SIST EN 62273-1:2007

Methods of measurement for radio transmitters -- Part 1: Performance characteristics of terrestrial digital television transmitters

This part of IEC 62273 gives the conditions for measuring the performance parameters of terrestrial digital transmitters and for facilitating the comparison of measurements which are carried out by different personnel. It contains details of specially selected methods for determining the most important performance parameters of digital transmitters. The measurement methods described apply to a limited number of performance parameters, i.e. those which can give rise to ambiguous interpretation due to the use of different methods and conditions. They are neither restrictive nor mandatory: measurements can be chosen for each particular case. If necessary, additional tests can be carried out but they shall comply with those standards which have been established by other study groups, subcommittees of the IEC or other international or suitably accredited organizations. No limits have been assigned to quantify acceptable ranges of performance parameters. These are judged to be properly included in the technical specifications for individual transmitters; however, the terms and the manner used to quantify them should ideally be those described in a future IEC publication. The measurement methods described in this standard are intended for type approval tests. However they can equally well apply to acceptance tests measurements and quality control tests either in factories or on site. Test signals are used to measure performance parameters for both digital and analogue terrestrial transmitters. Their electronic characteristics and their associated performance parameters are widely understood. The test signals are measured after they have gone through the transmitter equipment to determine if their degradation is within the required quality criteria. This standard does not go into any detail regarding MPEG 2 signals or DVB processes nor does it deal with digital signal processing.

Messverfahren für Funksender -- Teil 1: Übertragungseigenschaften von terrestrischen digitalen Fernsehsendern

Méthodes de mesure applicables aux émetteurs radioélectriques -- Partie 1: Qualité de fonctionnement des émetteurs de télévision numérique terrestre

La CEI 62273-1:2007 définit les conditions permettant de mesurer les performances des émetteurs numériques terrestres et de faciliter la comparaison de mesures réalisées par différentes personnes. Elle détaille des méthodes plus particulièrement choisies pour déterminer les caractéristiques de performance principales des émetteurs numériques. Les méthodes de mesure décrites s'appliquent à un nombre limité de caractéristiques, comme par exemple, celles qui donneraient lieu à une interprétation ambiguë de par l'utilisation de différentes méthodes et conditions de mise en application. Elles ne sont ni restrictives, ni obligatoires: il est permis de choisir la méthode d'évaluation en fonction du cas se présentant. Il est envisageable de compléter les essais réalisés; dans ce cas, ils doivent respecter les normes établies par d'autres groupes d'étude, par des sous-comités de la CEI ou d'autres organismes internationaux ou accrédités. La présente version bilingue (2012-03) correspond à la version anglaise monolingue publiée en 2007-02.

Metode za meritve radijskih oddajnikov - 1. del: Karakteristike zmogljivosti prizemne digitalne televizije (IEC 62273-1:2007)

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 09-Oct-2007
• ICS: 33.060.20 - Receiving and transmitting equipment
• ICS: 33.170 - Television and radio broadcasting
• Technical Committee: RZV - Radiocommunication
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 03-Oct-2007
• Due Date: 08-Dec-2007
• Completion Date: 10-Oct-2007
• Ref Project: EN 62273-1:2007 - Methods of measurement for radio transmitters - Part 1: Performance characteristics of terrestrial digital television transmitters

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 62273-1:2007
01-december-2007
Metode za meritve radijskih oddajnikov – 1. del: Karakteristike zmogljivosti
prizemne digitalne televizije (IEC 62273-1:2007)

Methods of measurement for radio transmitters -- Part 1: Performance characteristics of

terrestrial digital television transmitters (IEC 62273-1:2007)

Messverfahren für Funksender -- Teil 1: Übertragungseigenschaften von terrestrischen

digitalen Fernsehsendern (IEC 62273-1:2007)

Méthodes de mesure applicables aux émetteurs radioélectriques -- Partie 1: Qualité de

fonctionnement des émetteurs de télévision numérique terrestre (IEC 62273-1:2007)

Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 62273-1:2007
ICS:
33.060.20 Sprejemna in oddajna Receiving and transmitting
oprema equipment
33.170 Televizijska in radijska Television and radio
difuzija broadcasting
SIST EN 62273-1:2007 en,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 62273-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
April 2007
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 33.060.20
English version
Methods of measurement for radio transmitters -
Part 1: Performance characteristics
of terrestrial digital television transmitters
(IEC 62273-1:2007)
Méthodes de mesure applicables Messverfahren für Funksender -
aux émetteurs radioélectriques - Teil 1: Übertragungseigenschaften
Partie 1: Qualité de fonctionnement von terrestrischen digitalen
des émetteurs de télévision Fernsehsendern
numérique terrestre (IEC 62273-1:2007)
(CEI 62273-1:2007)

This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2007-03-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply

with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard

the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on

application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other

language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified

to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the

Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,

Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,

Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels

© 2007 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.

Ref. No. EN 62273-1:2007 E
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
EN 62273-1:2007 - 2 -
Foreword

The text of document 103/63/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 62273-1, prepared by IEC TC 103,

Transmitting equipment for radio communication, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and

was approved by CENELEC as EN 62273-1 on 2007-03-01.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2007-12-01
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2010-03-01
Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC.
__________
Endorsement notice

The text of the International Standard IEC 62273-1:2007 was approved by CENELEC as a European

Standard without any modification.

In the official version, for Bibliography, the following note has to be added for the standard indicated:

IEC 60244-2 + NOTE Harmonized as HD 236.2 S1:1977 (not modified).
IEC 60244-2A
__________
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
- 3 - EN 62273-1:2007
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated

references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced

document (including any amendments) applies.

NOTE When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD

applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
1) 2)
IEC 60215 - Safety requirements for radio transmitting EN 60215 1989
equipment
1) 2)
IEC 60244-1 - Methods of measurement for radio EN 60244-1 2000
transmitters -
Part 1: General characteristics for broadcast
transmitters
ITU-R - Error correction, data framing, modulation - -
Recommendation and emission methods for digital terrestrial
BT.1306-3 telesision broadcasting
ITU-R 2004 Radio Regulations - -
Undated reference.
Valid edition at date of issue.
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL IEC
STANDARD 62273-1
First edition
2007-02
Methods of measurement for radio transmitters –
Part 1:
Performance characteristics of terrestrial
digital television transmitters
© IEC 2007 ⎯ Copyright - all rights reserved

No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or

mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.

International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varembé, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland

Telephone: [phone] Telefax: [phone] E-mail: [e-mail] Web: www.iec.ch

PRICE CODE
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale W
International Electrotechnical Commission
МеждународнаяЭлектротехническаяКомиссия
For price, see current catalogue
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
– 2 – 62273-1 © IEC:2007(E)
CONTENTS

FOREWORD...........................................................................................................................4

1 Scope...............................................................................................................................6

2 Normative references .......................................................................................................6

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations ................................................................................7

4 General conditions of measurement .................................................................................9

4.1 Temperature and humidity.......................................................................................9

4.2 Conditions for primary power supply........................................................................9

4.3 Output power...........................................................................................................9

4.4 Test load .................................................................................................................9

4.5 Auxiliary equipment .................................................................................................9

4.6 Test equipment and test signals ............................................................................10

5 General characteristics...................................................................................................10

5.1 Frequency .............................................................................................................10

5.2 Output power.........................................................................................................11

5.3 Spurious domain emission.....................................................................................14

5.4 Out-of-band domain emission................................................................................14

5.5 Occupied bandwidth ..............................................................................................15

5.6 Power consumption ...............................................................................................16

6 Transmitted signal characteristics...................................................................................16

6.1 Intermodulation (shoulders)...................................................................................16

6.2 Modulation error ration (MER) ...............................................................................17

6.3 Bit error ratio (BER) ..............................................................................................17

6.4 Equivalent noise degradation ................................................................................18

6.5 Phase noise ..........................................................................................................19

7 Protection against atmospheric discharge.......................................................................20

8 Acoustic noise ................................................................................................................20

9 Safety.............................................................................................................................20

