SIST EN IEC 60695-1-12:2020
(Main)Fire hazard testing - Part 1-12: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products - Fire safety engineering (IEC 60695-1-12:2015)
Fire hazard testing - Part 1-12: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products - Fire safety engineering (IEC 60695-1-12:2015)
EN-IEC 60695-1-12 is intended as a general guideline for IEC Product Committees and provides: - an explanation of the principles and uses of fire safety engineering; - guidance on the use of fire safety engineering in the design of electrotechnical products; - fire safety engineering terminology, and concepts; - an indication of properties, data and tests needed for input into fire safety engineering assessments; - informative references. This international standard is not intended to be a detailed technical design guide, but is intended to provide guidance for product committees on fire safety engineering methods and performance based test information needs for use in performance based designs and fire hazard assessments of electrotechnical materials, assemblies, products and systems. More detailed information on fire safety engineering is contained in the ISO/TR 13387 series of documents and in ISO 23932. This basic safety publication is intended for use by technical committees in the preparation of standards in accordance with the principles laid down in IEC Guide 104 and ISO/IEC Guide 51. One of the responsibilities of a technical committee is, wherever applicable, to make use of basic safety publications in the preparation of its publications. The requirements, test methods or test conditions of this basic safety publication will not apply unless specifically referred to or included in the relevant publications.
Prüfungen zur Beurteilung der Brandgefahr - Teil 1-12: Anleitung zur Beurteilung der Brandgefahr von elektrotechnischen Erzeugnissen - Brandschutzingenieurwesen (IEC 60695-1-12:2015)
Essais relatifs aux risques du feu - Partie 1-12: Lignes directrices pour l'évaluation des risques du feu des produits électrotechniques - Ingénierie de la sécurité incendie (IEC 60695-1-12:2015)
L'IEC 60695-1-12:2015 est destinée à indiquer des lignes directrices générales pour les comités de produits de l'IEC et fournit:
- une explication des principes et des usages de l'ingénierie de la sécurité incendie;
- des lignes directrices relatives à l'utilisation de l'ingénierie de la sécurité incendie dans la conception des produits électrotechniques;
- la terminologie et les concepts relatifs à l'ingénierie de la sécurité incendie;
- une indication des propriétés, données et essais nécessaires pour alimenter les évaluations d'ingénierie de la sécurité incendie et
- des références informatives. La présente Norme internationale n'est pas destinée à constituer un guide de conception technique détaillé, mais elle vise à fournir des lignes directrices aux comités de produits concernant les méthodes d'ingénierie de la sécurité incendie et les besoins d'informations d'essais axés sur la performance utilisables pour les conceptions axées sur la performance et les évaluations du danger du feu des matériaux, ensembles, produits et systèmes électrotechniques. Cette publication fondamentale de sécurité est destinée à l'usage des comités d'études dans le cadre de l'élaboration des normes conformément aux principes établis dans le Guide IEC 104 et le Guide ISO/IEC 51.
Mots-clés: Risques du feu, méthodes d'essai au feu, Ingénierie de la sécurité du feu
Cette publication doit être lue conjointement avec la CEI 60695-1-10:2009 et la CEI 60695-1-11:2014.
Preskušanje požarne ogroženosti - 1-12. del: Navodilo za ocenjevanje požarne varnosti elektrotehniških izdelkov - Požarno inženirstvo (IEC 60695-1-12:2015)
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN IEC 60695-1-12:2020
01-julij-2020
Preskušanje požarne ogroženosti - 1-12. del: Navodilo za ocenjevanje požarne
varnosti elektrotehniških izdelkov - Požarno inženirstvo (IEC 60695-1-12:2015)
Fire hazard testing - Part 1-12: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical
products - Fire safety engineering (IEC 60695-1-12:2015)
Prüfungen zur Beurteilung der Brandgefahr - Teil 1-12: Anleitung zur Beurteilung der
Brandgefahr von elektrotechnischen Erzeugnissen - Brandschutzingenieurwesen (IEC
60695-1-12:2015)
Essais relatifs aux risques du feu - Partie 1-12: Lignes directrices pour l'évaluation des
risques du feu des produits électrotechniques - Ingénierie de la sécurité incendie (IEC
60695-1-12:2015)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 60695-1-12:2020
ICS:
13.220.40 Sposobnost vžiga in Ignitability and burning
obnašanje materialov in behaviour of materials and
proizvodov pri gorenju products
29.020 Elektrotehnika na splošno Electrical engineering in
general
SIST EN IEC 60695-1-12:2020 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN IEC 60695-1-12:2020
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SIST EN IEC 60695-1-12:2020
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 60695-1-12
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
May 2020
ICS 13.220.40; 29.020
English Version
Fire hazard testing - Part 1-12: Guidance for assessing the fire
hazard of electrotechnical products - Fire safety engineering
(IEC 60695-1-12:2015)
Essais relatifs aux risques du feu - Partie 1-12: Lignes Prüfungen zur Beurteilung der Brandgefahr - Teil 1-12:
directrices pour l'évaluation des risques du feu des produits Anleitung zur Beurteilung der Brandgefahr von
électrotechniques - Ingénierie de la sécurité incendie elektrotechnischen Erzeugnissen -
(IEC 60695-1-12:2015) Brandschutzingenieurwesen
(IEC 60695-1-12:2015)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2020-05-11. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN IEC 60695-1-12:2020 E
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EN IEC 60695-1-12:2020 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN IEC 60695-1-12:2020) consists of the text of IEC 60695-1-12:2015 prepared by
IEC/TC 89 "Fire hazard testing".
