E21.05 - Contamination

ABSTRACT
This practice is intended to assist in the preparation of formal plans for contamination control, especially of aerospace critical surfaces. The extent of detail and level of cleanliness required can vary with the particular application and type of hardware being built, but all aspects of contamination control must be included in a final plan. Therefore, each of the following elements must be considered for inclusion in a contamination control plan (CCP): cleanliness requirements, implementation plans, environmental controls, personnel and operational controls.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the preparation of formal plans for contamination control, especially of aerospace critical surfaces. Requirements may be established at the systems level, either by the customer or the systems integrator, or at the subsystem level. Subsystem requirements may be imposed by the responsible subsystem supplier or they may be flowed down from the systems organization (4.7). The extent of detail and level of cleanliness required can vary with the particular application and type of hardware being built, but all aspects of contamination control must be included in a final plan. Therefore, each of the following elements must be considered for inclusion in a contamination control plan (CCP):  
1.1.1 Cleanliness requirements for deliverable hardware addressing particulate, molecular, or biological contaminants or combination thereof. Specify contamination limits and any budget allocations.  
1.1.2 Implementation plans to achieve, verify, and maintain the specified cleanliness requirements. Specify material and process controls, cleaning techniques, verification tests, protection and prevention plans, transportation controls, and corrective action for discrepancies.  
1.1.3 Environmental controls including clean facilities to be used, facility maintenance, and monitoring schedule.  
1.1.4 Personnel and operational controls including operating procedures, restrictions, training, motivation, and organizational responsibilities including the organization or individual for implementation and verification of the CCP.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Reported particle size measurement is a function of both the actual particle dimension and shape factor, as well as the particular physical or chemical properties of the particle being measured. Caution is required when comparing data from instruments operating on different physical or chemical parameters or with different particle size measurement ranges. Sample acquisition, handling, and preparation can also affect the reported particle size results.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the size distribution and quantity of particulate matter contamination from aerospace fluids isolated on a membrane filter. The microscopical techniques described may also be applied to other properly prepared samples of small particles. Two test methods are described for sizing particles as follows:  
1.1.1 Test Method A—Particle sizes are measured as the diameter of a circle whose area is equal to the projected area of the particle.  
1.1.2 Test Method B—Particle sizes are measured by their longest dimension.  
1.2 The test methods are intended for application to particle contamination determination of aerospace fluids, gases, surfaces, and environments.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 These test methods do not provide for sizing particles smaller than 5 μm.  
Note 1: Results of these methods are subject to variables inherent in any statistical method. The use of these methods as a standard for initially establishing limits should be avoided unless ample tolerances are permissible.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This document specifies special items of clothing (cleanroom garments) designed to protect aerospace products from electrostatic discharge and from contaminants released by personnel and garments. Special clothing includes low linting coveralls, footwear, and head covers. The function of cleanroom garments is to contain the contaminants generated by people and to minimize contaminants from the garments. Two types of fabrics can be selected for the garments. Both types are inherently static-dissipative materials to prevent electrical discharges that can damage sensitive hardware or initiate explosions in the presence of flammable vapors. The material specified for “hazardous environments” is flame resistant and provides additional protection to the wearer. Selection of garment design and fabric should be based on the user’s needs with respect to functional and environmental requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This document specifies special items of clothing (cleanroom garments) designed to protect aerospace products from electrostatic discharge and from contaminants released by personnel and garments. Special clothing includes low linting coveralls, footwear, and head covers.  
1.2 The function of cleanroom garments is to contain the contaminants generated by people and to minimize contaminants from the garments.  
1.3 Two types of fabrics can be selected for the garments. Both types are inherently static-dissipative materials to prevent electrical discharges that can damage sensitive hardware or initiate explosions in the presence of flammable vapors. The material specified for “hazardous environments” is flame resistant and provides additional protection to the wearer. Selection of garment design and fabric should be based on the user's needs with respect to functional and environmental requirements.  
1.4 Additional background information can be found in SD-TR-91-26 and IEST-RP-CC003.3.  
1.5 This standard is intended to be in compliance with the ASTM policy on Fire Standards.2 Flammability tests specified in this standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of fabrics in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fabrics under actual fire conditions. However, results of the tests may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of operations in controlled environment areas.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method covers a technique for generating data to characterize the kinetics of the release of outgassing products from spacecraft materials. This technique will determine both the total mass flux evolved by a material when exposed to a vacuum environment and the deposition of this flux on surfaces held at various specified temperatures. The quartz crystal microbalances used in this test method provide a sensitive technique for measuring very small quantities of deposited mass. There are two test methods in this standard: Test Method A and Test Method B. The test apparatus shall consists of four main subsystems: a vacuum chamber, a temperature control system, internal configuration, and a data acquisition system. A test procedure for collecting data and a test method for processing and presenting the collected data are included.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a technique for generating data to characterize the kinetics of the release of outgassing products from materials. This technique will determine both the total mass flux evolved by a material when exposed to a vacuum environment and the deposition of this flux on surfaces held at various specified temperatures.  
1.2 This test method describes the test apparatus and related operating procedures for evaluating the total mass flux that is evolved from a material being subjected to temperatures that are between 298 and 398 K. Pressures external to the sample effusion cell are less than 7 × 10−3 Pa (5 × 10−5 torr). Deposition rates are measured during material outgassing tests. A test procedure for collecting data and a test method for processing and presenting the collected data are included.  
1.3 This test method can be used to produce the data necessary to support mathematical models used for the prediction of molecular contaminant generation, migration, and deposition.  
1.4 All types of organic, polymeric, and inorganic materials can be tested. These include polymer potting compounds, foams, elastomers, films, tapes, insulations, shrink tubing, adhesives, coatings, fabrics, tie cords, and lubricants.  
1.5 There are two test methods in this standard. Test Method A uses standardized specimen and collector temperatures. Test Method B allows the flexibility of user-specified specimen and collector temperatures, material and test geometry, and user-specified QCMs.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice describes the apparatuses needed, and the procedures for connecting, preparing, and sampling pressurized gas blow down systems and components for particulate contamination by the use an automatic particle monitor. The sensing unit of the automatic particle monitor is connected to the designated sample port which is under purge condition. The system flow rate is then adjusted to the sample flow rate requirement. Finally, all the gas passing through the sensing unit is monitored for particulate contamination until the required sample volume has been analyzed.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes how to connect, prepare, and sample pressurized gas systems (having up to 19.1-mm (0.75-in.) diameter lines) for particulate contamination by using an automatic monitor.  
1.2 The values stated in MKS units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statements, see Section 5.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The water-break test as described in this test method is rapid, nondestructive, and may be used for control and evaluation of processes for the removal of hydrophobic contaminants. A water-break “free” test is commonly used for in-process verification of the absence of surface contaminants on metal surfaces that may interfere with subsequent surface treatments such as priming, conversion coating, anodizing, plating, or adhesive bonding  
5.2 This test method is not quantitative and is typically restricted to applications where a go/no go evaluation of cleanliness will suffice.  
5.3 The test may also be used for the detection and control of hydrophobic contaminants in processing environments. For this application, a witness surface free of hydrophobic films is exposed to the environment and subsequently tested. The sensitivity of this test will vary with the level of airborne contaminant and the duration of exposure of the witness surface.  
5.4 For quantitative measurement of surface wetting, test methods that measure contact angle of a sessile drop of water or other test liquid may be used in some applications. Measurement methods based on contact angle are shown in Test Methods C813, D5946, and D7490; and Practice D7334.  
5.4.1 Devices for in situ measurement of contact angle are available. These devices are limited to a small measurement surface area and may not reflect the cleanliness condition of a larger surface. For larger surface areas, localized contact angle measurement, or other quantitative inspection, combined with water-break testing may be useful.  
5.5 For surfaces that cannot be immersed or doused with water, or where such immersion or dousing is impractical, such as previously coated large parts or assemblies, prior to the application of paints, primers or other organic coatings, Test Method F21 may be better suited for the evaluation of surface cleanliness than this test method.
Note 2: This test method is not appropriate where line o...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the detection of the presence of hydrophobic (nonwetting) films on surfaces and the presence of hydrophobic organic materials in processing environments. When properly conducted, the test will enable detection of molecular layers of hydrophobic organic contaminants. On very rough or porous surfaces, the sensitivity of the test may be significantly decreased.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Samples obtained by use of this practice are intended for processing in accordance with Practice F311, Test Method D4898, and Test Method F314, and other chemical or physical methods of analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers field sampling of fluids from hermetically sealed containers and other fluid containers of 208-L volume maximum. It may be utilized at manufacturing, storage, or use levels for obtaining representative fluid samples for chemical, physical, or particulate matter determinations.  
