas (according to 5.1.3) shall be
distinguishable in order to enable the evaluation, comparison and separate calculation of the volumes.
5.1.3.5 The total floor area is made up of the net floor area (5.1.5) and the area taken up by the structure (see
5.1.6). This is diagrammed in Figure 2.
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Total Floor Total Floor
Area Area
Intra-muros Floor Area of Floor Area of
Net Floor Area
Area External Walls Structural
Elements
Floor Area of Circulation
Floor Area of
Services Area
Usable Area
Area
External Walls Internal Walls,
Columns,
Partitions, etc.
Effective Effective Floor
Building Loss Area for
Area Occupants
Figure 2 — Components of total floor area
5.1.4 Intra-muros area
5.1.4.1 The intra-muros area is the total floor area (5.1.3) less the floor area taken up by the external walls
(floor area of the building envelope).
5.1.4.2 The intra-muros area is determined separately for each floor level. The calculation principles
established for the total floor area (5.1.3) and for the area taken up by the external walls (5.1.6) apply equally.
The intra-muros area is obtained by subtracting the area taken up by the external walls from the total floor area.
5.1.4.3 The intra-muros area includes the net floor area (5.1.5) and the area taken up by the internal walls.
5.1.5 Net floor area
5.1.5.1 The net floor area is the area between (within) the enclosing elements (see also 5.1.3.2).
5.1.5.2 The net floor area is determined separately for each floor level and is sub-divided according to 5.1.3.1. It
is calculated from the clear dimensions of the finished building at floor height, excluding skirtings, thresholds, etc.
Covered floor areas that are not enclosed, or only partially enclosed and have no enclosing elements [areas
mentioned in 5.1.3.1 b)] are determined by the vertical projection of the outer limit of the covering components.
Areas with varying storey height within one floor level (e.g. large halls and auditoria) are calculated separately.
5.1.5.3 Also included in the net floor area are demountable components such as partitions, pipes and ducts.
5.1.5.4 The floor areas of structural elements, door and window recesses, and niches to recesses in the
elements enclosing the area are not included in the net floor area.
5.1.5.5 The net floor area is divided into:
— usable area (5.1.7);
— services area (5.1.8); and
— circulation area (5.1.9).
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5.1.6 Area of structural elements
5.1.6.1 The area of structural elements is the area within the total floor area (on a horizontal section at floor
level) of the enclosing elements (e.g. external and internal load-bearing walls) and the area of columns, pillars,
piers, chimneys, partitions, etc., which cannot be entered (see Figure 1).
5.1.6.2 The area of structural elements is determined separately for each floor level and, where necessary,
is sub-divided according to 5.1.3.1. It is calculated from the dimensions of the finished building at floor height
excluding skirtings, thresholds, plinths, etc.
5.1.6.3 Also included in the area of structural elements are the floor areas of door recesses, and recesses and
niches in the enclosing elements (see 5.1.5.4). This is in accordance with 5.1.3.2.
5.1.6.4 The area of structural elements may also be calculated as the difference between the total floor area
(5.1.3) and the net floor area (5.1.5).
5.1.7 Usable area
5.1.7.1 The usable area is that part of the net floor which corresponds to the purpose and use of the building
(see Figure 1).
5.1.7.2 The usable area is determined separately for floor level and is sub-divided according to 5.1.3.1.
5.1.7.3 Usable areas are classified according to the purpose of the building and the use to which they are put;
they are usually divided into main usable areas and subsidiary usable areas.
The classification into main usable area and subsidiary usable area is dependent on whether the purpose
of the space is an integral component of the primary purpose(s) of the building, or in support of the primary
purpose(s) of the building.
Below is a sample list of such purposes. For more detail, see also Tables 1 and 2 of ISO 6241:1984.
a) Transport (of people, goods, fluids, electricity, etc.).
b) Industry (manual work, production, manufacture, agriculture, experimentation, etc.).
c) Office, commerce (study, writing, drawing, retail or wholesale selling, book-keeping, etc.).
d) Medical care (examination, treatment, operations, etc.).
e) Recreation (gymnastics, swimming, play, dance, etc.).
f) Culture (worship, education, meeting, etc.).
g) Housing (sleeping, dwelling, etc.).
h) Circulation (walkway, corridor, stairway, etc.).
i) Catering (cooking, consumption, etc.).
j) Hygiene (bathing, toilet functions, etc.).
k) Cleaning, maintenance (laundry, janitorial, repair, etc.).
l) Storage (of goods, clothing, foods, etc.).
m) Service (power plant, building operations, guard post, etc.).
n) Other.
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5.1.8 Services area
5.1.8.1 The services area is that portion of the net floor area with technical installations which service the
building or parts of it, such as:
a) installations and pipes for the disposal of waste water;
b) water supply;
c) heating and hot water systems;
d) gas installations (other than for heating purposes) and installations for liquids;
e) electricity supply generators;
f) ventilation, air-conditioning and cooling systems;
g) telephone switchboard apparatus;
h) lifts, escalators and conveyors (see 5.1.9.3);
i) any other central building service installation.
