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ASTM E2074-00

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies, Including Positive Pressure Testing of Side-Hinged and Pivoted Swinging Door Assemblies

Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies, Including Positive Pressure Testing of Side-Hinged and Pivoted Swinging Door Assemblies

SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard is applicable to door assemblies for use in walls to retard the passage of fire (see .).
1.2 This fire-test-response standard determines the ability of door assemblies to function as a fire-resistive barrier during a standard fire endurance test. Such a test meth shall not be construed as determining the suitability of door assemblies for continued use after their exposure to fire.
1.3 This fire-test-response standard is intended to evaluate the ability of a door assembly to remain in an opening during a predetermined test exposure, which when required by is then followed by the application of a hose stream (see ).
1.4 The hose stream test used in this test method is not designed to be representative of an actual hose stream used by a fire department during fire suppression efforts.
1.5 The fire exposure is not representative of all fire conditions, which vary with changes in the amount, nature, and distribution of the fire loading, ventilation, compartment size and configuration, and heat characteristics of the compartment. It does, however, provide a relative measure of fire endurance of door assemblies under specified fire exposure conditions.
1.6 Any variation from the tested construction or test conditions will possibly change the performance characteristics of door assembly.
1.7 This fire-test-response standard  does not provide the following:
1.7.1 The fire endurance of door assemblies constructed of materials other than those tested.
1.7.2 A temperature limit on the unexposed surface of the door assembly, although the temperatures are measured and recorded.
1.7.3 A limit on the number of openings allowed in glazed areas or of the number and size of lateral openings between the door and frame.
1.7.4 A measurement of smoke or products of combustion that pass through the door assembly.
1.7.5 A measurement of smoke, toxic gases, or other products of combustion generated by the door assembly.Note 1
The information in and may be important in determining the fire hazard or fire risk of door assemblies under actual fire conditions. This information may be determined by other suitable fire test methods. For example, flame spread and smoke development may be determined by Test Method E 84.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This standard is intended to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions and is not intended to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of the test are permitted to be used as elements of a fire-hazard assessment or a fire-risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard or fire risk of a particular end use.
1.9 This test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.
1.10 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-2000
ICS
13.220.40 - Ignitability and burning behaviour of materials and products
Technical Committee
E05 - Fire Standards
Drafting Committee
E05.11 - Fire Resistance
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2074-00e1 - Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies, Including Positive Pressure Testing of Side-Hinged and Pivoted Swinging Door Assemblies (Withdrawn 2007)
Effective Date
10-Mar-2000
Referred By
ASTM E2226-15b(2019) - Standard Practice for Application of Hose Stream
Effective Date
10-Mar-2000
Referred By
ASTM F1592-12(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Detention Hollow Metal Vision Systems
Effective Date
10-Mar-2000

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ASTM E2074-00 - Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies, Including Positive Pressure Testing of Side-Hinged and Pivoted Swinging Door AssembliesASTM E2074-00 - Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies, Including Positive Pressure Testing of Side-Hinged and Pivoted Swinging Door Assemblies
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ASTM E2074-00 - Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies, Including Positive Pressure Testing of Side-Hinged and Pivoted Swinging Door Assemblies
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: E 2074 – 00
Standard Test Method for
Fire Tests of Door Assemblies, Including Positive Pressure
Testing of Side-Hinged and Pivoted Swinging Door
Assemblies
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2074; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This fire-test-response standard replaces E 152, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies,
which was formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E-5 on Fire Standards. The E 152 standard
was withdrawn on January 1, 1995 in accordance with Section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing
ASTM Technical Committee, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth
year since last approval date.
1. Scope 1.7 This fire-test-response standard does not provide the
following:
1.1 This fire-test-response standard is applicable to door
1.7.1 The fire endurance of door assemblies constructed of
assemblies for use in walls to retard the passage of fire (see
materials other than those tested.
X1.1-X1.3.).
1.7.2 A temperature limit on the unexposed surface of the
1.2 This fire-test-response standard determines the ability of
door assembly, although the temperatures are measured and
door assemblies to function as a fire-resistive barrier during a
recorded.
standard fire endurance test. Such a test meth shall not be
1.7.3 A limit on the number of openings allowed in glazed
construed as determining the suitability of door assemblies for
areas or of the number and size of lateral openings between the
continued use after their exposure to fire.
door and frame.