1.2 Use of this practice depends upon variables such as fluid toxicity, restrictive fluid odors, fluid flammability, and so forth. It is suitable for most hydraulic fluids; however, care should be exercised in determining compatibility before use.2  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statement, see 6.5.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is a guideline for proper materials and process selection and application. The specific application of these guidelines must take into account contractual agreements, functional performance requirements for particular programs and missions, and the actual environments and exposures anticipated for each material and the equipment in which the materials are used. Guidelines are not replacements for careful and informed engineering judgment and evaluations and all possible performance and design constraints and requirements cannot be foreseen. This practice is limited to unmanned systems and unmanned or external portions of manned systems, such as the Space Station. Generally, it is applicable to systems in low earth orbit, synchronous orbit, and interplanetary missions. Although many of the suggestions and cautions are applicable to both unmanned and manned spacecraft, manned systems have additional constraints and requirements for crew safety which may not be addressed adequately in unmanned designs. Because of the added constraints and concerns for human-rated systems, these systems are not addressed in this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to aid engineers, designers, quality and reliability control engineers, materials specialists, and systems designers in the selection and control of materials and processes for spacecraft, external portion of manned systems, or man-tended systems. Spacecraft systems are very different from most other applications. Space environments are very different from terrestrial environments and can dramatically alter the performance and survivability of many materials. Reliability, long life, and inability to repair defective systems (or high cost and difficultly of repairs for manned applications) are characteristic of space applications. This practice also is intended to identify materials processes or applications that may result in degraded or unsatisfactory performance of systems, subsystems, or components. Examples of successful and unsuccessful materials selections and uses are given in the appendices.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The tape lift provides a rapid and simple technique for removing particles from a surface and determining their number and size distribution.  
3.2 By using statistically determined sample size and locations, an estimate of the surface cleanliness level of large areas can be made. The user shall define the sampling plan.  
3.3 The sampling plan shall consider the importance of surface geometry and surface orientation to gas flow, gravity, obstructions, and previous history of hardware. These factors influence particle fallout and entrapment of particles on the surface. The geometry of joints, recessed areas, fasteners, and the correspondence of particle-count data to area can be maintained.  
3.4 The selection of tape and the verification of its effect on the cleanliness of the hardware is very important. The tape adhesive should have sufficient cohesion to avoid transfer of the adhesive to the surface under test. The impact of adhesive transfer should be evaluated by laboratory testing before using the tape on the hardware. Since potential for adhesive transfer exists, cleaning to remove any adhesive might be required. In addition, the tape should have low outgassing characteristics, and as a minimum, it should meet the requirements of less than 1.0 % total mass loss (TML) and 0.1 % collected volatile condensable materials (CVCM), as measured by Test Method E595.  
3.5 Care should be exercised in deciding which surfaces should be tested by this practice. The tape can remove marginally adhering paint and coatings. Optical surfaces should not be tested until verification has been made that the surface coating will not be damaged. The minimum effectiveness of particle removal from smooth surfaces and angles down to 90° for all practice methods is 90 % for particles larger than 5 μm. Rough surface finishes result in low removal efficiencies. Surface finishes up to approximately 3.20 μm (125 μin.) have been tested and found to give satisfactory results.  
3.6 T...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for sampling surfaces to determine the presence of particulate contamination, 5 μm and larger. The practice consists of the application of a pressure-sensitive tape to the surface followed by the removal of particulate contamination with the removal of the tape. The tape with the adhering particles is then mounted on counting slides. Counting and measuring of particles is done by standard techniques.  
1.2 This practice describes the materials and equipment required to perform sampling of surfaces for particle counting and sizing.  
1.3 The criteria for acceptance or rejection of a part for conformance to surface cleanliness level requirements shall be determined by the user and are not included in this practice.  
1.4 This practice is for use on surfaces that are not damaged by the application of adhesive tape. The use of this practice on any surface of any material not previously tested, or for which the susceptibility to damage is unknown, is not recommended. In general, metals, metal plating, and oxide coatings will not be damaged. Application to painted, vapor deposited, and optical coatings should be evaluated before implementing this test.  
1.5 This practice provides three methods to evaluate tape lift tests, as follows:
Practice  
Sections  
A—This method uses light transmitted through the tape and tape adhesive to detect particles that adhere to it.  
4 to 6  
B—This method uses light transmitted through the tape adhesive after bonding to a base microscope slide, dissolving the tape backing, and a cover slide. The particles are embedded in the adhesive, and air bubbles are eliminated with acrylic mounting media.  
7 to 9  
C—This method uses light reflected off the tape adhesive to detect particles that adhere to it.  
10 to 12  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parenthes...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a standard approach to measuring particle deposition, or fallout, in cleanrooms and other controlled environments. It is based on the use of a witness surface to collect particles that deposit from the surrounding environment and subsequently sizing and counting the particles by conventional methods. Several options are introduced, with limitations and guidelines for selecting the best choice for the intended application.  
5.2 This practice is applicable across numerous industries including aerospace, microelectronics, and pharmaceuticals.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the selection, preparation, exposure, and analysis of witness surfaces for the purpose of characterizing particle deposition rates in cleanrooms and associated controlled environments, particularly for aerospace applications.  
1.2 Requirements may be defined in terms of particle size distribution and count, percent area coverage, or product performance criteria such as optical transmission or scatter. Several choices for witness surfaces are provided.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice identifies methods for cleaning and maintaining controlled areas and clean rooms as defined by ISO 14644-1 and ISO 14644-2. Cleaning procedures are described, and cleaning frequency for different classes of facility are given. Compliance with this practice will make it easier and more likely that the required level of facility cleanliness will be maintained. A cleaner facility also will help to protect flight hardware from contamination and should reduce the frequency for cleaning flight hardware. This practice does not discuss operation and operational procedures for cleanrooms and controlled areas. Other documents such as IEST-RP-CC026 and Practice E2352 provide recommended practices for operating cleanrooms and controlled areas.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures to be followed for the initial cleaning and normal maintenance of cleanrooms and controlled areas. This practice is applicable to aerospace clean areas where both particles and molecular films (NVR) must be controlled.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the apparatuses required, sampling methods, standard procedures and calculations, and test reports for counting and sizing airborne microparticulate matter, the sampling areas for which are specifically those with contamination levels typical of cleanrooms and dust-controlled areas. The test method is based on the microscopical examination of particles impinged upon a membrane filter with the aid of a vacuum. Sampling may be done in a cleanroom, clean zone, or other controlle areas, or in a duct or pipe, wherein the number of sampling points is proportional to the floor area of the enclosure to be checked. The apparatus and facilities required are typical of a laboratory for the study of macroparticle contamination. The operator must have adequate basic training in microscopy and the techniques of particle sizing and counting.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers counting and sizing airborne particulate matter 5 µm and larger (macroparticles). The sampling areas are specifically those with contamination levels typical of cleanrooms and dust-controlled areas.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to describe a procedure for collecting near real-time data on airborne particle concentration and size distribution in clean areas as indicated by single particle counting techniques. Implementation of some government and industry specifications requires acquisition of particle size and concentration data using an SPC.  
5.2 The processing requirements of many products manufactured in a clean room involves environmental cleanliness levels so low that a single particle counter with capability for detecting very small particles is required to characterize clean room air. Real-time information on concentration of airborne particles in size ranges from less than 0.1 μm to 5 μm and greater can be obtained only with an SPC. Definition of particles larger than approximately 0.05 μm may be carried out with direct measurement of light scattering from individual particles; other techniques may be required for smaller particles, such as preliminary growth by condensation before particle measurement.  
5.3 Particle size data are referenced to the particle system used to calibrate the SPC. Differences in detection, electronic and sample handling systems among the various SPCs may contribute to differences in particle characterization. Care must be exercised in attempting to compare data from particles that vary significantly in composition or shape from the calibration base material. Variations may also occur between instruments using similar particle sensing systems with different operating parameters. These effects should be recognized and minimized by using standard methods for SPC calibration and operation.  
