ASTM E2217-02(2007)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Design and Construction of Aerospace Cleanrooms and Contamination Controlled Areas
Standard Practice for Design and Construction of Aerospace Cleanrooms and Contamination Controlled Areas
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice describes and defines factors to be taken into consideration when designing and fabricating a cleanroom or controlled area that is used for aerospace operations and fabrication. Following the suggestions herein should provide a facility that is more capable of meeting performance requirements and that will offer protection against contamination for objects fabricated and processed in such a facility.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide design and construction guidelines for contamination controlled facilities used in the assembly and integration of aerospace hardware. The guidelines herein are intended to ensure that the facilities, when used properly, will meet the cleanliness requirements of aerospace hardware and processes. The objective is to limit contamination due to the deposition of particulate and molecular contaminants on flight hardware surfaces.
1.2 One cleanliness classification of a facility is the airborne particle concentrations in accordance with ISO 14644-1 and 14644-2. Airborne particle concentrations in accordance with FED-STD-209E are included for reference. This simple classification is inadequate to describe a facility that will support the assembly and integration of spacecraft. The extended duration of hardware exposure during fabrication and testing, the sensitivity of the hardware to hydrocarbons and other molecular contaminants, and the changing requirements during assembly and integration must be considered in addition to the airborne particle concentrations.
1.3 The guidelines specified herein are intended to provide facilities that will effectively restrict contaminants from entering the facility, limit contamination generated by and within the facility, and continuously remove airborne contaminants generated during normal operations. Some items of support hardware, such as lifting equipment, stands, and shoe cleaners, are addressed since these items are often purchased and installed with the facility and may require accommodation in the design of the facility.
1.4 Active filtration of molecular contaminants (such as hydrocarbons, silicones, and other chemicals) is discussed. Such active filtration of molecular contaminants may be required for the processing of highly sensitive optical devices, especially infrared and cryogenic sensors. Control of microbiological contamination is not included although HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filtration will provide some control of airborne bacteria, spores, and other viable contaminants that are typically carried on particles of sizes 0.3 m and larger. Control of radioactive contamination and accommodation of very hazardous materials such as propellants, strong acids or caustics, or carcinogens are not addressed.
1.5 No facility will compensate for excessive contamination generated inside the facility. In addition to an effective facility design, the user must also institute a routine maintenance program (see Practice E 2042) for the facility, and personnel and operational disciplines that limit the transfer of contaminants through entry doors and contaminant generation inside the facility.
1.6 This practice only addresses guidelines for contamination control in facility design. It must be implemented in compliance with all mandatory government and regulatory building and safety codes. References to related cleanroom standards and U.S. building codes and standards may be found in IEST-RP-CC012.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E2217 – 02 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Practice for
Design and Construction of Aerospace Cleanrooms and
Contamination Controlled Areas
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope of airborne bacteria, spores, and other viable contaminants that
are typically carried on particles of sizes 0.3 µm and larger.
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide design and
Control of radioactive contamination and accommodation of
construction guidelines for contamination controlled facilities
very hazardous materials such as propellants, strong acids or
used in the assembly and integration of aerospace hardware.
caustics, or carcinogens are not addressed.
The guidelines herein are intended to ensure that the facilities,
1.5 No facility will compensate for excessive contamination
when used properly, will meet the cleanliness requirements of
generated inside the facility. In addition to an effective facility
aerospace hardware and processes. The objective is to limit
design, the user must also institute a routine maintenance
contamination due to the deposition of particulate and molecu-
program (see Practice E2042) for the facility, and personnel
lar contaminants on flight hardware surfaces.
and operational disciplines that limit the transfer of contami-
1.2 One cleanliness classification of a facility is the airborne
nants through entry doors and contaminant generation inside
particle concentrations in accordance with ISO 14644-1 and
the facility.
14644-2. Airborne particle concentrations in accordance with
1.6 This practice only addresses guidelines for contamina-
FED-STD-209E are included for reference. This simple clas-
tion control in facility design. It must be implemented in
sification is inadequate to describe a facility that will support
compliance with all mandatory government and regulatory
the assembly and integration of spacecraft. The extended
building and safety codes. References to related cleanroom
duration of hardware exposure during fabrication and testing,
standards and U.S. building codes and standards may be found
the sensitivity of the hardware to hydrocarbons and other
in IEST-RP-CC012.
molecular contaminants, and the changing requirements during
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
assembly and integration must be considered in addition to the
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
airborne particle concentrations.
information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 The guidelines specified herein are intended to provide
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
facilities that will effectively restrict contaminants from enter-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ing the facility, limit contamination generated by and within
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the facility, and continuously remove airborne contaminants
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
generated during normal operations. Some items of support
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
hardware, such as lifting equipment, stands, and shoe cleaners,
are addressed since these items are often purchased and
2. Referenced Documents
installed with the facility and may require accommodation in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the design of the facility.
