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ASTM C1646/C1646M-07

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Frost Resistance of Coarse Aggregate in Air-Entrained Concrete by Rapid Freezing and Thawing

Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Frost Resistance of Coarse Aggregate in Air-Entrained Concrete by Rapid Freezing and Thawing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides standard requirements for evaluating frost-susceptible coarse aggregate in air-entrained concrete subjected to freezing and thawing in accordance with Test Method C 666/C 666M.
Concrete containing frost-resistant paste may not be resistant to freezing and thawing if it contains coarse aggregate that becomes critically saturated. An aggregate particle is considered to be critically saturated when there is insufficient unfilled pore space to accommodate the expansion of water that accompanies the freezing.
The potential of the coarse aggregate to cause damage due to cycles of freezing and thawing is evaluated by Test Method C 666/C 666M.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for making and curing test specimens for evaluating frost resistance of normal-weight coarse aggregates in air-entrained concrete in accordance with Test Method C 666/C 666M, Procedure A or B.
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units shall be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This practice does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning-Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged use.)

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jan-2007
ICS
91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.67 - Resistance to the Environment
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM C1646/C1646M-08 - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Frost Resistance of Coarse Aggregate in Air-Entrained Concrete by Rapid Freezing and Thawing
Effective Date
01-Aug-2008

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ASTM C1646/C1646M-07 - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Frost Resistance of Coarse Aggregate in Air-Entrained Concrete by Rapid Freezing and ThawingASTM C1646/C1646M-07 - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Frost Resistance of Coarse Aggregate in Air-Entrained Concrete by Rapid Freezing and Thawing
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ASTM C1646/C1646M-07 - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Frost Resistance of Coarse Aggregate in Air-Entrained Concrete by Rapid Freezing and Thawing
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C1646/C1646M–07
Standard Practice for
Making and Curing Test Specimens for Evaluating Frost
Resistance of Coarse Aggregate in Air-Entrained Concrete
by Rapid Freezing and Thawing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1646/C 1646M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Concrete by the Pressure Method
C 490 Practice for Use of Apparatus for the Determination
1.1 This practice covers procedures for making and curing
of Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, and
test specimens for evaluating frost resistance of normal-weight
Concrete
coarse aggregates in air-entrained concrete in accordance with
C 494/C 494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for
Test Method C 666/C 666M, Procedure A or B.
Concrete
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units shall
C 666/C 666M Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to
be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in
Rapid Freezing and Thawing
brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently
2.2 ACI Standard:
of the other. Combining values from the two systems may
211.1 Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal,
result in nonconformance with the standard.
Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete
1.3 This practice does not purport to address all the safety
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
3. Significance and Use
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
3.1 This practice provides standard requirements for evalu-
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
ating frost-susceptible coarse aggregate in air-entrained con-
limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementi-
cretesubjectedtofreezingandthawinginaccordancewithTest
tious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to
2 Method C 666/C 666M.
skin and tissue upon prolonged use. )
3.2 Concrete containing frost-resistant paste may not be
2. Referenced Documents resistant to freezing and thawing if it contains coarse aggregate
that becomes critically saturated. An aggregate particle is
2.1 ASTM Standards:
considered to be critically saturated when there is insufficient
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
unfilledporespacetoaccommodatetheexpansionofwaterthat
C 39/C 39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cy-
accompanies the freezing.
lindrical Concrete Specimens
3.3 The potential of the coarse aggregate to cause damage
C 143/C 143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-
due to cycles of freezing and thawing is evaluated by Test
Cement Concrete
Method C 666/C 666M.
C 150 Specification for Portland Cement
C 173/C 173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly
4. Apparatus
Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method
4.1 Equipment for mixing concrete and procedures for
C 192/C 192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete
making and curing test specimens shall be in accordance with
Test Specimens in the Laboratory
Practice C 192/C 192M.