5.4 In applying this practice, the fundamental assumption is made that the particles in the sample passing through the SPC are representative of the particles in the entire dust-controlled area being analyzed. Care is required that good sampling procedures are used and that no artifacts are produced at any point in the samp...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the particle concentration, by number, and the size distribution of airborne particles in dust-controlled areas and clean rooms, for particles in the size range of approximately 0.01 to 5.0 μm. Particle concentrations not exceeding 3.5 × 106 particles/m 3 (100 000/ft3) are covered for all particles equal to and larger than the minimum size measured.  
1.2 This practice uses an airborne single particle counting device (SPC) whose operation is based on measuring the signal produced by an individual particle passing through the sensing zone. The signal must be directly or indirectly related to particle size.  
Note 1: The SPC type is not specified here. The SPC can be a conventional optical particle counter (OPC), an aerodynamic particle sizer, a condensation nucleus counter (CNC) operating in conjunction with a diffusion battery or differential mobility analyzer, or any other device capable of counting and sizing single particles in the size range of concern and of sampling in a cleanroom environment.  
1.3 Individuals performing tests in accordance with this practice shall be trained in use of the SPC and shall understand its operation.  
1.4 Since the concentration and the particle size distribution of airborne particles are subject to continuous variations, the choice of sampling probe configuration, locations, and sampling times will affect sampling results. Further, the differences in the physical measurement, electronic, and sample handling systems between the various SPCs and the differences in physical properties of the various particles being measured can contribute to variations in the test results. These differences should be recognized and minimized by using a standard method of primary calibration and by minimizing variability of sample acquisition procedures.  
1.5 Sample acquisition procedures and equipment may be selected for specific applications based on ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method evaluates, under carefully controlled conditions, the changes in the mass of a test specimen on exposure under vacuum to a temperature of 125 °C and the mass of those products that leave the specimen and condense on a collector at a temperature of 25 °C.  
5.2 The 24 h test time does not represent actual outgassing from years of operation, so a higher test temperature shorter time was selected to allow material comparisons with no intent to predict actual outgassing in service. The test temperature of 125 °C was assumed to be significantly above the expected operating temperature in service. If expected operating temperatures exceed 65 to 70 °C the test temperature should be increased. It is suggested that test temperature be at least 30 °C higher than expected maximum service temperature in order to provide material comparisons for TML and CVCM.  
5.3 Comparisons of material outgassing properties are valid at 125 °C sample temperature and 25°C collector temperature only. Samples tested at other temperatures may be compared only with other materials which were tested at that same temperature.  
5.4 The measurements of the collected volatile condensable material are also comparable and valid only for similar collector geometry and surfaces at 25 °C. Samples have been tested at sample temperatures from 50 to 400 °C and at collector temperatures from 1 to 30 °C by this test technique. Data taken at nonstandard conditions must be clearly identified and should not be compared with samples tested at 125 °C sample temperature and 25 °C collector temperature.  
5.5 The simulation of the vacuum of space in this test method does not require that the pressure be as low as that encountered in interplanetary flight (for example, 10−12 Pa (10−14  torr)). It is sufficient that the pressure be low enough that the mean free path of gas molecules be long in comparison to chamber dimensions.  
5.6 This method of screening materials is considered a conservativ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a screening technique to determine volatile content of materials when exposed to a vacuum environment. Two parameters are measured: total mass loss (TML) and collected volatile condensable materials (CVCM). An additional parameter, the amount of water vapor regained (WVR), can also be obtained after completion of exposures and measurements required for TML and CVCM.  
1.2 This test method describes the test apparatus and related operating procedures for evaluating the mass loss of materials being subjected to 125 °C at less than 7 × 10−3 Pa (5 × 10−5 torr) for 24 h. The overall mass loss can be classified into noncondensables and condensables. The latter are characterized herein as being capable of condensing on a collector at a temperature of 25°C.  
Note 1: Unless otherwise noted, the tolerance on 25 and 125 °C is ±1 °C and on 23 °C is ±2 °C. The tolerance on relative humidity is ±5 %.  
1.3 Many types of organic, polymeric, and inorganic materials can be tested. These include polymer potting compounds, foams, elastomers, films, tapes, insulations, shrink tubings, adhesives, coatings, fabrics, tie cords, and lubricants. The materials may be tested in the “as-received” condition or prepared for test by various curing specifications.  
1.4 This test method is primarily a screening technique for materials and is not necessarily valid for computing actual contamination on a system or component because of differences in configuration, temperatures, and material processing.  
1.5 The criteria used for the acceptance and rejection of materials shall be determined by the user and based upon specific component and system requirements. Historically, TML of 1.00 % and CVCM of 0.10 % have been used as screening levels for rejection of spacecraft materials.  
1.6 The use of materials that are deemed acceptable in accordance with this test method does not ensure that the system or component will rem...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When applied in the case in which there is no test item in the vacuum chamber (such as during bake-out operations), this procedure may be used to evaluate the performance of the vacuum chamber in relation to other data from the same or other chambers given that critical parameters (for example, length of exposure, temperature of the chamber and cold finger, anisotropy, and so forth) can be related.  
5.2 The procedure can be used to evaluate the effects of materials found in the residue on items placed in the vacuum chamber.  
5.3 The procedure can be used to describe the effect of a prior test on the residual gases within a vacuum chamber.  
5.4 By selecting the time at which the coolant is introduced into the cold finger, the environment present during a selected portion of a test can be characterized. This can be used to determine the relative efficacy of certain vacuum chamber procedures such as bake-out.  
5.5 The procedure may be used to define the outgassed products of a test item that condense on the cold finger.  
5.6 The procedure may be used in defining the relative cleanliness of a vacuum chamber.  
5.7 In applying the results of the procedure to the vacuum chamber in general, consideration must be given to the anisotropy of the molecular fluxes within the chamber.  
5.8 The procedure is sensitive to both the partial pressures of the gases that form the condensibles and the time of exposure of the cold finger at coolant temperatures.  
5.9 The procedure is sensitive to any losses of sample that may occur during the various transfer operations and during that procedure wherein the solvent is evaporated by heating it on a steam bath.
Note 1: Reactions between solvent and condensate can occur and would affect the analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a technique for collecting samples of materials that are part of the residual gas environment of an evacuated vacuum chamber. The practice uses a device designated as a “cold finger” that is placed within the environment to be sampled and is cooled so that constituents of the environment are retained on the cold-finger surface.  
1.2 The practice covers a method for obtaining a sample from the cold finger and determining the weight of the material removed from the cold finger.  
1.3 The practice contains recommendations as to ways in which the sample may be analyzed to identify the constituents that comprise the sample.  
1.4 By determining the species that constitute the sample, the practice may be used to assist in defining the source of the constituents and whether the sample is generally representative of samples similarly obtained from the vacuum chamber itself.  
1.5 This practice covers alternative approaches and usages to which the practice can be put.  
1.6 The degree of molecular flux anisotropy significantly affects the assurance with which one can attribute characteristics determined by this procedure to the vacuum chamber environment in general.  
1.7 The temperature of the cold finger significantly affects the quantity and species of materials collected.  
1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 8.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Spacecraft have consistently had the problem of contamination of thermal control surfaces from line-of-sight warm surfaces on the vehicle, outgassing of materials and subsequent condensation on critical surfaces, such as solar arrays, moving mechanical assemblies, cryogenic insulation schemes, and electrical contacts, control jet effects, and other forms of expelling molecules in a vapor stream. To this has been added the need to protect optical components, either at ambient or cryogenic temperatures, from the minutest deposition of contaminants because of their absorptance, reflectance or scattering characteristics. Much progress has been accomplished in this area, such as the careful testing of each material for outgassing characteristics before the material is used on the spacecraft (following Test Methods E595 and E1559), but measurement and control of critical surfaces during spaceflight still can aid in the determination of location and behavior of outgassing materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidance for making decisions concerning the use of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and a thermoelectrically cooled quartz crystal microbalance (TQCM) in space where contamination problems on spacecraft are likely to exist. Careful adherence to this document should ensure adequate measurement of condensation of molecular constituents that are commonly termed “contamination” on spacecraft surfaces.  