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national (dop) 2021-05-11
level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the (dow) 2023-05-11
document have to be withdrawn
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 60695-1-12:2015 was approved by CENELEC as a
European Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following note has to be added for the standard indicated:
ISO 9239-1 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO 9239-1
2
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SIST EN IEC 60695-1-12:2020
EN IEC 60695-1-12:2020 (E)
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
NOTE 1 Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant
EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available here:
www.cenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60695-1-10 - Fire hazard testing -- Part 1-10: Guidance - -
for assessing the fire hazard of
electrotechnical products - General
guidelines
IEC 60695-1-11 - Fire hazard testing - Part 1-11: Guidance EN 60695-1-11 -
for assessing the fire hazard of
electrotechnical products - Fire hazard
assessment
IEC 60695-4 - Fire hazard testing - Part 4: Terminology EN 60695-4 -
concerning fire tests for electrotechnical
products
IEC Guide 104 - The preparation of safety publications and - -
the use of basic safety publications and
group safety publications
ISO/IEC Guide 51 - Safety aspects - Guidelines for their - -
inclusion in standards
ISO 13943 2008 Fire safety - Vocabulary - -
ISO/TR 13387-2 - Fire safety engineering – Part 2: Design - -
fire scenarios and design fires
ISO/TR 13387-8 - Fire safety engineering - Part 8: Life safety - -
- Occupant behaviour, location and
condition
ISO/TS 16733 - Fire safety engineering - Selection of - -
design fire scenarios and design fires
ISO/TR 16738 - Fire-safety engineering - Technical - -
information on methods for evaluating
behaviour and movement of people
ISO/TR 17252 2008 Fire tests - Applicability of reaction to fire - -
tests to fire modelling and fire safety
engineering
ISO 23932 2009 Fire safety engineering - General principles - -
3
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SIST EN IEC 60695-1-12:2020
IEC 60695-1-12
®
Edition 1.0 2015-01
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
BASIC SAFETY PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE DE SÉCURITÉ
Fire hazard testing –
Part 1-12: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products –
Fire safety engineering
Essais relatifs aux risques du feu –
Partie 1-12: Lignes directrices pour l'évaluation des risques du feu des produits
électrotechniques – Ingénierie de la sécurité incendie
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 13.220.40; 29.020 ISBN 978-2-8322-1960-7
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agréé.
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
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SIST EN IEC 60695-1-12:2020
– 2 – IEC 60695-1-12:2015 © IEC 2015
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative References . 7
3 Terms and Definitions . 8
4 The fire safety engineering process . 14
4.1 General . 14
4.2 Fire safety engineering calculations . 15
4.3 Validity of methods . 15
5 Benefits of fire safety engineering . 16
6 Objectives, requirements and performance . 17
6.1 Fire safety engineering objectives. 17
6.1.1 General . 17
6.1.2 Safety of life . 17
6.1.3 Conservation of property . 17
6.1.4 Continuity of operations . 17
6.1.5 Protection of the natural environment . 18
6.1.6 Preservation of heritage . 18
6.2 Functional requirements . 18
6.3 Performance criteria . 18
6.3.1 General . 18
6.3.2 Explicit performance criteria . 18
6.3.3 Implicit performance criteria . 19
7 Design fire scenarios and design fires . 19
7.1 Design fire scenarios . 19
7.2 Design fires. 20
8 Data for fire safety engineering . 20
9 Tests on electrotechnical products . 21
9.1 General . 21
9.2 Conditions for evaluation in fire tests . 21
9.3 Electrotechnical product evaluations . 21
9.3.1 As the source of ignition of a fire . 21
9.3.2 As the victim of a fire . 22
9.4 Test selection and/or development . 22
Annex A (informative) A probabilistic fire risk assessment . 24
A.1 The assessment of a fire risk in accordance with the Russian national
standard GOST 12.1.004-91 [38] . 24
A.1.1 Introduction . 24
A.1.2 Probability Q . 24
fc
A.1.3 Probability Q . 25
fv
A.1.4 Probability Q . 25
pf
A.1.5 Probability Q . 25
ign
A.2 Example. 26
A.2.1 General . 26
A.2.2 Test data . 27
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A.2.3 Calculation . 27
Bibliography . 29
Figure 1 – Flowchart illustrating an example of the fire safety engineering process as
applied to a major project in the built environment . 16
Table 1 – Examples of design fire scenarios . 19
Table 2 – Common ignition phenomena encountered in electrotechnical products . 23
Table A.1 – Long start-up mode: enclosure (shell) temperatures in the most heated up-
point . 27
Table A.2 – The enclosure temperature at the most heated point when working under
abnormal conditions . 28
Table A.3 – Failure data for abnormal operation . 28
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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
FIRE HAZARD TESTING –
Part 1-12: Guidance for assessing
the fire hazard of electrotechnical products –
Fire safety engineering
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60695-1-12 Ed 1.0 has been prepared by IEC technical committee
89: Fire hazard testing.