5.1.8.2 The services area is determined separately for each floor level and, where necessary, is subdivided
according to 5.1.3.1.
5.1.8.3 Floor areas of spaces for principal service installations, man-sized supply shafts and ducts, and
service floors are also included in the services area.
5.1.8.4 Floor areas of spaces in which technical installations directly support occupant operations, such as a
room for computer servers, are part of the usable area and not part of the services area.
5.1.9 Circulation area
5.1.9.1 The circulation area is that portion of the net area used for circulation within the building (e.g. the area
of stairwells, corridors, internal ramps, waiting areas, escape balconies, etc.).
5.1.9.2 The circulation area is determined separately for each floor level and is sub-divided according to
5.1.3.1. Areas with varying storey height within one floor level are calculated separately.
5.1.9.3 The net floor areas of lift shafts and the floor areas of built-in conveying installations for general
circulation, e.g. escalators, on each floor level (see 5.1.8.1) are also included in the category of circulation area.
5.1.10 Building envelope area
5.1.10.1 The building envelope area is obtained from buildings or parts of buildings which are enclosed on all sides
and covered, including those parts of the structure which are above the top level of the ground and those below it.
Distinction is to be made between the following, in the order shown:
a) area of the foundations;
b) external wall area below ground level;
c) external wall area above ground level;
d) roof area.
Glazed areas are specified separately as parts of external wall or roof surfaces.
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The following are not included in the area considered:
— components of the building which are below the lowest floor level (e.g. parts of the foundation);
— recesses and projections for aesthetic purposes, pavement lights, external staircases, external ramps,
canopies, horizontal sun-shields, roof overhangs, skylights, chimney stacks, etc.
5.1.10.2 The foundation area of a building is obtained from buildings or parts of buildings which are enclosed
on all sides and covered, including only those parts of the structure which are below the top level of the ground
in each part of the lowest floor level.
5.1.11 Effective and actual building loss area
5.1.11.1 The effective building loss area is the total of those portions of usable area and circulation area which
are not continuously or fully available for an individual’s activities (e.g. workplaces, resting areas, etc.), or for
furniture, equipment or for circulation, as would be appropriate at that location, in a way as identified below.
a) When columns, pilasters or other elements of a building encroach into usable area, and the floor area
between such encroachments, or between such encroachments and a wall, is of size or configuration such
that it cannot be used effectively to place furniture or carry out user functions, such in-between floor area
is effective building loss area (see Figures 3, 4, 5, 6).
Figure 3 — Encroachments of pilasters force Figure 4 — Encroachments of pilasters force
workstations to be placed away from the wall reduced usability of a portion of enclosed office
Figure 5 — Uneven encroachments force Figure 6 — Uneven encroachments within
workstations to be placed further from wall an enclosed office
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b) When a portion of floor area must be kept clear to access or service columns, pilasters or other
encroachments into usable area, or a thermostat or other device affixed on the surface or wall, or the
technology inside, or to access a service panel in a wall, or to open or service a window, then the floor
area which must be kept clear is effective building loss area (see Figures 7, 8, 9).
2
c) When a portion of floor area greater than 30 cm in usable area must be kept clear for an air duct, or to
access or service technology under raised access floor then the floor area which must be kept clear is
effective building loss area (see Figures 8, 10).
2
d) When a portion of floor area greater than 30 cm in circulation area must be kept clear for an air duct, to
access or service technology under raised access floor then the floor area which must be used to avoid
the duct or other opening (for instance by diverting the path of circulation) is effective building loss area
(see Figure 8).
Figure 7 — Encroachment due to need Figure 8 — Encroachment by a required
to keep clear a defined zone to service accessible duct or panel opening in floor surface,
or wash windows as in 5.1.11.1 b), c) and d)
Figure 9 — Encroachments due Figure 10 — Effective loss because of required access
to columns, their shape or attachments to a floor opening
e) When a portion of floor area must be kept clear for access to a service room, a utility, a room for mechanical
or electrical or telecommunications or electronic equipment, or for access to a roof or a penthouse or a
ceiling void, and such portion of floor area is not circulation area, then such portion of floor area is effective
building loss area (see Figures 11, 12, 13).
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f) When a portion of the usable or circulation floor area is restricted from use by building occupants or is not
available because of regulation, building code, or terms of contract or lease, then such portion of floor area
is effective building loss area.
g) When a portion of the usable or circulation floor area is restricted from use or unavailable up to a height of
2,4 m because of an interior encroachment such as exposed elements of earthquake bracing or a sloping
wall, then that portion is effective building loss area (see Figure 14).
Figure 11 — Service room set back from Figure 12 — Effective loss due to access
circulation or grid line to opening to roof
Figure 13 — Effective loss because of access Figure 14 — Loss due to earthquake bracing
to utilities between columns
h) When a portion of the usable floor area is partially restricted from use because its floor load capacity is
less than required for safety by applicable regulations or building codes, causing furnishings or supplies to
be spread out over a larger area than would normally be needed, then the required additional floor area is
effective building loss area (see Figure 15).