1.2 A corollary purpose is to provide choices among the flight-qualified QCMs now existing to meet specific needs.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the proper procedures for handling, transporting, and installing sample plates used for the gravimetric determination of nonvolatile residue (NVR) within and between environmentally controlled facilities for spacecraft. This procedure shall appropriately require the following apparatuses and materials: Type 316 corrosion-resistant steel NVR plate; Type 316 corrosion-resistant steel NVR plate cover; noncontaminating nylon (polyamide bag); sealable aluminum NVR plate carrier; solvent compatible and resistant work gloves; oil-free aluminum foil; HEPA filters; and HEPA filtered workstation.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the handling, transporting, and installing of sample plates used for the gravimetric determination of nonvolatile residue (NVR) within and between facilities.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of non-volatile matter, that is, residue on evaporation, in solvent extract from aerospace components, using a rotary flash evaporator. The summary of the test method, the apparatus for testing, reagents and materials for testing, and procedure for testing are all presented in details.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of nonvolatile matter, that is, residue on evaporation, in solvent extract from aerospace components, using a rotary flash evaporator.  
1.2 The procedure for extraction from components is described in practices such as Practice F303. Before subjecting the extract to the following method, it should be processed to remove the insoluble particulate in accordance with Practice F311 (Note 1). Particle count analysis of the removed particulate may then be performed in accordance with Test Method F312. If particulate is not removed from the extract prior to performing this method, this should be noted on the test report.
Note 1: Membrane filters with a maximum extractable content of 0.5 weight % should be used on samples to be processed by this test method. Conventional membranes contain 5 to 10 % extractables. For obtaining very low background levels, consideration should be given to using membranes without grid marks.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method for particulate sizing and numbers on garments is nondestructive and may be used to evaluate the contamination levels of fibers and particles on and in clean room garments. The test may be used for evaluating the cleanliness levels of new or newly cleaned garments. It also may be used to evaluate the extent of fiber and particulate contamination on garments that have been worn, if necessary. For this application, it is necessary to sample representative areas of the garment fabric.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of detachable particulate contaminant 5 μm or larger, in and on the fabric of clean room garments.  
1.2 This test method does not apply to nonporous fabrics such as Tyvek (trademarked) or Gortex (trademarked). It only applies to fabrics that are porous such as cotton or polyester.  
1.3 This test method provides not only the traditional optical microscopic analysis but also a size distribution and surface obscuration analysis for particles on a fine-textured membrane filter or in a tape lift sample. It utilizes transmitted illumination to render all particles darker than the background for gray level detection. Particles collected on opaque plates must be transferred to a suitable membrane filter.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice establishes the apparatuses and materials needed, possible hazards, and two standard procedures for taking samples of cryogenic aerospace fluids for analysis. For the Dewar flask procedure, a clean Dewar flask is used to collect a sample of cryogenic aerospace fluid either from a sampling valve, or poured from a Dewar flask used for storage. Whereas, for the cryogenic sampler procedure, the sampler is used to withdraw a small amount of liquefied gas from a large supply, and is then allowed to cool until a steady stream of cryogenic liquid exists in the sampler. Once the sampling valves are closed, the trapped liquid will convert to gas and pressurize the sampling vessel.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for taking a sample of cryogenic aerospace fluid for analysis.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use. For hazard statement, see Section 5.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice describes the procedure for obtaining a sample of pressurized gas for gas analysis from a system or component. A sample pressure vessel shall be evacuated and sealed with a minimum vacuum pressure. The vessel shall then be attached to the designated pressurized sample port. The pressurized gas is allowed to enter the sample vessel until the pressure is equal to the pressure of the system or component. The pressure shall be secured and the sample vessel assigned for appropriate analysis. The apparatus shall consist of connecting lines, miscellaneous fittings, tie-downs, and a gas sample vessel.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for obtaining a sample of pressurized gas for gas analysis from a system or component.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statement, see Section 6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The atomizer test as described in this test method is rapid, nondestructive, and may be used for control and evaluation of processes for the removal of hydrophobic contaminants. The test may also be used for the detection and control of hydrophobic contaminants in processing environments. For this application, a surface free of hydrophobic films is exposed to the environment and subsequently tested.4  
5.2 This test method is related to Test Method F22. This test method may be suitable as an alternative to the water-break test when the surface of interest should not or cannot be immersed or doused with water, or when such immersion or dousing is impractical.
Note 1: This test method is not appropriate where line of sight evaluation is not feasible; or for assembled hardware where there is a risk for entrapment of water in faying surfaces or complex structures where it may not be effectively removed.  
5.3 This test method is not quantitative and is typically restricted to applications where a pass/fail evaluation of cleanliness will suffice.  
5.4 For quantitative measurement of surface wetting, test methods that measure contact angle of a sessile drop of water or other test liquid may be used in some applications. Measurement methods based on contact angle are shown in Test Methods C813, D5946, and D7490; and Practice D7334.  
5.4.1 Devices for in situ measurement of contact angle are available. These devices are limited to a small measurement surface area and may not reflect the cleanliness condition of a larger surface. For larger surface areas, localized contact angle measurement, or other quantitative inspection, combined with water break testing may be useful.  
5.5 This test method is only for use on test surfaces composed of materials, such as metal surfaces, that are hydrophilic (“wettable”) when clean. Some materials such as gold and many plastics are poorly wetted by water, making contamination difficult to detect by this method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the detection of the presence of hydrophobic (nonwetting) films on surfaces and the presence of hydrophobic organic materials in processing environments. When properly conducted, the test will enable detection of fractional molecular layers of hydrophobic organic contaminants. On very rough or porous surfaces, the sensitivity of the test may be significantly decreased.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The NVR determined by this test method is that amount that can reasonably be expected to exist on hardware exposed in environmentally controlled areas.  
5.2 The evaporation of the solvent at or near room temperature is to quantify the NVR that exists at room temperature.  
5.3 Numerous other methods are being used to determine NVR. This test method is not intended to replace methods used for other applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of nonvolatile residue (NVR) fallout in environmentally controlled areas used for the assembly, testing, and processing of spacecraft.  
1.2 The NVR of interest is that which is deposited on sampling plate surfaces at room temperature: it is left to the user to infer the relationship between the NVR found on the sampling plate surface and that found on any other surfaces.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides for accurate and reproducible enumeration of particles and fibers released from a wiper immersed in a cleaning solution with moderate mechanical stress applied. When performed correctly, this counting test method is sensitive enough to quantify very low levels of total particle and fiber burden. The results are accurate and not influenced by artifact or particle size limitations. A further advantage to this technique is that it allows for morphological as well as X-ray analysis of individual particles.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers testing all wipers used in cleanrooms and other controlled environments for characteristics related to particulate cleanliness.  
1.2 This test method includes the use of computer-based image analysis and counting hardware and software for the counting of densely particle-laden filters (see 7.7 – 7.9). While the use of this equipment is not absolutely necessary, it is strongly recommended to enhance the accuracy, speed, and consistency of counting.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method establishes the standard procedures for measuring and quantizing the size distribution of particulate contamination either on, or washed from, the surface of small electron-device components. The apparatuses and reagents required for this test are also enumerated herein. The number of required test specimens is governed by the dimensions of the component or surface being analyzed. Results shall be interpreted as particles per component or particles per square centimetre of component surface.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the size distribution analysis of particulate contamination, 5 μm or greater in size, either on, or washed from, the surface of small electron-device components. A maximum variation of two to one (±33 % of the average of two runs) should be expected for replicate counts on the same sample.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides for the processing of liquid samples obtained in accordance with Practice F302 and Practices F303. It will provide the optimum sample processing for visual contamination methods such as Method F312, and Test Method F314.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the processing of liquids in preparation for particulate contamination analysis using membrane filters and is limited only by the liquid-to-membrane filter compatibility.  
1.2 The practice covers the procedure for filtering a measured volume of liquid through a membrane filter. When this practice is used, the particulate matter will be randomly distributed on the filter surface for subsequent contamination analysis methods.  
1.3 The practice describes procedures to allow handling particles in the size range between 2 and 1000 μm with minimum losses during handling.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes and defines factors to be taken into consideration when designing and fabricating a cleanroom or controlled area that is used for aerospace operations and fabrication. Following the suggestions herein should provide a facility that is more capable of meeting performance requirements and that will offer protection against contamination for objects fabricated and processed in such a facility.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide design and construction guidelines for contamination controlled facilities used in the assembly and integration of aerospace hardware. The guidelines herein are intended to ensure that the facilities, when used properly, will meet the cleanliness requirements of aerospace hardware and processes. The objective is to limit contamination due to the deposition of particulate and molecular contaminants on flight hardware surfaces.  