1.3 This fire-test-response standard is intended to evaluate
1.7.4 A measurement of smoke or products of combustion
the ability of a door assembly to remain in an opening during
that pass through the door assembly.
a predetermined test exposure, which when required by 12.10
1.7.5 A measurement of smoke, toxic gases, or other prod-
is then followed by the application of a hose stream (see X1.4
ucts of combustion generated by the door assembly.
and X1.5).
1.4 The hose stream test used in this test method is not
NOTE 1—The information in 1.7.4 and 1.7.5 may be important in
designed to be representative of an actual hose stream used by
determining the fire hazard or fire risk of door assemblies under actual fire
conditions. This information may be determined by other suitable fire test
a fire department during fire suppression efforts.
methods. For example, flame spread and smoke development may be
1.5 The fire exposure is not representative of all fire
determined by Test Method E 84.
conditions, which vary with changes in the amount, nature, and
distribution of the fire loading, ventilation, compartment size 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and configuration, and heat characteristics of the compartment. safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
It does, however, provide a relative measure of fire endurance
of door assemblies under specified fire exposure conditions. priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 Any variation from the tested construction or test
conditions will possibly change the performance characteristics 1.9 This standard is intended to measure and describe the
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
of door assembly.
flame under controlled conditions and is not intended to
describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials,
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-5 on Fire
products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However,
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.11 on Fire
results of the test are permitted to be used as elements of a
Endurance.
Current edition approved March 10, 2000. Published May 2000. fire-hazard assessment or a fire-risk assessment which takes
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E2074–00
into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an 5. Significance and Use
assessment of the fire hazard or fire risk of a particular end use.
5.1 In this fire-test-response standard, the test specimens are
1.10 This test method references notes and footnotes which
subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test
provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (ex-
conditions. When different test conditions are substituted or the
cluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as
end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by, or
requirements of this test method.
from, this test method to predict changes to the characteristics
1.11 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the exposure
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
conditions described in this test method.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
5.2 This fire-test-response standard measures and records
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
the temperatures on the unexposed side of a door assembly.
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
This data is intended to assist and enable regulatory bodies to
with the standard.
determine the suitability of door assemblies for use in locations
where fire resistance of a specified duration is required.
2. Referenced Documents
5.3 The data is not intended to be used to describe or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or
E 84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
assemblies under actual fire conditions.
Building Materials
5.4 This fire-test-response standard requires that observa-
E 119 Tests Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction
tions be made and recorded relevant to the passage of flame.
and Materials
5.5 This fire-test-response standard uses a cotton wool pad
E 152 Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies
test to assess the integrity of the door assembly relevant to the
E 176 Terminology of Fire Standards
passage of hot gases.
E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions
5.6 This fire-test-response standard uses a hose stream test
2.2 Other Documents:
to assess the durability of the door assembly relevant to the
UL 385 Standard for Play Pipes for Water Supply Testing in
passage of a stream of water.
Fire-Protection Service, 1993
6. Apparatus
3. Terminology
6.1 Furnace and Test Frame:
3.1 For the purpose of this test method, the definitions given
6.1.1 The furnace construction shall be suitable to meet the
in Terminologies E 176 and E 631, together with the following,
requirements of the fire test protocol. An example of the
shall apply:
furnace and test frame is illustrated in Fig. 1 (see X1.6).
3.1.1 integrity, n—the ability of a test assembly, when
6.1.2 The height and width of the furnace opening shall be
exposed to fire from one side, to prevent the passage of flame
greater than the test assembly’s corresponding dimension.
and hot gases through it or the occurrence of flames on its
6.1.3 The furnace shall be heated with burners that are fired
unexposed side.
using either natural gas or liquefied petroleum gases. The
3.1.2 through-opening, n—an uninterrupted hole in the test
burners shall have a controllable heat output (see X1.8) and be
assembly that is seen from the unexposed side when viewing
able to expose the test assembly to the uniform heating of the
the suspected hole from a position perpendicular to the plane of
standard time-temperature curve.
the test assembly.
6.2 Copper Disk Thermocouples:
6.2.1 The copper disk thermocouples shall be covered by
4. Summary of Test Method
pads as specified in 6.2.4, reference Fig. 2, and shall have a
4.1 This fire-test-response standard describes the following
test sequence and procedure.
4.1.1 A door assembly is exposed to a standard fire expo-
sure, controlled to achieve specified temperatures and pres-
sures throughout a specified time period.