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Figure 15 — Effective loss due to inadequate floor loading capacity
i) When a portion of the usable or circulation floor area is occupied by a projecting window sill, or a radiator,
convector, piping or other fixed part of the building, and therefore cannot be used effectively to place
furniture or carry out user functions, then that portion is effective building loss area (see Figures 5, 6, 7).
j) When a portion of the usable or circulation floor area is occupied by a demountable component such as
a partition, pipe or duct which is required for the normal functionality of the facility, then that portion is
effective building loss area.
5.2 Volumes
NOTE See Figure 3.
5.2.1 Calculation principles
5.2.1.1 The gross volume of a building is obtained from the outer limiting faces. Distinction is to be made
between the following, in the order shown:
a) gross volume of buildings or parts of buildings which are enclosed and covered on all sides in accordance
with 5.1.3.1 a) (see 5.2.2);
b) gross volume of parts of buildings which are not enclosed up to their full height on all sides, but which are
covered in accordance with 5.1.3.1 b) (see 5.2.3);
c) gross volume of bu
...
SLOVENSKI SIST ISO 9836
STANDARD
november 2011
Standardi za lastnosti stavb – Definicija in računanje indikatorjev površine
in prostornine
Performance standards in building – Definition and calculation of area and space
indicators
Normes de performance dans le bâtiment – Définition et calcul des indicateurs de
surface et de volume
Referenčna oznaka
ICS 91.040.01 SIST ISO 9836:2011 (sl)
Nadaljevanje na straneh od 2 do 25
© 2012-06. Standard je založil in izdal Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
NACIONALNI UVOD
Standard SIST ISO 9836 (sl), Standardi za lastnosti stavb – Definicija in računanje indikatorjev
površine in prostornine, 2011, ima status slovenskega standarda in je enakovreden mednarodnemu
standardu ISO 9836, Performance standards in building – Definition and calculation of area and space
indicators, 2011.
Ta standard nadomešča SIST ISO 9836:2000
NACIONALNI PREDGOVOR
Mednarodni standard ISO 9836:2011 je pripravil tehnični odbor ISO/TC 59 Stavbe in gradbeni
inženirski objekti, pododbor SC 3 Funkcionalne zahteve/zahteve uporabnikov in kakovost v gradnji
stavb. Slovenski standard SIST ISO 9836:2011 je prevod angleškega besedila mednarodnega
standarda ISO 9836:2011. V primeru spora glede besedila slovenskega prevoda v tem standardu je
odločilen izvirni mednarodni standard v angleškem jeziku.
Odločitev za izdajo tega dokumenta je dne 13. oktobra 2011 sprejel Strokovni svet SIST za splošno
področje.
ZVEZE S STANDARDI
S privzemom tega mednarodnega standarda veljajo za omejeni namen referenčnih standardov vsi
standardi, navedeni v izvirniku, razen standarda, ki smo ga že sprejeli v nacionalno standardizacijo:
SIST ISO 6707-1:2010 (en) Stavbe in gradbeni inženirski objekti – Slovar – 1. del: Splošni izrazi
OSNOVA ZA IZDAJO STANDARDA
– Privzem standarda ISO 9836:2011
PREDHODNA IZDAJA
– SIST ISO 9836:2011, Standardi za lastnosti stavb - Definicija in računanje indikatorjev površine in
prostornine
OPOMBI
– Povsod, kjer se v besedilu standarda uporablja izraz “mednarodni standard”, v SIST ISO
9836:2011 to pomeni “slovenski standard”.
– Nacionalni uvod in nacionalni predgovor nista sestavni del standarda.
2
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SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
VSEBINA Stran
Predgovor .4
Uvod .5
1 Področje uporabe.6
2 Zveze s standardi.6
3 Izrazi in definicije.6
4 Merske enote.7
5 Načini računanja med obodnimi zidovi (intra muros) in seznam indikatorjev
geometrijskih lastnosti.8
5.1 Površine.8
5.1.1 Načela računanja.8
5.1.2 Zazidana površina .8
5.1.3 Bruto tlorisna površina.8
5.1.4 Površina med obodnimi zidovi (intra muros) .10
5.1.5 Neto tlorisna površina.10
5.1.6 Površina konstrukcijskih elementov .11
5.1.7 Uporabna površina .11
5.1.8 Tehnična površina .12
5.1.9 Komunikacijska površina.12
5.1.10 Površina ovoja stavbe .12
5.1.11 Posledična nefunkcionalna in dejanska nefunkcionalna površina stavbe.13
5.2 Prostornine .18
5.2.1 Načela računanja.18
5.2.2 Bruto prostornina stavb ali delov stavb, ki so omejeni na vseh straneh in v celoti pokriti.19
5.2.3 Bruto prostornina stavb ali delov stavb, ki niso omejeni z vseh strani do polne višine,
so pa pokriti.19
5.2.4 Bruto prostornina stavb ali delov stavb, ki so omejeni z elementi, niso pa pokriti .20
5.2.5 Neto prostornina.20
5.2.6 Neto prostornina nad površino med obodnimi zidovi (intra muros).20
5.2.7 Neto prostornina nad uporabno površino.20
5.2.8 Neto prostornina nad tehnično površino.20
5.2.9 Neto prostornina nad komunikacijsko površino.21
5.3 Primeri indikatorjev.21
5.3.1 Indikatorji površine.21
5.3.2 Indikatorji prostornine .22
5.3.3 Indikatorji površine in prostornine.22
5.4 Komentar .23
Dodatek A (informativni): Primeri uporabe faktorjev nefunkcionalnih delov stavbe.24
Literatura.25
3
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SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
Predgovor
ISO (Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo) je svetovna zveza nacionalnih organov za
standarde (članov ISO). Mednarodne standarde ponavadi pripravljajo tehnični odbori ISO. Vsak član,
ki želi delovati na določenem področju, za katero je bil ustanovljen tehnični odbor, ima pravico biti
zastopan v tem odboru. Pri delu sodelujejo mednarodne vladne in nevladne organizacije, povezane z
ISO. V vseh zadevah, ki so povezane s standardizacijo na področju elektrotehnike, ISO tesno
sodeluje z Mednarodno elektrotehniško komisijo (IEC).