1.2 One cleanliness classification of a facility is the airborne particle concentrations in accordance with ISO 14644-1 and 14644-2. Airborne particle concentrations in accordance with FED-STD-209E are included for reference. This simple classification is inadequate to describe a facility that will support the assembly and integration of spacecraft. The extended duration of hardware exposure during fabrication and testing, the sensitivity of the hardware to hydrocarbons and other molecular contaminants, and the changing requirements during assembly and integration must be considered in addition to the airborne particle concentrations.  
1.3 The guidelines specified herein are intended to provide facilities that will effectively restrict contaminants from entering the facility, limit contamination generated by and within the facility, and continuously remove airborne contaminants generated during normal operations. Some items of support hardware, such as lifting equipment, stands, and shoe cleaners, are addressed since these items are often purchased and installed with the facility and may require accommodation in the design of the facility.  
1.4 Active filtration of molecular contaminants (such as hydrocarbons, silicones, and other chemicals) is discussed. Such active filtration of molecular contaminants may be required for the processing of highly sensitive optical devices, especially infrared and cryogenic sensors. Control of microbiological contamination is not included although HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filtration will provide some control of airborne bacteria, spores, and other viable contaminants that are typically carried on particles of sizes 0.3 μm and larger. Control of radioactive contamination and accommodation of very hazardous materials such as propellants, strong acids or caustics, or carcinogens are not addressed.  
1.5 No facility will compensate for excessive contamination generated inside the facility. In addition to an effective facility design, the user must also institute a routine maintenance program (see Practice E2042) for the facility, and personnel and operational disciplines that limit the transfer of contaminants through entry doors and contaminant generation inside the facility.  
1.6 This practice only addresses guidelines for contamination control in facility design. It must be implemented in compliance with all mandatory government and regulatory building and safety codes. References to related cleanroom standards and U.S. building codes and standards may be found in IEST-RP-CC012.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7.1 The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and det...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is not intended to advocate or discourage use of any particular test method. It is intended for information only, and to provide a useful guide for further detailed study, test, and evaluation of cleanroom materials and products.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice identifies test methods used to evaluate the properties of various materials and products used in cleanrooms and for cleanroom construction.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the testing of the integrity of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters installed in laminar flow clean rooms of the ceiling to floor or wall to wall type, and laminar flow clean work stations using condensation nuclei detector. The recommended practice may be used to detect faults or voids in the filter media itself or in the joints between the filter and the room or work station structure. The preparation for testing and the procedure for the proper testing are presented in details.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the testing of the integrity of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters installed in laminar flow clean rooms of the ceiling to floor or wall to wall type, and laminar flow clean work stations. The recommended practice may be used to detect faults or voids in the filter media itself or in the joints between the filter and the room or work station structure. The determination of filter media efficiency is not within the scope of this practice.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses in inch-pound units are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice specifies the basic requirements, procedures, and practices for operating aerospace cleanrooms and controlled environments and the precautions associated with the facility and equipment used. This practice covers the requirements for operational systems, appropriate cleanroom clothing, authorized work personnel, stationary equipments, materials and mobile equipments, proper cleanroom operations, correct cleaning methods, and critical surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice specifies basic requirements, procedures, and practices for operating aerospace cleanrooms and controlled environments and precautions associated with the facility and equipment used.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes methods for thermal vacuum bakeout of spacecraft and spacecraft components.  
1.2 This practice defines the equipment, environment, and certification criteria for each type of bakeout.  
1.3 The methods defined in this practice are intended to reduce component outgassing rates to levels necessary to meet mission performance requirements of the contamination sensitive hardware. Times, temperatures, and configurations contained in this document have been found to provide satisfactory results. Experienced operators may find that other, similar times, temperatures and configurations have provided satisfactory results. If deviations from these criteria are deemed appropriate, they should be detailed in the bakeout report.  
1.4 This practice describes three bakeout methods: Method A, using prescribed time and pressure criteria; Method B, using prescribed QCM stabilization rate criteria; and Method C, which measures the QCM deposition rate.  
1.5 Determination of the acceptable molecular outgassing, selection of the bakeout method, and determination of the specific test completion criteria are the responsibility of the user organization.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers procedures for obtaining a sample of noncryogenic aerospace propellant. Two procedures are covered as follows: procedure 1 (closed system) and procedure 2 (open-end procedure).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for obtaining a sample of noncryogenic aerospace propellant. Two procedures are covered as follows:
Procedure 1—Closed System (Section 6), and
Procedure 2—Open-End Procedure (Section 7).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statements see Sections 4 and 5.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The NVR obtained by this test method is that amount which is available for release by wipers in normal use.  
5.2 Evaporation of the solvent at the stated temperature is to quantify the NVR that can be expected to exist at room temperature, since the slight difference between room temperature and test temperature has not been shown to result in significant variances.  
5.3 This test method may be more aggressive than necessary for the evaluation of wipers that will be restricted to dry use only.  
5.4 Numerous other methods are being used to determine NVR. This test method is not intended to replace test methods used for other applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of solvent extractable nonvolatile residue (NVR) from wipers used in assembly, cleaning, or testing of spacecraft, but not from those used for analytical surface sampling of hardware.  
1.2 The NVR of interest is that which can be extracted from cleanroom wipers using a specified solvent that has been selected for its extractive qualities. Alternative solvents may be selected, but since their use may result in different values being generated, they must be identified in the procedure data sheet.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The inch-pound units are included for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The NVR obtained by this test method is that amount which is available for release by the gloves onto handled surfaces.  
5.2 Evaporation of solvent at the stated temperature is to quantify the NVR that can be expected to exist at room temperature, since the slight difference between room temperature and the test temperature is not likely to result in significant variances.  
5.3 This method may be more aggressive than necessary to determine the suitability of cleanroom gloves that are restricted to dry operations only.  
5.4 Various other methods exist for determining NVR, for example Practice G120 and IEST-RP-CC005. This test is not intended to replace test methods used for other purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of solvent extractable nonvolatile residue (NVR) from gloves used in cleanrooms where spacecraft are assembled, cleaned, or tested.  
1.2 The NVR of interest is that which can be extracted from gloves using a specified solvent that has been selected for its extracting qualities, or because it is representative of solvents used in the particular facility. Alternative solvents may be used, but since their use may result in different values being generated, they must be identified in the procedure data sheet.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
7.1 Although a cleaning action is imparted to the test component, it is not the intent of this practice to serve as a cleaning procedure. Components are normally cleaner after each consecutive test; thus repeated tests may be used to establish process limits for a given component (Fig. 4). A specific set of test parameters must be supplied by the agency specifying cleanliness limits. Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3 may be used as a guide to establish the desired parameters of test fluid, vibration, extraction, and analysis.
FIG. 4 Contamination per Test Run Versus Consecutive Test Run Number  
7.2 The curve in Fig. 4 shows the typical behavior of a component when tested for cleanliness several consecutive times. Stabilization generally occurs before the fifth successive run. The stabilized region starts where a horizontal line through the maximum stabilized value intersects the curve.  
7.3 The allowable cleanliness limit of a test component should be based on the cleanliness requirements of the system in which it will be used, and the assigned value should be greater than the maximum stabilized value. When defining the allowable cleanliness limits, an important consideration is that the accuracy of the results decreases as the allowable limit value approaches the stabilized value.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover sampling procedures for use in determining the particle cleanliness of liquids and liquid samples from components. Three practices, A, B, and C, have been developed on the basis of component geometry in order to encompass the wide variety of configurations. These practices establish guidelines to be used in preparing detailed procedures for sampling specific components.  
Note 1: The term cleanliness used in these practices refers to solid particles in the liquid. It does not generally cover other foreign matter such as gases, liquids, and products of chemical degradation. Cleanliness with respect to particulate contamination does not necessarily give any indication of the other types of contamination.  
1.2 All components, regardless of application, may be tested provided (1) the fluid medium selected is completely compatible with the materials, packing and fluid used in the test component, and test apparatus, and (2) the fluid is handled in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations and precautions. A liquid shall be used as the test fluid medium. These test fluids may be flushing, rinsing, packing, end use operating, or suitable substitutes for end use operating fluids. (Warning—Practices for sampling surface cleanliness by the vacuum cleaner technique (used on clean room garments and large storage tanks) sampling gaseous fluids and handling hazardous fluids such as oxidizers, acids, propellants, and so forth, are not within the scope of the practices presented; however, they may be included in addendums or separate practices at a later date.  