Annex A (normative) Eye-height characteristics ...................................................................21

Annex B (normative) Characteristic frequency ......................................................................22

Annex C (normative) Frequency drift.....................................................................................25

Annex D (normative) Attenuation of the measuring coupler ...................................................26

Annex E (normative) Spurious emissions/out-of-band emissions...........................................28

Annex F (normative) DVB-T shoulder attenuation measurement ...........................................32

Annex G (normative) Modulation error ratio (MER) measurement..........................................36

Annex H (normative) Bit error rate (BER) measurement ........................................................38

Bibliography..........................................................................................................................39

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
62273-1 © IEC:2007(E) – 3 –

Figure 1 – Measuring set-up for output power .......................................................................12

Figure 2 – Measuring set-up for spurious emission, out-of-band emission and

bandwidth .............................................................................................................................15

Figure A.1 – Transmitter eye diagram for jitter ......................................................................21

Figure B.1 – Measurement....................................................................................................23

Figure B.2 – Frequency spectrum analysis............................................................................24

Figure D.1 – Measurement....................................................................................................26

Figure D.2 – Relative coupling ..............................................................................................27

Figure D.3 – Coupling attenuation.........................................................................................27

Figure E.1 – Attenuation curve..............................................................................................29

Figure E.2 – Out-of-band and spurious emissions .................................................................30

Figure E.3 – Output filter.......................................................................................................30

Figure E.4 – High-frequency spectrum ..................................................................................31

Figure E.5 – Superimpose curve ...........................................................................................31

Figure F.1 – Measurement ....................................................................................................32

Figure F.2 – Shoulder attenuation.........................................................................................33

Figure F.3 – Analyser setting ................................................................................................33

Figure F.4 – Measurement system of intermodulation ...........................................................34

Figure F.5 – Measurement of intermodulation at the upper side of the channel .....................35

Figure G.1 – Measurement ...................................................................................................36

Figure H.1 – Measurement....................................................................................................38

Table 1 – Measurement parameters for out-of-band emission ...............................................15

Table 2 – Measurement parameters for occupied bandwidth .................................................16

Table 3 – Equivalent noise bandwidth ...................................................................................18

Table A.1 – Electrical characteristic specifications for ASI link ..............................................21

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
– 4 – 62273-1 © IEC:2007(E)
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT FOR RADIO TRANSMITTERS –
Part 1: Performance characteristics of terrestrial
digital television transmitters
FOREWORD

1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising

all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote

international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To

this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,

Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC

Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested

in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-

governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely

with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by

agreement between the two organizations.

2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international

consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all

interested IEC National Committees.

3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National

Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC

Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any

misinterpretation by any end user.

4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications

transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence

between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in

the latter.

5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any

equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.

6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.

7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and

members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or

other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and

expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC

Publications.

8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is

indispensable for the correct application of this publication.

9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of

patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

International Standard IEC 62273-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 103:

Transmitting equipment for radio communication
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
103/63/FDIS 103/65/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on

voting indicated in the above table.

This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The list of all the publications of the IEC 62273 series, under the general title Methods of

measurement for radio transmitters, can be found on the IEC website.
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
62273-1 © IEC:2007(E) – 5 –

The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until

the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in

the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be

• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
A bilingual edition of this document may be issued at a later date.
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
– 6 – 62273-1 © IEC:2007(E)
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT FOR RADIO TRANSMITTERS –
Part 1: Performance characteristics of terrestrial
digital television transmitters
1 Scope

This part of IEC 62273 gives the conditions for measuring the performance parameters of

terrestrial digital transmitters and for facilitating the comparison of measurements which are

carried out by different personnel. It contains details of specially selected methods for

determining the most important performance parameters of digital transmitters. The

measurement methods described apply to a limited number of performance parameters, i.e.

those which can give rise to ambiguous interpretation due to the use of different methods and

conditions. They are neither restrictive nor mandatory: measurements can be chosen for each

particular case. If necessary, additional tests can be carried out but they shall comply with

those standards which have been established by other study groups, subcommittees of the

IEC or other international or suitably accredited organizations.