Mednarodni standardi so pripravljeni v skladu s pravili, podanimi v 2. delu Direktiv ISO/IEC.
Glavna naloga tehničnih odborov je priprava mednarodnih standardov. Osnutki mednarodnih
standardov, ki jih sprejmejo tehnični odbori, se pošljejo vsem članom v glasovanje. Za objavo
mednarodnega standarda je treba pridobiti soglasje najmanj 75 odstotkov članov, ki se udeležijo
glasovanja.
Opozoriti je treba na možnost, da je lahko nekaj elementov tega mednarodnega standarda predmet
patentnih pravic. ISO ne prevzema odgovornosti za ugotavljanje katerih koli ali vseh takih patentnih
pravic.
ISO 9836 je pripravil tehnični odbor ISO/TC 59 Stavbe in gradbeni inženirski objekti, pododbor SC 3
Funkcionalne zahteve/zahteve uporabnikov in kakovost v gradnji stavb.
Ta druga izdaja preklicuje in zamenjuje prvo izdajo (ISO 9836:1992) z dodanimi točkami.
4
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SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
Uvod
Indikatorji površine in prostornine, določeni z merjenjem prostora v stavbah, so lahko uporabljeni za
primerjavo značilnosti vrednosti, kot je razmerje površine ali prostornine, ki je lahko koristno
uporabljena. Kot približne vrednosti za načrtovanje so lahko podlaga za nadaljnji razvoj.
Sklic na indikatorje površine in prostornine pri ocenjevanju stavb, že zgrajenih ali v fazi projektiranja,
posredno kaže na nekatere ekonomske značilnosti stavb. Razmerje med površino, ki jo zavzema
stavba, in uporabno površino zato kaže, ali so bili stroški gradnje in materiali porabljeni najbolje.
Na enak način razmerje med površino ovoja stavbe in uporabno površino kaže na obseg osnovnih
prihrankov pri stroških ovoja in obseg tekočih stroškov sistemov za ogrevanje in hlajenje.
Za ugotavljanje ekonomičnosti celotnih stavb indikatorji površine in prostornine vsebujejo osnovne
podatke za računanje in primerjavo glavnih stroškov ter tekočih stroškov in stroškov vzdrževanja. Z
omejevanjem količine prostora in stroškov posameznih materialov dajejo podlago za minimiziranje
tekočih stroškov. Na primer, če je površina zunanjih zidov v primerjavi z uporabno površino majhna, to
kaže ne samo na relativno nizke stroške energije, ampak tudi na relativno nizke stroške čiščenja in
vzdrževanja fasad.
5
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SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
Standardi za lastnosti stavb – Definicija in računanje indikatorjev površine in
prostornine
1 Področje uporabe
Ta mednarodni standard podaja definicijo in način računanja indikatorjev površine in prostornine.
Pri opredeljevanju merjenja površin ta mednarodni standard uporablja tri načine merjenja:
a) način merjenja dimenzij med zidovi (intra muros) in zunaj zidov (extra muros), ki ga uporabljajo v
številnih delih sveta,
b) način merjenja po oseh zidov (sredini zidov), ki ga uporabljajo v številnih delih sveta,
c) kombinacije teh dveh navedenih načinov, kot to določajo nacionalne zakonodaje ali so primerne
za posebne vrste stavb.
Indikatorji površine in prostornine, opredeljeni v tem mednarodnem standardu, so namenjeni praktični
uporabi kot podlaga za ocenjevanje različnih vidikov kakovosti stavb ali kot pomoč pri načrtovanju. Z
drugimi besedami, ti indikatorji naj bi omogočili presojo glede funkcionalnih, tehničnih in ekonomskih
značilnosti stavb.
Ta mednarodni standard naj bi se uporabljal:
– pri določanju geometrijskih lastnosti stavbe in njenih prostorov (npr. pri projektiranju, prodajnih
postopkih itd. ali v gradbenih predpisih, če je to potrebno),
– v projektni dokumentaciji, ki se nanaša na lastnosti stavbe v celoti in ki jo pripravljajo projektanti,
izvajalci in proizvajalci,
– pri določanju tlorisne površine, ki dejansko ne bo na voljo za umestitev delovnega prostora
posameznika, pohištva, opreme ali za komunikacijo,
– pri vrednotenju, primerjavi ali kontroli lastnosti stavbe, povezanih z njenimi geometrijskimi lastnostmi.
