C09.67 - Resistance to the Environment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides standard requirements for proportioning concrete, and for preparing and conditioning test specimens suitable for evaluating the durability of coarse aggregate in air-entrained concrete subjected to freezing and thawing in accordance with Test Method C666/C666M.  
4.2 Concrete having an adequate air-void system may not be resistant to freezing and thawing if it contains coarse aggregate that becomes critically saturated. An aggregate particle is considered to be critically saturated when there is insufficient unfilled pore space to accommodate the expansion of water that accompanies the freezing.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for making and curing test specimens for evaluating resistance of normal-weight coarse aggregates to freezing and thawing in air-entrained concrete in accordance with Test Method C666/C666M, Procedure A or B.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This practice does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged use.2)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method can be used to evaluate the effect of mixture proportioning, surface treatment, curing, or other variables on resistance to scaling.  
This test method is not intended to be used in determining the durability of aggregates or other ingredients of the concrete.  
No relationship has been established between the frost immunity of specimens cut from hardened concrete and specimens prepared in the laboratory.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to scaling of a horizontal concrete surface exposed to freezing-and-thawing cycles in the presence of deicing chemicals. It is intended for use in evaluating this surface resistance qualitatively by visual examination.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the determination of the resistance to scaling of a horizontal concrete surface exposed to freezing-and-thawing cycles in the presence of deicing chemicals. It is intended for use in evaluating this surface resistance qualitatively by visual examination.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates, this test method was withdrawn in 2011 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides standard requirements for evaluating frost-susceptible coarse aggregate in air-entrained concrete subjected to freezing and thawing in accordance with Test Method C 666/C 666M.
Concrete containing frost-resistant paste may not be resistant to freezing and thawing if it contains coarse aggregate that becomes critically saturated. An aggregate particle is considered to be critically saturated when there is insufficient unfilled pore space to accommodate the expansion of water that accompanies the freezing.
The potential of the coarse aggregate to cause damage due to cycles of freezing and thawing is evaluated by Test Method C 666/C 666M.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers materials for use in hydraulic-cement concrete mixtures to be placed by shotcreting. It does not cover mixing, placement, curing, or protection of the concrete placed by shotcreting.
1.2 This specification covers materials for both wet-mix and dry-mix shotcreting.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of the standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides standard requirements for evaluating frost-susceptible coarse aggregate in air-entrained concrete subjected to freezing and thawing in accordance with Test Method C 666/C 666M.
Concrete containing frost-resistant paste may not be resistant to freezing and thawing if it contains coarse aggregate that becomes critically saturated. An aggregate particle is considered to be critically saturated when there is insufficient unfilled pore space to accommodate the expansion of water that accompanies the freezing.
The potential of the coarse aggregate to cause damage due to cycles of freezing and thawing is evaluated by Test Method C 666/C 666M.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for making and curing test specimens for evaluating frost resistance of normal-weight coarse aggregates in air-entrained concrete in accordance with Test Method C 666/C 666M, Procedure A or B.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This practice does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged use. )

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
As noted in the scope, the two procedures described in this test method are intended to determine the effects of variations in both properties and conditioning of concrete in the resistance to freezing and thawing cycles specified in the particular procedure. Specific applications include specified use in Specification C 494/C 494M, Test Method C 233, and ranking of coarse aggregates as to their effect on concrete freeze-thaw durability, especially where soundness of the aggregate is questionable.
It is assumed that the procedures will have no significantly damaging effects on frost-resistant concrete which may be defined as (1) any concrete not critically saturated with water (that is, not sufficiently saturated to be damaged by freezing) and (2) concrete made with frost-resistant aggregates and having an adequate air-void system that has achieved appropriate maturity and thus will prevent critical saturation by water under common conditions.  
If as a result of performance tests as described in this test method concrete is found to be relatively unaffected, it can be assumed that it was either not critically saturated, or was made with “sound” aggregates, a proper air-void system, and allowed to mature properly.
