SIST-TP CEN/TR 17311:2019
(Main)Public transport - Interoperable fare management system - Bluetooth low energy ticketing use cases and guidelines
Public transport - Interoperable fare management system - Bluetooth low energy ticketing use cases and guidelines
The intention of this document is to review what was done, to envision the limits of the proposed technique and related schemes which will be described and to define what could be submitted to standards. Concepts which are to be used for BLE in IFM are based on a highly spread technology which is BLE. This is not limited to any trademark or proprietary scheme. Therefore any person having a smartphone can use this technology with prerequisite to have a Bluetooth version greater than 4.0 and a dedicated application on board the smartphone.
The background of this document is related to usage in Account Based Ticketing frame (see related document made in TC204 WG8). There is no information related to the IFM itself.
Öffentlicher Verkehr - Interoperables Fahrgeldmanagement System - Niedrigenergie-Bluetooth Anwendungen und Vorgaben für den Fahrkartenverkauf
Transport public - Système de gestion tarifaire interopérable - Cas d'utilisation et lignes directrices pour l’usage du Bluetooth faible énergie dans les applications de billetterie
Javni prevoz - Medobratovalni sistem upravljanja voznin - Primeri in smernice za uporabo vozovnic, ki temeljijo na tehnologiji BLE (bluetooth low energy)
Namen tega dokumenta je pregled opravljenega, predvidevanje omejitev predlagane tehnike in sorodnih shem, ki bodo opisane, ter določanje tega, kaj bi lahko bilo predloženo v standardizacijo. Pojmi, ki bodo uporabljeni za tehnologijo BLE v IFM, temeljijo na zelo razširjeni tehnologiji BLE. To ni omejeno na nobeno blagovno znamko ali lastniško shemo. Zato lahko vsaka oseba, ki ima pametni telefon, uporablja to tehnologijo pod pogojem, da v pametnem telefonu uporablja Bluetooth različice, novejše od 4.0, in namensko aplikacijo.
Ozadje tega dokumenta se nanaša na uporabo v okviru izdaje vozovnic na podlagi računa (glej sorodni dokument v TC204 WG8). Informacij, ki se nanašajo na sam IFM, ni.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17311:2019
01-april-2019
Javni prevoz - Medobratovalni sistem upravljanja voznin - Primeri in smernice za
uporabo vozovnic, ki temeljijo na tehnologiji BLE (bluetooth low energy)
Public transport - Interoperable fare management system - Bluetooth low energy
ticketing use cases and guidelines
Öffentlicher Verkehr - Interoperables Fahrgeldmanagement System - Niedrigenergie-
Bluetooth Anwendungen und Vorgaben für den Fahrkartenverkauf
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 17311:2019
ICS:
35.240.60 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in transport
prometu
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17311:2019 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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CEN/TR 17311
TECHNICAL REPORT
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
January 2019
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
ICS 35.240.60
English Version
Public transport - Interoperable fare management system -
Bluetooth low energy ticketing use cases and guidelines
Transport public - Système de gestion tarifaire Öffentlicher Verkehr - Interoperables
interopérable - Cas d'utilisation et lignes directrices Fahrgeldmanagement System - Niedrigenergie-
pour l'usage du Bluetooth faible énergie dans les Bluetooth Anwendungen und Vorgaben für den
applications de billetterie Fahrkartenverkauf
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 30 December 2018. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC
278.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2019 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 17311:2019 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page
European foreword . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 5
5 Introduction to BLE . 5
5.1 What is BLE . 5
5.2 BLE ecosystem analysis . 7
5.2.1 Introduction . 7
5.2.2 Key Features of the Bluetooth Low Energy . 7
5.2.3 Bluetooth single mode and Bluetooth dual mode . 7
5.3 Bluetooth Low Energy Architecture . 8
5.3.1 General . 8
5.3.2 The controller . 9
5.3.3 Physical layer . 9
5.3.4 Link Layer . 10
5.3.5 Host Controller interface . 11
5.3.6 Host . 11
5.3.7 Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol . 11
5.3.8 Security manager protocol . 11
5.3.9 Attribute protocol . 11
5.3.10 Attribute database, server and client . 13