Substitute fluids are recommended in place of end item fluids for preassembly cleanliness determinations on components using hazardous end item fluids. After obtaining the sample, the substitute fluid must be totally removed from the test part with particular caution given to the possibility of trapped fluid. It is hazardous to use a substitute fluid for testing assembled parts where the fluid can be trapped in dead ends, behind seals, and so forth.)  
Note 2: The word fluid used in these practices shall be assumed to be a liquid, unless otherwise stated.  
1.3 The cleanliness of assemblies with or without moving parts may be determined at the time of test; however, movement of internal component parts during the test will create unknown quantities of contamination from wear. Practice B covers configurations requiring dynamic actuation to achieve a sample. The practice does not differentiate between built-in particles and wear particles.  
Note 3: Defining allowable cleanliness limits is not within the scope of these practice...

ABSTRACT
This practice is intended to assist in the preparation of formal plans for contamination control, especially of aerospace critical surfaces. The extent of detail and level of cleanliness required can vary with the particular application and type of hardware being built, but all aspects of contamination control must be included in a final plan. Therefore, each of the following elements must be considered for inclusion in a contamination control plan (CCP): cleanliness requirements, implementation plans, environmental controls, personnel and operational controls.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the preparation of formal plans for contamination control, especially of aerospace critical surfaces. Requirements may be established at the systems level, either by the customer or the systems integrator, or at the subsystem level. Subsystem requirements may be imposed by the responsible subsystem supplier or they may be flowed down from the systems organization (4.7). The extent of detail and level of cleanliness required can vary with the particular application and type of hardware being built, but all aspects of contamination control must be included in a final plan. Therefore, each of the following elements must be considered for inclusion in a contamination control plan (CCP):  
1.1.1 Cleanliness requirements for deliverable hardware addressing particulate, molecular, or biological contaminants or combination thereof. Specify contamination limits and any budget allocations.  
1.1.2 Implementation plans to achieve, verify, and maintain the specified cleanliness requirements. Specify material and process controls, cleaning techniques, verification tests, protection and prevention plans, transportation controls, and corrective action for discrepancies.  
1.1.3 Environmental controls including clean facilities to be used, facility maintenance, and monitoring schedule.  
1.1.4 Personnel and operational controls including operating procedures, restrictions, training, motivation, and organizational responsibilities including the organization or individual for implementation and verification of the CCP.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The water-break test as described in this test method is rapid, nondestructive, and may be used for control and evaluation of processes for the removal of hydrophobic contaminants. This test method is commonly used for in-process verification of the absence of surface contaminants on metal surfaces that may interfere with subsequent surface treatments such as priming, conversion coating, anodizing, plating, or adhesive bonding  
5.2 This test method is not quantitative and is typically restricted to applications where a go/no go evaluation of cleanliness will suffice.  
5.3 The test may also be used for the detection and control of hydrophobic contaminants in processing environments. For this application, a witness surface free of hydrophobic films is exposed to the environment and subsequently tested. The sensitivity of this test will vary with the level of airborne contaminant and the duration of exposure of the witness surface.  
5.4 For quantitative measurement of surface wetting, test methods that measure contact angle of a sessile drop of water or other test liquid may be used in some applications. Measurement methods based on contact angle are shown in Test Methods C813, D5946, and D7490; and Practice D7334.  
5.4.1 Devices for in situ measurement of contact angle are available. These devices are limited to a small measurement surface area and may not reflect the cleanliness condition of a larger surface. For larger surface areas, localized contact angle measurement, or other quantitative inspection, combined with water-break testing may be useful.  
5.5 For surfaces that cannot be immersed or doused with water, or where such immersion or dousing is impractical, Test Method F21 may be useful.
Note 2: This test method is not appropriate where line of sight evaluation is not feasible; or for assembled hardware where there is a risk for entrapment of water in faying surfaces or complex structures where it may not be effectively removed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the detection of the presence of hydrophobic (nonwetting) films on surfaces and the presence of hydrophobic organic materials in processing environments. When properly conducted, the test will enable detection of molecular layers of hydrophobic organic contaminants. On very rough or porous surfaces, the sensitivity of the test may be significantly decreased.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The NVR determined by this test method is that amount that can reasonably be expected to exist on hardware exposed in environmentally controlled areas.  
5.2 The evaporation of the solvent at or near room temperature is to quantify the NVR that exists at room temperature.  
5.3 Numerous other methods are being used to determine NVR. This test method is not intended to replace methods used for other applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of nonvolatile residue (NVR) fallout in environmentally controlled areas used for the assembly, testing, and processing of spacecraft.  
1.2 The NVR of interest is that which is deposited on sampling plate surfaces at room temperature: it is left to the user to infer the relationship between the NVR found on the sampling plate surface and that found on any other surfaces.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers procedures for obtaining a sample of noncryogenic aerospace propellant. Two procedures are covered as follows: procedure 1 (closed system) and procedure 2 (open-end procedure).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for obtaining a sample of noncryogenic aerospace propellant. Two procedures are covered as follows:
Procedure 1—Closed System (Section 6), and
Procedure 2—Open-End Procedure (Section 7).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statements see Sections 4 and 5.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice is intended to assist in the preparation of formal plans for contamination control, especially of aerospace critical surfaces. The extent of detail and level of cleanliness required can vary with the particular application and type of hardware being built, but all aspects of contamination control must be included in a final plan. Therefore, each of the following elements must be considered for inclusion in a contamination control plan (CCP): cleanliness requirements, implementation plans, environmental controls, personnel and operational controls.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the preparation of formal plans for contamination control, especially of aerospace critical surfaces. Requirements may be established at the systems level, either by the customer or the systems integrator, or at the subsystem level. Subsystem requirements may be imposed by the responsible subsystem supplier or they may be flowed down from the systems organization (4.7). The extent of detail and level of cleanliness required can vary with the particular application and type of hardware being built, but all aspects of contamination control must be included in a final plan. Therefore, each of the following elements must be considered for inclusion in a contamination control plan (CCP):  
1.1.1 Cleanliness requirements  for deliverable hardware addressing particulate, molecular, or biological contaminants or combination thereof. Specify contamination limits and any budget allocations.  
1.1.2 Implementation plans  to achieve, verify, and maintain the specified cleanliness requirements. Specify material and process controls, cleaning techniques, verification tests, protection and prevention plans, transportation controls, and corrective action for discrepancies.  
1.1.3 Environmental controls  including clean facilities to be used, facility maintenance, and monitoring schedule.  
1.1.4 Personnel and operational controls including operating procedures, restrictions, training, motivation, and organizational responsibilities including the organization or individual for implementation and verification of the CCP.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This document specifies special items of clothing (cleanroom garments) designed to protect aerospace products from electrostatic discharge and from contaminants released by personnel and garments. Special clothing includes low linting coveralls, footwear, and head covers. The function of cleanroom garments is to contain the contaminants generated by people and to minimize contaminants from the garments. Two types of fabrics can be selected for the garments. Both types are inherently static-dissipative materials to prevent electrical discharges that can damage sensitive hardware or initiate explosions in the presence of flammable vapors. The material specified for “hazardous environments” is flame resistant and provides additional protection to the wearer. Selection of garment design and fabric should be based on the user’s needs with respect to functional and environmental requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This document specifies special items of clothing (cleanroom garments) designed to protect aerospace products from electrostatic discharge and from contaminants released by personnel and garments. Special clothing includes low linting coveralls, footwear, and head covers.  
1.2 The function of cleanroom garments is to contain the contaminants generated by people and to minimize contaminants from the garments.  
1.3 Two types of fabrics can be selected for the garments. Both types are inherently static-dissipative materials to prevent electrical discharges that can damage sensitive hardware or initiate explosions in the presence of flammable vapors. The material specified for “hazardous environments” is flame resistant and provides additional protection to the wearer. Selection of garment design and fabric should be based on the user's needs with respect to functional and environmental requirements.  