No relationship has been established between the resistance to cycles of freezing and thawing of specimens cut from hardened concrete and specimens prepared in the laboratory.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of concrete specimens to rapidly repeated cycles of freezing and thawing in the laboratory by two different procedures: Procedure A, Rapid Freezing and Thawing in Water, and Procedure B, Rapid Freezing in Air and Thawing in Water. Both procedures are intended for use in determining the effects of variations in the properties of concrete on the resistance of the concrete to the freezing-and-thawing cycles specified in the particular procedure. Neither procedure is intended to provide a quantitative measure of the length of service that may be expected from a specific type of concrete.
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units shall be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two units may result in nonconformance.
1.3 All material in this test method not specifically designated as belonging to Procedure A or Procedure B applies to either procedure.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides standard requirements for evaluating frost-susceptible coarse aggregate in air-entrained concrete subjected to freezing and thawing in accordance with Test Method C 666/C 666M.
Concrete containing frost-resistant paste may not be resistant to freezing and thawing if it contains coarse aggregate that becomes critically saturated. An aggregate particle is considered to be critically saturated when there is insufficient unfilled pore space to accommodate the expansion of water that accompanies the freezing.
The potential of the coarse aggregate to cause damage due to cycles of freezing and thawing is evaluated by Test Method C 666/C 666M.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for making and curing test specimens for evaluating frost resistance of normal-weight coarse aggregates in air-entrained concrete in accordance with Test Method C 666/C 666M, Procedure A or B.
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units shall be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This practice does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning-Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged use.)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
As noted in the scope, the two procedures described in this test method are intended to determine the effects of variations in both properties and conditioning of concrete in the resistance to freezing and thawing cycles specified in the particular procedure. Specific applications include specified use in Specification C 494/C 494M, Test Method C 233, and ranking of coarse aggregates as to their effect on concrete freeze-thaw durability, especially where soundness of the aggregate is questionable.
It is assumed that the procedures will have no significantly damaging effects on frost-resistant concrete which may be defined as (1) any concrete not critically saturated with water (that is, not sufficiently saturated to be damaged by freezing) and (2) concrete made with frost-resistant aggregates and having an adequate air-void system that has achieved appropriate maturity and thus will prevent critical saturation by water under common conditions.  
If as a result of performance tests as described in this test method concrete is found to be relatively unaffected, it can be assumed that it was either not critically saturated, or was made with “sound” aggregates, a proper air-void system, and allowed to mature properly.
No relationship has been established between the resistance to cycles of freezing and thawing of specimens cut from hardened concrete and specimens prepared in the laboratory.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of concrete specimens to rapidly repeated cycles of freezing and thawing in the laboratory by two different procedures: Procedure A, Rapid Freezing and Thawing in Water, and Procedure B, Rapid Freezing in Air and Thawing in Water. Both procedures are intended for use in determining the effects of variations in the properties of concrete on the resistance of the concrete to the freezing-and-thawing cycles specified in the particular procedure. Neither procedure is intended to provide a quantitative measure of the length of service that may be expected from a specific type of concrete.
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units shall be regarded seperately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two units may result in nonconformance.
1.3 All material in this test method not specifically designated as belonging to Procedure A or Procedure B applies to either procedure.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to scaling of a horizontal concrete surface exposed to freezing-and-thawing cycles in the presence of deicing chemicals. It is intended for use in evaluating this surface resistance qualitatively by visual examination.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to scaling of a horizontal concrete surface exposed to freezing-and-thawing cycles in the presence of deicing chemicals. It is intended for use in evaluating this surface resistance qualitatively by visual examination.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of concrete specimens to rapidly repeated cycles of freezing and thawing in the laboratory by two different procedures: Procedure A, Rapid Freezing and Thawing in Water, and Procedure B, Rapid Freezing in Air and Thawing in Water. Both procedures are intended for use in determining the effects of variations in the properties of concrete on the resistance of the concrete to the freezing-and-thawing cycles specified in the particular procedure. Neither procedure is intended to provide a quantitative measure of the length of service that may be expected from a specific type of concrete.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 All material in this test method not specifically designated as belonging to Procedure A or Procedure B applies to either procedure.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 As noted in the scope, the two procedures described in this test method are intended to determine the effects of variations in both properties and conditioning of concrete in the resistance to freezing and thawing cycles specified in the particular procedure. Specific applications include specified use in Specification C494/C494M, Test Method C233, and ranking of coarse aggregates as to their effect on concrete freeze-thaw durability, especially where soundness of the aggregate is questionable.  