C 231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
5. Coarse Aggregate Preparation
1 5.1 Sampling—Sample in accordance with PracticeD75.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete
andConcreteAggregatesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeC09.67on 5.2 Grading—When coarse aggregates are to be compared
Resistance to the Environment.
using this practice, standardize the coarse aggregate gradings
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2007. Published February 2007.
by recombining individual size fractions in accordance with
Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 04.02.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington
the ASTM website. Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.aci-int.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C1646/C1646M–07
TABLE 1 Grading Requirements
Amounts Finer Than Each Laboratory Sieve, Mass Percent
1 3 1 3
Size No. Nominal 1 ⁄2 in. 1in. ⁄4 in. ⁄2 in. ⁄8 in. No. 4 No. 8 No. 16 No. 50 No. 100
Max. Size [37.5 mm] [25.0 mm] [19.0 mm] [12.5 mm] [9.5 mm] [4.75 mm] [2.36 mm] [1.18 mm] [300 µm] [150 µm]
467 1 ⁄2 in. [37.5 mm] 100 70 50 30 20 0
56 1 in.[25.0 mm] 100 60 25 0
57 1 in. [25.0 mm] 100 75 40 0
6 ⁄4 in.[19.0 mm] 100 35 0
67 ⁄4 in. [19.0 mm] 100 60 35 0
7 ⁄2 in. [12.5 mm] 100 55 0
8 ⁄8 in. [9.5 mm] 100 20 0
89 ⁄8 in. [9.5 mm] 100 35 15 0
Fine Aggregate No. 4 [4.75
...

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1.1 This practice covers procedures for making and curing cylinder and beam specimens from representative samples of fresh concrete for a construction project.  
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This specification covers ready-mixed concrete manufactured and delivered to a purchaser in freshly mixed and unhardened state as hereinafter specified. Requirements for quality of concrete shall be either as hereinafter specified or as specified by the purchase. In any case where the requirements of the purchaser differ from these in this specification, the purchaser's specification shall govern. In the absence of designated applicable materials specifications, materials specifications specified shall be used for cementitious materials, hydraulic cement, supplementary cementitious materials, cementitious concrete mixtures, aggregates, air-entraining admixtures, and chemical admixtures. Except as otherwise specifically permitted, cement, aggregate, and admixtures shall be measured by mass. Mixers will be stationary mixers or truck mixers. Agitators will be truck mixers or truck agitators. Test methods for compression, air content, slump, temperature shall be performed. For s strength test, at least two standard test specimens shall be made.
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1.1 This specification covers ready-mixed concrete as defined in 3.2.2 (Note 1). Requirements for quality of ready-mixed concrete shall be either as stated in this specification or as ordered by the purchaser. When the purchaser’s requirements, as stated in the order, differ from those in this specification, the purchaser’s requirements shall govern. This specification does not cover the placement, consolidation, curing, or protection of the concrete after delivery to the purchaser.
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ABSTRACT
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4.1 These test methods are used to develop data for comparison with the requirements of Specification C618 or Specification C1697. These test methods are based on standardized testing in the laboratory and are not intended to simulate job conditions.  
4.1.1 Strength Activity Index—The test for strength activity index is used to determine whether coal ash or natural pozzolan results in an acceptable level of strength development when used in concrete. Since the test is performed with mortar, the results may not provide a direct correlation of how the coal ash or natural pozzolan will contribute to strength in concrete.  
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1.1 This test method covers the testing of aggregates to estimate their soundness when subjected to weathering action in concrete or other applications. This is accomplished by repeated immersion in saturated solutions of sodium or magnesium sulfate followed by oven drying to partially or completely dehydrate the salt precipitated in permeable pore spaces. The internal expansive force, derived from the rehydration of the salt upon re-immersion, simulates the expansion of water on freezing. This test method furnishes information helpful in judging the soundness of aggregates when adequate information is not available from service records of the material exposed to actual weathering conditions.  
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4.1 This test method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete. It measures the air contained in the mortar fraction of the concrete, but is not affected by air that may be present inside porous aggregate particles.  