5.3.11 Generic attribute Profile. 13
5.3.12 Generic Access Profile . 14
6 BLE usage in IFM systems: concept description . 15
6.1 Introduction . 15
6.2 Overview: building blocks and network topology . 16
6.2.1 Building blocks of BLE . 16
6.2.2 Network topology . 17
6.3 How BLE can work: description of the different approaches . 18
6.3.1 Introduction . 18
6.3.2 Walk-In/ Walk-Out and Be-In/Be-Out . 18
6.4 Technical features according on usage concepts . 20
6.4.1 Validation by Embedded in frame location — Location Management . 20
6.4.2 Validation by URL - Repository location . 20
6.5 Advantages and drawbacks . 21
6.5.1 Introduction . 21
6.5.2 Main advantages . 22
6.5.3 Main drawbacks . 23
6.6 BLE vs competitive technologies . 24
7 How to ensure co-existence and migrations from or to other IFMS technologies . 26
8 Use cases description . 26
8.1 Norway use case: Oslo Ruter operator . 26
8.2 ACTV-Venezia use case . 27
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8.3 Usage of BLE in bus system . 28
8.4 Use Case EILO – Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund, Germany . 30
Bibliography . 31
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European foreword
This document (CEN/TR 17311:2019) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 278
“Intelligent transport systems”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
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1 Scope
The intention of this document is to review what was done to envision the limits of the proposed
technique and related schemes which will be described and to define what could be submitted to
standards. Concepts which are to be used for BLE in IFM are based on a highly spread technology which
is BLE. This is not limited to any trademark or proprietary scheme. Therefore any person having a
smartphone can use this technology with prerequisite to have a Bluetooth version greater than 4.0 and a
dedicated application on board the smartphone.
The background of this document is related to usage in Account Based Ticketing frame (see related
document made in ISO/TC 204/WG 8). There is no information related to the IFM itself.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
4 Symbols and abbreviations
TR Technical Report
EN European Standard
5 Introduction to BLE
5.1 What is BLE
Bluetooth low energy (BLE) is a wireless personal area network technology designed and marketed by
the Bluetooth Special Interest Group aimed at novel applications in the healthcare, fitness, beacons,
security, and home entertainment industries. Compared to Classic Bluetooth, BLE is intended to provide
considerably reduced power consumption and cost while maintaining a similar communication range.
The Bluetooth Low Energy identifies a number of markets for low energy technology, particularly in the
smart home, health, sport and fitness sectors. Cited advantages include: low power requirements,
operating for “months or years” on a small size button cell and low cost compatibility with a large
installed base of mobile phones, tablets and computers.
Compared to classic Bluetooth technology, BLE has the characteristics as shown in Table 1.
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Table 1 — Comparison between classic Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy
Technical specification Classic Bluetooth technology Bluetooth Low Energy
Distance/range (theoretical
100 m > 100 m
max.)
Over the air data rate 1 Mbit/s to 3 Mbit/s 125 kbit/s – 1 Mbit/s – 2 Mbit/s
Application throughput 0,7 Mbit/s to 2,1 Mbit/s 0,27 Mbit/s
Active slaves 7 Not defined; implementation dependent
56/128-bit and application layer 128-bit AES with Counter Mode CBC-
Security
user defined MAC and application layer user defined
Adaptive frequency hopping, Lazy
Adaptive fast frequency hopping,
Robustness Acknowledgement, 24-bit CRC, 32-bit
FEC, fast ACK
Message Integrity Check
Latency (from a non-
Typically 100 ms 6 ms
connected state)
Minimum total time to send
100 ms 3 ms
data (det. battery life)
Voice capable Yes No
Network topology Scatternet Scatternet
0,01 W to 0,50 W (depending on use
Power consumption 1 W as the reference
case)
Peak current consumption < 30 mA < 15 mA
Service discovery Yes Yes
Profile concept Yes Yes
Mobile phones, gaming, headsets,
Mobile phones, gaming, smart homes,
stereo audio streaming, smart
wearable, automotive, PCs, security,
Primary use cases homes, wearable, automotive, PCs,
proximity, healthcare, sports and fitness,
security, proximity, healthcare,
Industrial, etc.
sports and fitness, etc.