4.1.2 The integrity of the door assembly is evaluated using
a cotton wool pad test when the average unexposed surface
temperature of a door assembly is less than 650°F (361°C)
above ambient and openings are created by the fire exposure.
4.1.3 After the fire endurance test the door assembly is
subjected to a hose stream test when required by 12.10.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.
This standard was withdrawn on Jan. 1, 1995, in accordance with Section
10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees which requires
that standards be updated at least every eight years.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11.
Available from Underwriters Laboratories, 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL
60062. FIG. 1 Furnace and Test Frame
E2074–00
6.3 Pressure-Sensing Probes—Except for the diameters of
the steel tubes, tolerances are 65 % of the dimensions shown
in Fig. 3 or Fig. 4.
6.3.1 The pressure-sensing probes shall be either: a
T-shaped sensor as shown in Fig. 3, or a tube sensor as shown
in Fig. 4.
6.4 Differential Pressure Measurement Instruments:
6.4.1 The differential pressure measurement instrument
shall be: a manometer or transducer, and capable of reading in
graduated increments of no greater than 0.01 in. H O (2.5 Pa)
with a precision of not less than 60.005 in. H O(61.25 Pa).
6.5 Hose Stream Delivery System:
6.5.1 The hose stream delivery system shall consist of the
following:
6.5.1.1 A standard 2 ⁄2-in. (64-mm) diameter hose attached
to a national standard play pipe as described in UL 385.
FIG. 2 Example of a Typical Thermocouple Disk and Insulating
6.5.1.2 The play pipe shall have an overall length of 30 6
Pad
0.25 in. (762 6 6 mm) and shall be equipped with a standard
1 ⁄8-in. (28.5-mm) discharge tip of the standard-taper-smooth-
bore pattern without shoulder at the orifice.
wire diameter of not more than 0.03 in. (0.7 mm), and be
6.5.1.3 The play pipe shall be fitted with a standard 2 ⁄2-in.
brazed to the center of the face of a copper disk having the
1 (64-mm) inside dimension by 6-in. (153-mm) long nipple
following nominal measurements: ⁄2 in. (12 mm) in diameter
mounted between the hose and the base of the play pipe.
and 0.01 in. (0.2 mm) thick.
6.5.1.4 A pressure tap for measuring the water pressure at
6.2.2 Thermocouple Insulating Pads:
the base of the nozzle shall be normal to the surface of the
6.2.2.1 Refractory fiber pads shall have the following prop-
nipple, shall be centered in its length, and shall not protrude
erties:
into the water stream.
6.2.2.1.1 Length and Width, 1.20 6 0.02 in. (30 6 0.5 mm),
6.5.1.5 A suitable pressure gage capable of reading a mini-
6.2.2.1.2 Thickness, 0.08 6 0.02 in. (2 6 0.5 mm), and
3 3
mum of 0 to 50 psi (0 to 344.8 kPa) and graduated into no
6.2.2.1.3 Density, 56.2 6 6.2 lb/ft (900 6 100 kg/m ).
greater than 2-psi (13.8-kPa) increments shall be used to
6.2.2.2 If necessary, it is permitted to shape the pads by
measure the water pressure.
wetting, forming, and then drying them to provide complete
contact on sharply contoured surfaces. 6.6 Furnace Thermocouples:
FIG. 3 T-Shaped Sensor
E2074–00
FIG. 4 Tube Sensor
6.6.1 The furnace thermocouples shall: 6.7.1.4 Be attached using wire clips to a wire frame. The
6.6.1.1 Be protected by sealed porcelain tubes having a frame used to hold the cotton wool pad is to be formed of steel
3 1
nominal ⁄4-in. (19-mm) outside diameter and ⁄8-in. (3-mm) wire (typically No. 15 AWG (1.5 mm)) and is to be provided
wall thickness, or, as an alternative, in the case of base metal with a handle long enough to reach all points of the test
thermocouples, protected by a standard ⁄2-in. (13-mm) diam- assembly. See Fig. 5.
eter wrought steel or wrought iron pipe of standard weight, and 6.7.1.5 The cotton wool pads are to be conditioned prior to
6.6.1.2 Have a time constant in the range from 6.0 to 7.2 use by drying in an oven at 212 6 9°F (100 6 5°C) for at least
min while encased in the tubes described in 6.6.1.1. 30 min. After drying, the cotton wool pads shall be stored in a
desiccator until they are used.