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4.2 This test method requires the addition of sufficient isopropyl alcohol, when the meter is initially being filled with water, so that after the first or subsequent rollings little or no foam collects in the neck of the top section of the meter. If more foam is present than that equivalent to 2 % air above the water level, the test is declared invalid and must be repeated using a larger quantity of alcohol. Addition of alcohol to dispel foam any time after the initial filling of the meter to the zero mark is not permitted.  
4.3 The air content of hardened concrete may be either higher or lower than that determined by this test method. This depends upon the methods and amounts of consolidation effort applied to the concrete from which the hardened concrete specimen is taken; uniformity and stability of the air bubbles in the fresh and hardened concrete; accuracy of the microscopic examination, if used; time of comparison; environmental exposure; stage in the delivery, placement and consolidation processes at which the air content of the unhardened concrete is determined, that is, before or after the concrete goes through a pump; and other factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete containing any type of aggregate, whether it be dense, cellular, or lightweight.  
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Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete. The test determines the air content of freshly mixed concrete exclusive of any air that may exist inside voids within aggregate particles. For this reason, it is applicable to concrete made with relatively dense aggregate particles and requires determination of the aggregate correction factor (see 6.1 and 9.1).  
3.2 This test method and Test Method C138/C138M and C173/C173M provide pressure, gravimetric, and volumetric procedures, respectively, for determining the air content of freshly mixed concrete. The pressure procedure of this test method gives substantially the same air contents as the other two test methods for concretes made with dense aggregates.  
3.3 The air content of hardened concrete may be either higher or lower than that determined by this test method. This depends upon the methods and amount of consolidation effort applied to the concrete from which the hardened concrete specimen is taken; uniformity and stability of the air bubbles in the fresh and hardened concrete; accuracy of the microscopic examination, if used; time of comparison; environmental exposure; stage in the delivery, placement and consolidation processes at which the air content of the unhardened concrete is determined, that is, before or after the concrete goes through a pump; and other factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete from observation of the change in volume of concrete with a change in pressure.  
1.2 This test method is intended for use with concretes and mortars made with relatively dense aggregates for which the aggregate correction factor can be satisfactorily determined by the technique described in Section 6. It is not applicable to concretes made with lightweight aggregates, air-cooled blast-furnace slag, or aggregates of high porosity. In these cases, Test Method C173/C173M should be used. This test method is also not applicable to nonplastic concrete such as is commonly used in the manufacture of pipe and concrete masonry units.  
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1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The testing and inspection of concrete and concrete aggregates are important elements in obtaining quality construction. A testing agency providing these services shall be selected with care.  
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4.3 This practice establishes essential characteristics pertaining to the organization, personnel, facilities, and quality systems of the testing agency. This practice may be supplemented by more specific criteria and requirements for particular projects.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice identifies and defines the duties, responsibilities, and minimum technical requirements of testing agency personnel and the minimum technical requirements for equipment utilized in testing concrete and concrete aggregates for use in construction.  
1.2 This practice provides criteria for the evaluation of the capability of a testing agency to perform designated ASTM test methods on concrete and concrete aggregates. It can be used by an evaluation authority in the inspection or accreditation of a testing agency or by other parties to determine if the agency is qualified to conduct the specified tests.
Note 1: Specification E329 provides criteria for the evaluation of agencies that perform the inspection of concrete during placement.  
1.3 This practice provides criteria for Inspection Bodies and Accreditation Bodies that provide services for evaluation of testing agencies in accordance with this practice.  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes, which provide explanatory material and shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method measures the load-induced time-dependent compressive strain at selected ages for concrete under an arbitrary set of controlled environmental conditions.  