BLE uses the same frequency band as Bluetooth (2,4 GHz to 2,5 GHz) and shares this frequency band with
other uses (notably WiFi which uses the frequency band 2,4 GHz to 2,6 GHz). To allow for less sensitivity
to disturbances, BLE implements a frequency hopping mechanism, thus ensuring clear data
transmissions even in rich media of radio links.
Moreover, BLE allows a varied use in terms of implementation since this protocol can be used:
— In connected mode: 2 interlocutors dialogue once paired;
— In network mode: 1 master allows the establishment of a communication with several slaves in a
pico-network;
— In beacon mode: 1 element transmits information that anyone who wants to hear can hear.
Last mode looks to be the most popular to applications used in IFM systems even if some implementations
in connected mode have been tested.
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BLE interest increases because Bluetooth function is present on all smartphones whatever the
manufacturer is. Different approaches were made to envision BLE usage in the IFM world. Several usages
have already been described as well as POCs were made with different concepts.
The use of BLE is covering specifically the functionality. It can apply to open systems with surface vehicle
(bus, tramways, BRT [Bus Rapid Transit: bus with high service level]) as well as closed systems used in
metro with physical gates.
5.2 BLE ecosystem analysis
5.2.1 Introduction
Bluetooth is a standard for Personal Area Networks (PAN) which was developed by Ericsson research
group in 1994. This technology is considered to be a short range and low power technology. This operates
in the Industry Security Medical (ISM) frequency band of 2,4 GHz. Bluetooth has been adopted by most
of the Information and Communication Technology industry since its acceptance by the Bluetooth special
interest group (SIG) in 1998. The SIG board members include mobile manufacturing giants at that time
(e.g. Apple, Microsoft and Motorola) and silicon chip manufacturers (e.g. Intel, Nordic semi-conductor).
The term Bluetooth has evolved since 2000. First standard was Basic rate which focused on short range
networks like Personal Area Networks. It typically had ranges from 10 m to 100 m. It was using frequency
hopping spread spectrum techniques. Data rates of 1 Mbps were achieved. The next standard was
introduced as enhanced data rate. This updated standard offered higher data rates of 2 Mbps to 3 Mbps.
In 2008, the High Speed was introduced, which offered data rates up to 24 Mbps.
However ICT industry also felt a need for low energy version which would facilitate short distance and
low power networks. Advances in battery technology also imposed challenges on these earlier versions
of Bluetooth. There was a need for advanced version of Bluetooth which would be used in accessories
that uses less battery and required less power which lead to the latest additions in Bluetooth, known as
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE).
5.2.2 Key Features of the Bluetooth Low Energy
Bluetooth Low Energy is the newly designed and a complementary technology to the classic Bluetooth. It
is the current lowest possible power wireless technology. This technology borrows its name from its
parent which had a basic rate of 1 megabit per second (Mbps) and was known as Basic Rate (BR).
Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) was version 2 which had a data rates to 3 Mbps. Version 3 which is known as
Alternate MAC PHY (AMP) delivered data rates up to hundreds of megabits per second. However, BLE
provides lesser data rate compared to AMP but instead optimized for ultra-low power consumption by
virtue of its design which means that the Bluetooth connection can be maintained for a longer duration,
say hours or days.
5.2.3 Bluetooth single mode and Bluetooth dual mode
Since Bluetooth devices came into existence in the late 1990´s. There are already several devices in the
market which support versions 1, 2 and 3. These are called the Bluetooth classic only devices. They have
architecture as shown in Figure 1. Two new devices are also built which are known as dual mode and
single mode devices. A single mode device is a Bluetooth device that supports just the BLE. Devices that
support both BLE and the classic Bluetooth are called dual mode devices. Their architectures are as
shown in Figure 1 respectively.