NOTE 2—A typical thermocouple assembly meeting these time constant
requirements may be fabricated by fusion-welding the twisted ends of No.
7. Time-Temperature Curve
18 gage Chromel-Alumel wires, mounting the leads in porcelain insula-
7.1 The fire exposure of door assemblies shall be controlled
tors, and inserting the assembly so the thermocouple bead is 0.5 in. (25
mm) from the sealed end of the standard weight nominal ⁄2-in. iron, steel,
to conform to the applicable portion of the standard time-
or Inconel pipe. The time constant for this and for several other
temperature curve shown in Fig. 6 (see X1.7). The points on
thermocouple assemblies was measured in 1976. The time constant may
the curve that determine its character are as follows:
also be calculated from knowledge of its physical and thermal properties.
6.6.2 Other types of protection tubes or pyrometers are
permitted to be used provided that under test conditions they
give the same indications as those of 6.6.1 within the limit of
accuracy that applies for furnace-temperature measurements.
6.7 Cotton Wool Pads:
6.7.1 The cotton wool pads shall:
6.7.1.1 Measure 4 6 0.125 in. (100 6 3 mm) long by 4 6
0.125 in. (100 6 3 mm) wide by 0.85 6 0.0625 in. (20 6 2
mm) thick,
6.7.1.2 Consist only of new undyed soft cotton fibers,
without any admixture of artificial fibers,
6.7.1.3 Have a mass between 3 and 4 g, and
Inconel is a registered trade name of INCO Alloys, Inc., 3800 Riverside Dr.,
Huntington, WV 25720.
Supporting data is available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:E05-1001. FIG. 5 Example of a Typical Cotton Wool Pad Holder
E2074–00
TABLE 1 Standard Time-Temperature Curve for Control of Fire
Tests
Area Above 68°F base Area Above 20°C base
Time, Temper- Temper-
h/min ature,° F ature, °C
°F·min °F·h °C·min °C·h
0:00 68 0 0 20 0 0
0:05 1 000 2 330 39 538 1 290 22
0:10 1 300 7 740 129 704 4 300 72
0:15 1 399 14 150 236 760 7 860 131
0:20 1 462 20 970 350 795 11 650 14
0:25 1 510 28 050 468 821 15 590 260
0:30 1 550 35 360 589 843 19 650 328
0:35 1 584 42 860 714 862 23 810 397
0:40 1 613 50 510 842 878 28 060 468
0:45 1 638 58 300 971 892 32 390 540
0:
...

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1.2 This guide does not provide or generate fire-resistance ratings suitable for determining compliance with code or regulatory requirements comparable to those resulting from tests conducted in accordance with Test Methods E119.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This guide is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1590-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Mattresses

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means of measuring a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a test specimen, mattress or mattress with foundation. After ignition using a propane gas burner, the test specimen is permitted to burn freely under well-ventilated conditions. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured in this test method is the rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated.  
5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle of oxygen consumption. Annex A3 discusses the assumptions and limitations.  
5.3 This test method also provides measures of other fire-test-response characteristics, including smoke obscuration (as the rate of smoke release, total smoke released, or optical density of smoke), combustion gas release (as concentrations of combustion gases), and mass loss, which are important to making decisions on fire safety.  
5.4 In the majority of fires, the most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides are useful for two purposes: (1) as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and (2) to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are specific to certain materials, are also indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere, but are less crucial for determining combustion completeness and are optional measures; however, fire hazard assessment often requires their measurement.  
5.5 The type of ignition chosen (flaming source) is common in both accidental and intentional fires in public occupancies. The test method is thus applicable to mattresses in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to, health-care facilities, old age convalescent and board and care homes, and college dormitories and residence halls.  
5.6 One ...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.2 This test method provides a means of determining the burning behavior of mattresses used in public occupancies by measuring specific fire test responses when the test specimen, a mattress or mattress with foundation, is subjected to a specified flaming ignition source under well ventilated conditions.  
1.3 This is a test method for mattresses or mattresses with foundations.  
1.4 Test data are obtained describing the burning behavior, following application of a specific ignition source, from ignition until all burning has ceased, a period of 1 h has elapsed, or flashover appears inevitable.  
1.5 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of mattresses under fire conditions other than those specified in this test method. In particular, this test method does not apply to smoldering ignition by cigarettes. See 5.12 for further information.  