4.2 This test method can be used to compare creep potentials of different concretes. A procedure is available, using the developed equation (or graphical plot), for calculating stress from strain data within massive non-reinforced concrete structures. For most specific design applications, the test conditions set forth herein must be modified to more closely simulate the anticipated curing, thermal, exposure, and loading age conditions for the prototype structure. Current theories and effects of material and environmental parameters are presented in ACI SP-135, Symposium on Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete: Effect of Materials and Environment.3  
4.3 In the absence of a satisfactory hypothesis governing creep phenomena, a number of assumptions have been developed that have been generally substantiated by test and experience.  
4.3.1 Creep is proportional to stress from 0 to 40 % of concrete compressive strength.  
4.3.2 Creep has been conclusively shown to be directly proportional to paste content throughout the range of paste contents normally used in concrete. Thus, the creep characteristics of concrete mixtures containing aggregate of maximum size greater than 50 mm [2 in.] may be determined from the creep characteristics of the minus 50-mm [minus 2-in.] fraction obtained by wet-sieving. Multiply the value of the characteristic by the ratio of the cement paste content (proportion by volume) in the full concrete mixture to the paste content of the sieved sample.  
4.4 The use of the logarithmic expression (Section 9) does not imply that the creep strain-time relationship is necessarily an exact logarithmic function; however, for the period of one year, the expression approximates normal creep behavior with sufficient accuracy to make possible the calculation of parameters that are useful...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the creep of molded concrete cylinders subjected to sustained longitudinal compressive load. This test method is limited to concrete in which the maximum aggregate size does not exceed 50 mm [2 in.].  
1.2 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1383-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the P-Wave Speed and the Thickness of Concrete Plates Using the Impact-Echo Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used as a substitute for, or in conjunction with, coring to determine the thickness of slabs, pavements, decks, walls, or other plate structures. There is a certain level of systematic error in the calculated thickness due to the discrete nature of the digital records that are used. The absolute systematic error depends on the plate thickness, the sampling interval, and the sampling period.  
4.2 Because the wave speed can vary from point-to-point in the structure due to differences in concrete age or batch-to-batch variability, the wave speed is measured (Procedure A) at each point where a thickness determination (Procedure B) is required.  
4.3 This test method is a pplicable to plate-like structures with lateral dimensions at least six times the thickness. These minimum lateral dimensions are necessary to prevent other modes3 of vibration from interfering with the identification of the thickness mode frequency in the amplitude spectrum. As explained in Note 12, the minimum lateral dimensions and acceptable sampling period are related.  
4.4 The maximum and minimum thickness that can be measured is limited by the details of the testing apparatus (transducer response characteristics and the specific impactor). The limits shall be specified by manufacturer of the apparatus, and the apparatus shall not be used beyond these limits. If test equipment is assembled by the user, thickness limitations shall be established and documented.  
4.5 This test method is not applicable to plate structures with overlays, such as a concrete bridge deck with an asphalt or portland cement concrete overlay. The method is based on the assumption that the concrete plate has the same P-wave speed throughout its depth.  
4.6 Procedure A is performed on concrete that is air dry as high surface moisture content may affect the results.  
4.7 Procedure B is applicable to a concrete plate resting on a subgrade of soil, gravel, permeable asphalt concrete, or lea...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the thickness of concrete slabs, pavements, bridge decks, walls, or other plate-like structures using the impact-echo method.  
1.2 The following two procedures are covered in this test method:  
1.2.1 Procedure A: P-Wave Speed Measurement—This procedure measures the time it takes for the P-wave generated by a short-duration, point impact to travel between two transducers positioned a known distance apart along the surface of a structure. The P-wave speed is calculated by dividing the distance between the two transducers by the travel time.  
1.2.2 Procedure B: Impact-Echo Test—This procedure measures the frequency at which the P-wave generated by a short-duration, point impact is reflected between the parallel (opposite) surfaces of a plate. The thickness is calculated from this measured frequency and the P-wave speed obtained from Procedure A.  
1.2.3 Unless specified otherwise, both Procedure A and Procedure B must be performed at each point where a thickness determination is made.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendatio...

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