1.4 Additional background information can be found in SD-TR-91-26 and IEST-RP-CC003.3.  
1.5 This standard is intended to be in compliance with the ASTM policy on Fire Standards.2 Flammability tests specified in this standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of fabrics in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fabrics under actual fire conditions. However, results of the tests may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of operations in controlled environment areas.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This test method covers a technique for generating data to characterize the kinetics of the release of outgassing products from spacecraft materials. This technique will determine both the total mass flux evolved by a material when exposed to a vacuum environment and the deposition of this flux on surfaces held at various specified temperatures. The quartz crystal microbalances used in this test method provide a sensitive technique for measuring very small quantities of deposited mass. There are two test methods in this standard: Test Method A and Test Method B. The test apparatus shall consists of four main subsystems: a vacuum chamber, a temperature control system, internal configuration, and a data acquisition system. A test procedure for collecting data and a test method for processing and presenting the collected data are included.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a technique for generating data to characterize the kinetics of the release of outgassing products from materials. This technique will determine both the total mass flux evolved by a material when exposed to a vacuum environment and the deposition of this flux on surfaces held at various specified temperatures.  
1.2 This test method describes the test apparatus and related operating procedures for evaluating the total mass flux that is evolved from a material being subjected to temperatures that are between 298 and 398 K. Pressures external to the sample effusion cell are less than 7 × 10−3 Pa (5 × 10−5 torr). Deposition rates are measured during material outgassing tests. A test procedure for collecting data and a test method for processing and presenting the collected data are included.  
1.3 This test method can be used to produce the data necessary to support mathematical models used for the prediction of molecular contaminant generation, migration, and deposition.  
1.4 All types of organic, polymeric, and inorganic materials can be tested. These include polymer potting compounds, foams, elastomers, films, tapes, insulations, shrink tubing, adhesives, coatings, fabrics, tie cords, and lubricants.  
1.5 There are two test methods in this standard. Test Method A uses standardized specimen and collector temperatures. Test Method B allows the flexibility of user-specified specimen and collector temperatures, material and test geometry, and user-specified QCMs.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
7.1 Although a cleaning action is imparted to the test component, it is not the intent of this practice to serve as a cleaning procedure. Components are normally cleaner after each consecutive test; thus repeated tests may be used to establish process limits for a given component (Fig. 4). A specific set of test parameters must be supplied by the agency specifying cleanliness limits. Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3 may be used as a guide to establish the desired parameters of test fluid, vibration, extraction, and analysis.  
7.2 The curve in Fig. 4 shows the typical behavior of a component when tested for cleanliness several consecutive times. Stabilization generally occurs before the fifth successive run. The stabilized region starts where a horizontal line through the maximum stabilized value intersects the curve.  
7.3 The allowable cleanliness limit of a test component should be based on the cleanliness requirements of the system in which it will be used, and the assigned value should be greater than the maximum stabilized value. When defining the allowable cleanliness limits, an important consideration is that the accuracy of the results decreases as the allowable limit value approaches the stabilized value.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover sampling procedures for use in determining the particle cleanliness of liquids and liquid samples from components. Three practices, A, B, and C, have been developed on the basis of component geometry in order to encompass the wide variety of configurations. These practices establish guidelines to be used in preparing detailed procedures for sampling specific components.  
Note 1: The term cleanliness used in these practices refers to solid particles in the liquid. It does not generally cover other foreign matter such as gases, liquids, and products of chemical degradation. Cleanliness with respect to particulate contamination does not necessarily give any indication of the other types of contamination.  
1.2 All components, regardless of application, may be tested provided (1) the fluid medium selected is completely compatible with the materials, packing and fluid used in the test component, and test apparatus, and (2) the fluid is handled in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations and precautions. A liquid shall be used as the test fluid medium. These test fluids may be flushing, rinsing, packing, end use operating, or suitable substitutes for end use operating fluids. (Warning—Practices for sampling surface cleanliness by the vacuum cleaner technique (used on clean room garments and large storage tanks) sampling gaseous fluids and handling hazardous fluids such as oxidizers, acids, propellants, and so forth, are not within the scope of the practices presented; however, they may be included in addendums or separate practices at a later date.  
Substitute fluids are recommended in place of end item fluids for preassembly cleanliness determinations on components using hazardous end item fluids. After obtaining the sample, the substitute fluid must be totally removed from the test part with particular caution given to the possibility of trapped fluid. It is hazardous to use a substitute fluid for testing assembled parts where the fluid can be trapped in dead ends, behind seals, and so forth.)  
Note 2: The word fluid used in these practices shall be assumed to be a liquid, unless otherwise stated.  
1.3 The cleanliness of assemblies with or without moving parts may be determined at the time of test; however, movement of internal component parts during the test will create unknown quantities of contamination from wear. Practice B covers configurations requiring dynamic actuation to achieve a sample. The practice does not differentiate between built-in particles and wear particles.  
Note 3: Defining allowable cleanliness limits is not within the scope of these practices.  
1.4 The three practices included are as follows:    
Sectio...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The tape lift provides a rapid and simple technique for removing particles from a surface and determining their number and size distribution.  
3.2 By using statistically determined sample size and locations, an estimate of the surface cleanliness level of large areas can be made. The user shall define the sampling plan.  
3.3 The sampling plan shall consider the importance of surface geometry and surface orientation to gas flow, gravity, obstructions, and previous history of hardware. These factors influence particle fallout and entrapment of particles on the surface. The geometry of joints, recessed areas, fasteners, and the correspondence of particle-count data to area can be maintained.  
3.4 The selection of tape and the verification of its effect on the cleanliness of the hardware is very important. The tape adhesive should have sufficient cohesion to avoid transfer of the adhesive to the surface under test. The impact of adhesive transfer should be evaluated by laboratory testing before using the tape on the hardware. Since potential for adhesive transfer exists, cleaning to remove any adhesive might be required. In addition, the tape should have low outgassing characteristics, and as a minimum, it should meet the requirements of less than 1.0 % total mass loss (TML) and 0.1 % collected volatile condensable materials (CVCM), as measured by Test Method E595.  
3.5 Care should be exercised in deciding which surfaces should be tested by this practice. The tape can remove marginally adhering paint and coatings. Optical surfaces should not be tested until verification has been made that the surface coating will not be damaged. Rough surface finishes result in low removal efficiencies. Surface finishes up to approximately 3.20 μm (125 μin.) have been tested and found to give satisfactory results.  
3.6 This practice has been tested only on surfaces at room temperature. Evaluation of temperature effects must be conducted prior to using the test on surfaces ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for sampling surfaces to determine the presence of particulate contamination, 5 μm and larger. The practice consists of the application of a pressure-sensitive tape to the surface followed by the removal of particulate contamination with the removal of the tape. The tape with the adhering particles is then mounted on counting slides. Counting and measuring of particles is done by standard techniques.  
1.2 This practice describes the materials and equipment required to perform sampling of surfaces for particle counting and sizing.  
1.3 The criteria for acceptance or rejection of a part for conformance to surface cleanliness level requirements shall be determined by the user and are not included in this practice.  
1.4 This practice is for use on surfaces that are not damaged by the application of adhesive tape. The use of this practice on any surface of any material not previously tested, or for which the susceptibility to damage is unknown, is not recommended. In general, metals, metal plating, and oxide coatings will not be damaged. Application to painted, vapor deposited, and optical coatings should be evaluated before implementing this test.  
1.5 This practice provides three methods to evaluate tape lift tests, as follows:
Sections  
Practice A—This method uses light transmitted through the tape
and tape adhesive to detect particles that adhere to it.  
4 to 6  
Practice B—This method uses light transmitted through the tape
adhesive after bonding to a base microscope slide, dissolving
the tape backing, and a cover slide. The particles are embedded
in the adhesive, and air bubbles are eliminated with acrylic
mounting media.  
7 to 9  
Practice C—This method uses light reflected off the tape adhesive
to detect particles that adhere to it.  
10 to 12  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice identifies methods for cleaning and maintaining controlled areas and clean rooms as defined by ISO 14644-1 and ISO 14644-2. Cleaning procedures are described, and cleaning frequency for different classes of facility are given. Compliance with this practice will make it easier and more likely that the required level of facility cleanliness will be maintained. A cleaner facility also will help to protect flight hardware from contamination and should reduce the frequency for cleaning flight hardware. This practice does not discuss operation and operational procedures for cleanrooms and controlled areas. Other documents such as IEST-RP-CC026 and Practice E2352 provide recommended practices for operating cleanrooms and controlled areas.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures to be followed for the initial cleaning and normal maintenance of cleanrooms and controlled areas. This practice is applicable to aerospace clean areas where both particles and molecular films (NVR) must be controlled.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Reported particle size measurement is a function of both the actual particle dimension and shape factor, as well as the particular physical or chemical properties of the particle being measured. Caution is required when comparing data from instruments operating on different physical or chemical parameters or with different particle size measurement ranges. Sample acquisition, handling, and preparation can also affect the reported particle size results.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the size distribution and quantity of particulate matter contamination from aerospace fluids isolated on a membrane filter. The microscopical techniques described may also be applied to other properly prepared samples of small particles. Two test methods are described for sizing particles as follows:  
1.1.1 Test Method A—Particle sizes are measured as the diameter of a circle whose area is equal to the projected area of the particle.  