E595 Test Method for Total Mass Loss and Collected
1.4 Active filtration of molecular contaminants (such as
Volatile Condensable Materials from Outgassing in a
hydrocarbons, silicones, and other chemicals) is discussed.
Vacuum Environment
Such active filtration of molecular contaminants may be
E1216 Practice for Sampling for Particulate Contamination
required for the processing of highly sensitive optical devices,
by Tape Lift
especially infrared and cryogenic sensors. Control of micro-
E1234 Practice for Handling, Transporting, and Installing
biological contamination is not included although HEPA(High
Nonvolatile Residue (NVR) Sample Plates Used in Envi-
Efficiency Particulate Air) filtration will provide some control
ronmentally Controlled Areas for Spacecraft
E1235 Test Method for Gravimetric Determination of Non-
volatile Residue (NVR) in Environmentally Controlled
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E21 on Space
Simulation andApplications of Space Technology and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E21.05 on Contamination. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E2217 - 02. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E2217-02R07. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E2217 – 02 (2007)
Areas for Spacecraft 3.1.1 aerosol, n—a gaseous suspension of fine solid or
E1548 PracticeforPreparationofAerospaceContamination liquid particles.
Control Plans
3.1.2 airfilters:
E2042 Practice for Cleaning and Maintaining Controlled
3.1.2.1 HEPA (High Effıciency Particulate Air) filter, n—a
Areas and Clean Rooms
particulate air filter having a minimum particle collection
E2088 Practice for Selecting, Preparing, Exposing, and
efficiency of 99.97 % of particles greater than 0.3 µm in
Analyzing Witness Surfaces for Measuring Particle Depo-
accordance with IEST-RP-CC001.
sition in Cleanrooms and Associated Controlled Environ-
3.1.2.2 ULPA (Ultra Low Penetration Air) filter, n—a par-
ments
ticulate air filter having a minimum particle collection effi-
F24 Test Method for Measuring and Counting Particulate
ciencyof99.999 %ofparticlesofsizesequaltoandlargerthan
Contamination on Surfaces
0.12 µm.
F25 Test Method for Sizing and CountingAirborne Particu-
3.1.2.3 prefilters, n—air filters that are installed upstream of
late Contamination in Cleanrooms and Other Dust-
the HEPA or ULPA filters.
Controlled Areas
3.1.2.4 Discussion—These usually consist of rough filters
F50 Practice for Continuous Sizing and Counting of Air-
and medium efficiency filters that remove larger particles than
borne Particles in Dust-ControlledAreas and Clean Rooms
are removed by the HEPA and ULPA filters; They are used to
Using Instruments Capable of Detecting Single Sub-
reduce the number of particles trapped on the high efficiency
Micrometre and Larger Particles
filters, thereby extending the lifetimes of the HEPAand ULPA
2.2 ISO Standards:
filters.
ISO 14644-1 Cleanrooms and Associated Controlled Envi-
3.1.3 airflow:
ronments Part 1: Classification of Air Cleanliness
3.1.3.1 unidirectional airflow, n—controlled airflow
ISO 14644-2 Cleanrooms and Associated Controlled Envi-
through the entire cross-section of a cleanroom or clean zone
ronments Part 2: Specifications for Testing and Monitor-
with a steady velocity and approximately equal streamlines.
ing to Provide Continued Compliance with ISO 14644-1
3.1.3.2 Discussion—The airflow in a cleanroom may be
ISO 14644-3 Cleanrooms and Associated Controlled Envi-
either vertical down-flow or horizontal with air leaving the
ronments Part 3: Metrology and Test Methods
room either through nearly continuous floor or wall vents.
ISO 14644-4 Cleanrooms and Associated Controlled Envi-
Equipmentandpersonnelintheroomwillcauseairturbulence,
ronments Part 4: Design, Construction and Start-up
but the airflow is still considered unidirectional.
2.3 Institute of Environmental Science and Technology
3.1.3.3 nonunidirectional airflow, n—air distribution where
Standards:
the supply air entering the cleanroom or clean zone mixes with
IEST-RP-CC001 HEPA and ULPA Filters
the internal air by means of induction.
IEST-RP-CC006 Testing Cleanrooms
IEST-RP-CC007 Testing ULPA Filters 3.1.3.4 Discussion—Air typically enters through registers
IEST-RP-CC012 Considerations in Cleanroom Design
distributed around the room above the working area and exits
IEST-RP-CC022 Electrostatic Charge in Cleanrooms and
through registers at floor level.
Other Controlled Environments
3.1.3.5 mixed airflow, n—air distribution in a cleanroom or
IEST-RP-CC034 HEPA and ULPA Filter Leak Tests
clean zone in which the airflow is a mixture of both unidirec-
IEST-STD-CC1246 Product Cleanliness Levels and Con-
tional and nonunidirectional.
tamination Control Program
3.1.3.6 Discussion—Different locations in a cleanroom can
2.4 U.S Government Standards:
have different types of airflow. This is especially true in large
FED-STD-209E Airborne Particulate Classes for Clean-
cleanrooms. A cleanroom design may include mixed airflow.
rooms and Clean Zones
3.1.4 changing room, n—room where people using a clean-
2.5 Other Publications:
room change into, or out of, cleanroom apparel.