Čeprav, kot je navedeno zgoraj, je po svetu več različnih metod za merjenje površine, odvisno od
države in/ali vrste stavb, pa vse merske metode niso nujno praktično uporabne, ker z njimi ni mogoče
prepoznati realne površine (npr. način merjenja po osi zidu). Ta mednarodni standard je torej
specializiran samo za meritve za praktično uporabo.
2 Zveze s standardi
Za uporabo tega standarda je nujno potreben naslednji navedeni dokument. Pri datiranih sklicevanjih
se uporablja zgolj navedena izdaja. Pri nedatiranih sklicevanjih se uporablja zadnja izdaja
navedenega dokumenta (vključno z dopolnili).
ISO 6707-1 Stavbe in gradbeni inženirski objekti – Slovar – 1. del: Splošni izrazi
3 Izrazi in definicije
V tem standardu se uporabljajo izrazi in definicije iz standarda ISO 6707-1 in naslednji:
3.1
indikatorji površine
količina posameznih vrst površine (npr. uporabna površina) in razmerje med različnimi vrstami
površine (npr. zazidana površina/uporabna površina)
3.2
Indikatorji prostornine
količina posameznih vrst prostornine (npr. neto prostornino) in razmerje med različnimi vrstami
prostornine (npr. bruto prostornina/neto prostornina)
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SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
OPOMBA: Primer razmerja indikatorja prostornine je bruto prostornina/neto prostornina.
3.3
kombinirani indikatorji površine in prostornine
indikator razmerja med vrsto prostornine in vrsto površine (npr. bruto prostornina/uporabna površina)
in razmerja med vrsto površine in vrsto prostornine
OPOMBA 1: Nadaljnje definicije različnih indikatorjev površine in prostornine ter primerne metode računanja so v točki 5.
OPOMBA 2: Primer kombiniranega indikatorja razmerja je površina ovoja stavbe/neto prostornina.
3.4
nefunkcionalni deli stavbe
deli ali elementi stavbe, v katerih del tlorisne površine ni razpoložljiv za aktivnosti posameznika ali za
pohištvo, opremo ali za komunikacijo
OPOMBA 1: Primeri prostorov, v katerih del mogoče ni razpoložljiv zaradi nefunkcionalnih delov stavbe, so delovni prostori,
hodniki itd.
OPOMBA 2: Nefunkcionalni deli stavbe so lahko fizični elementi, kot je steber, ali oblike elementov, kot je ločni zid, ali oblike
poti požarnih stopnic, ki je predpisana s predpisom, vendar ni potrebna za normalno komunikacijo.
3.5
posledična nefunkcionalna površina stavbe
del tlorisne površine, ki še ni fizično zaseden z gradbenim materialom in ni v celoti razpoložljiv za
aktivnosti posameznika ali za pohištvo, opremo ali za komunikacijo zaradi nefunkcionalnih delov
stavbe
OPOMBA: Primeri prostorov, v katerih del mogoče ni razpoložljiv zaradi nefunkcionalnih delov stavbe, so delovni prostori,
hodniki itd.
3.6
dejanska nefunkcionalna površina stavbe
del tlorisne površine, ki ni razpoložljiv za aktivnosti posameznika ali za pohištvo, opremo ali za
komunikacijo, ker je fizično zaseden z nefunkcionalnimi deli stavbe ali je z zakonom, predpisom ali
najemom zahtevan kot prost
OPOMBA: Primer prostorov, v katerih del mogoče ni razpoložljiv zaradi nefunkcionalnih delov stavbe, so delovni prostori,
hodniki itd.
3.7
deli, štrleči v prostor
oblika nefunkcionalnih delov stavbe, ki preprečuje učinkovito uporabo tlorisne površine blizu zidov ali
drugih pravilnih geometrijskih oblik
OPOMBA: Primeri delov, štrlečih v prostor, so: steber in/ali slop, konvektor, pokrov ogrevalne enote in radiator.
4 Merske enote
Indikatorji površine in prostornine se računajo iz tlorisnih in narisnih dimenzij stavbe. Njihove merske
2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2
enote se razlikujejo glede na vrsto izračuna (m ; m ; m /m ; m /m ; m /m ; m /m ).
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SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
5 Načini računanja med obodnimi zidovi (intra muros) in seznam indikatorjev
geometrijskih lastnosti
5.1 Površine
OPOMBA: Glej sliko 1.
5.1.1 Načela računanja
5.1.1.1 Vodoravne in navpične površine se merijo po njihovih dejanskih dimenzijah. Pri poševnih
ploskvah se površina in prostornina merita z njihovo navpično projekcijo na (namišljeno) vodoravno ali
navpično ravnino, kar je primerneje. Pri izračunu toplotnih izgub pa je treba vedno upoštevati dejansko
površino namesto projektirane.