1.6 The rate of heat release of burning test specimen is measured by an oxygen consumption method. See 5.12.4 for further information.  
1.7 Other measurements are the production of light-obscuring smoke and the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases. See 5.12.5 for further information.  
1.8 The burning behavior is documented visually by photographic or video recordings.  
1.9 Units—Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.10 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.11 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.12 This stan...

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ASTM
ASTM E3048-22a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Time to Burn-Through Using the Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL) Radiant Panel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the time to burn-through and the time to ignition of materials, products, and assemblies.  
5.2 Representative joints and other characteristics of an assembly shall be included in a specimen when these details are part of normal design.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to end-use products not having an ideally planar external surface. The heat flux shall be adjusted to be that which is desired at the average distance of the surface from the radiant panel.  
5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.  
5.5 Representative materials and thicknesses shall be included in a specimen when these details are part of normal design.  
5.6 This method can also be used for research and development of various material types to be included in larger-scale fire test assemblies (for example, Test Methods E119).  
5.7 Test Limitations:  
5.7.1 The test results have limited validity if: (a) the specimen melts sufficiently to overflow the drip tray, or (b) explosive spalling occurs.  
5.7.2 Report observations of specimens that sag, deform, or delaminate.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method assesses the response of materials, products, and assemblies to controlled levels of heat flux with an external igniter.  
1.2 The fire-test-response characteristics determined by this test method include the ignitability and time to burn-through of materials, products, and assemblies under well ventilated conditions.  
1.3 Heat, smoke, and mass loss rate are not within the scope of this test method, but are addressed by Test Method E1623.  
1.3.1 This test method uses the same burner as that described in Test Method E1623. Two burner types are described (Burner A and Burner B).  
1.4 Specimens are exposed to a constant heat flux up to 50 kW/m2 in a vertical orientation. Hot wires are used to ignite the combustible vapors from the specimen.  
1.5 This test method has been developed for evaluations, design, or research and development of materials, products, or assemblies, or for code compliance. The specimen shall be tested in thicknesses and configurations representative of actual end product or system uses.  
1.6 Limitations of the test method are listed in 5.7.  
1.7 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific information about hazards is given in Section 7.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2965-22a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Low Levels of Heat Release Rate for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving materials or products that emit low levels of heat release. The recommended use for this test method is for materials with a total heat release rate measured of less than 10 MJ over the first 20 min test period, and which do not give peak heat release rates of more than 200 kW/m2 for periods extending more than 10 s. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and (optionally) smoke production. These properties are determined on small size test specimens that are representative of those in the intended end use.  
5.2 This test method is applicable to various categories of products and is not limited to representing a single fire scenario.  
5.3 This test method is not applicable to end-use products that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a procedure for measuring the response of materials that emit low levels of heat release when exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external igniter.  
1.2 This test method differs from Test Method E1354 in that it prescribes a different specific test specimen size, specimen holder, test specimen orientation, a direct connection between the plenum and the top plate of the cone heater assembly to ensure complete collection of all the combustion gases (Fig. 1), and a lower volumetric flow rate for analyses via oxygen consumption calorimetry. It is intended for use on materials and products that contain only small amounts of combustible ingredients or components, such as test specimens that yield a peak heat release of 2 and total heat release of 2.
Note 1: PMMA is typically used to check the general operation of a Cone Calorimeter. PMMA should not be used with this standard as the heat release rate is too high.  
1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitant measurement of test specimen mass loss rate, in combination with the heat release rate. Smoke development (an optional measurement) is measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product stream.  
1.4 Test specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat fluxes generated by a conical radiant heater. External ignition, when used, shall be by electric spark. The test specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the end-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation.  
1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.  
1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design purposes, and development and research. Examples of material test specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applic...

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ASTM
ASTM E1537-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furniture

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a specimen of upholstered furniture. The upholstered furniture specimen is allowed to burn freely under well-ventilated conditions after ignition using a propane gas burner. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured is the rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated.  
5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle of oxygen consumption. The assumptions and limitations of oxygen depletion calorimetry are discussed in Annex A4, and in particular in A4.1.2.  
5.3 Other fire-test-response characteristics are measured, namely smoke obscuration and combustion gas release, as they are also important in making decisions on fire safety.  