It has the status of a basic safety publication in accordance with IEC Guide 104 and
ISO/IEC Guide 51.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
89/1237A/FDIS 89/1242/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
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SIST EN IEC 60695-1-12:2020
IEC 60695-1-12:2015 © IEC 2015 – 5 –
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all the parts in the 60695 series, under the general title Fire hazard testing, can be
found on the IEC web site.
IEC 60695-1 consists of the following parts:
Part 1-10: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – General
guidelines
Part 1-11: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – Fire
hazard assessment
Part 1-12: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – Fire safety
engineering
Part 1-30: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products –
Preselection testing process – General guidelines
Part 1-40: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – Insulating
liquids.
This standard is to be used in conjunction with IEC 60695-1-10 and IEC 60695-1-11.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
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INTRODUCTION
Fire safety engineering
Fire safety engineering concerns the application of engineering methods based on scientific
principles to the development or assessment of designs in the built environment through the
analysis of specific fire scenarios or through the quantification of risk for a group of fire
scenarios. This is in order to achieve fire safety engineering objectives, which typically are:
a) to protect life safety,
b) to protect property,
c) to maintain the continuity of operations,
d) to protect the natural environment, and
e) to preserve heritage.
The analysis is based on calculations that use input data obtained principally from
quantitative fire tests.
Fire safety engineering (FSE) is a discipline increasingly being used in support of
performance-based national fire safety regulations in many countries and regional
jurisdictions throughout the world. The eight parts of ISO/TR 13387 (see Clause 2 and
[1] to [6]) and ISO 23932 outline the fundamental methodologies and uses of FSE. Further
detailed aspects of FSE are covered in ISO 16730 [7], ISO/TS 16732 [8], ISO/TS 16733,
ISO 16734 [9], ISO 16735 [10], ISO 16736 [11], ISO 16737 [12] and ISO/TR 16738.
In addition to purely performance-based regulations, many countries are also using FSE to
supplement prescriptive regulations by applying FSE principles to specific design aspects,
where reduced costs, alternative practices, improved performance and improved safety are
the objectives.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is using FSE and the ISO standards mentioned
above to develop fire safety designs for ships. These are considered to be an improvement on
designs based on prescriptive fire safety requirements.
Qualitative and quantitative fire tests
Many standardised fire test methods give information on the performance of a material or end
product as measured in the test, which may or may not be related to a real fire scenario or
real installation practices. These qualitative fire test methods result in a “pass” or “fail” and/or
a product or material ranking. They play an important role in prescriptive regulations, and the
results of a qualitative test can be used indirectly in fire hazard assessment of
electrotechnical products, but they are not suitable for directly supporting performance-based
design.
Most standardized test methods developed by the IEC for electrotechnical products are of the
qualitative type. It is agreed within ISO and the IEC that this type of fire test will continue to
be maintained and, where necessary, developed. It is recognised that, even if the use of
these standards is in prescriptive codes, product data from many of these standards may be
potentially adaptable for fire safety engineering purposes.
In contrast, quantitative fire tests are increasingly being used and developed, and these do
provide data that can be input to fire safety engineering calculations.
Various quantitative fire tests have been developed by ISO, some of which can be used to
assess the performance of electrotechnical products (see 9.4).