Procedural Standards for Certified Testing of Cleanrooms,
3.1.5 cleanroom, n—a specialized enclosed room employ-
National Environmental Balancing Bureau (NEBB)
ing control over the airborne particle concentrations, tempera-
ture, humidity, pressure, molecular contaminants, and opera-
3. Terminology
tions.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.5.1 cleanroom (alternate), n—a room in which the
concentration of airborne particles, temperature, humidity,
pressure, molecular contaminants, and operations are con-
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de
trolled, and which is constructed and used in a manner to
Varembé, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.
Available from the Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, 940
minimize the introduction, generation, and retention of con-
East Northwest Highway, Mount Prospect, IL 60056.
taminants inside the room.
This replaces MIL-STD-1246C which is inactive.
3.1.6 cleanroom occupancy states:
This standard was cancelled 29 Nov. 2001 and is replaced by ISO 14644-1 and
ISO 14644-2. Copies of FED-STD-209E are available from the Institute of
3.1.6.1 as-built, adj—condition where the installation is
Environmental Sciences and Technology, 940 East Northwest Highway, Mount
complete with all services connected and functioning but with
Prospect, IL 60036, and from U.S. government sources.
no equipment, flight hardware and materials, or personnel
National Environmental Balancing Bureau, 8575 Grovemont Circle, Gaithers-
burg, MD 20877-4121. present.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E2217 – 02 (2007)
3.1.6.2 Discussion—For contractual purposes, the parties 3.1.16.1 Discussion—The M descriptor defines the mea-
involved should have an agreement that defines this state. sured or specified concentrations of macroparticles per cubic
meter of air. This is defined in ISO 14644-1.
3.1.6.3 at-rest, adj—condition where the installation is
3.1.17 monitoring, n—observations made by measurement
complete with equipment installed and operating in a manner
in accordance with a defined method and plan to provide
agreed upon by the customer and supplier, but with no
evidence of the performance of an installation.
personnel present.
3.1.18 nonvolatile residue (NVR), n—contaminant residue
3.1.6.4 operational, adj—condition where the installation is
without distinct dimensions. It typically consists of hydrocar-
functioning in the specified manner, with the specified number
bons, silicones, and other higher molecular weight species
of personnel present and working in the agreed upon manner.
deposited through condensation, direct contact transmission
3.1.7 clean zone, n—dedicated space in which the concen-
(that is, fingerprints) or as residue remaining after evaporation
tration of airborne particles is controlled, which is constructed
of a liquid.
and used in a manner to minimize the introduction, generation,
3.1.19 outgassing, n—the evolution of gas from a material,
and retention of particles inside the zone, and in which other
usually in a vacuum. Outgassing also occurs in a higher
relevant parameters, for example, temperature, humidity, pres-
pressure environment.
sure, and molecular contaminants, are controlled as necessary.
3.1.19.1 Discussion—While outgassing is typically consid-
3.1.8 contaminant, n—any particulate, molecular, non-
ered a vacuum phenomenon, some materials, such as polyvinyl
particulate, and biological entity that can adversely affect the
chloride, contain volatile components, such as plasticizers, that
product or process.
will diffuse from bulk materials and evaporate under standard
temperatures and pressures. These volatile components are
3.1.9 contaminant deposition, n—particulate and molecular
contaminants that form on surfaces resulting from processes highly contaminating to sensitive aerospace hardware.
3.1.20 particle fallout, n—particulate matter that accumu-
such as fallout, condensation, electrostatic attraction, and other
mechanisms. lates on surfaces due to gravity settling. This matter is often of
a particulate size larger than that measured by airborne particle
3.1.10 contamination controlled area, n—a specialized en-
counters.
closed facility employing control over the particulate matter in
3.1.21 radio-frequency interference (RFI), n—interference
air, temperature, and humidity that may not meet the require-
from sources of energy outside a system or systems, as
mentsofISO 14644-1orFED-STD-209EbecauseofnoHEPA
contrasted from electromagnetic interference generated inside
or ULPA type filters.
systems.
3.1.10.1 Discussion—For example, without a final stage of
3.1.22 test aerosol, n—a gaseous suspension of solid or
HEPAorULPAfilters,theairborneparticleconcentrationsmay
liquid particles, or both, with known and controlled size
only meet ISO Class 8.5 (FS209E Class 300 000) for particles
distribution and concentration.
equal to and greater than 0.3 µm but may meet ISO Class 8
(FS209E Class 100 000) for particles equal to and greater than
4. Significance and Use
5 µm.
4.1 This practice describes and defines factors to be taken
3.1.11 electrostatic discharge (ESD), n—the rapid, sponta-
into consideration when designing and fabricating a cleanroom
neous transfer of electr
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