5.4 The most important gaseous components of smoke are the carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are indicators of the toxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combustion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides are useful for two purposes: as part of fire hazard assessment calculations and to improve the accuracy of heat release measurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are specific to certain materials, are less crucial for determining combustion completeness and are optional measures, but fire hazard assessment often requires their measurement.  
5.5 The type of ignition chosen (a flaming source) is common in both accidental and intentional fires in public occupancies. This test method is thus applicable to upholstered furniture in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but are not limited to, jails, prisons, nursing care homes, health care facilities, public auditoriums, hotels, and motels.  
5.6 It has been shown that if the gas burner is used at a flow rate of 13 L/min for 80 s (equivalent to 19.3 kW), as is the case in California Technical Bulletin (CA TB) 133, it approximates the ignition propensity of five cru...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine the burning behavior of upholstered furniture used in public occupancies by measuring specific fire-test responses when the specimen of furniture is subjected to a specified flaming ignition source under well-ventilated conditions.  
1.3 Data are obtained describing the burning behavior from a specific ignition source until all burning has ceased, a period of 1 h has elapsed, or flashover appears inevitable.  
1.4 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of upholstered furniture in fire conditions other than those conditions specified. In particular, this test method does not apply to smoldering ignition by cigarettes. See X1.6 for further information.  
1.5 The rate of heat release of the burning specimen is measured by an oxygen consumption method. See X1.6.4 for further information.  
1.6 The production of light obscuring smoke is measured and the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases are determined. See X1.6.5 for further information.  
1.7 The burning behavior is visually documented by photographic or video recordings, whenever possible.  
1.8 The system of units to be used in referee decisions is the SI system of units, see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 only. The units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its us...

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ASTM
ASTM E1474-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the time to sustained flaming and heat release of materials and composites exposed to a prescribed initial test heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus.  
5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide information that can be used for upholstery and mattress product designs and product development.  
5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful information for product development by yielding a quantitative measure of specific changes in fire performance caused by component and composite modifications. Heat release data from this test method will not be predictive of product behavior if the product does not spread flame over its surface under the fire exposure conditions of interest.  
5.4 Test Limitations—The test data are invalid if either of the following conditions occur: (1) explosive spalling; or (2) the specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch the spark plug, or the specimen swells up to the plane of the heater base during combustion.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method can be used to determine the ignitability and heat release from the composites of contract, institutional, or high-risk occupancy upholstered furniture or mattresses using a bench scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.  
1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant initial test heat flux of 35 kW/m2. This test method is also suitable to obtain heat release data at different heat fluxes. The specimen is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used.  
1.3 The times to sustained flaming, heat release, and effective heat of combustion are determined using the apparatus and procedures described in Test Method E1354.  
1.4 The tests are performed on bench-scale specimens combining the furniture or mattress outer layer components. Frame elements are not included.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.  
1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3020-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ignition Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A variety of standard test methods, specifications, and regulations have been issued by a number of different standards developing organizations and regulatory authorities that contain ignition sources used to assess fire-test-response characteristics associated with flaming and non-flaming ignition. This practice describes such ignition sources and provides information on the standard method in which they are described.  
5.2 The ignition source to be chosen for any specific use needs to be relevant to the fire hazard associated with the intended application. Neither the scope of the standard containing the ignition source nor any other aspect of the standard has any bearing on the use of the ignition source for another application.  
5.3 This practice is not expected to be a fully comprehensive list of ignition sources. If additional ignition sources are identified they can be added to the practice.  
5.4 This practice does not describe test specimen preparation or detailed testing procedures for the materials or products.  
5.5 This practice does not address limitations associated with the ignition sources described in this practice.  
5.6 This practice does not necessarily address the latest edition of any standard referenced.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a series of ignition sources that have been used and that are potentially applicable to assessing fire-test-response characteristics resulting from the ignition of materials, products, or assemblies.  
1.2 This practice does not identify which of the ignition sources described is applicable to any specific use since that is a function of the associated fire hazard (see also 5.2).  
1.3 This practice is not necessarily comprehensive and it is possible that other applicable ignition sources exist (see also 5.3).  
1.4 This practice describes both flaming and non-flaming ignition sources, since the outcome of a non-flaming ignition can be the eventual flaming ignition of these materials or products (see also 4.2).  
1.5 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.  
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.9 This practice contains notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered requirements of the standard.  
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard in referee decisions. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for further details.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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