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Figure 1 — Bluetooth Dual Mode and Single Mode Architectures
In the market the dual mode and single mode devices are sold as Bluetooth smart ready and Bluetooth
smart devices. Each of these modes has its own architecture as shown in Figure 3. Since Dual mode
devices support both Classic and LE, these devices can talk with all the versions of Bluetooth. However,
single mode also known as Bluetooth smart devices can only communicate with the Bluetooth smart
ready also known as dual mode devices.
Dual mode devices are new in the market and they require new hardware and firmware in the controller
and software in the host. It is because of this reason that existing Bluetooth Classic controller cannot be
upgraded to support low energy. The single mode devices are highly optimized for low power
consumption which is powered by button cell batteries. Since applications like public transport systems
rely very much on low power and less battery consumption an attempt is made in this frame to implement
BLE usage in ticketing systems. The following section will introduce the complete architecture of the
Bluetooth Low Energy.
5.3 Bluetooth Low Energy Architecture
5.3.1 General
The BLE architecture can be divided into three main parts:
— Controller
— Host
— Profiles.
The controller is a Radio which has Physical Layer (PHY), Link Layer (LL) and a Host Controller Interface
(HCI).
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Figure 2 — Architecture
Figure 2 represents the layered architecture. It is termed layered because it consists of so many layers
which are placed on top of each other. Physical layer is the bottom most layer which receives and
transmits bits of information. The link layer considers these bits as packets of data and it controls these
packets and sends this data in various procedures and protocols. The Host Controller interface (HCI) is
the next layer which acts as an interface between the Controller and the Host. The logical link control and
adaption protocol also known as L2CAP acts as a multiplexer to the number of channels which are present
on top of the controller. The attribute protocol which is on top of L2CAP is the protocol which is used to
access the data on a device. It helps in reading, writing and various other functions on the device. The
generic access profile provides various services which are present in the device. It gives first-hand
information of how things are organized on the device. It also consists of Meta attributes and various
characteristics of the device which define the organization. On top of these lie the applications. Various
applications like battery profiles, temperature profiles, proximity, heart rate monitor, etc. are defined and
developed over this space.
5.3.2 The controller
The controller can physically be represented as a hardware which is a Bluetooth chip or radio. It consists
of analog and digital parts which are embedded onto a silicon chip which supports the transmission and
reception of the data packets. Companies like Nordic semiconductor, Texas instruments manufacture the
controller and sell them in the market with various commercial names. An example of the same is the
Nordic semiconductor kit. It is to be understood that the physical layer is an nrf51822 Radio.
5.3.3 Physical layer
This layer is responsible for transmitting and receiving the data in the form of bits using the 2,4 GHz radio.
BLE uses Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK) which means ones and zeroes are coded onto the radio
by slightly shifting the frequency up and down. Whenever there is an abrupt frequency shift, at that
moment a pulse of energy spread’s out over a wider range of frequencies. To enable to stop the energy
spreading into these high and low end frequencies a Gaussian filter is used. This is called Gaussian
because the transfer characteristics of this filter looks like a Gaussian curve. This also implies that low
energy signal spreads out more than a standard Bluetooth classic radio signal since it doesn’t use a tighter
filter. Due to this reason the BLE is governed under the spread spectrum radio regulations as against
frequency hopping mechanisms used by its parent technology.
So the modulation index used in the case of BLE is slightly higher than the classic Bluetooth which implies
more number of channels to be used. In this case, the 2,4 GHz band in case of BLE is split into 40 separate
RF channels each of them are 2 MHz apart from each other. In 40 RF channels three channels are fixed
channels which are used for advertising data. The remaining 37 channels are used for transmitting
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application data and are dynamic in nature. In this band channel 37, channel 38 and channel 39 are the
advertising channels and the remaining channels are the data channels used to send data. So when a
device is adverting data it implies that the data are being sent over one of the 3 adverting channels. And
the reason the advertising channels are placed in this manner is to avoid the WiFi channels which operate
on the other frequencies.
One of the main reasons that BLE uses 3 advertising channels is that it allows the devices to be discovered
and connectable over a given period of time. It also makes the system more robust which also means it
gives low power. Another reason being, if one device needs to be connected than one of the advertising
channels is used and the device which is scanning discovers this advertisement than it takes around
1,3 ms to complete this connection. So with 3 channels it gives a very fast connection, which implies its
duty cycle is ten to twenty times better than classic Bluetooth which also proves that BLE is more power
efficient.