5.1.1.2 Površine so izražene v kvadratnih metrih na dve decimalni mesti.
5.1.2 Zazidana površina
5.1.2.1 Zazidana površina je površina zemljišča, ki ga pokrivajo dokončane stavbe.
5.1.2.2 Zazidano površino določa navpična projekcija zunanjih dimenzij stavbe na zemljišče.
V zazidano površino niso vključeni:
– zgradbe ali deli zgradb, ki ne segajo nad površino zemljišča;
– sekundarni deli, npr. zunanja stopnišča, zunanje klančine, napušči, vodoravni sončni zasloni,
nadstreški, elementi cestne razsvetljave;
– površine pomožnih objektov, npr. rastlinjakov in lop.
5.1.3 Bruto tlorisna površina
5.1.3.1 Bruto tlorisna površina stavbe je celotna površina vseh etaž stavbe. Etaže so lahko
nadstropja, ki so v celoti ali delno pod terenom, nadstropja nad terenom, podstrešja, terase, strešne
terase, površine tehničnih in skladiščnih prostorov (glej sliko 1).
Razlikovati je treba med:
a) tlorisnimi površinami, ki so z vseh strani zaprte do polne višine in v celoti pokrite;
b) tlorisnimi površinami, ki niso zaprte z vseh strani do polne višine, so pa pokrite, tako kot npr. lože;
c) tlorisnimi površinami, ki so obdane z elementi, kot so npr. parapeti, venci, ograje, in niso pokrite,
tako kot odprti balkoni.
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SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
Površina med
obodnimi zidovi
(intra muros) (5.1.7)
Slika 1: Prikaz osnovnih površin
5.1.3.2 Bruto tlorisna površina vsake etaže se izračuna iz zunanjih dimenzij obodnih elementov,
izmerjenih v nivoju tal etaže. Ometi, fasadne obloge in parapeti so všteti.
Utori in štrline, narejeni iz konstrukcijskih ali estetskih razlogov, in spremembe profila po višini niso
vključeni, če ne spreminjajo neto tlorisne površine (5.1.5). Zazidane tlorisne površine, ki niso zaprte ali
so delno zaprte in nimajo navpičnih elementov, npr. površine v skladu s 5.1.3.1.b), se računajo do
navpične projekcije zunanjega roba krova.
Neto tlorisna površina se ne ugotavlja za naslednje (glej 5.1.5.4):
– prazne prostore med zemljiščem in spodnjo stranjo stavbe, npr. vzdrževalne rove;
– prostor znotraj prezračevalnih streh;
– strehe, po katerih se hodi samo med vzdrževanjem.
5.1.3.3 Bruto tlorisna površina se računa za vsako etažo posebej. Tudi površine, na katerih se višina
etaže v enem talnem nivoju spreminja (npr. velike dvorane, avditoriji), se izračunajo posebej.
5.1.3.4 Če se tlorisne površine seštevajo, morajo biti razmerja med različnimi površinami (po 5.1.3)
razpoznavna, tako da jih je mogoče ovrednotiti, primerjati in ločeno izračunati prostornine.
5.1.3.5 Bruto tlorisna površina je sestavljena iz neto tlorisne površine (5.1.5) in površine, ki jo
zavzema konstrukcija (glej 5.1.6). To je prikazano na diagramu (glej slika 2).
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SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
Površina med obodnimi Tlorisna površina
zidovi (intra muros) konstrukcijskih elementov
Tlorisna površina
notranjih zidov,
stebrov,
predelnih zidov
Posledična nefunkcionalna
Funkcionalna
površina stavbe
površina
Slika 2: Sestavine bruto tlorisne površine
5.1.4 Površina med obodnimi zidovi (intra muros)
5.1.4.1 Površina med obodnimi zidovi (intra muros) je bruto tlorisna površina (5.1.3), zmanjšana za
tlorisno površino zunanjih zidov (tlorisno površino oboda stavbe).
5.1.4.2 Površina med obodnimi zidovi (intra muros) se določi za vsako etažo posebej. Pri tem se
enakovredno upoštevajo načela za računanje bruto tlorisne površine (5.1.3) in površine, ki jo
zavzemajo obodni zidovi (5.1.6). Površina med obodnimi zidovi (intra muros) se izračuna tako, da se
od bruto tlorisne površine odšteje tlorisna površina obodnih zidov.
5.1.4.3 Površina med obodnimi zidovi (intra muros) vključuje neto tlorisno površino (5.1.5) in tlorisno
površino notranjih zidov.
5.1.5 Neto tlorisna površina
5.1.5.1 Neto tlorisna površina je površina med navpičnimi elementi, ki omejujejo prostor (glej tudi
5.1.3.2)
5.1.5.2 Neto tlorisna površina se določi za vsako etažo posebej in se razdeli, kot je določeno v točki
5.1.3.1. Računa se s svetlimi dimenzijami dokončane stavbe, merjenimi v nivoju tal, razen obrob,
pragov itd.
Zazidane tlorisne površine, ki niso zaprte ali so samo delno zaprte in nimajo navpičnih elementov
[površine, ki so omenjene v 5.1.3.1.b)], se določijo z navpično projekcijo zunanjega roba krova.