3.2 It is assumed that the procedures will have no significantly damaging effects on frost-resistant concrete which may be defined as (1) any concrete not critically saturated with water (that is, not sufficiently saturated to be damaged by freezing) and (2) concrete made with frost-resistant aggregates and having an adequate air-void system that has achieved appropriate maturity and thus will prevent critical saturation by water under common conditions.  
3.3 If as a result of performance tests as described in this test method concrete is found to be relatively unaffected, it can be assumed that it was either not critically saturated, or was made with “sound” aggregates, a proper air-void system, and allowed to mature properly.  
3.4 No relationship has been established between the resistance to cycles of freezing and thawing of specimens cut from hardened concrete and specimens prepared in the laboratory.  
3.5 There is no specific guidance on choosing between Procedure A and Procedure B for a given application, except when contained in a specification. Specifications C233 and C494/C494M both stipulate Procedure A. In many instances the choice is based on the user’s determination of suitability to a specific application. Procedure A is generally considered to be the more aggressive of the two and to better reveal defective materials, although some consider the constant saturation of the test specimens to be unrealistic. Some users prefer Procedure B as being more ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of concrete specimens to rapidly repeated cycles of freezing and thawing in the laboratory by two different procedures: Procedure A, Rapid Freezing and Thawing in Water, and Procedure B, Rapid Freezing in Air and Thawing in Water. Both procedures are intended for use in determining the effects of variations in the properties of concrete on the resistance of the concrete to the freezing-and-thawing cycles specified in the particular procedure. Neither procedure is intended to provide a quantitative measure of the length of service that may be expected from a specific type of concrete.  
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units shall be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two units may result in nonconformance.  
1.3 All material in this test method not specifically designated as belonging to Procedure A or Procedure B applies to either procedure.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the determination of the resistance of concrete specimens to rapidly repeated cycles of freezing and thawing in the laboratory by two different procedures: Procedure A, Rapid Freezing and Thawing in Water, and Procedure B, Rapid Freezing in Air and Thawing in Water. Both procedures are intended for use in determining the effects of variations in the properties of concrete on the resistance of the concrete to the freezing-and-thawing cycles specified in the particular procedure. Neither procedure is...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method can be used to evaluate the effect of mixture proportioning, surface treatment, curing, or other variables on resistance to scaling.  
This test method is not intended to be used in determining the durability of aggregates or other ingredients of the concrete.  
No relationship has been established between the frost immunity of specimens cut from hardened concrete and specimens prepared in the laboratory.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to scaling of a horizontal concrete surface exposed to freezing-and-thawing cycles in the presence of deicing chemicals. It is intended for use in evaluating this surface resistance qualitatively by visual examination.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the determination of the resistance to scaling of a horizontal concrete surface exposed to freezing-and-thawing cycles in the presence of deicing chemicals. It is intended for use in evaluating this surface resistance qualitatively by visual examination.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates, this test method was withdrawn in January 2021 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the evaluation of frost resistance of coarse aggregates in air-entrained concrete. It was developed particularly for use with normal weight aggregates not having vesicular, highly porous structure.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the test period of frost immunity of concrete specimens as measured by the length of time of water immersion required to produce critical dilation when subjected to a prescribed slow-freezing procedure.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.