5.3.4 Link Layer
Link layer is the next layer which is on top of the physical layer and is below the L2CAP layer. This is more
complex layer which ensures that the packets are structured so that the key functionalities like
advertising, scanning and creation and maintenance of the connection is taken care of. To enable the link
layer to perform these functionalities channels, packets and procedures are defined in the Bluetooth
specifications. Various channels, packets and their structures will be explained in detail in the next
chapters.
The best way to visualize the link layer is to understand it as a state machine. This state machine has five
different states. Standby state is the first state where nothing is done. As soon as a device is switched on,
it is assumed that it is in standby state. It is possible to move into advertising, scanning or initiating states
from this state. So this is in the Centre state and the most important and inactive state in the state
machine.
Advertising state: from the stand by state it is possible to get into advertising state. By doing this the
device transmits advertisement data packets. If a device needs to be discovered or connectable, the device
shall get into this state. This state is also mandatory if the device has to broadcast some data. From this
state it is also possible to respond to scan requests from devices which are actively scanning the device
under test.
A device in scanning state will receive advertising data packets from the advertiser. Passive and active
scanning are two types of scanning sub states. In passive scanning it is just possible to hear the
advertisements. However in active scanning, scan requests can be sent to obtain additional scan response
data. As the state machine suggests, it is only possible to get back to the stand by state from scanning
state.
To initiate a connection with any device, the state machine shall be in the initiating state. In this case the
device will listen to the initiators message. If an advertisement packet is received from this device than
link layer will send a connect request to the advertiser. So the device gets connected. In case the
connection shall be dropped then the initiator can stop initiating and get back to stand by state by just
stopping a initiating a connection.
The final state of the link layer state machine is the connection state. This can be achieved either via
advertising state or through the initiating state. It is performed under the initiator state than the device
is said to take the role of master. Once the connection is established through the advertisement, it takes
the role of slave. Master and slave are the two sub states in this connection state. Also the connection
state is achieved by making use of the data channels. All other states make use of advertising channels.
To send data on any of the above mentioned channels through any of these states, it is done through
packets. A packet is a small encapsulation of data that is sent from transmitter to receiver over a short
period of time, which structure is shown in Table 2.
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Table 2 — Link Layer - Packet Structure
Preamble Access Header Length Data CRC
Address
8 Bits 32 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 0 to 296 Bits 24 Bits
5.3.5 Host Controller interface
This is an interface which connects the host and the controller. It is to be noted that Bluetooth classic had
around 60 % of Bluetooth controllers which used HCI interfaces. It allows the host to send commands
and data to the controller and the controller to send events and data back to the host. So it consists of two
separate parts, the logical interface and the physical interface. Logical interface typically include
Application programming interface on the controller. Physical interfaces typically include Universal
Serial Bus, Secure Digital Input output etc.
5.3.6 Host
The Host part is mainly divided into logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP) layer, Attribute
ATT layer, Generic Attribute Protocol (GATT) and Generic Access Profile (GAP). The host performs
multiplexing of data, follows protocols and various procedures so that data flows. Each layer of the host
will be elaborated in detail in the following section. To simply things host can be any tablet, PC which has
an operating system. Or it can be visualized as an environment which exposes host API´s.
5.3.7 Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol
This layer acts as a multiplexing layer in BLE. It defines two concepts known as L2CAP channels and
L2CAP signalling commands. An L2CAP channel is a bi directional data channel that is terminated on a
profile or particular protocol in a peer device. In the case of BLE, fixed channels are used which are in the
form of one signalling channel, one security manager and one attribute protocol. So with respect to the
packet structure the L2CAP looks like as shown in Table 3 here below.
Table 3 — L2CAP Packet Structure
Length Channel ID Information Payload
2 bytes 2 bytes Length bytes
Each payload in the advertisement packet can be included with the L2CAP packet structure. So each
channel ID follows a particular operation which are clearly defines in the Bluetooth specification with
separate channel ID´s.
5.3.8 Security manager pro
...
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