D36 - Recovered Carbon Black (rCB)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method provides a measure of rheological non-linearity for filled rubber compounds under oscillatory shear conditions: the normalized 3rd harmonic of the torque I3/1.  
3.2 Rheological linearity means that the modulus is a function of frequency only. The shear modulus dependency on both frequency and amplitude of a dynamic deformation is a non-linear, rheological effect. Filled rubbers show a strain dependency of the modulus known as Payne effect. A test method for evaluating the Payne effect can be found in Test Method D8059.  
3.3 One of the main contributions to the Payne effect is the so-called polymer-filler interaction in the range of mid amplitude oscillation shear, MAOS. The MAOS amplitude range is defined as the range where I3/1 is already measurable and increases according to a scaling law, for example, I3/1 ~ γ2. It has been shown that FT rheological measurements are very sensitive to changes in this interaction, and that it is possible to quantify the influence of the filler type and content on the nonlinearity. Interactions between the polymer and particle surface and between the filler particles create a network structure in the compound that not only increases the elasticity of the system but also introduces nonlinear contributions to the stress response.3
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a measure of rheological non-linearity of a rubber compound filled with rCB to assess its reinforcement capabilities. This test method requires the use of a sealed cavity rotorless oscillating shear rheometer for the measurement of the torque with increasing sinusoidal strain applied to an uncured rubber compound containing significant amounts of colloidal fillers, such as recovered carbon black, alone or as blend with virgin carbon black.  
1.2 Units-The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use in quality control of production, for research and development purposes in which a compositional analysis or comparisons of different materials are needed.  
5.2 This test method may not be suitable for rCB products containing either organic substances that decompose or oxidize only at temperatures of above 550°C or inorganic substances with decomposition temperatures ≤550°C.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a thermogravimetric (TGA) technique to determine the amounts of organic residue, overall carbon content, and ash content in recovered carbon black (rCB).  
1.2 This test method uses previously calibrated, manual, or computer-assisted TGA instrumentation.  
1.3 Units-The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Committee D36 has concluded that typical carbon black characterization methods based on structure level and surface area measurements do not seem to correlate to in-rubber performance in an equal manner for Recovered Carbon Black products. Therefore, the committee does not recommend such test methods for predicting the applications performance of recovered carbon black products. The committee is open to new research that can contradict above statement.  
3.2 Committee D36 approved to recognize the standards in 2.1 as acceptable for use in the rCB industry until rCB statistical data is available that may suggest otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide includes a list of standards under jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D24 on Carbon Black; however, they can be applied for use in the rCB industry.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers a compilation of definitions of technical terms used in the recovered carbon black industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use in quality control of production, for research and development purposes in which a compositional analysis or comparisons of different materials are needed.  
5.2 This test method may not be suitable for rCB products containing either organic substances that decompose or oxidize only at temperatures of above 550°C or inorganic substances with decomposition temperatures ≤550°C.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a thermogravimetric (TGA) technique to determine the amounts of organic residue, overall carbon content, and ash content in recovered carbon black (rCB).  
1.2 This test method uses previously calibrated, manual, or computer-assisted TGA instrumentation.  
1.3 Units-The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method provides a measure of rheological non-linearity for filled rubber compounds under oscillatory shear conditions: the normalized 3rd harmonic of the torque I3/1.  
3.2 Rheological linearity means that the modulus is a function of frequency only. The shear modulus dependency on both frequency and amplitude of a dynamic deformation is a non-linear, rheological effect. Filled rubbers show a strain dependency of the modulus known as Payne effect. A test method for evaluating the Payne effect can be found in Test Method D8059.  
3.3 One of the main contributions to the Payne effect is the so-called polymer-filler interaction in the range of mid amplitude oscillation shear, MAOS. The MAOS amplitude range is defined as the range where I3/1 is already measurable and increases according to a scaling law, for example, I3/1 ~ γ2. It has been shown that FT rheological measurements are very sensitive to changes in this interaction, and that it is possible to quantify the influence of the filler type and content on the nonlinearity. Interactions between the polymer and particle surface and between the filler particles create a network structure in the compound that not only increases the elasticity of the system but also introduces nonlinear contributions to the stress response.3
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a measure of rheological non-linearity of a rubber compound filled with rCB to assess its reinforcement capabilities. This test method requires the use of a sealed cavity rotorless oscillating shear rheometer for the measurement of the torque with increasing sinusoidal strain applied to an uncured rubber compound containing significant amounts of colloidal fillers, such as recovered carbon black, alone or as blend with virgin carbon black.  
1.2 Units-The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers a compilation of definitions of technical terms used in the recovered carbon black industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers a compilation of definitions of technical terms used in the recovered carbon black industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers a compilation of definitions of technical terms used in the recovered carbon black industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers a compilation of definitions of technical terms used in the recovered carbon black industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers a compilation of definitions of technical terms used in the recovered carbon black industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.