Površine, na katerih se višina etaže v enem talnem nivoju spreminja (npr. velike dvorane, avditoriji), se
računajo posebej.
5.1.5.3 V neto tlorisno površino so vključeni tudi elementi, ki jih je mogoče demontirati, npr. predelne
stene, cevi in kanali za napeljave.
5.1.5.4 V neto tlorisne površine niso vključene površine konstrukcijskih elementov, okenskih in vratnih
odprtin in niš v elementih, ki omejujejo prostor.
5.1.5.5 Neto tlorisna površina se deli v:
– uporabno površino (5.1.7),
– tehnično površino (5.1.8),
– komunikacijsko površino (5.1.9).
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SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
5.1.6 Površina konstrukcijskih elementov
5.1.6.1 Površina konstrukcijskih elementov je del bruto tlorisne površine (del tlorisa etaže), ki ga
sestavljajo tlorisna površina navpičnih elementov (npr. zunanjih in notranjih nosilnih zidov) in površine
stebrov, slopov, vmesnih podpor, dimnikov, predelnih sten in drugih elementov, v katere ni mogoče
vstopiti (glej sliko 1).
5.1.6.2 Površina konstrukcijskih elementov se določi za vsako etažo posebej in se razdeli, kjer je
potrebno, v skladu s 5.1.3.1. Računa se z dimenzijami dokončane stavbe, merjenimi v nivoju tal, razen
obrob, pragov, podstavkov itd.
5.1.6.3 V površino konstrukcijskih elementov so vključene tudi tlorisne površine vratnih in drugih
odprtin in niš v navpičnih elementih (glej 5.1.5.4). To je v skladu s 5.1.3.2.
5.1.6.4 Površina konstrukcijskih elementov se lahko izračuna tudi kot razlika med bruto tlorisno
površino (5.1.3) in neto tlorisno površino (5.1.5).
5.1.7 Uporabna površina
5.1.7.1 Uporabna površina je tisti del neto tlorisne površine, ki ustreza namenu in uporabi stavbe
(glej sliko 1).
5.1.7.2 Uporabna površina se določi za vsako etažo posebej in se razdeli v skladu s 5.1.3.1.
5.1.7.3 Uporabne površine se razvrščajo po namenu stavbe in njihovi uporabi; ponavadi so
razdeljene na primarne in sekundarne.
Delitev na primarne in sekundarne uporabne površine je odvisna od tega, ali je prostor sestavni del
primarnega(-ih) namena(-ov) stavbe ali le-temu (le-tem) nudi služnost.
Spodaj je primer seznama takih namenov. Za več podrobnosti glej preglednici 1 in 2 v ISO 6241:1984.
a) Transport (ljudi, blaga, tekočin, elektrike itd.).
b) Industrija (ročna dela, proizvodnja, tovarne, kmetijstvo, preskušanje itd.).
c) Pisarne, trgovine (učenje, pisanje, risanje, prodaja na debelo in drobno, knjigovodstvo itd.).
d) Medicinska oskrba (pregledi, zdravljenje, operacije itd.).
e) Rekreacija (gimnastika, plavanje, igra, ples itd.).
f) Kultura (obredni nameni, izobraževanje, sestanki itd.).
g) Stanovanja (spanje, bivanje itd.).
h) Komunikacija (pešpoti, hodniki, stopnice itd.).
i) Gostinstvo (kuhanje, prehranjevanje itd.).
j) Higiena (umivanje, toaleta itd.).
k) Čiščenje, vzdrževanje (pranje perila, prostor za hišnika, popravila itd.).
l) Skladišče (blaga, oblačil, hrane itd.).
m) Servisni prostori (elektro agregat, pogonski prostori, vratarska loža itd.).
n) Drugo.
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SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
5.1.8 Tehnična površina
5.1.8.1 Tehnična površina je del neto tlorisne površine, na katerem so tehnične inštalacije, ki
oskrbujejo stavbo ali njen del, npr.:
a) inštalacije in cevi za odvod odpadne vode;
b) inštalacije za oskrbo z vodo;
c) sistemi za ogrevanje in toplo vodo;
d) plinske inštalacije (razen za ogrevanje) in inštalacije za tekočine;
e) inštalacije za oskrbo z električnim tokom, generatorji;
f) sistemi za prezračevanje, klimatizacijo in hlajenje;
g) telefonska centrala;
h) dvigala, tekoče stopnice in transporterji (glej 5.1.9.3);
i) druge centralne inštalacije za stavbo.
5.1.8.2 Tehnična površina se določi za vsako etažo posebej in se, če je potrebno, razdeli v skladu s
5.1.3.1.
5.1.8.3 V tehnično površino so vključene tudi tlorisne površine glavnih postaj za tehnične inštalacije,
dostopnih jaškov za dostavo in kanalov.
5.1.8.4 Površine prostorov, v katerih so tehnične naprave za neposredno pomoč najemniku, kot so
računalniški serverji, so del uporabne površine in niso del tehnične površine.