No limits have been assigned to quantify acceptable ranges of performance parameters.

These are judged to be properly included in the technical specifications for individual

transmitters; however, the terms and the manner used to quantify them should ideally be

those described in a future IEC publication.

The measurement methods described in this standard are intended for type approval tests.

However they can equally well apply to acceptance tests measurements and quality control

tests either in factories or on site.

Test signals are used to measure performance parameters for both digital and analogue

terrestrial transmitters. Their electronic characteristics and their associated performance

parameters are widely understood. The test signals are measured after they have gone

through the transmitter equipment to determine if their degradation is within the required

quality criteria.

This standard does not go into any detail regarding MPEG 2 signals or DVB processes nor

does it deal with digital signal processing.
2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.

For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition

of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60215, Safety requirements for radio transmitting equipment

IEC 60244-1, Methods of measurement for radio transmitters – Part 1: General characteristics

for broadcast transmitters

ITU-R Recommendation BT.1306-3, Error correction, data framing, modulation and emission

methods for digital terrestrial television broadcasting.
ITU-R:2004, Radio Regulations
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
62273-1 © IEC:2007(E) – 7 –

ETS 30 0744, Digital video broadcasting – Framing structure, channel coding and modulation

for digital terrestrial television.

ETSI 101 290, Digital video broadcasting (DVB) – Measurement guidelines for DVB system

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations

For the purposes of this document, the following terms, definitions and abbreviations apply.

3.1
ASI
Asynchronous Serial Interface
3.2
ATSC
Advanced Television Systems Committee
3.3
BER
Bit Error Ratio
3.4
Bandwidth
3.5
C/N
Ratio of the r.f. or i.f. carrier power to noise power
3.6
COFDM
Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex
3.7
CPE
Common Phase Error
3.8
DVB
Digital Video Broadcasting
3.9
DVB-T
Digital Video Broadcasting baseline system for digital terrestrial television
3.10
END
Equivalent Noise Degradation
3.11
ETS
European Telecommunication Standard
3.12
ICI
Inter Carrier Interference
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
– 8 – 62273-1 © IEC:2007(E)
3.13
IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission
3.14
ISDB-T
Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting for Terrestrial broadcasting system
3.15
ISO
International Organization for Standardization
3.16
ITU
International Telecommunication Union
3.17
JEITA
Japan Electronics & Information Technology Industries Association
3.18
Local Oscillator
3.19
MER
Modulation Error Ratio
3.20
MPEG
Moving Picture Expert Group
3.21
OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex
3.22
PRBS
Pseudo Random Binary Sequence
3.23
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
3.24
Radiofrequency
3.25
Reed-Solomon
3.26
SFN
Single Frequency Network
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
62273-1 © IEC:2007(E) – 9 –
4 General conditions of measurement
4.1 Temperature and humidity

Equipment to be measured shall be operated in an environment which meets the temperature

and humidity requirements as defined in their technical specifications. Temperature and

humidity must never be such as to cause condensation on the equipment during

measurements. In the absence of temperature and humidity requirements in the technical

specifications, the provisions of IEC 60244-1 shall apply.
4.2 Conditions for primary power supply

The measurement are carried out at the nominal voltage and the nominal frequency of the

power supply given in relevant equipment specification.

During a series of measurements carried out as part of one test on one equipment, the

voltage and frequency of the power supply shall not deviate from the nominal values more

than indicated in the relevant equipment specification.

When the nominal voltage and frequency cannot be obtained during the measurement, the

following shall apply.

a) If the quantities to be measured depend on voltage and/or frequency and the law

dependence is known, the values are measured at a voltage and frequency which shall

be within the limits laid down in the relevant equipment specification. If necessary, the

measured quantities shall be corrected to the nominal voltage and/or frequency by

calculation.

b) If the quantities to be measured depend on voltage and/or frequency and the law of

dependence is unknown, the values are measured at a voltage and frequency which shall

be within 2 % of nominal voltage and 1 % of the nominal frequency, unless closer
tolerances are specified in the equipment specification.
The conditions for primary power voltage and frequency shall be specified in the

equipment specification. If the conditions for primary power are not specified, the

provisions of IEC 60244-1, Clause 5, shall apply.