1.1.2 Test Method B—Particle sizes are measured by their longest dimension.  
1.2 The test methods are intended for application to particle contamination determination of aerospace fluids, gases, surfaces, and environments.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 These test methods do not provide for sizing particles smaller than 5 μm.  
Note 1: Results of these methods are subject to variables inherent in any statistical method. The use of these methods as a standard for initially establishing limits should be avoided unless ample tolerances are permissible.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Spacecraft have consistently had the problem of contamination of thermal control surfaces from line-of-sight warm surfaces on the vehicle, outgassing of materials and subsequent condensation on critical surfaces, such as solar arrays, moving mechanical assemblies, cryogenic insulation schemes, and electrical contacts, control jet effects, and other forms of expelling molecules in a vapor stream. To this has been added the need to protect optical components, either at ambient or cryogenic temperatures, from the minutest deposition of contaminants because of their absorptance, reflectance or scattering characteristics. Much progress has been accomplished in this area, such as the careful testing of each material for outgassing characteristics before the material is used on the spacecraft (following Test Methods E595 and E1559), but measurement and control of critical surfaces during spaceflight still can aid in the determination of location and behavior of outgassing materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidance for making decisions concerning the use of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and a thermoelectrically cooled quartz crystal microbalance (TQCM) in space where contamination problems on spacecraft are likely to exist. Careful adherence to this document should ensure adequate measurement of condensation of molecular constituents that are commonly termed “contamination” on spacecraft surfaces.  
1.2 A corollary purpose is to provide choices among the flight-qualified QCMs now existing to meet specific needs.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to describe a procedure for collecting near real-time data on airborne particle concentration and size distribution in clean areas as indicated by single particle counting techniques. Implementation of some government and industry specifications requires acquisition of particle size and concentration data using an SPC.  
5.2 The processing requirements of many products manufactured in a clean room involves environmental cleanliness levels so low that a single particle counter with capability for detecting very small particles is required to characterize clean room air. Real-time information on concentration of airborne particles in size ranges from less than 0.1 μm to 5 μm and greater can be obtained only with an SPC. Definition of particles larger than approximately 0.05 μm may be carried out with direct measurement of light scattering from individual particles; other techniques may be required for smaller particles, such as preliminary growth by condensation before particle measurement.  
5.3 Particle size data are referenced to the particle system used to calibrate the SPC. Differences in detection, electronic and sample handling systems among the various SPCs may contribute to differences in particle characterization. Care must be exercised in attempting to compare data from particles that vary significantly in composition or shape from the calibration base material. Variations may also occur between instruments using similar particle sensing systems with different operating parameters. These effects should be recognized and minimized by using standard methods for SPC calibration and operation.  
5.4 In applying this practice, the fundamental assumption is made that the particles in the sample passing through the SPC are representative of the particles in the entire dust-controlled area being analyzed. Care is required that good sampling procedures are used and that no artifacts are produced at any point in the samp...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the particle concentration, by number, and the size distribution of airborne particles in dust-controlled areas and clean rooms, for particles in the size range of approximately 0.01 to 5.0 μm. Particle concentrations not exceeding 3.5 × 106 particles/m 3 (100 000/ft3) are covered for all particles equal to and larger than the minimum size measured.  
1.2 This practice uses an airborne single particle counting device (SPC) whose operation is based on measuring the signal produced by an individual particle passing through the sensing zone. The signal must be directly or indirectly related to particle size.  
Note 1: The SPC type is not specified here. The SPC can be a conventional optical particle counter (OPC), an aerodynamic particle sizer, a condensation nucleus counter (CNC) operating in conjunction with a diffusion battery or differential mobility analyzer, or any other device capable of counting and sizing single particles in the size range of concern and of sampling in a cleanroom environment.  
1.3 Individuals performing tests in accordance with this practice shall be trained in use of the SPC and shall understand its operation.  
1.4 Since the concentration and the particle size distribution of airborne particles are subject to continuous variations, the choice of sampling probe configuration, locations and sampling times will affect sampling results. Further, the differences in the physical measurement, electronic and sample handling systems between the various SPCs and the differences in physical properties of the various particles being measured can contribute to variations in the test results. These differences should be recognized and minimized by using a standard method of primary calibration and by minimizing variability of sample acquisition procedures.  
1.5 Sample acquisition procedures and equipment may be selected for specific applications based on va...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is a guideline for proper materials and process selection and application. The specific application of these guidelines must take into account contractual agreements, functional performance requirements for particular programs and missions, and the actual environments and exposures anticipated for each material and the equipment in which the materials are used. Guidelines are not replacements for careful and informed engineering judgment and evaluations and all possible performance and design constraints and requirements cannot be foreseen. This practice is limited to unmanned systems and unmanned or external portions of manned systems, such as the Space Station. Generally, it is applicable to systems in low earth orbit, synchronous orbit, and interplanetary missions. Although many of the suggestions and cautions are applicable to both unmanned and manned spacecraft, manned systems have additional constraints and requirements for crew safety which may not be addressed adequately in unmanned designs. Because of the added constraints and concerns for human-rated systems, these systems are not addressed in this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to aid engineers, designers, quality and reliability control engineers, materials specialists, and systems designers in the selection and control of materials and processes for spacecraft, external portion of manned systems, or man-tended systems. Spacecraft systems are very different from most other applications. Space environments are very different from terrestrial environments and can dramatically alter the performance and survivability of many materials. Reliability, long life, and inability to repair defective systems (or high cost and difficultly of repairs for manned applications) are characteristic of space applications. This practice also is intended to identify materials processes or applications that may result in degraded or unsatisfactory performance of systems, subsystems, or components. Examples of successful and unsuccessful materials selections and uses are given in the appendices.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When applied in the case in which there is no test item in the vacuum chamber (such as during bake-out operations), this procedure may be used to evaluate the performance of the vacuum chamber in relation to other data from the same or other chambers given that critical parameters (for example, length of exposure, temperature of the chamber and cold finger, anisotropy, and so forth) can be related.  
5.2 The procedure can be used to evaluate the effects of materials found in the residue on items placed in the vacuum chamber.  
5.3 The procedure can be used to describe the effect of a prior test on the residual gases within a vacuum chamber.  
5.4 By selecting the time at which the coolant is introduced into the cold finger, the environment present during a selected portion of a test can be characterized. This can be used to determine the relative efficacy of certain vacuum chamber procedures such as bake-out.  
5.5 The procedure may be used to define the outgassed products of a test item that condense on the cold finger.  
5.6 The procedure may be used in defining the relative cleanliness of a vacuum chamber.  
5.7 In applying the results of the procedure to the vacuum chamber in general, consideration must be given to the anisotropy of the molecular fluxes within the chamber.  
5.8 The procedure is sensitive to both the partial pressures of the gases that form the condensibles and the time of exposure of the cold finger at coolant temperatures.  
5.9 The procedure is sensitive to any losses of sample that may occur during the various transfer operations and during that procedure wherein the solvent is evaporated by heating it on a steam bath.
Note 1: Reactions between solvent and condensate can occur and would affect the analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a technique for collecting samples of materials that are part of the residual gas environment of an evacuated vacuum chamber. The practice uses a device designated as a “cold finger” that is placed within the environment to be sampled and is cooled so that constituents of the environment are retained on the cold-finger surface.  
1.2 The practice covers a method for obtaining a sample from the cold finger and determining the weight of the material removed from the cold finger.  
1.3 The practice contains recommendations as to ways in which the sample may be analyzed to identify the constituents that comprise the sample.  
1.4 By determining the species that constitute the sample, the practice may be used to assist in defining the source of the constituents and whether the sample is generally representative of samples similarly obtained from the vacuum chamber itself.  
1.5 This practice covers alternative approaches and usages to which the practice can be put.  
1.6 The degree of molecular flux anisotropy significantly affects the assurance with which one can attribute characteristics determined by this procedure to the vacuum chamber environment in general.  
1.7 The temperature of the cold finger significantly affects the quantity and species of materials collected.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 8.