5.1.9 Komunikacijska površina
5.1.9.1 Komunikacijska površina je del neto površine za komunikacijo znotraj stavbe (npr. površina
stopnišč, hodnikov, notranjih klančin, čakalnic, zasilnih izhodov itd.).
5.1.9.2 Komunikacijska površina se določi za vsako površino posebej in se razdeli v skladu s 5.1.3.1.
Površine, na katerih se višina etaže na enem talnem nivoju spreminja, se računajo ločeno.
5.1.9.3 V kategorijo komunikacijske površine so na vsaki etaži vključene tudi neto tlorisne površine
jaškov za dvigala in tlorisne površine vgrajenih premičnih naprav za komunikacijo (npr. tekoče
stopnice) (glej 5.1.8.1).
5.1.10 Površina ovoja stavbe
5.1.10.1 Površina ovoja stavbe se ugotavlja za stavbe ali dele stavb, ki so z vseh strani omejeni in
pokriti, vključno s tistimi deli objekta pod terenom in nad njim.
Razlikovati je treba med naslednjimi površinami:
a) površina stavbne osnove,
b) površina zunanjih zidov pod terenom,
c) površina zunanjih zidov nad terenom,
d) površina strehe.
Zastekljene površine so določene ločeno kot deli površin zunanjih zidov ali streh.
V to površino niso vključeni:
– deli stavbe, ki so pod tlemi najnižje etaže (npr. deli temeljev);
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SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
– niše in štrline, narejene iz estetskih razlogov, zunanje svetilke, zunanja stopnišča, zunanje
klančine, markize, vodoravni sončni zasloni, nadstreški, svetlobniki, dimniki itd.
5.1.10.2 Površina stavbne osnove se določa za stavbe ali dele stavb, ki so na vseh straneh omejeni
in pokriti, vključno s tistimi deli objekta, ki so pod terenom vseh delov najnižje etaže.
5.1.11 Posledična nefunkcionalna in dejanska nefunkcionalna površina stavbe
5.1.11.1 Posledična nefunkcionalna površina stavbe je vsota tistih delov uporabnih in komunikacijskih
površin, ki niso vedno ali povsem na voljo za aktivnosti posameznika (npr. delovni prostor, površine za
počivanje itd.), pohištvo, opremo ali komunikacijo, kot bi bilo lokaciji primerno, na način, kot je
prikazano spodaj:
a) Kadar stebri, slopi ali drugi elementi stavbe štrlijo v uporabno površino in je tlorisna površina med
takimi elementi ali med takimi elementi in zidom taka, da njene velikosti ali postavitve ni mogoče
učinkovito uporabiti za postavitev pohištva ali izvajanje funkcij uporabnika, je taka vmesna
tlorisna površina posledična nefunkcionalna površina stavbe (glej slike 3, 4, 5, 6).
Posledična Štrleči Zasedeni
nefunkcionalna površina del del
Prevladujoči
del
Odprta
Odprta Odprta
funkcionalna
funkcionalna funkcionalna
površina
površina površina
Slika 3: Stebri in/ali slopi, ki štrlijo v prostor, prisilijo delovne enote, da se pomaknejo od zidu
Zasedeni
Posledična nefunkcionalna
Štrleči
del
površina
del
Prevladujoči
del
Zaprta
funkcionalna
površina
Slika 4: Stebri in/ali slopi, ki štrlijo v prostor, zmanjšajo uporabnost dela zaprte funkcionalne
površine
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SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
Posledična
Posledična
Zasedeni
nefunkcionalna
nefunkcionalna
Štrleči del/
del
površina
površina
Zasedeni del
Prevladujoči
Konvektor
del
Odprta
Odprta Odprta
funkcionalna
funkcionalna funkcionalna
površina
površina površina
Slika 5: Deli, ki neenakomerno štrlijo v prostor, prisilijo delovne enote, da se še bolj pomaknejo
od zidu
Posledična
Posledična
Zasedeni
nefunkcionalna
nefunkcionalna
Štrleči del/
del
površina
površina
Zasedeni del
Zaprta Odprta
funkcionalna funkcionalna
površina površina
Slika 6: Deli, ki neenakomerno štrlijo v prostor, znotraj zaprte funkcionalne površine
b) Kadar mora biti del tlorisne površine puščen prazen za dostop in vzdrževanje stebrov, slopov ali
drugih delov, štrlečih v uporabno površino, za termostate ali druge naprave, pritrjene na tla ali
stene, za vgrajeno tehnologijo, za dostop do vzdrževalnih panelov v zidu ali za odpiranje in
vzdrževanje oken, je ta tlorisna površina posledična nefunkcionalna površina stavbe (glej slike 7,
8 in 9).
2
c) Kadar mora biti v uporabni površini del tlorisne površine, večji od 30 cm , puščen prazen za
zračni kanal ali za dostop ali vzdrževanje tehnologije pod talnim dvižnim pokrovom, je ta tlorisna
površina posledična nefunkcionalna površina stavbe (glej sliki 8 in 10).
2
d) Kadar mora biti v komunikacijski površini del tlorisne površine, večji od 30 cm , puščen prazen za
zračni kanal ali za dos
...
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