Measurements shall be carried out at the nominal voltage and the nominal frequency of

the power supply given in the relevant equipment specification.
4.3 Output power

The tests shall be carried out with the transmitter set to its nominal power output after the

time for stabilization, as defined in the transmitter technical specification, has elapsed.

Nominal output power is taken to mean the average output power as defined by the
manufacturer.
4.4 Test load

The impedance of the test load to which the transmitter is connected shall satisfy the

following requirements.

The nominal value of the test load shall be the same as the line characteristic impedance for

which the transmitter has been designed. The tolerances for this equality shall be the same as

the load tolerances as defined in the transmitter technical specification. The test load

impedance shall remain adequately constant throughout the required frequency band for test

4.5 Auxiliary equipment

If the transmitter technical specification makes reference to related auxiliary units such as

pass-band filters to limit the transmitted signal frequencies or multiplexing units for multiplex

transmissions, these units shall be used during the test.
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– 10 – 62273-1 © IEC:2007(E)
4.6 Test equipment and test signals

These test procedures for digital television transmitters require that the test signals used shall

conform to the digital standard implemented in the transmitter (ATSC, DVB-T, ISDB-T) and

that the measuring equipment is sufficiently accurate and stable and has the necessary

dynamic range to provide error-free measurements of transmitter performance parameters.

However, in order to validate the physical layer of the vector r.f. signal that carrying

modulating the input signal. In the case of an ASI type signal, an eye-height measurement

should be taken at the signal input to the transmitter being tested. The eye-height diagram

shows the I and Q time-domain base band modulating signals. Interference caused by

distortions which reduce the eye height can be observed. Limits for the eye-height diagram

are given in Annex A.
5 General characteristics
5.1 Frequency
5.1.1 General

In order to achieve effective use of the radiofrequency spectrum and limit mutual interference

caused by radio services occupying adjacent channels, any departure from the frequency

assignees to a transmitter shall be kept within strictly observed limits. These are defined by

the International Telecommunication Union and are laid down in the Radio Regulations. The

frequency tolerance of frequency bands are given in IEC 60244-1, Annex C. In addition to the

above, for the SFN mode, each transmitter frequency shall be kept within reasonable limits to

avoid the degradation caused by the frequency deviation of plural transmitters. The

acceptable limits for SFN operation depends on the network configuration and transmission

parameters; therefore, the acceptable limits for SFN may be specified for each system.

5.1.2 Characteristic frequency

A frequency which can easily be identified and measured in the occupied band of an emission

The term “characteristic frequency” is used in this standard to denote the actual frequency of

that component of the emission, the nominal value of which is the assigned frequency.

Complementary information is given in Annex B.
5.1.3 Frequency tolerance

The frequency tolerance is the permissible departure of the characteristic frequency of an

emission from the assigned frequency. The frequency tolerance is expressed in parts per 10

or in hertz.
5.1.4 Frequency stability

The frequency stability is the extent to which an emission maintains its assigned frequency

within frequency tolerance.
A random departure from the assigned frequency is expressed as frequency error.
5.1.5 Frequency error

The frequency error is the difference between the assigned frequency and the characteristic

frequency, and shall not exceed the specified frequency tolerance.

The maximum frequency error is expressed in hertz and shall be compared with the frequency

tolerance in the ITU Radio Regulations or with the relevant statement in the equipment

specification.
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62273-1 © IEC:2007(E) – 11 –
5.1.6 Frequency drift

The frequency drift of an emission is the uncontrolled continuous and irreversible variation of

frequency against a predetermined time scale.

The latter shall be chosen to identify short-term and/or long-term frequency variations,

expressed in hertz against a defined timescale defined in the technical specification for the

equipment.
Complementary information is given in Annex C.
5.1.7 Frequency-setting error

When a transmitter is set to a particular frequency, the characteristics frequency obtained will

generally differ from the assigned frequency. This is the frequency-setting error.

5.1.8 Condition of op
...