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SIST EN IEC 60695-1-12:2020
IEC 60695-1-12:2015 © IEC 2015 – 7 –
FIRE HAZARD TESTING –
Part 1-12: Guidance for assessing
the fire hazard of electrotechnical products –
Fire safety engineering
1 Scope
This part of IEC 60695 is intended as a general guideline for IEC Product Committees and
provides:
• an explanation of the principles and uses of fire safety engineering;
• guidance on the use of fire safety engineering in the design of electrotechnical products;
• fire safety engineering terminology, and concepts;
• an indication of properties, data and tests needed for input into fire safety engineering
assessments;
• informative references.
This international standard is not intended to be a detailed technical design guide, but is
intended to provide guidance for product committees on fire safety engineering methods and
performance based test information needs for use in performance based designs and fire
hazard assessments of electrotechnical materials, assemblies, products and systems. More
detailed information on fire safety engineering is contained in the ISO/TR 13387 series of
documents (see Clause 2 and [1] to [6]) and in ISO 23932.
NOTE Further detailed aspects of FSE are covered in ISO 16730 [7], ISO/TS 16732 [8], ISO/TS 16733,
ISO 16734 [9], ISO 16735 [10], ISO 16736 [11], ISO 16737 [12] and ISO/TR 16738.
This basic safety publication is intended for use by technical committees in the preparation of
standards in accordance with the principles laid down in IEC Guide 104 and
ISO/IEC Guide 51.
One of the responsibilities of a technical committee is, wherever applicable, to make use of
basic safety publications in the preparation of its publications. The requirements, test
methods or test conditions of this basic safety publication will not apply unless specifically
referred to or included in the relevant publications.
2 Normative References
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60695-1-10, Fire hazard testing – Part 1-10: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of
electrotechnical products – General guidelines
IEC 60695-1-11, Fire hazard testing – Part 1-11: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of
electrotechnical products – Fire hazard assessment
IEC 60695-4, Fire hazard testing – Part 4: Terminology concerning fire tests for
electrotechnical products
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IEC Guide 104, The preparation of safety publications and the use of basic safety publications
and group safety publications
ISO/IEC Guide 51, Safety aspects – Guidelines for inclusion in standards
ISO 13943:2008, Fire safety – Vocabulary
ISO/TR 13387-2: Fire safety engineering – Part 2: Design fire scenarios and design fires
ISO/TR 13387-8, Fire safety engineering – Part 8: Life safety: Occupant behaviour, location
and condition
ISO/TS 16733, Fire safety engineering – Selection of design fire scenarios and design fires
ISO/TR 16738, Fire safety engineering – Technical information on methods for evaluating
behaviour and movement of people
ISO/TR 17252:2008, Fire tests – Applicability of reaction to fire tests to fire modelling and fire
safety engineering
ISO 23932:2009, Fire safety engineering – General principles
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13943:2008 and
IEC 60695-4:2012, some of which are reproduced below for the user’s convenience, as well
as the following apply.
3.1
absorptivity
fraction of the incident radiation that is absorbed by a surface on which it falls
Note 1 to entry: Absorptivity is dimensionless.
3.2
active fire protection
action taken to reduce or prevent the spread and effects of fire in response to the detection of
the fire
Note 1 to entry: Examples include the application of agents (e.g. halon gas or water spray) to the fire, or the
control of ventilation.
3.3
available safe escape time
ASET
time available for escape
for an individual occupant, the calculated time interval between the time of ignition and the
time at which conditions become such that the occupant is estimated to be incapacitated, i.e.
unable to take effective action to escape to a safe refuge or place of safety
see also required safe escape time (3.40).
Note 1 to entry: The time of ignition can be known, e.g. in the case of a fire model or a fire test, or it may be
assumed, e.g. it may be based upon an estimate working back from the time of detection. The basis on which the
time of ignition is determined is always stated.
Note 2 to entry: This definition equates incapacitation with failure to escape. Other criteria for ASET are possible.
If an alternate criterion is selected, it is necessary that it be stated.
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Note 3 to entry: Each occupant can have a different value of ASET, depending on that occupant’s personal
characteristics.
[SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, definition 4.20]
3.4
built environment
building or other structure
EXAMPLES (1) Off-shore platforms; (2) civil engineering works, such as tunnels, bridges and mines; and
(3) means of transportation, such as motor vehicles and marine vessels.
Note 1 to entry: ISO 6707-1 [13] contains a number of terms and definitions for concepts related to the built
environment.
[SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, definition 4.26]
3.5
compressive strength
maximum uniaxial compressive stress experienced by a material at its moment of rupture
3.6
density
mass per unit volume
3.7
design fire
quantitative description of assumed fire characteristics within the design fire scenario
Note 1 to entry: It is typically, an idealised description of the variation with time of important fire variables such as
heat release rate, flame spread rate, smoke production rate, toxic gas yields, and temperature.
[SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, definition 4.64]
3.8
de
...
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